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    Protocols

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    iitian.himanshukumar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Protocols

    Uploaded by

    iitian.himanshukumar
    3 views9 pages

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    Protocols (1)

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    3 views9 pages

    Protocols

    Uploaded by

    iitian.himanshukumar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS

    NETWORK PROTOCOLS :
     A network protocol is a set of rules for communication among networked
    devices.
     Protocols generally includes rules of how and when a device can send or
    receive the data, how is the sent data packaged, and how it reaches its
    destination.
     We will discuss following three protocols:

    1. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

    2. HTTPS(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secured)

    3. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)

    4. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

    5. PPP (Point to Point Protocol):

    HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

     Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a set of rule which is used for transferring the
    files like, audio, video, graphic image, text and other multimedia files on the
    WWW (World Wide Web).

     When an HTTP client (a browser) sends a request to an HTTP server (web


    server) , the server sends responses back to the client after which the client
    disconnects the connection. This transfer of requests and responses is done
    following HTTP protocol.

     The standard (default) port for HTTP connection is 80, but other port can also
    be used.

     HTTP does not have any security.

     The HTTP was designed mainly to fetch the html document and send it to the
    client.
    HTTPS(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)

     HTTPS has a secure transfer. Using the HTTPS, sensitive information that we
    want to transfer from one user to another user can be done securely.

     HTTPS is used to encrypt or decrypt user HTTP page or HTTP page requests
    that are returned by the webserver.

     In HTTPS, the standard port to transfer the information is 443.

     It is the default protocol for conduction financial transactions on the web.

     HTTPS protocol uses HTTP on connection encrypted by SSL (Secure Socket


    Layer)

    Secure Socket Layer :


     Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol which help users
    protect their data during transfer by creating a uniquely encrypted
    channel for private communications over the public Internet.
    Video url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hExRDVZHhig&t=95s
    FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
     FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the
    files from one host to another.

     It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the
    computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet.

     It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.

     It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently.

     Although transferring files from one system to another is very simple and
    straightforward, but sometimes it can cause problems. For example,
     two systems may have different file conventions.
     Two systems may have different ways to represent text
    and data.
     Two systems may have different directory structures.

    FTP protocol overcomes these problems by establishing two connections


    between hosts. One connection is used for data transfer, and another
    connection is used for the control connection.

    Video url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOj8MSEIbfA


    TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

     It is a connection-oriented protocol that means it establishes the connection prior


    to the communication that occurs between the computing devices in a network.
    This protocol is used with an IP protocol, so together, they are referred to as
    a TCP/IP.

     The main functionality of the TCP is


     to take the data from the sender and divide them into several packets .
     provide numbering to these packets
     finally transmits these packets to the destination(receiver).

     It also supports the acknowledgment mechanism, which checks the state and
    sound arrival of the data. In the acknowledgment mechanism, the receiver sends
    either positive or negative acknowledgment to the sender so that the sender can
    get to know whether the data packet has been received or needs to resend.

     This protocol ensures that the data reaches the intended receiver in the same order
    in which it is sent.

     The main task of IP is to deliver the packets from source to the destination based
    on the IP addresses available in the packet headers.

     IP defines the packet structure that hides the data which is to be delivered as well
    as the addressing method that labels the datagram with a source and destination
    information.

    Video url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwoD5YsGACg&t=4s
    Common protocols of TCP/IP include the following:

     HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) handles the communication between a web

    server and a web browser.

     HTTPS (Secure HTTP) handles secure communication between a web server and a

    web browser.

     FTP (File Transfer Protocol) handles transmission of files between computers.

    PPP (Point to Point Protocol):

     It is a protocol for direct communication between two computers,


    typically a personal computer connected by phone line to a server.
     Most Internet service providers (ISPs) use PPP for customer dial-up
    access to the Internet.
     PPP is used over many types of physical networks including cellular
    telephone, serial cable, phone line,specialized radio links, and fiber optic
    links.

    Identification of computers and users over a network

     MAC (Media Access Control) address


     IP Address

    MAC (Media Access Control) address

     Each NIC has a universally unique address assigned to it by its


    manufacturer. This address is known as the MAC (Media Access
    Control) address of the card.

     It is the physical address

     MAC address of an NIC is permanent and never change.

     MAC addresses are 12-digit hexadecimal (or 48 bit) numbers.

     MAC addresses are usually written in one of the following two formats:

    MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS
    MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS
     The first half (MM:MM:MM) of a MAC address contains the ID
    number of the manufacturer

     The second half (SS:SS:SS) of a MAC address represents the


    serial number assigned to the NIC by its manufacturer.

    For example, in the following MAC address,

    00:A0:C9 : 14:C8:35

    The prefix 00:A0:C9 indicates the manufacturer

    Last three numbers 14:C8:35 are given by the manufacturer to this NIC

    IP Address

     An IP address is a group of four bytes (or 32 bits) each of which can be a


    number from 0 to 255.
     It is the logical address
     A typical IP address looks like this:

    59.177.134.72
     On a network, IP address of a machine, and not the MAC address of its NIC, is
    used to identify it.
     MAC address is used only when a specific machine is to be targeted. For
    example, suppose we want to block a specific PC to access some network
    resource. If we use the PCs IP address, then the PC is not blocked
    permanently as its IP address may change when it connects to the network
    next time. Instead, if the PCs MAC address is used for the purpose, then the
    job is done.
     There are two versions of IP addresses
     version 4 (IPv4)
     version 6 (IPv6)

    version 4 (IPv4)
     IPv4 uses 32 bits for an IP address
     Using IPv4 only 2 (approximately 4 billion) distinct devices can be
    addressed.

    version 6 (IPv6)

     IPv6 uses 128 bits for an IP address


     Using IPv6 2 (approximately 4 Bn x 4 Bn x 4 Bn x 4 Bn) distinct devices
    can be addressed.
     IPv6 also includes an important feature: a set of possible migration and
    transition plans from IPv4.

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