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Analytical And Experimental Studies On Underreamed Pile As Anchor

Foundation In Soft Clay

Article in i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering · August 2014

DOI: 10.26634/jce.4.3.3023

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 RESEARCH PAPERS

ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON UNDERREAMED PILE

AS ANCHOR FOUNDATION IN SOFT CLAY
By

Y. S. GOLAIT * P. P. DAHALE ** R. N. JIWATODE ***

* Professor Emeritus, Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, India.
** Assistant Professor, Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, India.
*** Ex. PG (Geotech.) student, Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, India.
ABSTRACT
Foundations of several civil engineering structures are required to be designed as anchor foundations. The analysis and
design of deep anchors in clays are considered by very few researchers and investigators in the reported literature.
Conspicuously this aspect appears to be inadequately investigated. The paper attempts to highlight the analysis of deep
anchors in soft clays by proposing an idealized load transfer mechanism and the mode of failure of this soil-foundation
system. The presently used foundation element for resting light structures on expansive soils, in the form of an under-
reamed pile, is proposed to be used as an effective deep anchor. With reference to this soil-under-reamed pile system,
analytical as well as experimental studies are carried out. The analysis led to a simple and easy way to use equation for
estimating the pullout load capacity of ground anchors, in clays of medium to soft consistency. In order to evaluate the
validity of theoretical formulation, a detailed experimental program was undertaken. The model studies incorporated
under-reamed pile models of three shaft diameters with under-reaming ratio of 2.5, four values of depth factors. The clay
soil used in studies had cu=0.24 kg/cm2. The observed failure loads were compared with the computed values which
revealed that for under-reamed piles having length larger than 8 times the shaft diameter, there was very close
agreement between the above two values.
Keywords: Underreamed Pile, Anchor Foundation, Shaft Resistance.

INTRODUCTION alongwith mathematical formulation to evolve an

Problems related to anchoring the structures subjected to equation to predict the pullout load at soil-foundation
vertical uplift forces or loads, acting solely or in system failure. It also describes the model studies carried
combination with other lateral or inclined forces, are out to verify the validity of theoretical analysis.
numerous in civil engineering practice. Some of the 1. Underreamed Pile as Anchor Foundation
typical cases wherein the action of vertical upward load is Underreamed pile is essentially a bored cast-in-situ
required to be considered in the design of foundation are: concrete pile, provided with an enlarged bottom in the
pylons for transmission lines, tall tower like structures, radio form of underreamed bulb. The pile is developed in India,
relay tower frames, floors of dry docks, anchoring the ends mainly by CBRI, New Delhi, to function as an effective and
of main strands of suspension bridges, light structures with economical foundation for light structures in expansive
underground basement, foundation of tension leg soil (colloquially called as black cotton soil in India). Under
offshore platforms, etc. Quite often these structures are the action of vertical downward loads from
founded in clayey soils. This aspect of anchor foundation superstructure, the pile derives larger load carrying
in clay (especially soft clays) appears to be inadequately capacity due to increased base area of the pile bottom
investigated analytically in the present state of the art. The and reduces the settlement of structure. Besides, the
paper highlights an idealized simple load transfer enlarged bulb founded in stable zone of expansive soil
mechanism for anchor foundation in saturated soft clay ground at site provides good anchoring effect against the

