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i

Joining Hitler’s Crusade

The reasons behind Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union are well known,
but what about those of the other Axis and non-Axis powers that joined
Operation Barbarossa? Six other European armies fought with the
Wehrmacht in 1941 and six more countries sent volunteers, as well as
there being countless collaborators in the east of various nationalities
who were willing to work with the Germans in 1941. The political, social
and military context behind why so many nations and groups of vol-
unteers opted to join Hitler’s war in the east reflects the many diverse,
and largely unknown, roads that led to Operation Barbarossa. With each
chapter dealing with a new country and every author being a subject
matter expert on that nation, proficient in the local language and his-
toriography, this fascinating new study offers unparalleled insight into
non-German participation on the Eastern Front in 1941.

David Stahel is a Senior Lecturer in European history at the University

of New South Wales in Canberra, Australia. His latest book, The Battle for
Moscow (Cambridge, 2015), was shortlisted for the British Army’s mili-
tary book of the year, 2016.
ii
iii

Joining Hitler’s Crusade

European Nations and the Invasion of the
Soviet Union, 1941

Edited by
David Stahel
University of New South Wales, Canberra
iv

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
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79 Anson Road, #06-​04/​06, Singapore 079906

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316510346
DOI: 10.1017/​9781108225281
© Cambridge University Press 2018
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2018
Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Stahel, David, 1975– editor.
Title: Joining Hitler’s crusade : European nations and the invasion
of the Soviet Union, 1941 / edited by David Stahel, University
of New South Wales, Canberra.
Description: Cambridge; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017037637| ISBN 9781316510346 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781316649749 (paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: World War, 1939–1945 – Campaigns – Soviet Union. |
Germany – Armed Forces – History – World War, 1939–1945. |
Foreign enlistment – Germany – History – 20th century. |
World War, 1939–1945 – Collaborationists – Soviet Union.
Classification: LCC D764 .J64 2017 | DDC 940.54/217–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017037637
ISBN 978-​1-​316-​51034-​6 Hardback
ISBN 978-​1-​316-​64974-​9 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-​party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
v

Contents

List of Figures page vii

List of Contributors ix
Preface xv
dav i d s ta h e l
Acknowledgements xviii

Introduction 1
DAVI D STA H E L

PA RT I T H E N ATIONA L A R M IES  15
1 Finland 17
H E N R I K ME I N A NDER

2 Romania 46
D E N N I S D E L ETANT

3 Hungary 79
I G N ÁC RO MSICS

4 Slovakia 107
J A N RY CH L Í K

5 Italy 134
T H O MA S SC H LEM M ER

6 Croatia 158
RO RY Y E O MANS

PA RT I I T H E VOLU NTEER S  191

7 Spain 193
XAVI E R MO R ENO JULIÁ

v
vi

vi Contents

  8 The Netherlands 214

E VE RT J A N VA N ROEKEL

  9 Denmark 236
J OACH I M LU ND

10 Belgium 260
N I C O WO U TERS

11 France 288
O L E G BE Y DA

12 Norway 317
SI G U R D SØRLIE

PART III COLLABORATORS FROM WITHIN THE

SOVIET UNION  341
13 The Baltic States: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia 343
VA L D I S O. LU M A NS

14 The Soviet Union 369

O L E G BE Y DA A ND IG OR PETROV

Index 427
vii

Figures

0.1 Foreigners and Ethnic Germans in the Wehrmacht and

Waffen-​SS (January 1942) page 7
0.2 Non-​German National Armies in the East, 1941 12
1.1 Finnish soldiers crossing the Soviet border. The inscription
in Russian reads ‘Finland’ (Virolahti, 29 June 1941) 40
1.2 Leonid Shavykin, a Finnish national of Russian descent
and a Winter War veteran, is urging the Soviets to
surrender (Ilomantsi, Tolvajärvi, 6 August 1941) 42
2.1 Adolf Hitler and General Ion Antonescu emerge from
their meeting in Munich on 10 June 1941 68
3.1 A sign in Hungarian and Russian which reads: ‘Russians!!
It was the Hungarian Army that brought you back: The
cross, the land and your freedom. 1942.’ Koltunovka,
Belgorod region, presumably the summer of 1942 101
3.2 Hungarian military cemetery (Alekseevka, Belgorod
region, presumably the end of the summer of 1942) 103
4.1 Soldiers of the Slovakian Mobile Brigade at the battle of
Lypovec (end of July 1941) 125
5.1 Hitler, Mussolini and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt,
commander of Army Group South, during a visit to
German-​Soviet front on 28 August 1941 144
6.1 Croat soldiers training with live rounds on a 5 cm light
mortar (late 1941) 185
7.1 A Spanish recruitment centre for the Spanish Blue
Division. The Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las
Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de
las JONS) is the Traditionalist Spanish Falange and
Committees of the National Syndicalist Offensive. It was
the sole legal party of the Francoist dictatorship in Spain 206
8.1 Lieutenant-​General Henry Alexander Seyffardt hands a
member of the Legion their flag before departing for the
German-​Soviet front (The Hague, 27 July 1941) 221
vii
viii

