Report On Network Layer and Protocols

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
REPORT ON
NETWORK LAYERS
&
PROTOCOLS
In advance computer
networking
1.
Introduction
 Definition of the Network layer
 Importance in Networking
2. Network Layer Function

 Routing
 Logical Addressing
 Packet Forwarding
3. Key Protocols at the Network Layer

 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
4. Advanced Topics in Network Layer

 Quality of Service(QoS)
 Network Address Translation (NAT)
 Virtual Private Network (VPNs)
 Software-Defined Network(SDN)
5. Internet Protocol (IP)

 IPV4
 IPV6
6. Routing Mechanisms
 Static Routing
 Dynamic Routing
 Routing Protocols
1)RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
2)OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
3)BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
7. Logical Addressing
 Concept
 Types of Addresses
1)Public IP
2)Private IP
 Subnetting
8. Packet Forwarding
 Process Overview
 Routing Tables
 Switching Techniques
9. Network Layer Security

 Threads
 Security Protocol
1)IPSec
2)SSL/TLS
10. Challenges and Future Trends
11. Conslusion
12. Reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------
1. Introduction
Definition of the Network Layer

The network layer is the third layer in the OSL model,
responsible for the transmission of data packets across
different networks.
Its establishes, maintains, and terminates connections
between devices and ensures that data is sent to the
correct destination.
Importance in Networking
The network layer plays a crucial role in inter-networking,
enabling devices on different networks to communicate
effectively.
It abstracts the physical and data link layers, allowing for
diverse underlying technologies.
2. Network Layer Functions
Routing
Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network
along which to send data packets.
Dynamic routing protocols adapt to changing network
conditions to ensure optimal path selection.
Logical Addressing
The network layer provides logical addressing, which
allows devices on different networks to identify each
other uniquely.
This is essential for proper packet delivery.
Packet Forwarding
The network layer forwards packets based on their
destination addresses.
Routers use forwarding tables to determine the next hop
for a packet.
3. Key Protocols
at the Network Layer
Internet Protocol (IP)

The primary protocol for the network layer in the Internet.
Versions include IPv4 and IPv6.
IPv4 uses 32-bit addressing, allowing for approximately
4.3 billion unique addresses.
IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing, significantly increasing the
number of available addresses.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
ICMP is used for error reporting and diagnostic functions.
It helps in troubleshooting network issues through
messages like “Destination Unreachable” and “Echo
Request/Reply”.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local
network, enabling communication between devices on
the same subnet.
4. Advance
Topics in Network Layer
Quality of Service (QoS)

Mechanisms to manage bandwidth and ensure the
performance of critical applications.
Includes traffic shaping and prioritization based on
application needs.
Network Address Translation (NAT)

Allows multiple devices on a local network to share a
single public IP address.
Essential for conserving IP addresses and enhancing
security.
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

Create secure connections over the Internet by
encapsulating data packets.
Uses tunneling protocols to ensure confidentiality and
integrity.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
Separates the control plane from the data plane, allowing
centralized management and dynamic adjustments to
network traffic.
Enhances network efficiency and flexibility.
5. Internet
Protocol (IP)
IPv4
Uses a 32-bit address space, divided into classes.
Due to exhaustion of addresses, techniques like
subnetting and NAT (Network Address Translation) are
often employed.
IPv6
Introduces a 128-bit address space, providing a
significantly larger pool of addresses.
It also enhances security and routing efficiency.
6. Routing
Mechanism
Static Routing
Static routing is a routing protocol that helps to keep your
network organized and to optimize routing performance.
It enables the router to assign a specific path to each
network segment and to keep track of network changes.
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing is known as a technique of finding the
best path for the data to travel over a network in this
process a router can transmit data through various
different routes and reach its destination on the basis of
conditions at that time of communication circuits.
Routing Protocols
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
A distance-vector protocol that uses hop count as a
metric, suitable for small networks.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

A link-state routing protocol that provides faster
convergence and better scalability by utilizing areas and
cost-based metrics.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

The primary protocol used for inter-domain routing on
the Internet, crucial for managing how packets are routed
across different autonomous systems.
7. Logical
Addressing
Concept
Logical addressing in networking is the use of software-
assigned addresses to define how and where packets are
sent.
Logical addresses are non permanent and can be
different from physical addresses.
Type Of Addresses
Public IP address
A public IP address is visible to everyone on the internet
and identifies a device to the wider internet.
It is assigned by an ISP and allows devices to connect to
the internet.
Private IP address
A private IP address is used within a private network to
connect devices securely to one another.
It is not visible to the outside world and is designed to
enhance security.
Subnetting
Subnetting is the process of creating a subnetwork (also
known as a subnet) within a network.
Network interfaces and devices within a subnet can
communicate with each other directly.
Routers facilitate communication between
different subnets.
8. Packet
Forwarding
Process Overview
Packet forwarding is the process of sending a packet to a
neighbouring node when the packet's destination IP
address doesn't match the current node's IP addresses. A
router typically performs this process, which involves:
1)Verifying the IP header
2)Extracting the destination address
3)Performing a destination address lookup
4)Adjusting the time-to-live field in the IP header
5)Using a routing mechanism to determine the next-
hop neighbour for the packet
Routing Table
Routing table is a data structure that contains the best
paths for forwarding packets from one network segment
to another. The routing table is used to generate a
forwarding table, which is then used to forward packets.
Switching Techniques
Packet switching is a data transmission method that uses
switching techniques to send data across a network
Store-and-forward
Switches receive and store the entire frame before
forwarding it.
This method is good for ensuring the integrity of frames,
but it creates more network latency.
Cut-Through
Switches receive only a portion of the frame and
immediately start forwarding it.
This method has lower network latency than store-and-
forward, but it's less dependable because it may send
error-prone packets.
9. Network Layer
Security
Thread
Thread is a wireless mesh network protocol that includes
mandatory security features and is designed to be
secure:
1)Security features: Thread includes mandatory
security features and is built on open and proven
standards.
2)Self-healing: Thread networks can self-heal and
reconfigure when a device is added or removed.
3)No single point of failure: Thread networks don't have
a single point of failure.
4)Thread Certification: Thread Certification ensures
devices connect securely and effortlessly.
Security Protocol
Network security protocols are rules and frameworks that
protect data as it moves through a network. Some
examples of network security protocols include:
10. Challenges And Future Trends

Challenges
Address Space Exhaustion: The depletion of IPv4
addresses has necessitated a transition to IPv6.
Security Concerns: Vulnerabilities such as IP spoofing and
DDoS attacks threaten network integrity.
Scalability: As the number of connected devices
increases, ensuring efficient routing and management
becomes critical.
Future Trends
Enhanced security protocols at the network layer.
Greater integration of AI and machine learning for
dynamic routing and traffic management.
Continued evolution towards more robust and efficient IP
addressing schemes.
11. Conclusion
The network layer is essential for ensuring data is

effectively routed between devices across networks.
Understanding its function, protocols, and advanced
topics is crucial for anyone involved in advanced
computer networking. As technology evolves, so too will
the protocols and practices that govern this critical layer.
12. References
List of textbooks, articles, and online resource for future
reading.
THANK YOU!!

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TABLE OF

2. Network Layer Function

3. Key Protocols at the Network Layer

4. Advanced Topics in Network Layer

5. Internet Protocol (IP)

9. Network Layer Security

10. Challenges and Future Trends

Definition of the Network Layer

2. Network Layer Functions

Internet Protocol (IP)

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Quality of Service (QoS)

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

10. Challenges And Future Trends

The network layer is essential for ensuring data is

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