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Synthesis of Aspirin: Catalytic Role of Phosphoric Acid in the Acetylation of Salicylic Acid and
Acetic Anhydride
Experiment Findings · January 2024
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20880.62721

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Synthesis of Aspirin: Catalytic Role of Phosphoric Acid in the Acetylation of

Salicylic Acid and Acetic Anhydride

Aguilar, Venice Razen C.1 Andres, Shania Trish T.1 Angeles, Pia Marie G.1 Balingit, Maria Fiorenza
Nicole P.1 Bambico, Rosian Therresa1 Espero, Jana Alexa A.1 Macasinag, Christian O.1 Negrite, Ruthe
Daniel V.1 Ortega, Julina V.1 Pador, Mark Lawrence A.1 Reyes, Sia-Me Pearl S.1 Trocio, Fernando L.1

Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Manila, 1016 Anonas,
Sta. Mesa, Maynila, Kalakhang Maynila

Date of Experiment: January 26, 2024 │ Date Submitted: February 15, 2024

ABSTRACT. Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a widely used medication with analgesic,
antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its synthesis, which is a fundamental process in
pharmaceutical chemistry, involves the acetylation of salicylic acid. In this laboratory activity, aspirin is
aimed at being synthesized using acetic anhydride and salicylic acid. The process involved the reaction
between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalyst, phosphoric acid. The synthesis of
aspirin was achieved through a series of carefully controlled steps. 0.8 grams of salicylic acid were mixed
with two drops of 85% phosphoric acid and 1.8 mL of acetic anhydride, followed by heating at 90°C in a
water bath. Excess acetic anhydride was decomposed with distilled water, and crystallization of the product
was induced by scratching the interior of the tube and cooling in an ice bath. The obtained crystals were
filtered, dried, and weighed in order to determine the percentage yield. Furthermore, the method of analysis
produced a theoretical yield of 1.04 grams and 43% of the total amount of aspirin that was synthesized.

Keywords: aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, phosphoric acid, synthesis, acetylation
I. INTRODUCTION the benefits. Aspirin is classified as a non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is
also used to treat fever, swollen body tissues, and
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a
the prevention of blood clots and heart attacks [1,2].
pharmaceutical drug used to reduce pain, and it is The synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid
critical for reducing the risk of heart attacks, occurs by acetylating processes in an acidic
strokes caused by clots, and other obstructions to medium[3]. The excess acetic anhydride will be
blood flow in individuals with cardiovascular quenched (reacted) with the addition of water.
disease. However, if there are no indications of Overall, the reaction takes place between a
heart or blood vessel disease risk factors, the carboxylic acid and an acid anhydride to form an
hazards of long-term aspirin usage may outweigh

1
 1
ester[4]. This suggests that a framework for comprehending techniques and precautions, including practicing critical
the wide-ranging effects of these critically vital thinking in the process of experimentation and executing
pharmaceuticals for medicine may be obtained from the the aspirin synthesization efficiently and meticulously; and
synthesis of aspirin from specific chemicals. In this regard, (2) determine the mechanism behind the chemical reaction
aspirin's versatility makes its synthesis an important between acetic anhydride and salicylic acid to synthesize
consideration in a chemically relevant context. acetylsalicylic acid, which involves determining the effects
of the utilized reagents’ quantity on the result and
To gain greater insights into the synthesis indicating what the computed formula percentage yield
mechanism of aspirin, the proponents plan to conduct an implies in the actual synthesis.
experiment that involves specific reagents. These include
phosphoric acid, which acts as a catalyst to aid in and
enhance the crystallization process, and acetic anhydrides,
which interact when a few drops are present. Aspirin and an
Figure 2: Equations to be used
acetic acid molecule are produced when salicylic acid reacts
with acetic anhydrides in the presence of a few drops of a
strong acid[5]. Phosphoric acid, which is utilized as a catalyst II. METHODOLOGY
in this experiment, is added to help accelerate the process of These methodological considerations have been
separating the acetate ion from acetic anhydride. White made to determine the synthesis of aspirin using the
crystal generation and synthesis are the main goals of this acetylation process. This has allowed the proponents to
experiment, as they are the building blocks of aspirin obtain relevant results and be able to substantiate their
production. Aspirin usually precipitates out of the reaction findings regarding the experiment and the data they have
mixture and may be collected using filtering, which is the gathered.
predicted result of this experiment. This will be the
experiment's ultimate result: a white, crystalline substance
containing synthetic aspirin following separation and
purification.