viii Figures

8.2 Volunteers from the Dutch Volunteer Legion are

marching to the train station to leave for the German-​
Soviet front. The commander of the legion, Lieutenant-​
General Henry Alexander Seyffardt (second from left on
platform), is saluting them as they march past
(The Hague, 7 August 1941) 222
9.1 The first volunteers of Frikorps Danmark are arriving at
the Langenhorn barracks near Hamburg. The Frikorps’
first chief, Christian Peder Kryssing, is marching in the
second row, second from the right (19 July 1941) 248
10.1 Staf DeClercq (centre) saluting the first volunteers of the
Flemish legion who are leaving Belgium for a training
camp (Brussels, 6 August 1941) 269
10.2 Leon Degrelle speaking to the first volunteers of the
Walloon legion who are about to leave Belgium (Brussels,
8 August 1941) 271
11.1 ‘The Great Crusade: Legion of French Volunteers Against
Bolshevism.’ Propaganda poster for the French Legion of
the Wehrmacht (early 1942) 303
12.1 Jørgen Bakke, the Viken Battalion commander, giving
a speech at the Fallingbostel training camp in October
1941. Hans Jüttner, head of SS-​FHA (second from left),
Vidkun Quisling (second from right) and Paul Wegener
of the German Reichskommissariat in Norway
(on the far right) 336
13.1 Public murder of Jews by Lithuanian nationalists after
the occupation of the city by German forces (Kaunas,
28 June 1941) 357
13.2 Lieutenant-​General Kurt Daluege in discussion with the
Latvian officer Voldema﻾rs Veiss 360
14.1 On 13 October 1941, ninety-​four Jews were shot in
Miropol. The photographer, Skrovina Lubomir, testified
in 1958 that the action was performed by local Ukrainian
militia. The Ukrainian (blue/​yellow) coloured armband is
seen on the foremost perpetrator’s left arm 407
14.2 Ukrainian auxiliary police (presumably summer 1942) 412
ix

Contributors

O L E G BE Y DA obtained his MA from the Russian State University for

the Humanities in 2013 and is currently completing his PhD in his-
tory at the University of New South Wales, Canberra. His research
concerns White Russian émigrés who fought in the Wehrmacht on the
German-​Soviet front. Beyda’s past publications include a book on the
French Legion of the Wehrmacht, Frantsuzskii legion na sluzhbe Gitleru
(2013), and the diary of an émigré who served in the Walloon legion
of the Wehrmacht, Zavadskii, R. V., Svoia chuzhaia voina: Dnevnik
russkogo ofitsera vermakhta 1941–​1942 (2014). His work has also been
published in numerous journals including Journal of Slavic Military
Studies; Neprikosnovennyi Zapas; Otechestvennye Arkhivy; and Novaia i
Noveishaia Istoriia.
is Visiting Ion Rațiu Professor of Romanian
DE N N I S D E L E TANT
Studies in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University,
Washington DC. He is Emeritus Professor of Romanian Studies at
University College, London. For this service he was made an officer
of the Order of the British Empire in 1995. He was awarded Ordinul
pentru merit with the rank of commander for services to Romanian
democracy on 1 December 2000 by President Emil Constantinescu
of Romania and ‘The Star of Romania’, Romania’s highest civilian
honour, by President Klaus Iohannis on 26 October 2016 for his
activity in the promotion of Romanian history, language and culture.
His publications include Hitler’s Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his
Regime, Romania, 1940–​1944 (2006) and British Clandestine Activities
in Romania during the Second World War (2016).
produced his doctorate at the University of North
VA L D I S O. L U MA NS
Carolina Chapel Hill. His research projects focus on Nazi Germany
and the Second World War, with special interests in the Third Reich’s
relationship with Eastern Europe, ethnic Germans, Nazi ideology, the
SS and the Baltic States. He earned the title of Distinguished Professor

