This is to certify that Master M. Mohamed Aadil, a student of Class 12th (Physics), has successfully
completed his project work under the guidance of Mr. A. Suresh Kumar during the academic year
2024-2025 at VINS School of Excellence. This work was done in partial fulfillment of the Physics
practical examination conducted by CBSE.
Acknowledgement
I extend my gratitude to my Physics teacher, Mr. A. Suresh Kumar, for his guidance and support in
completing this project. I am also grateful to the Principal, Dr. A. Peter Antony Suresh, for his
motivation and for providing necessary facilities for the successful completion of this project.
Index
1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
3. Objectives
4. Principle
5. Construction
6. Theory
7. Efficiency 8. Circuit Diagram
9. Energy Losses in Transformer
10. Uses
11. Applications
12. Precautions
13. Bibliography
Introduction
A transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or vice versa. This project focuses on the step-down transformer, which decreases the AC voltage.
Objective
To understand and demonstrate the working and principles of a step-down transformer.
Principle
The transformer works on the principle of mutual induction: when the magnetic flux linked with a coil
changes, an EMF is induced in a neighboring coil.
Construction
A step-down transformer consists of a laminated iron core with two coils wound on it. The primary
coil receives the input voltage, while the secondary coil provides the output. Both coils are well
insulated from each other and the core.
Theory
When an alternating EMF is supplied to the primary coil, an alternating current creates a changing
magnetic flux, inducing a voltage in both the primary and secondary coils. The relation between the
input and output voltages is determined by the ratio of the number of turns in each coil.
Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of output power to input power. In an ideal transformer, the efficiency is 100%, but in practice, it is less due to energy losses.
Energy Losses in a Transformer
1. Copper Loss: Energy loss in the form of heat in the coils.
2. Iron Loss: Due to eddy currents in the core.
3. Leakage of Magnetic Flux: Despite insulation, some flux leaks.
4. Hysteresis Loss: Due to repeated magnetization of the core.
5. Magnetostriction: Produces humming noise.
Uses of Step-Down Transformer
1. Voltage regulation for household appliances like TVs and refrigerators.
2. Induction furnaces.
3. Welding applications.
4. Transmission of AC power over long distances.
Applications
Transformers are essential for the economical transmission of electrical energy over long distances
by stepping up the voltage before transmission and stepping it down at the consumer's end.
Precautions
1. Maintain high permeability of the core material.
2. Use laminated cores to minimize eddy currents.
3. Ensure proper insulation and cooling through oiling.
4. Handle high voltage components with care.
Bibliography
1. NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XII, 1st Edition (2007).
