UNIT 5 : CHEMICAL

BONDING AND SHAPE

OF MOLECULES
Part 1

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Electronic theory of valency and bonding :
➢Electronic theory of valency was given by Gilbert N. Lewis and Walther
Kossel
➢This theory explains about the cause of chemical reaction/ combination
on the basis of valence shell electron and tendency to lose or gain an
electron.
➢The outermost shell of an atom is called valence shell and electron
present in it is called valence electron.
➢The valence electron of an atom is denoted by Lewis dot symbol.
Examples:

Lewis dot structure of chlorine atom Lewis dot structure of chlorine atom

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The main postulates of electronic theory of valency are :

I. The electrons present in outermost orbit are called valence

electrons and the corresponding shell is called valence shell.
II. The combining capacity of each and every atom of an element is
determined with respect to number of electrons present in valence
shell.
III. Atoms having 8 electrons in their outermost orbit are stable ( inert
gas except helium have octet ) and all other atoms try to adjust
their electronic configuration like nearest noble gas. Due to this
tendency chemical combination occurs. This rule is called octet rule.
IV. Atoms that undergo combination achieve the electronic
configuration ( 8 electrons ) like nearest noble gases by loss or gain
or share of electrons.
V. The number of electrons lost or gained or shared by an atom of the
elements is called valency of the element. This is the electronic
concept of the valency.

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The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions,
etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is
known as chemical bonding.

Chemical bonding takes place because :

➢To acquire a state of minimum energy and maximum stabilty.
➢To convert atoms into molecule to acquire stable configuration.

Types of Chemical Bond

1. Ionic or electrovalent bond

2. Covalent bond
3. Co-ordinate covalent bond

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1. IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT BOND :
➢The bond formed between by the complete transfer of one or
more valence electrons from the electropositive species to the
electronegative species is called ionic or electrovalent bond

➢The atom which loses the electrons acquires positive charge

called cation and gain of electrons result in the formation of
anion.

➢The cations and anions are held together by an electrostatic

force of attraction.

➢The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of an

element is called electrovalency of the element.

➢Generally, it is formed between the metals and non metals.

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 Examples of formation of IONIC BOND
1. Formation of sodium chloride ( NaCl)

2. Formation of Magnessium chloride ( mgCl2)

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Condition of formation of Ionic Bonds
➢Metal forming ionic bond must have low ionization energy
so that it can easily lose electrons.
➢Non metal forming ionic bond must have high electron
affinity so that it can easily gain electrons.
➢The lattice energy of the crystal must be high during
formation of ionic compound.

Properties of Ionic compounds

i. Generally crystalline in nature.
ii. Generally soluble in water due to ionization of compound.
iii. Good conductor of electricity in molten state or aqueous
solution due to the formation of ion.
iv. High melting and boiling point due to the electrostatic force
of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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 2. COVALENT BOND :
➢The bond formed by mutual sharing of electrons between the
combing atoms of same or different element is called a covalent
bond.
➢The bond is denoted by (-).
➢The number of electrons shared by an atom of an element is
called covalency of the element.
➢Generally, it is formed between the non metals.

Properties of covalent compounds

i. Found in all 3 states i.e. solid, liquid and gas.
ii. Generally insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents like
benzene.
iii. Melting points and boiling points are generally low due to the
weak force of attraction between molecules.
iv. Generally bad conductor of electricity as they weakly ionize.
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Examples of formation of covalent bonds :
i. Formation of hydrogen molecule

ii. Formation of oxygen molecule

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iii. Formation of nitrogen molecule

iv. Formation of Hydrogen chloride molecule (HCl)

v. Formation of methane (CH4)
vi. Formation of water (H2O)

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3. Coordinate covalent bond
➢The bond formed by the sharing of lone pair of electrons
contributed entirely by one atom between two combining atoms
is called coordinate-covalent bond.

➢Its formed between electron deficient and electron sufficient

species.

➢The atom which donates the shared pair of electrons is called a

donor atom. The atom which accepts the shared pair of
electrons is called an acceptor atom.

➢It is denoted by an arrow ( ) pointing from electron sufficient

species to electron deficient species.

➢This bond is weaker than ionic bond but stronger than covalent
bond.
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Examples of formation of co-ordinate covalent bonds :
i. Formation of ozone molecule (O3)

ii. Formation of ammonium ion (NH4+)

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Lewis structure of some compounds

1. H2SO4

2. HNO3

3. H2SO3

4. CaCO3

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RESONANCE
➢A single molecule can be represented by writing more than two
Lewis dot structure. The electronic phenomenon in which single
molecule can have more than two structure is called resonance.
➢More than one structures of the same molecule are called
resonating structures.

➢All the resonating structure can be represented by a single

structure called resonance hybrid .

➢The resonance structure are formed due to the delocalization of

bond or lone pair of electrons.