ix
x

x Contributors

Emeritus of History, having taught for thirty years at the University of

South Carolina Aiken, where he served his final twenty years or so as
Chair of the Department of History, Political Science and Philosophy.
He has published two major books: Himmler’s Auxiliaries: The
Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe,
1933–​1945 (1993) and Latvia inWorldWar II (2006), along with numer-
ous book chapters, journal articles and book reviews. He is currently
translating and transcribing family materials for a personal commen-
tary on the Latvian post-​war displaced persons experience.
JOACHIM LUND obtained his PhD from the University of Copenhagen
in 1999. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department
of Business and Politics at the Copenhagen Business School. His
research interests include business networks during war and occupa-
tion as well as Denmark’s political and economic collaboration with
Nazi Germany. He is currently working on a biography of the business
manager and cabinet minister Gunnar Larsen (1902–​73). Key publica-
tions include: ‘A Faustian Bargain: Denmark’s Precarious Deal with
the German War Economy’, in Industrial Collaboration in Nazi-​Occupied
Europe (2016); Samarbejdets mand. Minister Gunnar Larsen –​Dagbog
1941–​1943, I-​III (ed., with John T. Lauridsen, 2015); Danmark besat.
Krig og hverdag 1940–​45, (4th ed., with Claus B. Christensen, Jakob
Sørensen and Niels W. Olesen, 2015); ‘The Wages of Collaboration.
The German Food Crisis 1939–​1945 and the Supplies from Denmark’,
Scandinavian Journal of History 38 (4), 2013, 480–​501; Hitlers spisekam-
mer. Danmark og den europæiske nyordning 1940–​43 (2005).
H E N R I K ME I N ANDERcompleted his MA in 1987 and obtained his PhD
from the University of Helsinki in 1994. He was appointed Professor
of History at the same university in 2001. Before that he worked both
as curator of the Mannerheim Museum in Helsinki and director of the
Finnish cultural institute in Stockholm. He has published a number
of monographs on Finnish and Scandinavian history in the twenti-
eth century and has received most attention for his books A History
of Finland (2006, English 2011) and Finland 1944: Krig, samhälle,
känslolandskap (2009). He is currently director of the research pro-
gramme ‘Driving Forces of Democracy: Patterns of Democratization
in Finland and Sweden, 1890–​2020’.
X AVI E R MO R E N O JULIÁ studied history at the University of Barcelona
where he received his PhD in 2003. He teaches contemporary his-
tory at Rovira i Virgili University in Tarragona, Spain. He has a First
National Award for Research, which is the most prestigious academic
xi

Contributors xi

award granted by the Spanish Ministry of Education. His main works

include La División Azul: Sangre española en Rusia, 1941–​1945 (2004,
2009), which appeared in English translation as Blue Division: Spanish
Blood in Russia, 1941–​1945 (2015). This was the first book of an infor-
mal trilogy with the other two volumes, published in Spanish as Hitler
y Franco: Diplomacia en tiempos de guerra (1936–​1945) (2007) and
Legión Azul y Segunda Guerra Mundial (2014). He is now working on
the biography of the most important German Ambassador in Spain
during the Spanish Civil War and Second World War.
I G O R P E T ROVis an independent researcher based in Munich. His main
areas of interest include Russian emigration in Germany prior to, dur-
ing and after the Second World War and Soviet collaboration with the
Axis powers during the Second World War. He has translated, edited
and commented on the Russian publication of Alfred Rosenberg’s
diaries, Politicheskii dnevnik Al’freda Rozenberga: 1934–​1944 (2015). He
co-​authored a large series of radio broadcasts entitled ‘Russian collab-
oration’ on Radio Liberty. His works have been published in numer-
ous journals and magazines, including Neprikosnovennyi Zapas and
Russkaia Zhizn’.
E VE RT J A N VA N ROEKELstudied Dutch Law at Utrecht University (LLM)
and History, Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the University of
Amsterdam (MA). His research focuses on Dutch Waffen-​SS volun-
teers. In 2010 his master thesis was shortlisted for the prestigious Erik
Hazelhoff Roelfzema prize for promising young academic writers in
the social sciences. In 2011 his first book Jongens van Nederland was
published. Van Roekel has published multiple articles in several Dutch
historical magazines and journals. In 2010 his article in Historisch
Nieuwsblad, ‘Nederlandse SS’ers en de Holocaust’, about the involve-
ment of Dutch Waffen-SS volunteers in genocide on the Eastern
Front, generated nationwide media attention. Van Roekel was also a
columnist for the historical magazine Wereld in Oorlog (2011–​14). He is
currently finishing his PhD about Dutch Waffen-​SS volunteers at the
University of Amsterdam.
IGNÁC ROMSICS is Professor of Modern Hungarian History and Head
of the Doctoral School at Eszterházy University, Eger. Between 1986
and 1991 he served as deputy director of the Institute of Hungarian
Studies. From 1991 to 2008 he taught modern Hungarian history at
Eötvös University and at the same time, between 1993 and 1998 and
in the academic year of 2002–​2003, he held the Hungarian Chair at
Indiana University, Bloomington, United States. From 1999 to 2007
xii

