TEKINER, ALDRIEN P.

CE1 QUIZ 11/21/2023

1. What are the dominant gasses that make up clean, dry air?

● Nitrogen (78%)
● Oxygen (20.95% or 21%)
● Argon (0.93%)
● Carbon Dioxide (0.038%)
● Methane
● Ozone
● Nitrous Oxide

2. Name and describe four layers of the atmosphere.

A. Troposphere

a. is the lowest layer, reaching an average height of 8 to 15 or 17

kilometers (5 to 9 or 11 miles) above the surface of the Earth,
depending on your location (thicker near the equator, thinner at the
poles).

b. The air we breathe is found in this layer, which is also the location
of meteorological phenomena including clouds, rain, and storms. In
the troposphere, temperature typically declines with altitude.

B. Stratosphere

a. The stratosphere extends from roughly 17 kilometers (11 miles) or

15 kilometers (9 miles) to roughly 50 kilometers (31 miles) above
the Earth's surface, above the troposphere.

b. The ozone layer, which reflects and absorbs ultraviolet radiation

from the sun, is a characteristic of the stratosphere. Ozone's ability
to absorb UV radiation causes the temperature in the stratosphere
to normally rise with height, in contrast to the troposphere.

C. Mesosphere

a. The mesosphere lies between 50 and 85 kilometers (31 and 53

miles) above Earth, above the stratosphere.
TEKINER, ALDRIEN P. CE1 QUIZ 11/21/2023

b. Temperatures in the mesosphere drop as altitude increases. As

meteorites enter the Earth's atmosphere, they burn up in this layer.
The lowest layer of the atmosphere is also known as the
mesosphere.

D. Thermosphere

a. The thermosphere reaches the exosphere, which progressively

merges with space, above the mesosphere, a distance of roughly
85 kilometers (53 miles).

b. A significant rise in temperature with altitude is a characteristic of

the thermosphere. The extremely low air density in the
thermosphere prevents humans from sensing heat, even at
extremely high temperatures. The interactions between charged
particles from the Sun and this layer cause the northern and
southern lights, or auroras.

3. What is the greenhouse effect? What is a greenhouse gas?

Greenhouse effect

is a process that occurs naturally that warms Earth's surface.

When solar radiation enters Earth's atmosphere, part of it is
reflected back into space while the remaining portion is
absorbed and reradiated by greenhouse gases. Both the Earth's
surface and atmosphere warm as a result of the energy absorption.
The planet can support life because of this process, which keeps
the temperature of the Earth around 33 degrees Celsius (59
degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it would otherwise be.

Greenhouse gases

are substances that both absorb and emit infrared radiation,

adding to the greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere. By
successfully trapping heat in the atmosphere, these gases stop
heat from escaping into space. Examples are: Carbon dioxide,
Ozone, Water vapor, Methane, Nitrous Oxide.
TEKINER, ALDRIEN P. CE1 QUIZ 11/21/2023

4. What are some factors that influence natural climate variation?

➔ Natural climate variation is influenced by a variety of factors that operate on

different timescales. Variations in temperature, precipitation, and other climatic
conditions can be caused by these factors. Among the crucial elements are:

➢ Solar variability

○ Earth's climate can be affected by variations in the Sun's output.

Over an 11-year cycle known as the solar cycle, the Sun naturally
varies its solar radiation. Despite their small size, these variations
can nevertheless have an effect on patterns of the climate.

➢ Natural Greenhouse Gas Emissions

○ Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane can be

released into the atmosphere by natural processes like the
decomposition of organic matter. Although these emissions are a
part of the natural carbon cycle, the rates at which they occur can
change, affecting the concentrations of these gases in the
atmosphere.

➢ Volcanic Activity

○ Massive volumes of ash and gases are released into the

atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. The Earth's surface may
momentarily cool as a result of particles in the atmosphere
reflecting sunlight back into space. On the other hand, over time,
the release of greenhouse gases during volcanic eruptions, such as
carbon dioxide, may contribute to global warming.

5. Explain the following: Hadley cells, jet streams, Coriolis effect.

★ Hadley cells

○ Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns known as Hadley cells

are essential for transferring heat from the equator to the poles.
TEKINER, ALDRIEN P. CE1 QUIZ 11/21/2023

○ The air is heated by the strongest solar radiation at the equator. A

region of low pressure is formed when this warm, less dense air
rises. The air cools as it rises, and some of the moisture
condenses to create precipitation and clouds. The air, which is now
denser and colder, travels northward at higher altitudes,
approaching roughly 30 degrees latitude. It drops to about thirty
degrees, forming areas of high pressure. In areas such as the
subtropics, conditions become arid as the air descends and warms,
absorbing any residual moisture. The circulation loop is then closed
when the air at the surface moves back towards the equator.

★ Jet Streams

○ In the upper atmosphere, jet streams are fast-moving, narrow air

currents that are usually found close to the tropopause, which is the
point where the troposphere and stratosphere meet.

