RQF LEVEL 4

TRADE LAND SRVEYING

MODULE CODE:LSVSB402

TEACHER’S GUIDE
Module name: Building structure setting out
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MODULE NAME Building Structure Setting Out

2023
Table of content

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Acronyms

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Introduction

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 Module Code and Title :…………………….

Learning Outcome 1:

Learning Outcome 2:

Learning Outcome 3:
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Learning Outcome n:

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 Learning outcome 1: Perform intersection computations

Learning outcome 1. Perform intersection computations

Indicative contents (headings of indicative content from the module of the curriculum)

1.1. Marking of unknown point position

1.2. Computation of unknown coordinates by solution of triangle method

1.3. Computation of unknown coordinate by intersection of observed angl

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 Duration: ……….hrs

Learning outcome 1 objectives: (Perfromance

criteria in affirmative form)
By the end of the learning outcome, the trainees will be able to:
1. select properly Known points in order to avoid a danger circle solution.
2. Mark properly Unknown point position according to its intended use
3. compute correctly Coordinates of the unknown point

Resources
Equipment Tools Materials
 Eraser,
 drawing pins,
 Computers  Clipboard,  notebooks
 white/black board  ruler  chalks
 projector  calculator,  markers, pencil
 duster  pens
 flipchart

Advance preparation:
 videos showing intersection and resection technic

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 Indicative content 3.1: Marking of unknown point position

Introduction
Intersection is a process of locating and coordinating a point from at least two existing
control stations by observing horizontal directions at the control points.
Application
 Coordinating new control points. Could be high or inaccessible points
 Surveying detail in inaccessible positions
 Point location in industrial measurement system
3.1.1 Establish points location
If two control points A and B are known, a third point C as shown in Figure below can be
located in a number of ways.

a) Set out distance AC and BC

b) Set out distance AD and then perpendicular distance DC
c) Set off angle θ1 and θ2
d) Set off angle θ and distance AC

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e) Set off angle θ and distance BC
3.1. 2 . Monumentation of point

Control surveys are performed to establish a monumented reference system for a facility
mapping project. These fixed horizontal control points and vertical benchmarks are then
used as starting points for supplemental topographic site plan mapping.
 Horizontal control survey methods
Horizontal positions of permanent monuments around a facility or project site can be
established by a number of survey techniques. These include traditional traverse,
triangulation, or trilateration surveys from an established geodetic network on an
installation.

 Vertical control survey methods.

As with horizontal control densification, a number of survey methods can be used to bring
vertical control from an established datum into a project site. These include trigonometric
leveling (e.g. a total station), differential (spirit) leveling, and differential GPS techniques.
Since most facility mapping projects require fairly accurate elevations relative to a local
network, traditional differential leveling is still the most effective and reliable method of
transferring elevations.
 Horizontal control survey techniques

Instruments
Minimum instrument requirements for the establishment of primary control will typically
include a repeating theodolite having an optical micrometer with a least-count resolution
of six seconds (6") or better; a directional theodolite having an optical micrometer with a
least count resolution of one arc-second; an EDM capable of a resolution of 1:10,000; or a
total station having capabilities comparable to, or better than, any of the instruments just
detailed. A calibrated 100-ft steel tape may also be used for measuring short distances.
Monumentation
The surveyor shall confirm the prior establishment of control monuments at each
controlling corner on the boundaries of the parcel or tract of land being surveyed. If no
control monuments exist, the surveyor shall place the monuments. Control monuments
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shall be constructed of reasonably permanent material solidly embedded in the ground and
capable of being detected by commonly used magnetic or electronic equipment.

Control monuments shall be placed at the following locations:

a. Each corner and angle point of each lot, block, or parcel of land surveyed.
b. Each point of intersection of the outer boundary of the survey with an existing or created
right-of-way line of a street, railroad, or other way.
c. Each point of curve, tangency, reversed curve, or compounded curve on each right-of-
way line established.
3.1.3 Point protection
All construction projects are set out from survey control points of some sort, either primary
survey control points or from secondary survey control points. For this reason, it is very
important that these points are protected from either accidental damage or from
purposeful destruction.

3.1. COMPUTATION OF UNKNOWN COORDINATES BY SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE METHOD

3.2.1 Compute distances angles
Computations involving coordinates are performed in a variety of surveying problems. The
length and direction (azimuth or bearing) of a line can be calculated from the coordinates
of its end points.

The three types of intersection problems noted above are conveniently solved by forming a
triangle between two stations of known position from which the observations are made,
and then solving for the parts of this triangle. Two important functions used in solving
oblique triangles are (1) the law of sines, and (2) the law of cosines. The law of sines relates
the lengths of the sides of a triangle to the sines of the opposite angles. For Figure above,
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this law is

Equation 1

Where AB, BC, and AC are the lengths of the three sides of the triangle ABC, and A, B, and C
are the angles. The law of cosines relates two sides and the included angle of a triangle to
the length of the side opposite the angle. In Figure above the following three equations can
be written that express the law of cosines:
Equation 2

 Coordinate form of equation s for a line and circle

Straight line AB is referenced in a plane rectangular coordinate system. Coordinates of end
points A and B are and . Length AB and azimuth of this line in terms of these coordinates
are
(Equation 3)

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(Equation3)

Where ∆X is XB-XA, ∆Y is YB-YA, C is 00 if both ∆X and ∆Yare greater than zero, ; C is 180°
if ∆Y is less than zero, and C is 360° if ∆X is less than zero, and is ∆Y greater than zero.