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 RESEARCH PAPERS

structure getting uplifted during swelling of soil in rainy are distinctly very limited. On the analytical side, the
season. These piles are extensively used in India as its theoretical formulations for predicting the pullout
construction is a simple process requiring available capacity of shallow plate anchors in sandy and c-Φ soils
personnel and equipment. As the more effective anchor are widely considered, whereas for deep anchors in clays,
foundation is essentially in the form of vertical slender the mathematical formulation is attempted by just
structural element with increased lateral size at bottom, couple of investigators. Table 1 gives summary of some of
the conventional underreamed pile can function as the theories and methods for computing the pullout
effective anchor foundation. Considering a pile of shaft capacity of anchor foundation. It is evident that
diameter ds with length L and underreamed bulb considering the plastic deformation nature of clays in the
diameter Db, the parameters characterizing the form and foundation-soil system under vertical upward load, the
shape of an underreamed pile are: deep anchor foundation in cohesive soil appears to be
·Length ratio --------------------- L/ds inadequately investigated. The analytical study
presented in the paper was undertaken for deep anchors
·Underreaming ratio------------- Db/ds
in the form of underreamed pile in purely cohesive soils of
·Depth factor--------------------- L/Db
medium to soft consistency. A simple equation for failure
The pile with shaft diameter from 20 to 40 cm with
load is developed and the validity of the analysis is verified
underreaming ratio of 2.5 can be easily constructed in
from the laboratory model studies.
clay and hence such forms are commonly used in most of
3. Theoretical Analysis
the field constructions.
3.1 Conceptual Failure Mechanism and Resisting
2. Overview of Literature
Forces
The estimation of the pulling load causing 'failure' of the
The clayey soils are invariably plastic in nature and exhibit
foundation-soil system is perhaps the most important but
different physical consistency states. Their deformation
very complex aspect in the design of anchor foundation.
characteristics are distinctly different than that of other
Prior to about 1960, the methods of computing the pullout
non-plastic soils and sands. It is therefore realized that
resistance of anchor foundations were mostly empirical in
deformation and failure mechanism for anchors in clays
nature or were based on highly idealized, and
will be different than that envisaged for anchors in
approximate failure mechanisms. The attempts in
cohesionless granular soils without or with little fine
systematic analysis of anchor were made thereafter
fraction. The features of failure of anchors in clays have
beginning with Balla's theory (1961). Over a period of last
been reported by some researchers from their model tests
50 years, many investigators and researchers have
observations (Kananyan, 1963; Sutherland 1988). Long
contributed immensely towards theoretical analysis as
back in 1963, Kananyan conducted several pullout tests
well as in understanding the behavioral aspects of anchor
on square block foundations in cohesive soil in the field
foundation. L.G. Mariupolskii, A.S. Vesic, G.G. Meyerhof,
with anchor length L of 250 cm and with varying L/Db ratio
M.Matsuo, H.B. Sutherland, E.A. Dickin, T.H. Hanna, J.D.
from 0.96 to 2.27. The soil failure zones and patterns of
Geddes, E.J. Murray, K.S. Subbarao, B.M. Das, R.K. Rowe,
cracks were observed as shown in the Figure 1. It was
E.H. Davis, H.S. Saeedy, P.J. Pise, R.S. Marifield, etc are few
distinctly visible that the failure was not as a well-defined
names of the contributors in anchor foundation, besides
shear rupture but was in the form of a zone of plastic
large number of other investigators. On perusal of the
deformation in which soil underwent irreversible upward
literature, it is noticeable that most of the experimental
movement without rupture in soil. Sutherland (1988) also
investigations (model studies) have been carried out for
conducted several model tests on deep and shallow
anchors (especially shallow type) in sands or non-plastic
anchors in modeled cohesive soil and found that the
c-Φ soils. The model studies on anchors in cohesive soils
failures in the systems were not of rupture type as

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Figure 1. Failure of anchor block foundation in cohesive

soil (Kananyan, 1963) Figure 3. State of Stresses in Soil Above Enlarged Base

Figure 2. Deformation and Cracking at Ultimate Uplift Resistance

for Anchors in Clays (Sutherland, 1988)

considered in non-plastic granular soils. He pointed out

that anchors in clays fail not in shear rupture but by way of
plastic shear deformation, tensile stress action and
cracking as illustrated in Figure 2.
In view of the above, a scheme of conceptual failure for
underreamed piled deep anchor in clay is formulated for Figure 4. Conceptual Failure Mechanisms and Development
mathematical formulation of failure pullout resistance. of Resisting Forces

The pile-soil system under consideration is shown in Figure small magnitude and it is the lower half of the pressure
3. It is realized that on application of a pulling force P, a bulb (assumed to be of thickness 0.9Db) where the stresses
pressure intensity q (assumed to be uniform) acts on XY are significant which may lead to soil failure at ultimate
plane over the rigid base area of diameter Db in vertical stage. As the pile gradually moves up, with increasing
upward direction. applied load on pile a small cylindrical cavity beneath the