xii Contributors

he was General Secretary of the Hungarian Historical Society and since

2001 he has been a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
His awards include the Széchenyi Prize, which is the highest scholarly
achievement in Hungary. His publications include Wartime American
Plans for a New Hungary (1992); Hungary in the Twentieth Century
(1999); From Dictatorship to Democracy.The Birth of the Third Hungarian
Republic 1998–​2001 (2007); and A Short History of Hungary (2016).
J A N RY C H L Í K obtained a PhD in ethnology and folklore from the St
Kliment Ohridski University in Sofia, Bulgaria and in 1998 another
doctorate in history from the Institute of History at the Czech
Academy of Sciences in Prague. He is a regular professor of Czech and
Slovak modern history at the Charles University in Prague and exter-
nal professor at the Technical University in Liberec. He is chairman
of the Czech-​Slovak/​Slovak-​Czech Historical Commission. In 2014
he obtained a doctorate honoris causa in historical sciences from the
St Kliment Ohridski University in Sofia. His publications include Češi
a Slováci ve 20. století (The Czechs and Slovaks in the 20th Century),
2 vols., (1997, 1998), and R W. Seton-​Watson and His Relations with the
Czechs and Slovaks. Documents, 1906–​1951 (with Thomas D. Marzik
and Miroslav Bielik), 2 vols, Ústav T. G. Masaryka –​Matica slovenská,
Praha-​Martin 1995, 1996.
T H O MA S SC H LEM M ER obtained his PhD in 1996 from the University
of Munich and in 2001–​2005 was a Research Fellow at the German
Historical Institute in Rome. From 2009 to 2012 he was a member
of the Joint German-​Italian Historical Commission and since 2005 a
staff historian at the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich.
He is the deputy managing editor of the prestigious Vierteljahrshefte
für Zeitgeschichte and a lecturer at the University of Munich. His pub-
lications include Invasori, non vittime: La Campagna italiana di Russia
1941–​1943 (2009); Lutz Klinkhammer/​ Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi/​
Thomas Schlemmer (eds.), Die ‘Achse’ im Krieg. Politik, Ideologie und
Kriegführung 1939 bis 1945 (2010); and Thomas Schlemmer/​ Alan
E. Steinweis (eds.), Holocaust and Memory in Europe (German Yearbook
for Contemporary History, vol. 1) (2016).
SI G U R D SØ R L IE holds a PhD in history from the University of Oslo and is
currently working as an Associate Professor at the Norwegian Institute
for Defence Studies. His previous publications include a monograph on
the experiences, attitudes and behaviour of Norwegians in the Waffen-​
SS (Solkors eller hakekors. Nordmenn i Waffen-​SS 1941–​1945). This book
is currently being translated into German and will be published by
Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag. He has also written a book chapter on
xiii

Contributors xiii

the Waffen-​SS volunteers’ role in Norwegian post-​war memory cul-

ture (‘From Misguided Idealists to Genocidaires: The Waffen-​SS
Volunteers in Norwegian Memory Culture’ in From Patriotic Memory
to a Universalistic Narrative? Shifts in Norwegian Memory Culture after
1945 in Comparative Perspective). As of 2017 he has been engaged in a
comprehensive research project on Norway and the Second World War
headed by UiT, the Arctic University of Norway and funded by the
Norwegian government.
DAVI D STA H E L attended Monash University, Boston College and King’s
College London (MA) before receiving his PhD from the Humboldt
University in Berlin in 2009. He is currently a Senior Lecturer at
the University of New South Wales in Canberra and teaches at the
Australian Defence Force Academy. He has authored a series of books
for Cambridge University Press charting the German invasion of the
Soviet Union in 1941, including Operation Barbarossa and Germany’s
Defeat in the East (2009); Kiev 1941 (2012); Operation Typhoon (2013);
and The Battle for Moscow (2015). His latest book was short-​listed for
the British army military book of the year award (2016). He has previ-
ously co-​edited (with Alex Kay and Jeff Rutherford) Nazi Policy on the
Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide and Radicalization (2012). His
next study will constitute a revised account of the German retreat in
December 1941 and January 1942.
NI CO WO U T E R Sholds a PhD in history and is the operational director of
the Belgian Centre for War and Documentation (State Archives). He
is also a guest professor at the University of Ghent, co-​editor in chief
of the Journal of Belgian History and an honorary research fellow at the
School of History at Kent University. His main interests are the history
of occupation during the Second World War (administrations, collab-
oration, resistance, post-​war purges) and issues of collective memory
related to both oral history and state-​sponsored politics of memory. His
recent publications in English include (as editor) Transitional Justice
and Memory in Europe (2014) and Mayoral Collaboration under Nazi
Occupation in Belgium, the Netherlands and France, 1938–​46 (2016).
RORY Y E O MA N Sobtained his PhD from the School of Slavonic and
East European Studies, University College London in 2005. He
has held fellowships at Oxford University, the Centre for Advanced
Study, Sofia and the Wiener Wiesenthal Institute, Vienna. He has also
been an EHRI fellow in Berlin. He has taught at University College
London, City University, the University of Leeds, Oxford Brookes
University and the University of Zagreb. His publications include
Visions of Annihilation: the Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics
Another random document with
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regiments as long as England lasts.” The company numbered one
hundred and twenty, of whom sixty were survivors of the Charge.