The figure below presents the reaction mechanism

for synthesizing aspirin. The following
diagrams show the reactants' chemical structures and the
prospects for product yield. To ensure the experiment's
success, the proponents anticipate yielding a percentage of
either more or less than 90% during the course of the
experiment.

Figure 1. Reaction mechanism of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride

In conducting the chemical laboratory experiment
on the synthesis of aspirin, the students primarily aim to (1)
apply basic organic chemistry understanding to laboratory
 A. Rationale
The synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid involves
the chemical change of salicylic acid using acetic
anhydride through a process called acetylation.
When a few drops of phosphoric acid are added,
salicylic acid undergoes a reaction to produce
aspirin and acetic acid molecules. When water
comes into contact with acetic anhydride, it
undergoes a reaction that leads to the creation of
two molecules of acetic acid. Salicylic acid is Figure 3. Phosphoric Figure 4. Acetic
Acid Anhydride
administered as aspirin, which is less harsh on the
stomach than pure salicylic acid. That is, because
acetylsalicylic acid is in its more soluble form, it
has the ability to render enzymes in prostaglandin
synthesis inactive[6]. By doing so, it lessens the
reactivity of the affected tissue to severe pain
caused by toxins produced by bacteria. It is a very
adaptable medication that holds great significance
in a wide range of health contexts. The biological
functions of this within living beings are
essential, as it undergoes synthesis to increase
solubility and adapt to the needs of the
Figure 5. Salicylic Acid
organisms[7].

Salicylic acid is an odorless white to

B. Materials and Equipment
light tan solid. It is a monohydroxybenzoic acid
The following are the materials, reagents,
that is benzoic acid with a hydroxyl group at the
and laboratory equipment used in accomplishing
ortho position. It sinks and mixes slowly with
the experiment: Reagents
water[8] Phosphoric acid appears as a clear,
colorless liquid or transparent crystalline solid.
Liquid is usually an 85% aqueous solution.
Shipped as both a solid and liquid. Corrosive to
metals and tissue[9]. Acetic anhydride appears as
a clear colorless liquid with a strong odor of
vinegar. Corrosive to metals and tissue[10].
Materials and Equipment
The laboratory equipment and materials that
were used and utilized during the laboratory

3
activity are as follows: beaker, pipette and I. Mixture of the Reagents and Catalyst
aspirator, balance, test tube and holder,
thermometer, iron stand and iron ring, clay Approximately 0.8 grams of salicylic
triangle and funnel, watch glass, hot plate, and acid and two drops of 85% of the catalyst,
filter paper. phosphoric acid, were added to the test tube using
a dropper to complete the mixture. The acetic
C. Target Product anhydride was likewise transferred using an
aspirator and a clean, dry pipette. A stirring rod
The experiment's proponents expect to was used to effectively mix everything that was
produce an aspirin byproduct. Acetylsalicylic added.
acid, another name for aspirin, is a derivative of
salicylic acid and a moderate nonnarcotic II. Water Bath Setup
analgesic (pain reliever) that helps with headache,
muscular, and joint pain[11] It is a mainstay drug in The proponents took a beaker and filled it
many different therapeutic contexts due to its halfway with water to create a water bath. After
broad range of pharmacological characteristics the test tube was submerged in the water bath, the
and easily available types. The main assembly was heated for five minutes at 90°C on
characteristics of aspirin as a target product are a hot plate. To ensure that the entire setup was
outlined in this profile, with an emphasis on its heated to the appropriate temperature, a
possible side effects, safety concerns, and thermometer was used to measure the hot plate's
therapeutic uses. temperature.