For the load of any type acting in vertical downward pile is formed at ultimate equilibrium stage. At this stage,

direction on soil (considering it as weightless elastic full shearing resistance is developed over the idealized

medium), Boussinesq's theory gives the induced vertical cylindrical soil surface shown by ABCD, and the pile tends

stress in soil mass at any point. This theory is assumed to be to plough in soil, the pile thus continues to move up at a

valid for load in soil mass acting in upward direction. As larger rate creating larger and larger cylindrical cavity

such, for a rigid circular area of diameter Db subjected to accompanied by plastic flow of soil in the cylindrical zone

upward pressure q at XY plane, the stressed soil zone for an ABCD in various directions as shown in the Figure 4.

isobar of 10% of q can be plotted as shown in Figure 3. This Patil (2006) observed the features of underreamed
pressure bulb extends to a height of 1.9Db above XY anchor pile behavior and it was found that for larger L/Db
plane. However, the stresses above midplane are of very ratios of pile, there was apparently no noticeable

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upheaval of soil surface around the pile. Also, the soil SR= π.ds. (L-0.9Db).α.cu (4)
surface, even at ultimate pulling force associated with where, α= shaft adhesion factor
pile rise of about 3 to 5 percent shaft diameter, remained
Determination of the weight of soil body with curved
uncracked. It is therefore assumed that within the soil zone
boundary surface lying over CD circular area is complex
of thickness (L-0.9Db) below soil surface, there is relative
and tedious, though not impossible. Hence an
movement between the pile and the surrounding soil
idealization is made by assuming equivalent plane
effecting mobilization of shaft resistance (SR) commonly
boundary surface for the curved one. This is done in such
referred to as skin frictional resistance. Thus, at the critical
a way that the volume of body remains unchanged. Such
or failure stage, the two main components of resisting
a surface generating line in 2-D figure is to be located so
forces are;
that the volume of revolution of positive area between the
·Soil shear resistance (SSR) acting on cylindrical soil curved and straight lines will be almost same as volume of
surface of area π.Db.L revolution of negative area shown hatched in Figure 4.This
·Shaft resistance (SR) acting over pile surface area exercise was done for several geometrical forms of the
(π.ds) (L-0.9Db) soil-foundation system. It was found that the angle β
The failure thus remains localized within the small soil zone made by straight line with vertical, varied from 220 to 240.
lying above the base level. Referring to the Figure 4, the volume of inverted frustum of
Besides the above described two resisting forces the cone of height (L-0.9Db) is determined by subtracting the
effect of the presence of soil mass lying above CD circular volume of cone of height h' from the volume of cone of
area needs to be considered. The soil body whose weight height H. The computation led to the following equation
exerts vertical pressure on CD circular surface is not the soil for weight of the required soil body (Ws);
cylinder above CD plane, but it is assumed to be
contained within the curved surface above CD plane. The
curved surface is considered to be an arc of a circle that
(5)
originates vertically from CD level and intersecting the
ground surface at an angle of 450. The gross ultimate
(6)
pullout load (Pu) at the failure stage is thus expressed as;
Substituting Equations 3, 4 and 5 in Equation 1, the net
Pu= soil shear resistance (SSR) + shaft resistance (SR)
capacity at failure of underreamed pile anchor
+ Weight of the soil body exerting vertical pressure on CD
foundation is given by,
circular area (Ws) + Weight of the pile (Wp) (1)
The net ultimate pullout capacity Pu(net) is therefore,
Pu(net) = Pu- Wp (2)
3.2 Computation of Resisting Forces (7)
where H is given by Equation 6.
The soil shear resistance (SSR) evidently equals shear
It is suggested that the value of β be taken as,
strength of clay multiplied by the vertical surface area of
cylinder of diameter Db and height 0.9Db. Thus, β= 240 for and β = 220 for (8)

SSR= 0.9.π.Db .cu 2

(3) For the axially loaded underreamed pile in clay of
medium to soft consistency, the value of adhesion factor
where, cu= undrained cohesion of soil
α is 0.5 as recommended by IS code of practice. In the
The shaft resistance (SR) is obtained likewise as the product
case of the pullout load on this pile, also the same value of
of skin frictional resistance of pile and the area of shaft
α be taken.
surface over its length (L-0.9Db). Hence,

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4. Experimental Investigation belonged to swelling CH category.