RECENT SPECIMEN OF MISS

NIGHTINGALE’S HANDWRITING.

Miss Nightingale has continued to take an interest in the Hospital

for Invalid Gentlewomen at Harley Street, where she worked so
assiduously before going to the Crimea.
This most useful institution continues its efforts for the relief of
sick ladies with unabated vigour, under the able Lady
Superintendent, Miss Tidy, who has laboured at her post now for
fourteen years. The home looks so bright and cheerful that it must
have a very beneficial effect on the minds of those suffering women
who seek its shelter. In the pretty reception-room stands the old-
fashioned mahogany escritoire which Miss Nightingale used more
than fifty years ago, when she voluntarily performed the drudgery of
superintending the home. It was at this house in Harley Street that
she stayed while organising her nursing band for the Crimea, and
from it she set forth for her journey to the East.
 MISS NIGHTINGALE’S OLD ROOM AT CLAYDON.
(Photo by Payne, Aylesbury.)
[To face p. 336.

In April, 1902, Margaret, Lady Verney laid the foundation stone

of a new public library and village hall at Steeple Claydon. The cost
of £1,500 was defrayed by Sir Edmund Verney. Miss Nightingale was
much interested in the project and sent the following message to Sir
Edmund and Lady Verney:—

“So glad the foundation stone is being laid of the Steeple

Claydon Public Library. I do with all my heart wish it success,
and think a public library is good for body and soul. That God’s
blessing may rest upon it is the fervent wish of
“Florence Nightingale.”
 Miss Nightingale also sent £50 for the purchase of books for the
library.
The institution of the Royal Pension Fund for Nurses, in which
Queen Alexandra has taken such an active interest, was a subject of
satisfaction to Miss Nightingale, as helping to improve the position of
the sisterhood which she has so much at heart. She was deeply
interested in hearing accounts of the garden-parties given by the
Queen, as Princess of Wales, to the nurses in the grounds of
Marlborough House, and also of the reception of the nurses by the
Queen after the King’s accession.
 CHAPTER XXV
AT EVENTIDE

Miss Nightingale to-day—Her Interest in Passing Events—

Recent Letter to Derbyshire Nurses—Celebrates Eighty-
fourth Birthday—King confers Dignity of a Lady of Grace
—Appointed by King Edward VII. to the Order of Merit—
Letter from the German Emperor—Elected to the
Honorary Freedom of the City of London—Summary of
her Noble Life.

The golden evening brightens in the west;

Soon, soon to faithful warriors comes their rest.
Dr. Walsham How.