D. Experimental Procedure I. III. Addition of Distilled Water

Measurement of the
Required The surplus acetic anhydride was broken
down by adding around 1.2 mL of distilled water
Quantities of Reagents
to the side of the reaction tube using a pipette.
The experiment began by determining the Subsequently, 1.8 mL of water was added as a
quantities required to synthesize aspirin. A total of supplemental material, and the resultant mixture
0.8 grams of salicylic acid and 1.9 mL of acetic was gradually cooled to room temperature.
anhydride were employed. In addition to the two IV. Ice Bath Setup
reagent assays, two drops of 85% concentrated
A stirring rod was used to scrape the inside
phosphoric acid were used as a catalyst. Note that
of the tube in order to cause the matter to
the quantities used were doubled in comparison to
crystallize. The exothermic process was regulated
the standard procedure to obtain the best
by immersing the mixture in an ice bath.
outcomes. Additionally, the quantity of water and
Throughout the reaction, the mixture was
distilled water was doubled.
monitored, and the ice bath was refilled as
necessary to keep the mixture at the proper

4
temperature. The mixture was immersed in an ice produced from the given amounts of
bath for ten minutes in order to finish the reactants[12].
crystallization process. Percentage Yield
The percent yield is the ratio of the actual
V. Filtration Setup yield to the theoretical yield, expressed as a
percentage, and the actual yield is the amount of
After assembling the filter paper
product that is actually formed when the reaction
setup for the solution, the crystals were
is carried out in the laboratory[12]:
scraped off and transferred to dry filter
paper. The material was then allowed to dry,
at which point the byproduct aspirin was
synthesized. Figure 7. Formula for Percentage Yield

VI. Yield Calculation III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The synthesized substance was Representation of the Quantities of Reactants
weighed on a tared watch glass to wrap up the Used
experiment in order to determine
the percentage of the Table 1 enumerates the quantitative data
generated byproduct. This of the reactants used in the experiment
arrangement
completes the experiment and ties together all of Reactants Quantity
the steps involved in the process.
Salicylic acid 0.4 g ≈ 0.8 g
E. Calculations

The following formulas were used in Acetic anhydride 0.9 mL ≈ 1.8 mL

computing the theoretical yield and actual
percentage yield of aspirin: Phosphoric Acid 2 drops
(Catalyst)
Theoretical yield
Table 1. Synthesis of Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Figure 6. Formula for Theoretical Yield. The precise quantities of reagents used in
the synthesis process are critical factors
To calculate the percent yield, first
influencing the yield and purity of the aspirin
determine how much of the product should
product. By controlling these parameters, the
be produced based on stoichiometry. This is
experiment aimed to optimize the synthesis
known as the theoretical yield, which is the
conditions and achieve the desired outcome of
maximum amount of product that can be
obtaining white, crystalline aspirin. It should be

5
noted that the quantities utilized were doubled in II. Reaction Between the Catalyst and the
comparison to the standard procedure to achieve Solution
optimal results.
Reaction Mechanism

I. Acetic Anhydride and Salicylic Acid

Solution

Salicylic acid and acetic acid are

typically used in the presence of an acid catalyst
to produce aspirin, however, this process has a
low yield and a slow reaction rate. Since acetic
anhydride is far more reactive than acetic acid,
using it would speed up the reaction and increase Figure 9. Heated acetic anhydride, salicylic acid, and
phosphoric acid solution.
yield[13].