4.1 Soil and Pile Models The underreamed pile models were prepared from M.S.
Black cotton soils from nearby field of Nagpur city was pipe fitted with circular M.S. plate. The bulb shape was
used in the model studies. Its properties were; WL= 59%, made by cement-sand mortar filling. The shaft surface of
WP= 24%, IP=35% and minus 75µ fraction =87%. It model piles was coated with thin film of rich cement-sand
mortar to simulate the surface characteristics of actual
concrete underreamed pile used in field. Models of shaft
diameter 2.2, 3.1 and 6.3 cm were used. For each shaft
size four L/Db ratios used were 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0. The
Db/ds ratio of 2.5 was kept for all model piles.
4.2 Experimental Set up
The pile-soil test model was prepared in test drum made
Figure 5. Experimental Setup from perforated steel sheet. Two test drums of size, (i)
60cm dia. and 60cm ht. and (ii) 25cm dia. and 31cm ht.
For type of anchor In type of soil
Theory/ were used. The saturation tank was constructed of brick
Salient features
Method Shallow Deep Sand c-F Clay
masonry wall with firm level bottom. It was provided with
Sliding of broken out soil
A Balla body over failure drainage pipe at the bottom for draining water from the
(1961) surface (arc of a circle)
Use of kötter’s equation
tank. Pulling load was applied through lever arrangement
Estrangement of broken as shown in Figure 5.
out soil body for shallow
L.G.
Mariupolskii
anchors 4.3 Test Procedure
Work done in creating
(1965)
cylindrical cavity for deep Wet soil at water content nearer to its plastic limit was
anchors
compacted in test drum after placing the model pile in its
Sliding of broken out soil
M. Matsuo body over a combination required position. The drum was kept in saturation tank
(1967) of a log-spiral slip failure
surfaces filled with water. Water was drained out after seven days.
G.G.
Use of theoretical principles The assembly and arrangements were made for loading
Meyerhof &
of soil behavior and the
J.I. Adams
analysis of model test results
(1968)
Sliding of broken out soil
body over failure surface
B.S. (a segment of log-spiral
Khadilkar et curve)
al (1971) Use of kötter’s equation for
normal stresses on log spiral
failure surface
Use of principle of spherical
cavity expansion by
A.S. Vesic
explosive charge to break
(1971)
through the circular slip
failure surface in soil Figure 6. Observed Pull Rise Curve from Some Model Tests
B.M. Das
Analysis of model test results.
(1980)

H.S. Saeedy Log-spiral failure surface and

(1987) consideration of relative
density
S.K. Sharma Limit equilibrium, with use of
et al (1998) kötter’s equation

R.S. Merifield 3 D lower bound solution

et al (2003) based on finite element for
mulation

Table 1. Summary of theories and methods for predicting ultimate

pulling load on anchor foundation Figure 7. Error Analysis of Test Results

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and pile displacement. It was ensured, through observed that under a pull even slightly smaller than the
meticulous control, to obtain almost identical physical critical pull causing 'failure' of soil-anchor system, the rise
state of soil in all the model tests. The saturated soil during of pile is relatively very small of the order of 3 to 4 percent
pullout tests had bulk unit weight of 1.72 gm/cm3 and of pile diameter. Apparently no significant upheaval of
water content at 34%. The loading was done by step the soil surface around the pile and no formation of cracks
loading procedure. of any pattern were seen at such a stage of pulling.
UCS tests were carried out on samples collected from Locating a point on curve characterizing 'failure' of the
unaffected zone of soil in tank after completion of load system was difficult. It was therefore done by 3
test. The undrained cohesion cu of soil was found to be procedures; (i) locating the point of maximum curvature
2
0.24 kg/cm . by best judgment, (ii) by intersection of two straight lines
4.4 Pull –Rise Curves and Failure Loads representing the initial and the later points of curve and (iii)
using log-log plot. By giving appropriate weightages to all
The pull-rise curves for all the eleven model tests were
the procedures, the failure point F was fixed on the curve
plotted from the test data. The curves for typical six tests
which gave Pu(net) value. These experimentally observed
are shown in Figure 6. For all the cases, it was observed in
values for all the eleven tests are shown in table 2.
general that, on increasing the pullout load the rise of pile
increases initially at a very small rate and after a certain 4.5 Computed Loads And Comparison With
threshold load the pile rise increases at faster rate. After a Experimental Results
certain critical stage of loading, the pile continues to The computed values of Pu(net) were obtained for eleven
move up resulting eventually in its extraction. It was also models used in the laboratory investigation by using