T HE shadows of evening have fallen about the life of our revered

heroine. Miss Nightingale has not left her London house for
many years, and remains principally in bed. Her mind is still
unclouded, and she follows with something of the old eager spirit
the events of the day, more particularly those which relate to the
nursing world. She is no longer able to deal personally with her
correspondence, all of which passes through the hands of her
secretary. Nothing gives her greater pleasure than to chat over past
days with her old friends and fellow-workers, and she occasionally
receives by invitation members of the nursing profession who are
heads of institutions with which her name is connected.
She followed with intense interest the elaborate preparations
made for dealing with the sick and wounded in the South African
War, bringing home to her as it so vividly did the difficulties of the
pioneer work at the time of the Crimean campaign. It gave her
peculiar pleasure to receive and bid God-speed to some of the
nurses before their departure for South Africa.
Even at her great age Miss Nightingale retains the distinction of
manner and speech which gave her such influence in the past, and
now and again a flash of the old shrewd wit breaks out when views
with which she is not in agreement are advanced. Her friends marvel
most at the almost youthful roundness and placidity of her face.
Time has scarcely printed a line on her brow, or a wrinkle on her
cheeks, or clouded the clearness of her penetrating eyes, which is
the more remarkable when it is remembered that she has been a
suffering and over-worked invalid ever since her return from the
Crimea. The dainty lace cap falling over the silver hair in long lapels
gives a charming frame to Miss Nightingale’s face which is singularly
beautiful in old age. When receiving a visitor, she seems, as one
phrased it, “to talk with her hands,” which retain their beautiful
shape, and which she has a habit of moving over the coverlet, as
from a sitting posture she inclines towards her friends in the course
of conversation.
A delightful trait in Miss Nightingale’s character is the honour
which she pays to the women of a younger generation, who are now
bearing the heat and burden of the day. “Will you give me your
blessing?” said the Superintendent of a benevolent institution to her
recently, when taking her leave. “And you must give me your
blessing,” replied Miss Nightingale, as she took her hand. On another
occasion she said to the same lady, after listening to an account of
good work going successfully forward, “Why, you have put new life
into me.”
No subject interests Miss Nightingale more to-day than that of
district nursing. She inquires minutely into the experiences of those
engaged amongst the sick poor. “Are the people improving in their
habits?” is a question she often asks, or again, “Tell me about these
model dwellings, which they are putting up everywhere. Have they
had a good effect on the personal habits of the people?” If a Sister
chances to mention some new invalid appliance, the old keen
interest comes to the surface and Miss Nightingale will have it all
explained to her, even to the place where the apparatus was
procured.
 MISS NIGHTINGALE.
(From a memory sketch.)
[To face p. 340.
 The popularity of nursing as a profession is another topic of
great interest to Miss Nightingale, and when she hears of more
applications to enter the Training Home at St. Thomas’s than the
Council can entertain, she recalls the very different state of things
when she used in the early days to issue her urgent call for recruits.
While she is particularly anxious that a high standard of character
and efficiency should be maintained amongst nurses, she keeps
strictly to her original attitude that “a nurse should be a nurse and
not a medical woman.” Miss Nightingale feels that ability to pass a
technical examination does not necessarily prove that a woman will
make a good nurse. It is a profession in which natural aptitude and
personal character count for a great deal; to use a familiar axiom, a
nurse is “born, not made.”
Often Miss Nightingale’s mind travels back to her old Derbyshire
home. Embley has passed out of the family, but Lea Hurst is
occupied by a relative, Mrs. William Shore Nightingale, and Miss
Nightingale keeps up her interest in the old people of the place. In
August, 1903, the late Hon. Frederick Strutt, the Mayor of Derby and
a distant cousin of Miss Nightingale’s, entertained the nurses of the
borough at Lea Hurst, which was specially lent for the occasion, and
Miss Nightingale, hearing of what was about to take place, wrote the
following letter to Mr. Strutt: “Will you,” she said, “express to each
and to all of them my very warmest wishes for their very highest
success, in the best meaning of the word, in the life’s work which
they have chosen. We hear a great deal nowadays about nursing as
a profession, but the question for each nurse is, ‘Am I living up to
my profession?’ The nurse’s life is above all a moral and practical life
—a life not of show, but of practical action. I wish the nurses God-
speed in their work, and may each one strive with the best that is in
her to act up to her profession, and to rise continually to a higher
level of thought and practice, character and dutifulness.”
The reading of this letter from Miss Nightingale to the nurses
assembled in the garden of her old home was an occasion of
impressive interest. Fifty years ago she would not have predicted
that Derby would ever possess such a large body of nurses, and still
less that the members of the profession in Great Britain should have
reached such a large total.

Oh, small beginnings, ye are great and strong,

Based on a faithful heart and weariless brain!
Ye build the future fair, ye conquer wrong,
Ye earn the crown, and wear it not in vain.

