Civil

Engineering and
Architecture
Civil engineering and architecture are distinct yet intertwined disciplines
that shape the built environment. Civil engineers focus on the design,
construction, and maintenance of infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and
buildings. They work with materials like concrete, steel, and wood, applying
their knowledge of physics and mechanics to ensure structural integrity and
safety.

Architects, on the other hand, are concerned with the aesthetic and
functional aspects of buildings and spaces. They create designs that are
both beautiful and practical, considering factors like functionality, usability,
and environmental impact. They work closely with engineers to ensure that
their designs are feasible and safe.

by Vandana Singh
Introduction to Sthapatya-
Shastra

Sthapatya-Shastra Sthapatya-Kala
The science of architecture and civil The word Sthapatya is derived from the
construction in ancient India was known as Sanskrit root word 'Sthapana', meaning 'to
Sthapatya-Shastra. This discipline combined establish'. Sthapatya-Shastra was also known
the principles of design, engineering, and as Sthapatya-Kala, which acknowledges the
aesthetics to create monumental structures art form inherent in the construction
that were not only functional but also process. The skill of architects and engineers
beautiful. was essential for the development of
complex structures in ancient India.
Harappan Civilization

1 1. Town Planning and 2 2. The Great Bath 3 3. The Great

Drainage The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro is Granary
The Harappan civilization was a prominent example of Harappan The Great Granary at Harappa is
known for its remarkable town engineering. This large, rectangular another significant structure. This
planning and sophisticated structure was meticulously massive building was designed to
drainage systems. Cities like constructed with waterproof store surplus grain, indicating a
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were bricks and had a sophisticated well-organized agricultural system.
meticulously laid out, with streets water supply and drainage system. Its sturdy construction and
running in a grid pattern and Its purpose remains a subject of intricate details highlight the
houses built with brick. The debate, but it likely served as a Harappan people's technical skills
drainage system included communal bathing area or a and architectural prowess.
underground sewers and wells, ceremonial space.
demonstrating advanced
sanitation practices.
Mauryan Art
and
Architecture
The Mauryan Empire (c. 322–185 BCE) was a period of great cultural and
artistic flourishing in ancient India. This era witnessed the development of a
distinct style of architecture, sculpture, and painting that influenced
subsequent artistic traditions. The Mauryan art and architecture showcased
remarkable skill and innovation, reflecting the empire's grandeur, power, and
patronage of the arts.

The Mauryan period is known for its impressive monumental structures,

including grand palaces, elaborate stupas, and towering pillars adorned with
intricate carvings. The influence of the Mauryan artistic style extended
beyond the empire's borders, impacting the development of art and
architecture throughout South Asia.
Mauryan Palaces

Chandragupta Maurya's Palace Ashoka's Palace

The Mauryan empire established a majestic palace at Kumrahar, Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, also had a
the capital of the Magadha kingdom. Chandragupta Maurya's magnificent palace at Kumrahar. This palace was a three-story
palace was inspired by the grandeur of Achaemenid palaces in wooden structure, showcasing the mastery of carpentry and
Iran, drawing inspiration from their architectural techniques and architectural ingenuity during the Mauryan period.
aesthetic sensibilities.
Mauryan Pillars
Mauryan pillars are one of the most remarkable features of
Mauryan architecture. These monolithic pillars were erected
throughout the Mauryan empire, serving multiple purposes.
They were used to commemorate battle victories, propagate
Buddhist teachings, and symbolize the power of the state.

The pillars were crafted from a single piece of sandstone,

quarried from Chunar in Uttar Pradesh. The average height of a
Mauryan pillar is 40 feet. Each pillar consists of four distinct
parts, and the surface is polished to a lustrous finish.
Stupa Architecture
In the Buddhist tradition, stupas were built to house relics of the Buddha.
These dome-shaped structures have a long history, with the earliest
examples dating back to the 3rd century BCE. The earliest stupa structures
were relatively simple, but they became more elaborate over time. The
stupa at Sanchi, India, is a classic example of this type of architecture. The
stupa at Sanchi was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century
BCE.

Stupas are typically circular in shape and are built on a raised platform. The
dome of the stupa is often surrounded by a railing, and there may be a
small structure at the top, called a harmika, that houses a parasol or
umbrella. Stupas are often decorated with carvings and sculptures, and
they can be a major attraction in Buddhist pilgrimage sites.
Rock-Cut Cave Architecture

Barabar Caves Viharas

These caves in Bihar are a prominent example of Mauryan rock- The caves, carved into the living rock, served as viharas,
cut architecture. They were commissioned by King Dasharatha, providing shelter and space for meditation for both Jain and
highlighting the patronage of the Mauryan dynasty towards Buddhist monks. The architectural style of these caves
Buddhist and Jaina communities. The Barabar caves are known demonstrates the mastery of rock-cutting techniques during
for their highly polished interiors and decorative gateways. the Mauryan period.
Dhauli Elephant Sculpture
The Dhauli Elephant Sculpture is located in Odisha, India, near
Bhubaneswar. It is an ancient rock-cut elephant sculpture that
dates back to the Mauryan period, specifically the reign of
Emperor Ashoka (c. 304 - 232 BCE). The sculpture is carved
into a granite rock face and is a significant example of
Mauryan art.