Error in
Test ds L Db Observed Computed
L/ ds L/Db Prediction Remark
No. (cm) (cm) (cm) Pu (net) kg Pu (net) kg
(%)

1 2.2 8.25 5.5 3.75 1.5 14.5 23.46 38.2 Present Laboratory
Investigation
2 2.2 16.5 5.5 7.5 3.0 24.0 31.93 24.8

3 2.2 24.75 5.5 11.25 4.5 41.5 42.25 1.8

4 2.2 33.0 5.5 15.00 6.0 63.0 55.94 12.6

5 3.1 16.63 7.75 3.75 1.5 24.5 38.42 36.2

6 3.1 23.25 7.75 7.50 3.0 51.0 64.8 24.5

7 3.1 34.88 7.75 11.25 4.5 89.5 88.21 1.5

8 3.1 46.50 7.75 15 6.0 115.0 120.94 4.9

9 6.3 23.63 15.75 3.75 1.5 135.0 195.4 30.9

10 6.3 47.25 15.75 7.50 3.0 248.0 292.31 15.2

11 6.3 70.88 15.75 11.25 4.5 435.0 427.6 1.7

P-1 2.2 10.0 5.5 4.55 1.85 17.0 25.09 32.2 Earlier Laboratory data
(Patil, 2006)
P-2 2.2 20.0 5.5 9.09 3.66 40.5 36.22 11.8