So far as her own personality is concerned, the founder of this

sisterhood of ministry is “a veiled and silent woman,” shunning
publicity. Her name has circled the globe, her deeds are known in
every clime, and people cite her noble heroism without even
knowing that she still lives, at such pains has Miss Nightingale been
to keep herself in strict seclusion. The power of her fame, the
brilliance of her example, and the wisdom of her counsels are a
national heritage. Women who now wear the garb of a nurse with
honour and dignity owe it to the lofty tradition which has come down
with the first of the gracious dynasty.
On May 12th, 1904, Miss Nightingale was the recipient of many
congratulations from her friends on the attainment of her eighty-
fourth birthday, and the King paid a graceful compliment to the lady
who is without doubt the most illustrious heroine in His Majesty’s
Empire, by conferring upon her the dignity of a Lady of Grace of the
Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Miss Nightingale received the Red
Cross from Queen Victoria.
A more unique honour was however yet in store for the heroine
of the Crimea and the founder of the modern nursing movement. In
November 1907, King Edward VII. appointed Miss Nightingale to the
Order of Merit, which was founded by His Majesty in 1902 and first
announced in the Coronation Honours List. The King is Sovereign of
the Order, which originally consisted of twelve men distinguished in
war, science, letters, and art. Other names have since been added,
but Florence Nightingale is the only woman placed amongst these
Immortals. The conferring of the Order was not accompanied by any
ceremony, as Miss Nightingale was unable, through failing health, to
receive Sir Douglas Dawson, the representative appointed by the
King, and the insignia was simply handed to Miss Nightingale’s
nephew. The badge of the Order is a cross of red and blue enamel
of eight points, bearing the legend “For Merit” in gold letters within a
laurel wreath. The reverse side shows the King’s royal and imperial
cipher in gold. Members of the Order rank after the Order of the
Bath, and use the letters O.M. The appointment of Miss Nightingale
to the Order was received with great enthusiasm throughout the
country.
The German Emperor, who was visiting our shores at the time,
took occasion to pay Miss Nightingale a very graceful compliment, by
sending her a bouquet of flowers, accompanied by the following
letter from the German Ambassador:

“Dear Miss Nightingale,—His Majesty the Emperor, having just

brought to a close a most enjoyable stay in the beautiful
neighbourhood of your old home [Embley Park] near Romsey,
has commanded me to present you with some flowers as a
token of his esteem for the lady who, after receiving her
education in nursing by the Sisters of Mercy at Kaiserswerth, on
the Rhine, rendered such invaluable services to the cause of
humanity during the Crimean War, and subsequently founded a
house for the training of nurses in England, which is justly
considered to be a model institution of European fame.
“His Majesty sends you his best wishes, and I have the
honour to remain,—Yours sincerely,
“P. Metternich,
“German Ambassador.”

The following letter was sent in reply:

 “Your Excellency,—I have the honour to acknowledge, on
behalf of Miss Nightingale, the receipt of your letter of to-day,
and of the very beautiful flowers, which she greatly appreciated.
“Miss Nightingale desires me to request you to be good
enough to convey to His Majesty the Emperor how much she
values his Majesty’s gracious expressions of esteem and good
wishes. She has always thought most highly of the nursing of
the Sisters of Mercy at Kaiserswerth.
“She also recalls with deep gratitude the friendship and
sympathy with which his Majesty’s august mother, the late
Empress, was pleased to honour her. Miss Nightingale would
write personally but that failing health and eyesight prevent her.
—I have the honour, etc.
“K. Shore Nightingale.”