Acetylation is an organic esterification

reaction in which a hydrogen atom is substituted
for an acetyl group[18]. Acetic anhydride facilitates
the acetylation of salicylic acid, resulting in the
production of acetic acid and acetylsalicylic acid
as byproducts. This process occurs in an acidic
medium, which is phosphoric acid in this
experiment, and this acidic medium aids in the
detachment of the acetate ion from the acetic
anhydride, which further speeds up the reaction
Figure 8. Synthetic salicylic acid (in test tube) and acetic and concludingly acts as the catalyst[19]. The
anhydride. mixture of these three chemicals yielded a
reddish-brownish solution.
With that, acetic anhydride
((CH₃CO)₂O), is a colorless liquid with a
characteristic sharp odor, while synthetic salicylic
acid is a bitter-tasting white, crystalline
powder[14,15]. Salicylic acid is the limiting reactant
or reagent that is completely used up with its
quantity, limiting the amount of product formed.
Acetic anhydride, on the other hand, is the excess
reagent or chemical that is in surplus
[16,17]

6
III. Water Bath Setup (Formation of IV. Heating (Dissolved Solution)
Bubbles)

Figure 10. Water bath setup: temperature control and

constant and uniform heat distribution

Figure 11. Heating of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride

This setup involves placing the reaction
solution
mixture in a glass container submerged in a water
bath at a controlled temperature. The purpose of During the heating process, the dissolved
the water bath is to provide uniform and gentle solution of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride
heating to the reaction mixture. As the starts to react, leading to the formation of
temperature of the water bath increases, the acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin. This reaction
reactants in the mixture gain energy and are more results in the evolution of gas, primarily acetic
likely to collide and react. This thermal energy acid. As the gas bubbles form, they rise to the
helps to facilitate the reaction between salicylic surface of the mixture and escape into the
acid and acetic anhydride. The formation of atmosphere. The bubbling is an indication that the
bubbles during this stage indicates the initial reaction is proceeding successfully and that the
mixing and reaction between salicylic acid and desired product is being formed. Heat accelerates
acetic anhydride. As the reaction progresses, the ester hydrolysis, which breaks down acetic
hydroxyl group of salicylic acid reacts with the anhydride into acetic acid and alcohol. The
acetic anhydride to form aspirin and acetic acid[20]. phosphoric acid catalyst facilitates this process by
decreasing the activation energy and boosting the
pace of the reaction. Salicylic acid and acetic acid
are produced during ester hydrolysis[21].

V. Addition of Distilled Water (Breaking

Down of Acetic Anhydride)

Acetic anhydride is a corrosive and toxic

substance, so it is important to remove it from the
reaction mixture before further processing. The
addition of distilled water helps to hydrolyze the

7
acetic anhydride, converting it to acetic acid, To start the crystallisation process, the

which is a less harmful substance. The added reaction mixture has been cooled in an ice bath
water reacts with the excess acetic anhydride to setup. Cooling the solution decreases molecular
form acetic acid, which is highly soluble in water. mobility, which promotes the precipitation of pure
This decomposition reaction releases heat due to aspirin crystals; this process removes
the exothermic nature of the process[22]. contaminants like unreacted salicylic acid and
acetic acid. The ice bath, consisting of crushed ice
VI. Ice Bath Setup (Crystallization and water, helps to reduce the temperature of the
Process) mixture significantly. The purpose of this cooling
process is to facilitate the crystallization of the
aspirin. Cooling causes the solute particles to
move more slowly, allowing them to come closer
and arrange themselves in an orderly manner,
forming crystals.