The Dhauli Elephant sculpture is known for its majestic size

and realistic depiction. It is a reminder of Ashoka's reign and
his commitment to peace and non-violence. The sculpture is a
significant historical and cultural artifact, representing the
Mauryan period's artistic prowess and spiritual significance.
Mauryan Sculpture
Mauryan sculpture is known for its naturalism and realism. The artists of this
period excelled in portraying human and animal forms with great precision
and anatomical accuracy. Mauryan sculpture was heavily influenced by the
tradition of folk art.

The Mauryan sculpture is characterized by its monumental scale, polished

surfaces, and use of sandstone and limestone. The most famous example of
Mauryan sculpture is the Didargunj Yakshi, which is a standing figure of a
female deity.

The Didargunj Yakshi is a beautiful example of the Mauryan sculpture's skill.

The Yakshi is depicted as a voluptuous woman with elaborate jewelry and a
serene expression. She stands on a lotus pedestal and is surrounded by
lush vegetation, symbolizing fertility.
Post Mauryan
Period
Following the Mauryan dynasty, various regional kingdoms and empires rose
in India, each contributing to the evolution of art, architecture, and
sculpture. The post-Mauryan period, from the 2nd century BCE to the 4th
century CE, witnessed a flourishing of diverse artistic styles.

This era saw a transition from the grand imperial scale of the Mauryans to a
more localized and decentralized approach to art and architecture. New
architectural forms emerged, and sculpture became increasingly expressive,
reflecting the cultural and religious shifts of the time.
Rock-Cut Caves
Rock-cut caves are a unique feature of Indian architecture
that emerged during the post-Mauryan period. These caves
were carved out of solid rock and served various purposes,
including religious rituals, monastic dwellings, and royal
retreats. The creation of rock-cut caves was a significant
development in Indian architecture, showcasing the skill and
craftsmanship of the artisans of the time.

Two primary types of rock caves were developed – Chaitya

and Vihara. Viharas, also known as monasteries, served as
residential spaces for Buddhist monks. They typically
consisted of a veranda, a hall, and cells surrounding the walls
of the halls. Chaitya halls were mainly used as prayer halls and
often featured quadrangular chambers, flat roofs, open
courtyards, and stone screen walls adorned with human and
animal figures.
Post Mauryan Stupas
Evolution of Stupas Shunga Innovations
Stupas in the post-Mauryan period saw a notable evolution in The Shunga dynasty introduced a unique architectural
size, ornamentation, and construction materials. Stupas element, the toran, a decorative gateway adorned with
became larger and more elaborate, often incorporating sculptures. These torans, inspired by Hellenistic influences,
intricate carvings on all four gateways. They transitioned from added a new dimension to the stupa's aesthetic appeal,
primarily brick and wood to stone, signifying an increase in further enhancing its grandeur and symbolic significance.
grandeur and permanence.
Post Mauryan Sculpture Schools
Gandhara School Mathura School Amaravati School
The Gandhara school developed in The Mathura school developed The Amaravati school flourished on
the western frontier of Punjab. It was during the 1st and 3rd centuries BC the banks of the Krishna River. It was
influenced by Greek and Roman on the banks of the Yamuna River. It patronized by the Satavahana rulers.
sculpture. It is also known as the was influenced by Jainism, Buddhism, This school was characterized by its
'Greco-Indian School of art'. and Hinduism. The Mathura school use of dynamic images, narrative art,
Gandhara sculpture was was characterized by its use of and the Tribhanga posture. Amaravati
characterized by its use of bluish- symbolism in the images and its sculptures are renowned for their
grey sandstone and its portrayal of depiction of deities in a more elegant form, expressive figures, and
realistic figures. The Gandhara naturalistic style than the Gandhara intricate details. This school's
school's influence is visible in the school. This school's work can be influence is visible in the sculptures
sculptures found at the Buddhist seen in sculptures found at the found at the Buddhist sites in
sites in Gandhara. Buddhist sites in Mathura. Amaravati.
The Gupta
The Gupta Empire (c. 320 – 550 CE) was a powerful and influential period in
Indian history. This era witnessed a resurgence of Hinduism, flourishing arts,
and impressive architectural advancements.

