DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

STATISTICS
Statistics is an arrangement of data in such a manner that is becomes meaningful

This chapter is divided into two parts

REPRESENTATION OF DATA
Frequency Distribution Diagram
Pie charts
Bar charts
Histograms
Frequency density Diagram
Frequency density Polygon
Cumulative Frequency Curve
Cumulative Frequency Polygon

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I
Relative
Stem
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andFrequency
Scatter
Leaf Diagram
Box andPlot
Whiskers Diagram

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDACY

Mean
Median
Mode
#
Variance
I
Standard deviation
& Assumed Mean
# Outliers
 REPRESENTATION OF DATA
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

Question 1:

1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1.

X TALLY FREQUENCY

Question 2:
 PIE CHART

Pie chart is representation of the data within a circle. In order to make a pie-chart we have to convert
the frequency into degrees.

Question 1:
Question 2:

In a survey, some people were asked which of three songs, labelled A, B and C they liked best.
Question 3:
 BAR CHART

A bar chart is the representation of numeric data, by making vertical or horizontal bars corresponding to
the given data.

Question 1: Draw a bar chart of Data given of a zoo:

Lion 2
Giraffe 3
Elephant 2
Monkey 4
Zebra 1
Question 2:
 HISTOGRAM

Histogram are bar charts without spaces, if the class width is of equal intervals whether the data is
discrete or continuous, Histograms will have to be made.

Discreet Data:

Whenever the data is discrete it has to be converted into continuous data by making upper and lower
class boundary

Lower Class Boundary Upper Class Boundary

0-3
4 -7
9 - 12
14 - 16
17 - 20

Question 1:

Draw Histogram of the given data:

AGES FREQUENCY
0<x<2 5
2<x<4 3
4<x<6 8
6<x<8 2
8 < x < 10 3
Question 2:

Draw Histogram of the given data:

 FREQUENCY DENSITY DIAGRAM

If the class width is not of equal intervals then we do not make histogram instead we make frequency
density diagram, where

And on vertical axis we make frequency density and on horizontal axis we make the class width.

Note: The Question will always ask you to make histogram but you need to judge yourself whether you
have to make histogram or frequency density diagram.

Question 1:

The Distribution of the times spent by 200 customers at a restaurant one evening is shown in the able
Question2:

In an experiment with a group of snails, the distance moved in one minute by each snail was recorded
Question 3:
Question 4:
 FREQUENCY POLYGON

A frequency polygon is obtained by joining the midpoints of each bar in a histogram or frequency
density graphs. A point before or after the histogram is taken to achieve the starting and ending point of
frequency polygon.

Question 1:
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

To draw a cumulative frequency curve, we have to add the frequency after every class interval or as its
name suggests we have to accumulate the total frequency after every class interval. Then we plot the
cumulative frequencies against the upper limit of the class widths, by taking cumulative frequency on
the vertical axis and the thing about which the data is plotted on the horizontal axis.

Median in this case is the corresponding value of 50% of the total cumulative frequency.
Upper quartile is the corresponding value of 75% of the total cumulative frequency.
Lower quartile is the corresponding value of 25% of the total cumulative frequency.
Inter quartile range is the difference between upper quartile and lower quartile.

Question 1:
Question 2:
Question 3:
Question 4:
Question 5:
Question 6:
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY POLYGON

Cumulative Frequency Polygon are exactly the same as cumulative frequency curves. The only difference
is that cumulative frequency are made with rough hands whereas on the other hand, cumulative
frequency curves are drawn on point to scale. In both cases, the calculation of median and qualities
remains the same.
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY

A frequency count is a measure of the number of times that an event occurs.

To compute relative frequency, one obtains a frequency count for the total population and a
frequency count for a subgroup of the population. The relative frequency for the subgroup is:

Relative frequency =

The above equation expresses relative frequency as a proportion, it is also often expressed as a
percentage. Thus, a relative frequency of 0.50 is equivalent to a percentage of 50%.

Question 1:
Question 2:
Question 3:
 SCATTER PLOT

A graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the
resulting points revealing any correlation present.
Question 1:
Question 2:
Question 3:
Question 4:
 MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
UNGROUP DATA GROUP DATA
MODE : Most Popular, Most Frequent or the Most MODE : Modal class is the class width which
Repeated. has the highest Frequency.

Question 1:
Some students were asked how long they had
each spent doing homework the day before.

The results are summarized in the table

below

MEAN : Average of Data Available MEAN : Average of Data Available

Formula: Formula:

Where f stands for frequency and fx stands

x = sum of numbers
for frequency multiplied by midpoint of class
N = Total numbers
width
Question:
Question:

below.
Find:

MEDIAN: Median is the middle term of the whole MEDIAN: Median is the middle term of the
data when the data is arranged in the ascending whole data when the data is arranged in the
order. ascending order.

+ +
Formula : (Term , not the answer)
Formula : (Term , not the answer)
For answer count from the start
For answer count from the start
If is an odd number, the median term itself
is medium, but if n is even number then the
If n is an odd number, the median term itself is
median is average of the two middle terms.
medium, but if n is even number then the median
is average of the two middle terms.
Question:
Question:

below.
 In which of the interval does the median time
lie?

Question 1:
Question 2:
Question 3:

Question 4:
Q2) M/J 2004/P1/Q9
Q3)

Q4)
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Q7)
Q8)
Q9)

Q10)

Q11)
 P2 QUESTIONS

Q12)
Q13)
ANSWER SECTION

P1 QUESTIONS
Q2) Q10)

Q3) Q11)

Q4)

P2 QUESTIONS

Q5) Q12)

Q6)
Q13)

Q7)

Q8)

Q9)