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Ozone (O3) molecule

Carbonate (CO3 --) molecule

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IONIC CHARACTER IN COVALENT BOND
➢In homonuclear diatomic molecules ( H2, Cl2, F2, O2) the
shared electrons are equally distributed between the combining
atoms. Such bonds are non-polar bonds.
Examples : H-H, Cl-Cl, O=O etc
However, when covalent bond is formed between the atoms of
different elements, the atom of the element having higher
electronegativity attracts the shared electrons more towards it. Due
to this reason, polarity (partial charges) is developed in the bond.
Such bonds are polar covalent bonds.
For example: In HCl, chlorine has more electronegativity than
hydrogen so shared electron shift towards chlorine and hence
chlorine bears partial negative charge and hydrogen bears
partial positive charge.

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DIPOLE MOMENT
The percentage of ionic character in covalent bond is expressed in terms
of dipole moment.
It is defined as the product of the magnitude of charged developed in
one atom of the polarized molecule (q) and the distance between the
combining atoms (d). It is denoted by mew ()
 = electrical charge (q) X bond length (d)
It is expressed in debye (D).
It is a vector quantity and is represneted by an arrow pointing from less
electronegative to more electronegative atoms with a crossed tail.

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APPLICATIONS OF DIPOLE MOMENT
➢It helps to identify polar and non-polar molecules . If   0, the
compound is polar.
➢In finding the shape of molecules : For example , the molecule
with zero dipole moment will be linear or symmetrical. Thus
molecules which have unsymmetrical shape will be either bent or
irregular, ( eg NH3 with  = 1.47D )
➢In calculating the percentage ionic character of polar bonds.

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 HYDROGEN BONDING
The electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom
bonded with highly electronegative atom ( F or O or N) and
another highly electronegative atom ( F or O or N) of same or
different molecule is called hydrogen bond.

Fig : Hydrogen bonding in water Fig : Hydrogen bonding in ammonia

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 Conditions for hydrogen bonding

➢The molecule must contain a highly electronegative atom

linked to the hydrogen atom. The higher the electronegativity
more is the polarization of the molecule.

➢The size of the electronegative atom should be small. The

smaller the size, the greater is the electrostatic attraction.

Types of hydrogen bond

i. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding

ii. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding

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i. Intermolecular hydrogen bond
The hydrogen bond which is formed between different molecules
of the same or different compounds is called intermolecular
hydrogen bonding.

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ii. Intramolecular hydrogen bond
The hydrogen bond which takes place within a molecule it
self is called intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

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 Consequences of hydrogen bonding

1. The boiling point and melting point of compounds increase

due to intermolecular H-bonding.
E.g. The boiling point of H2O is high (373 K) due to
intermolecular hydrogen bonding and hence it exist as liquid at
room temperature, whereas H-bonds are absent in H2S and
hence it has low boiling point and exists as a gas at room
temperature

2. The solubility of compounds, showing intermolecular H-

bonding, in water increases due to formation of
intermolecular H-bonds with water
E.g. Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, ammonia, HF, acetic acid
etc., are fairly soluble in water due to their ability to form
intermolecular hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

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 Metallic Bond
➢It is a special type of bond that exist only in metals.
➢It is the force of attraction between positively charged
kernel and sea of mobile electrons which is responsible for
bringing metal ions together.
➢Different models have been proposed to explain the nature
of metallic bonding.
➢One of the most important module is electron pool theory
or electron sea model. This theory about metallic bonding
was given by Drude and Loretz in 1900 AD.

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In this model, a metal is assumed to consist of a lattice of
positive ion (or kernels) immersed in a sea of mobile valence
electrons, which move freely within the boundaries of a crystal.
A positive kernel consists of the nucleus of the atom together
with its core on a kernel is, therefore, equal in magnitude to the
total valence electronic charge per atom

➢The forces that hold

the atoms together in a
metal as a result of the
attraction between
positive ions and
surrounding freely
mobile electrons are
known as metallic bond

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Following properties of metals can be explained in light of
metallic bond:
I. Metals are hard in nature : the strength of metallic bond
increases with the increase in number of valence electrons.
Example : Iron, copper , gold, silver are harder than Na, k, Mg
etc.
II. Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity : This
is due to the presence of delocalized mobile valence electrons.
When an electric field is applied at the two ends of a metal, the
delocalized electrons begin to move towards the positive pole
from the negative pole and thus conduct electricity through the
metal.
III.Metal posses metallic lustre : the mobile electrons absorb
the light and get vibrated which immediately emit radiation.
IV.Metals are malleable and ductile : Metallic bonds are non-
directional in nature. Metals can be beaten into thin sheets
and into wires . Since there is uniform charge distribution , on
applying the stress on the metals the position of kernels is
changed without destroying the crystals.
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