The Guptas were patrons of learning, and their reign saw the development
of important scientific and mathematical discoveries. This golden age saw
the emergence of renowned scholars, poets, and artists, leading to a
cultural renaissance in India.
The Gupta Empire: A Golden Age of
Architecture
Emergence of the Guptas Influence of Brahmanism
The Gupta empire flourished in India from the 4th to the As the Guptas were ardent followers of Brahmanism,
6th centuries CE. This period witnessed a cultural and temple architecture reached its zenith during their reign.
artistic renaissance. The Guptas are credited with The temple was the focal point of religious life and
ushering in what is often referred to as the "Golden Age of devotion, serving as a place of worship and spiritual
Indian Art and Architecture." contemplation.

Principle Deities Architectural Features

The Guptas' patronage and devotion to different deities The Gupta period is marked by a refined and harmonious
led to the construction of numerous temples dedicated to architectural style. Temples of this era showcase perfect
Vishnu, Shiva, and Shakti. Vishnu was primarily balance and proportion, with intricately carved pillars,
worshipped in North and Central India, Shiva in the South, elaborate ornamentation, and skillfully crafted sculptures.
and Shakti in the East and Southwest.
Ajanta Caves

Ajanta Caves Ajanta Cave Paintings

Ajanta Caves, located in the Aurangabad district of The Ajanta caves are known for their stunning mural paintings.
Maharashtra, are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The caves The paintings depict scenes from the life of the Buddha and
were carved out of rock by Buddhist monks. They are a Jataka tales. They are a remarkable blend of art and religion.
fascinating example of rock-cut architecture. The caves are The paintings were done using natural pigments. The outlines of
divided into two groups. Viharas were monasteries, while the paintings were done in red color. The paintings are vibrant
Chaityas were prayer halls. and colorful, offering a glimpse into the Buddhist culture of the
time.
Ellora Caves
The Ellora Caves are a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Maharashtra,
India. This group of rock-cut caves were carved between the 5th and 11th
centuries AD. The caves reflect the rich cultural history of the region and
represent three major religions of India – Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

These cave temples are a testament to the architectural brilliance of the

ancient Indian civilization. They are a unique blend of art, religion and
craftsmanship, offering a glimpse into the history, beliefs and cultural
practices of the time.
Gupta Sculpture
Sarnath School Characteristics Notable Example
The Sarnath School of sculpture This school is notable for its A prominent example of this school's
flourished during the Gupta period. It emphasis on serenity and realism. work is the Sultanganj Buddha. This
is known for its distinct style, The sculptures were typically 7.5 feet tall statue is renowned for its
featuring cream-colored sandstone dressed, reflecting a shift away from elegant form and peaceful
and the incorporation of metal the earlier tradition of depicting expression. It is a testament to the
elements. The sculptures often figures in the nude. The use of metal artistic excellence of the Gupta era.
depicted figures in graceful poses, in the sculptures provided a more
with the head of Buddha adorned refined and detailed appearance.
with a decorated halo.
Gupta Temple
Architecture
The Gupta Empire is renowned for its architectural marvels, including
intricately carved temples. Two key styles that emerged during this period
were the Dravida and Nagara styles.

Dravida Style Nagara Style

The Dravida style is known for its The Nagara style is characterized by
towering pyramidal vimana (tower) its curvilinear shikhara (tower)
with a square base and multiple which rises to a pointed summit. It
tiers. It features elaborate gopurams typically has a square base with a
(gateway towers) and a large gradual taper towards the top.
mandapam (hall). Dravida temples Nagara temples are found across
are prominent in South India and are north India and are often adorned
known for their grandeur and with intricate sculptures and
architectural complexity. carvings.
Dravida Style Architecture

Pyramidical Towers Gopuram Gates

The most prominent feature of Dravida style architecture is the The Dravida temple complex is typically surrounded by high
Vimana, a towering structure that rises above the sanctum walls with monumental gateways called Gopuram. These
sanctorum. These Vimana, which often have multiple stories, gateways are elaborately decorated with sculptures, and they
are typically pyramidical in shape and are constructed of stone. serve as the main entrance to the temple complex. The
They are intricately decorated with sculptures and carvings, Gopuram are a striking architectural feature that is unique to
and their design is often inspired by the natural world. the Dravida style, and they are a testament to the artistic
mastery of the Chola artisans.
Vesara Style of Temple Architecture
Origins and Characteristics Temple Structures and Design
Vesara style emerged during the early medieval period in the Vesara style temples often feature a reduced height of the
region between the Krishna River and the Vindhyas. It is a temple towers compared to other styles, despite retaining the
fusion of Nagara and Dravida styles of temple architecture, same number of tiers. This is achieved by decreasing the
incorporating elements from both. The style is characterized height of individual tiers. The style also draws inspiration from
by its unique structural features and intricate ornamentation. Buddhist chaityas, incorporating semi-circular erections into
Many temples in Central India and Deccan exhibit Vesara style its design. Vesara style temples are known for their exquisite
with regional modifications. craftsmanship, with finely finished structures, elaborately
decorated figures, and polished surfaces.