P-3 2.2 30.0 5.5 13.64 5.45 55.0 51.90 5.9

F-1 30 350 75.0 11.67 4.67 -- 21,952 -- Computations for few

FIELD CASES of
F-2 30 400 75.0 13.33 5.33 -- 29,522 -- underreamed piles

F-3 40 400 100 10.00 4.00 -- 37,148 --

F-4 40 450 100 11.25 4.50 -- 44,109 --

Table 2. Summary of the results of experimental and analytical study

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appropriate values of α, β, γ and cu. These values are attributes of geotechnical analysis and design
shown in column 8 of Table 2. Computations for earlier methods are: (i) sound theoretical basis, (ii) easy
data (Patil, 2006) are also given in the table. Error analysis applicability to practice without requiring excessive
was carried out and results are presented in the Figure 7. It computational resources and time, and (iii)
is seen that error is less than 15% for underreamed anchor involvement of easily determinable soil parameters
piles having L/ds ratio larger than 8 (i.e. L/Db>3.2). It is larger by conventional field and laboratory testing. J.B.
than 15%, even of the order of 35-40%, for smaller and Burland, while delivering 9th L. Bjerrum memorial
smaller L/ds ratio than 8. Evidently, such piles may act as lecture opined “any design that relies for its success
shallow anchor for which the proposed failure on precise analysis is a bad design”. It can be
mechanism explained in the present study will not hold confidently emphasized that the studies presented in
good. However, it is to be realized that the underreamed the paper conform to the above philosophy.
piles in the field are usually constructed with L/ds ratio References
larger than 8. Table 2 also include the Pu(net) values
[1]. Balla, A(1961), “The resistance to breaking out of
computed from Equation 7 for typical four cases of
mushroom foundations for pylons”, Proceeding of 5th
underreamed piles usually constructed in the field (i.e.
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
piles with L/ds ≥ 10). The computations indicate the net
Foundation Engineering, Paris, France, Vol. 1, pp. 569-
pulling load at failure as 22 tonne for 3.5m long
576.
underreamed pile of shaft diameter of 30cm; and 44
[2]. Das, B.M. (1980); “A procedure for estimation of
tonne for 4m long pile of 40cm shaft diameter. Their safe
ultimate uplift capacity of foundation in clay”, Journal of
pullout load may be predicted as 7.5t and 15t
Soil and Foundations, Japan, Vol. 20(1), pp. 79.
respectively. This appears to be reasonable.
[3]. Kananyan, A.S. (1963). “EksperimentanoeI
Conclusions
sledovanie raboti ashavaniy ankernikh fundamentov”.
The analysis and experimental studies carried out on
Osnovaniya i Funamenti, Moscow (in Russian), Vol. 20(1).
underreamed pile to act as a deep anchor foundation
[4]. Khadilkar, B.S., Paradkar, A.K., Golait, Y.S.; “Study of
led to the following conclusions:
rupture surface and ultimate resistance of anchor
·The pile functions as an effective anchor foundation
foundations”, Proceeding of 4th Asian Regional
because of its enlarged bulb at the bottom.
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
·An idealized load transfer mechanism is Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, Vol.-1, pp.121-127.
conceptualized for the underreamed pile under the
[5]. Mariupolskii, L.G. (1965); “Nisushaya sponsobnost
action of upward axial load at failure of the soil-
ankernikh foundamnetor, osnovania”, Foundamentii
anchor system. A simple mathematical formulation is
Mikhanika Gruntov, Vol. 3(1), pp. 14-18 (in Russian).
accomplished leading to a simple equation
[6]. Matsuo M. (1967); “Study on uplift resistance of
(Equation 7) for prediction of the failure load capacity
footing”, Soils and Foundations, Tokyo, Japan, Vol. 7(4),
of underreamed deep pile anchor.
pp. 1-37.
·The experimental investigations were carried out on
[7]. Merifield, R.S., Lyamin, A.V., Sloan, S.W. and Yu, H.S.
model anchor piles in soft clay. The results were used
(2003); “Three dimensional lower bound solutions for
to verify the validity of theoretical analysis. It is
stability of plate anchors in clay”, Journal of Geotechnical
concluded that the proposed analysis enables
Geo-environmental , ASCE, Vol. 129(3), pp. 243.
prediction of anchor capacity within 15% error for the
[8]. Meyerhof, G.G. and Adams, J.I.(1968); “Ultimate uplift
underreamed piles with length ratio L/ds > 8.
capacity of foundation”, Canadian Geotechnical
·It has been well realized that the main desirable
Journal, Ottawa, Canada, Vol. 5(4), pp. 225-244.

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[9]. Patil, S.T. (2006); “Studies on underreamed piles as “Analysis of shallow laid plate anchors”, Proceeding IGC-
anchor foundation in saturated black cotton soil”, M.Tech. 1998, New Delhi, India, Vol.-I, pp. 95-99.
Dissertation (under guidance of Y.S. Golait) submitted to [12]. Sutherland, H.B. (1988); “Uplift resistance of soils”,
Nagpur University (unpublished) Geotechnique, Vol. 38(4), pp. 493-516.
[10]. Saeedy, H.S. (1987); “Stability of circular vertical [13]. Vesic, A.S. (1971); “Breakout resistance of objects
earth anchor”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. embedded in ocean bottom”, Journal of soil mechanics
24(3), pp. 452. foundation engineering, ASCE, Vol. 97(SM-9), pp. 1183-
[11]. Sharma, S.K., Dewaikar, D.M. and Patil, M.A. (1998); 1203.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr .Y.S. Golait is a Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and
Management (RCOEM), Nagpur. He received his M.Tech. (Geotechnical Engineering) and Ph.D.(Civil) from IIT , Mumbai. He has
more than 35 years of Teaching experience and has guided 5 Ph.D. (Civil) Scholars and more than 20 M. Tech. students and is a
Life Member of Professional Societies like ISTE and IGS.

Prasad P. Dahale is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and
Management (RCOEM), Nagpur. He received his BE degree(Civil and WM) from SGGS Co E&T, Nanded in 2004 with M.Tech
(Geotechnical Engineering) from SRKNCE, Nagpur in 2008 and presently Pursuing Ph.D. (Civil) from Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj
Nagpur University, Nagpur. He has 8 years of experience in Teaching and 2 years of experience in Industry. He has Guided 5 M.
Tech. students and is a Life Member of Professional Societies like ISTE, IGS and ICI.

R.N. Jiwatode is a Ex. PG (Geotech.) student, Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, India.

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