VII. Filtration Setup (Byproduct)

The ice bath lowers the solubility of the solid

product, making the crystals more visible and
Figure 13. Iced bath setup; controlling the reaction rate
easier to separate through filtration. Once the
and crystal formation crystallization process is complete, the mixture

8
needs to be separated from the byproducts. A total of 0.45 g of aspirin was synthesized from a
funnel and filter paper are used to separate the potential yield of 0.45 g. Therefore, the calculated
solid crystals of aspirin from the liquid mixture. percentage yield was 43.27%.
The solid aspirin crystals are retained on the filter
Furthermore, one contributing factor to
paper, whereas the liquid byproducts, such as
the low percentage yield is that the phosphoric
acetic acid, pass through the filter paper and
acid sat too long before the addition of chemicals.
collect in a separate container. The filtered aspirin
Another possibility of inaccuracy is that the
crystals are then washed with cold water to
mixture was not scraped thoroughly. As the flask
remove any impurities or remaining
is put into an ice bath to hasten crystallization and
byproducts[23].
increase the yield of the product, it may be
helpful to scratch the inside of the flask with a
Yield Analysis for Aspirin
glass rod if crystals are slow to appear[24]. Another
aspect that could have contributed to the
inadequate percentage yield is the product being
transferred onto two distinct filter sheets, which
could result in the loss of some crystals. As a
result, despite the possibility of errors and
inconsistencies throughout the experiments, the
students successfully synthesized acetylsalicylic
acid.
IV. CONCLUSION

The proponents of this experiment have

learned insightful details and made some novel
discoveries about aspirin synthesis while
executing trials. In brief, the experiment
commences with the procurement of materials,
including reagents such as acetic anhydride and
salicylic acid, as well as phosphoric acid, which
catalyzes to accelerate the reaction. The
techniques that were applied during the
experiment were carefully examined to ensure
that they would yield positive outcomes. Acetic
Figure 18. Percentage Yield of Aspirin
acid and acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, were
produced as byproducts of the process, which
The mass of acetylsalicylic acid obtained
proceeded as predicted. Subsequently, the
from this scientific experiment was 0.45 grams.
experiment's proponents examined the aspirin's
The calculated theoretical yield was 1.04 g. A

9
purity and came to a comprehensive conclusion Aspirin.
about the synthetic byproduct. Utilizing https://laney.edu/cheli-fossum/wp-conte
stoichiometric quantities allowed for the nt/uploads/sites/210/2012/01/8-Synthesi
confirmation of the generated byproduct quantity. s-of-Aspirin.pdf.
A considerable number of byproducts have been
4. Chemistry LibreTexts. (2021).
produced by this process, however, the findings
fell well short of what the advocates had Experiment_614_Synthesis of
anticipated because the mechanism only produced Aspirin_1_1_2.
43% of the amount that would have been needed https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_
Medanos_College/Chemistry_6_and_Ch
to ensure its effectiveness, far less than the 90%
emistry_7_Combined_Laboratory_Man
or more that was predicted. Still, since there is
ual/Experiment_614_Synthesis_of_Aspi
some sort of byproduct produced, the
rin_1_1_2.
experiment's proponents believe it to be
worthwhile. As such, the proponents believe that 5. Hooghly Women’s College.
human error is the primary cause of the (n.d.).
inaccuracy in the experiment. Consequently, the
Synthesis of Aspirin.
accomplishment of this synthesis underscores the
http://www.hooghlywomenscollege.org/ ol
significance of appropriate laboratory methods, %20doc/Pharmaceutical%20Chemistr
such as precise measurements and attentive y.pdf.
monitoring at each phase of the investigation.
V. REFERENCES 6. Aspirin Synthesis | Synaptic | Central
College. Central College.
1. Voelker, M., Schachtel, S., Cooper, S., & https://central.edu/writing-anthology/20
Gatoulis S. (2016). Efficacy of disintegrating 19/06/04/aspirin-synthesis/. Published
aspirin in two different models for acut June 4, 2019. Accessed Date February
mildto-moderate pain: sore throat and dental 13, 2024.
pain.
7. Libretexts. Experiment_614_Synthesis of
Inflammopharmacology, 24(1), 43-51. Aspirin_1_1_2. Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-015-025 https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_
3-0.
Medanos_College/Chemistry_6_and_Ch
emistry_7_Combined_Laboratory_Man
2. Upfal, J. (2016). The Australian drug guide:
every person’s guide to prescription and ual/Experiment_614_Synthesis_of_Aspi
over-the counter medicines, street drugs, rin_1_1_2. Published February 20, 2021.
vaccines, vitamins and minerals. Bookcard Accessed Date February 13, 2024.
Press. 8. PubChem. Salicylic acid. PubChem.
3. Lany College. (2012).
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/comp
Synthesis of
ound/Salicylic-Acid.