○ The difference in temperature between air masses is what moves

jet streams. For instance, the meeting point of warmer air from
lower latitudes and colder polar air is where the polar jet stream
forms. Temperature variations and the Earth's rotation (Coriolis
effect) both affect the jet stream's meandering path. Jet streams
can affect how storms form and move, and they have a big effect
on weather patterns.

★ Coriolis Effect

○ The apparent deflection of an object's path in a rotating system, like

the Earth, is known as the Coriolis effect. It is brought about by the
Earth's rotation and gives rise to the polar easterlies, trade winds,
and prevailing westerlies in the atmosphere.

○ Points closer the equator rotate more quickly than points farther
north or south due to Earth's rotation. The slower-moving air or
water at higher latitudes causes the faster-moving air or water to
deflect to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere when it moves from the equator toward the
poles (or vice versa). The Coriolis effect is this deflection.
Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, wind patterns, and
ocean currents are all influenced by the Coriolis effect.
TEKINER, ALDRIEN P. CE1 QUIZ 11/21/2023

6. What is a monsoon, and why is it seasonal?

❖ Monsoon

➢ A monsoon is a seasonal wind pattern that alternates between

rainy and dry spells in a specific area in a predictable manner. The
monsoon season is not limited to the Indian subcontinent; it is
found throughout the world, particularly in Southeast Asia, East
Asia, and some regions of Africa.

➢ The difference in temperature between the land and the sea is the
main cause of the monsoon's seasonality.

7. What is a cyclonic storm?

● Cyclonic Storm

○ A cyclone, which is commonly used as a synonym, is a broad wind

system that revolves around a central area of low pressure. Strong
winds, a lot of rain, and storm surges can all be expected during a
cyclone, which is distinguished by its well-organized circulation
patterns. Different names for these storms exist in different parts of
the world. They are referred to as typhoons in the northwest Pacific,
but hurricanes in the Atlantic and northeastern Pacific. They are
referred to as cyclones in the southwest Pacific and South Indian
Oceans.

8. Identify 5 to 10 actions we take to increase greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

1) Burning Fossil Fuels

a) The primary source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is the

burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, for the
production of energy. A considerable amount of CO2 is released
into the atmosphere by power plants, automobiles, and industrial
activities.
TEKINER, ALDRIEN P. CE1 QUIZ 11/21/2023

2) Deforestation

a) Urbanization, logging, and agricultural land clearance all contribute

to the loss of forests, which absorb carbon dioxide. During
photosynthesis, trees take up CO2; when they are taken down, the
carbon they have stored is released back into the atmosphere.

3) Industrial Processes (Factories)

a) As a byproduct of some industrial processes, greenhouse gases

are released. For instance, the chemical conversion of limestone
into clinker during the cement-making process results in the
production of CO2.

4) Waste Management

a) Methane is produced by landfills during the anaerobic breakdown of

organic waste. A lack of recycling and improper waste disposal are
factors in rising methane emissions.

5) Transportation

a) The burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, aircraft, and ships is a

major source of CO2 emissions. This effect can be lessened by
making the switch to cleaner, renewable energy sources for
transportation.

9. List 5 to 10 effects of changing climate.

1) Rising Global temperatures

a) Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense as a result of

rising global average temperatures. Natural ecosystems,
agriculture, and human health may all be directly impacted by this.

2) Melting Ice and Glaciers

a) In mountainous and polar regions, melting glaciers and ice sheets

is a result of rising temperatures. Sea levels rise as a result,
endangering ecosystems and coastal communities.
TEKINER, ALDRIEN P. CE1 QUIZ 11/21/2023

3) Sea Level Rises

a) Sea levels rise as ice melts and ocean water expands as a result of
warmer temperatures. Low-lying coastal areas are particularly
vulnerable to flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion into
freshwater resources as a result of this.

4) Threats towards Human Health

a) Through the spread of infectious diseases and heat-related

illnesses, climate change can have a direct impact on human
health. Variations in the range of disease-carrying insects, such as
mosquitoes, can affect the frequency of illnesses like dengue fever
and malaria.

5) Changes in Water Availability

a) There may be less water available in some areas and more

flooding in others as a result of altered runoff, melting glaciers, and
changes in precipitation patterns. Ecosystems, water availability,
and agriculture may all be significantly impacted by this.

10. What is the Kyoto Protocol?

An international agreement known as the Kyoto Protocol binds industrialized

countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in order to combat climate
change. The Kyoto Protocol, which was ratified in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and came into
effect in 2005, required developed nations to reduce their emissions by law during the
first commitment period, which ran from 2008 to 2012. In order to enable economically
viable emissions reductions, the agreement introduced market-based mechanisms like
emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Although the Kyoto
Protocol was a significant milestone in global efforts to address climate change, more
recent accords, like the 2015 Paris Agreement, have aimed to include a larger range of
nations and set more aggressive emission reduction targets within a more adaptable
and inclusive framework.