The City of London might most fittingly have bestowed its

honourable freedom upon Miss Nightingale when she returned from
the Crimea in 1856, but the heroine’s retiring disposition and the
conservatism of an ancient corporation stood in the way of that
honour being bestowed. The late Baroness Burdett-Coutts was the
first woman presented with the freedom of the City, and she has had
no successor until, in February 1908, the Corporation, with the Lord
Mayor presiding, passed with great enthusiasm the following
resolution moved by Mr. Deputy Wallace:
“That the honourable freedom of this City, in a gold box of the
value of one hundred guineas, be presented to Miss Florence
Nightingale, in testimony of this Court’s appreciation of her
philanthropic and successful efforts for the improvement of hospital
nursing and management, whereby invaluable results have been
attained for the alleviation of human suffering.”
Mr. Deputy Wallace in moving the resolution said that, “never in
the history of the freedom of the City, including on its roll of fame
the names of monarchs, statesmen, soldiers, and famous men of all
kinds and of all callings, had it enrolled among the recipients of its
honorary freedom a nobler name than that of Florence Nightingale.”
In accepting the honour of the Freedom of the City, thus offered,
Miss Nightingale requested that the sum of one hundred guineas,
which it was proposed to spend on the gold box for containing the
scroll, should be given as a donation to the Queen Victoria Jubilee
Institute for Nurses and the Hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen,
Harley Street, of which Miss Nightingale was the first
Superintendent.
The Court of Common Council acceded to Miss Nightingale’s
request and arranged for an oak box to be used instead of the
traditional gold casket.
Miss Nightingale was unable to make the journey to the Guildhall
to receive the Freedom, and it was arranged that the presentation
should be made, on her behalf, to her nearest relative.
The ceremony took place March 16th, 1908, in the Council
Chamber at the Guildhall, the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, Sir John
Bell, Kt., presiding. There was a large attendance, invitations having
been issued to leading medical and hospital authorities and to other
representative people. There was a goodly gathering of nurses.
The City Chamberlain (Sir Joseph Dimsdale) asked Mr. L. H.
Shore Nightingale, who represented Miss Nightingale, to accept the
casket containing the Freedom, and made a most felicitous speech.
A cheque for 106 guineas, to be devoted to any charities which Miss
Nightingale was pleased to name, was given with the casket.
Mr. Shore Nightingale replied, regretting that Miss Nightingale
was unable to be present, and accepting the honour on her behalf.
Mr. Henry Bonham Carter, for many years secretary of the
Nightingale Fund, gave an interesting account of his early
recollections of Miss Nightingale, and related that on one occasion
when they were young people she had given him first aid after an
accident. In conclusion he spoke of the high qualities of heart, mind,
and character which had enabled Miss Nightingale to achieve such
great and signal success in the work to which she devoted her life.
We honour the soldier and applaud the valiant hero, but it
required a more indomitable spirit, a higher courage, to purge the
pestilential hospital of Scutari; to walk hour after hour its miles of
fetid corridors crowded with suffering, even agonised, humanity,
than in the heat of battle to go “down into the jaws of death,” as did
the noble “Six Hundred.” A grateful nation laid its offering at the feet
of the heroine of the Crimea, poets wafted her fame abroad, and the
poor and suffering loved her. In barracks, in hospital, and in camp
the soldier has cause to bless her name for the comfort he enjoys,
the sufferers in our hospital wards have trained nurses through her
initiative, the sick poor are cared for in their own homes, and the
paupers humanely tended in the workhouse, as a direct result of
reforms which her example or counsel prompted. No honour or title
can ennoble the name of Florence Nightingale; it is peerless by
virtue of her heroic deeds.

In Memoriam
The death of Miss Nightingale occurred somewhat suddenly on
the afternoon of August 13th, 1910, at her residence 10, South
Street, Park Lane. The cause of death was heart failure. She sank
peacefully to rest in the presence of two of her relatives. Until the
day before her death she was in her usual health and bright spirits.
In the previous May she celebrated her ninetieth birthday, spending
the day quietly with her household. On that occasion she was the
recipient of many congratulations from her friends, and her room
was gay with spring flowers. The King, in the midst of his own
bereavement, in the recent death of his father, was not unmindful of
the heroine of the Crimea, and sent her the following message:

“To Miss Florence Nightingale, O.M.

“On the occasion of your Ninetieth Birthday, I offer you my
heartfelt congratulations and trust that you are in good health.
“(Signed) George R. & I.”

On receiving the tidings of Miss Nightingale’s death, the King

sent the following telegram from Balmoral to her relatives:—

“The Queen and I have received with deep regret the sad
news of the death of Miss Florence Nightingale, whose untiring
and devoted services to the British soldiers in the Crimea will
never be forgotten, and to whose striking example we practically
owe our present splendid organisation of trained nurses. Please
accept the expression of our sincere sympathy.
“George R.I.”

Amongst the soldier heroes in St. Paul’s, or with the great ones
in Westminster Abbey, would have been the fitting burial place for
our greatest national heroine, whose deeds will live for ever in the
records of our country. But she ever shunned publicity, and in
deference to her wishes her funeral was not of a public character.
The offer of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster of a burial place
in the Abbey was declined by her executors. She was quietly laid to
rest on Saturday, August 20th, in the little churchyard of East
Wellow, Hampshire, near to her old home of Embley Park, and within
sight of the hills where, as a child, she found her first patient in the
old shepherd’s dog.
An impressive Memorial Service for those wishing to pay a
tribute of love and honour to the heroine of the Crimea was held on
the day of the funeral, in St. Paul’s Cathedral.

“On England’s annals, through the long

Hereafter of her speech and song,
A light its rays shall cast
From portals of the past.

“A lady with a lamp shall stand

In the great history of the land,
A noble type of good,
Heroic womanhood.”

Printed by Cassell and Co., Ltd., La Belle Sauvage, London, E.C.

10-1-16
 Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made
consistent when a predominant preference was found in the
original book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced
quotation marks were remedied when the change was
obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between
paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook
that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of
Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ***

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