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9. PubChem. Phosphoric acid. Services.
PubChem. https://www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/d
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/comp ocuments/fs/0005.pdf. Accessed
ound/Phosphoric-Acid. February 13, 2024.

10. PubChem. Acetic anhydride. PubChem. 16. Chemistry Department. Aspirin

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/comp Experiment. University of California.
ound/Acetic-Anhydride. https://www.chem.ucla.edu/~bacher/Ge n
eral/30L/HW/key/wk1.html#:~:text=Th
11. The Editors of Encyclopaedia
e
Britannica. Aspirin | Description, Uses, &
%20limiting%20reagent%20is%20the,a
side effects. Encyclopedia Britannica.
cid%20is%20the%20limiting%20reagen
https://www.britannica.com/science/aspi rin.
t.&text=3. Published April 26, 2001.
Published February 13, 2024.
Accessed February 13, 2024.

12. Libretexts. 12.9: Theoretical yield and

17. Libretexts. Excess and limiting reagents.
percent yield. Chemistry LibreTexts.
Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_C
Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Mo
hemistry_(CK-12)/12%3A_Stoichiomet dules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemis
ry/12.09%3A_Theoretical_Yield_and_P try)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/
ercent_Yield. Published August 8, 2022. Excess_and_Limiting_Reagents#:~:text
=In%20a%20chemical%20reaction%2C
13. Synthesis of aspirin. Laney College. %20reactants,the%20amount%20of%20
https://laney.edu/cheli-fossum/wp-conte products%20formed. Published June 30,
nt/uploads/sites/210/2012/01/8-Synthesi sof- 2023.
Aspirin.pdf. Accessed February 13, 2024.
18. Chemistry Department. Synthesis of aspirin.
14. Abounassif MA, Mian MS, Mian NAA. Oklahoma State University.
Salicylic acid. In: Analytical Profiles of Drug https://intro.chem.okstate.edu/ChemSou
Substances and Excipients. rce/medicine/lab1.htm#:~:text=Major%
; 20Chemical%20Concept,to%20form%2 0an
1994:421-470. %20ester%2C%20aspirin. Accessed
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Health and Senior of acetylation with Mechanism, Examples
and FAQs on

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 Acetylation. BYJUS. Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy Dispersive
https://byjus.com/chemistry/acetylation/. X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Energies.
Published April 19, 2023. 2017;10(11):1857. doi:10.3390/en10111857

20. Reepmeyer JC, Kirchhoefer RD. Isolation of

22. García MA, Dobrosz-Gómez I, Toro JCO.
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the Effects of Thermal Aging on Insulating dissolution, reaction, and crystallization
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12
 VI. APPENDIX

A. Quantification of the Aspirin Yield

The calculation of the theoretical yield

which guarantees the success of the synthesis of
aspirin is as follows:

( 1138 𝑚𝑜𝑙.2 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑐

𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑐

maspirin= msalicylic acid

𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 )

( 1381.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ) ( 1801

𝑚𝑜𝑙.16 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 )

= 0.8 g ( 1138 𝑚𝑜𝑙.2 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑐

𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 )

( 1381.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ) ( 1801

𝑚𝑜𝑙.16 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 )

= 1.043498407 g ≈ 1.04 g
 Figure 20. Measurement of the Required

Percentage yield = ( 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ) 100% = ( 01..4504

Figure 21. Mixture of the Reagents and Catalyst

𝑔𝑔 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛
100%
)
View publication stats

Figure 25. Crystallized Product

Figure 26. Weighing of crystallized product

Figure 27. Product