3.2.2 Compute coordinates

Figure below illustrates the intersection of two lines AP and BP. Each has known
coordinates for one end point, and each has a known direction. Determining the point of
intersection for this type of situation is often called the direction-direction problem. A
simple method of computing the intersection point P is to solve for the parts of oblique
triangle ABP. Since the coordinates of A and B are known, the length and azimuth of AB
(shown dashed) can be determined.

Then, from the figure it can be seen that angle A is the difference in the azimuths of AB and
AP, or
A = AzAP - AzAB (Equation 4)
Similarly, angle B is the difference in the azimuths of BA and BP, or
B = AzBA - AzBP (Equation 5)
With two angles of the triangle ABP computed, the remaining angle P is
P = 180° - A – B (Equation 6)

figure1

Substituting into Equation 1 and rearranging the length of side AP is

(Equation7)

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With both the length and azimuth of AP known, the coordinates of P are

(Equation8)

Example
In Figure 1 assuming the following information is known for two lines, compute coordinates
XP and YP of the intersection point. (Coordinates are in feet.)

Solution
The length and azimuth of side AB are

By Equations (4) through (6), the three angles of triangle ABP are

By Equation (7), length AP is

By Equations (8) the coordinates of station P are

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Check:

3.2. Computation of unknown coordinate by intersection of observed angles

3.2.1. Intersection with angles

Consider the figure above, A and B are control points and the coordinates of point Q are to
be determined as follows:
 Compute αAB and distance AB
 Angles a and b are measured
 Determine lengths AQ and BQ using sine rule
 Establish bearings AQ and BQ
 Compute coordinates of Q using: αAQ and S AQ or αBQ and SBQ. The use of standard
expressions is common if a number of points are to be located from A and B. From

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 similar triangles ARP and ASB;

ABQ is lettered in a clockwise direction and care must be taken to ensure that the data is
presented in a similar manner.
3.2.2. Intersection with known bearings

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Resection: This procedure locates a point of unknown position by observing horizontal
angles from that point to three visible stations whose positions are known.
The situation is illustrated in Figure below where a total station instrument occupies station

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P and angles x and y are observed.
A summary of the method used to compute the coordinates of station P follows (refer to
Figurebelow)
1. From the known coordinates of A, B, and C calculate lengths a and c, and angle at
station B.
2. Subtract the sum of angles x, y, and in figure ABCP from 360° to obtain the sum of
angles A+C
A + C = 360° - (α + x + y)

(Figure2)

3. Calculate angles A and C using the following:

4. From angle A and azimuth AB, calculate azimuth AP in triangle ABP. Then solve for
length AP using the law of sines, where Calculate the departure and latitude of AP
followed by the coordinates of P.
5. In the manner outlined in step 4, use triangle BCP to calculate the coordinates of P
to obtain a check.

Example
In Figure 2, angles x and y were measured as 48 053’12’’ and 41020’ 35’’respectively.

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 Control points A, B, and C have coordinates (in feet) of X A=5721.25, YA= 21,802.48 , XB =
13,542.99, YB = 22,497.95, XC = 20,350.09, and YC = 24,861.22. Calculate the
coordinates of P.

Answer
1.

2.

2. Calculate angle α
α = 180° - (70°51’15.0’’- 84°55’08.1’’) = 194°03’53.1’’
3. A + C = 360° - 194°03’53.1’’ - 48°53’12’’ - 41°20’35’’= 75°42’19.9’’
4.

6.
.

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9.

10.

11. As a check, triangle BCP was solved to obtain the same results

The three-point resection problem just described provides a unique solution for the
unknown coordinates of point P, that is, there are no redundant observations, and thus no
check can be made on the observations.

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 Theoretical learning Activity

 Group discussion on technic of locating unknown point

 Exercices on intersection of point
 Exercice on resection of single point

Practical learning Activity

 N/A

Points to Remember

Intersection is a process of locating and coordinating a point from at least two existing
control stations by observing horizontal directions at the control points.
Application
 Coordinating new control points. Could be high or inaccessible points
 Surveying detail in inaccessible positions
 Point location in industrial measurement system
Resection: This procedure locates a point of unknown position by observing horizontal
angles from that point to three visible stations whose positions are known.
The situation is illustrated in Figure below where a total station instrument occupies station
P and angles x and y are observed.

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 Learning out come 1.1 : formative assessment

Written assessment
Q1. Choose the correct answer
 A third point C cannot be located using two points A and B of known locations by
measuring
(a) All the sides of the triangle ABC
(b) Two angles A and B and the length A B.
(c) All the angles of the triangle ABC
(d) The angle A, and the lengths AB and BC.
Answer: (c)
Q2.What is two types of control survey methods
Answer
 Horizontal control survey methods
 Vertical control survey methods.
Q3. The following information is known for two lines, compute coordinates XP and YP of the
intersection point. (Coordinates are in feet.)

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Solution
The length and azimuth of side AB are

By Equations (4) through (6), the three angles of triangle ABP are

By Equation (7), length AP is

By Equations (8) the coordinates of station P are

Check:

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Q4.By showing formulas, how unknown coordinate is computed by intersection of observed
angles

Answer
Intersection with angles

Intersection with known bearings

Practical assessment
 N/A

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References:

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