Project in Calculus 1

Compilation of Problems

Dela Cruz, Hannah P.

Delostrino, Rafael F.
Dolindo, Leigh Lorick Allen M.
Evangelista, Shennea Lei
Fabian, Rainsel T.

Theory and Problems of Differential and Integral Calculus - Frank Ayres, Jr., Elliot Mendelson
Exercise 1
Functions

x−1
Given: f ( x )= 2 , find:
x +2

1.) f ( 0 )
x−1
= f ( 0 )= 2
x +2
0−1
= f ( 0 )= 2
(0) +2
−1
= 2

2.) f (−1)

x−1
= f (−1 )= 2
x +2
(−1)−1
= f (−1 )=
(−1)2+2
−2
= 3

3.) f ( 2 a )

x−1
= f ( 2 a )= 2
x +2
2 a−1
= f ( 2 a )= 2
(2 a) + 2
2 a−1
= f ( 2 a )= 4 a+2
 4.) f ( 1x )
1
()
x−1
=f x = 2
x +2

= f ( x )=
1 ( x)
1
−1

( 1x ) + 2
2

= f ( x )=
2
1 x−x
2
1+ 2 x

5.) f ( x +h )
x−1
= f ( x +h )= 2
x +2
( x+ h )−1
= f ( x +h )=
( x +h )2+2
A.) =
x +h−1
f ( x +h )= 2 2
x +2 hx +h +2

B.)

Given: Let f ( x )=x 2−2 x +3 , evaluate:

1.) f (x+ 2)
= f (x+ 2) = x 2−2 x+3
= f (x+ 2) = ( x +2)2−2( x +2)+3
= x 2+ 4 x + 4 – 2 x – 4 +3
= x 2+ ¿ 2x + 3

2.) f ( x−2 )
= f (x−2) = x 2−2 x+3
= f (x−2) = (x−2)2−2(x−2)+3
= f ( x−2 )=x 2−4 x+ 4−2 x + 4+3
= f ( x−2 )=x 2−6 x +11
3.) f ( x +h )
= f (x+ h) = x 2−2 x+3
= f (x+ h) = (x +h)2−2(x +h)+3
= x 2+ 2 hx+ h2−2 x−2 h+3
= x 2+ ( 2 h−2 ) x+(h2 −2h+ 3)

4.) f ( x +h )−f ( x )
= f ( x +h )−f ( x ) = x 2−2 x+3
= f ( x +h )−f ( x ) = [ x 2 + ( 2 h−2 ) x+ ( h2−2 h+3 ) ]−( x 2−2 x +3 )
= f ( x +h )−f ( x )=2 hx +h2– 2h
= f ( x +h )−f ( x )=h (2 x +h−2)

f ( x+ h )−f (x )
5.)
h
f ( x+ h )−f (x )
= = x 2−2 x+3
h
f ( x+ h )−f (x )
= = h¿¿
h
= 2 x+ h−2
Exercise 2
Limits

2
x −4
1.) lim =4
x →2 x−2

( x−2)(x+ 2)
lim
x →2 x−2
lim x+2 Ans.
x →2

2.) lim 5 x
x →2
5 lim x=5∙ 2
x→ 2
lim 10 Ans.
x →2

2
x −4
3.) lim 2
x→−2 x + 4

4−4
lim
x→−2 4+ 4

lim 0 Ans.
x→−2

2
f −25
4.) lim
f →−5 f +5

lim (f −5)
f →−5
lim −10 Ans.
f →−5

lim g−2
5.) g→3
g +2
lim (g−2)
f →−5
lim (g+ 2)
f →−5
lim 1
f →−5 Ans.
5
6.) lim √ 25−x 2
x→ 4

√ lim (25− x )
x→4
2

lim √ 9=lim 3 Ans.

x→ 4 x→ 4

lim h−4
7.) h→4
2
h −h−12
lim h−4
h→4
(h+ 3)(h−4)
lim 1
h→4
h+3
lim 1
h→4 Ans.
7

2 2
lim ( x+ h) −x
8.) h→0
h
2 2 2
lim x +2 hx+ h −x
h→0
h
2
lim 2 hx +h
h→0
h
lim ( 2 x +h )
h→ 0

lim 2 x Ans.
h→ 0

3
lim x −27
9.) x→ 3

x 2−9
2
lim ( x−3)(x +3 x +9)
x→ 3

(x−3)(x +3)
2
lim x +3 x+ 9
x→ 3
x+3
lim 9
x→ 3 Ans.
2
 2
2x
10.) lim 2
n → ∞ x +1

lim 2
n→ ∞
1
x +1
2
x
lim −∞ ; no limit exist
n→∞
Exercise 3
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

5
1. y=3 csc +
x
d
[csc ( x ) ]=−3 csc x cot x
dx
d −5
=
dx x2

5
y '=−3 csc x cot x− 2 Ans.
x

2
2. y=x cot x

¿ 2 xcot x + x 2 (−csc 2 x )
2 2
y '=2 x cot x−x csc x Ans.

tan ⁡x
3. y=
1−sec x

¿
[ ]
d f ( x ) f ' ( x) g(x )−f (x)g ' (x)
dx g ( x )
=
g (x)
2

2
sec x ( 1−sec x )−tan ⁡x (sec x tan x )
¿
(1−sec x)2
2 3 2
sec x−sec x+ sec ⁡x tan x
y '= 2 Ans.
(1−sec x )

4. y= +tan ⁡x ; 2nd derivative

1
2
d 1 −1
dx x
= 2
x []
 d
dx
[ tan ( x ) ] =sec x
2

' −1 2
y= 2
+ sec x
x
d −1
dx x 2 [ ]1 2
=2 ∙ 3 = 3
x x
d 2
sec x =2 sec 2 x 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
dx
'' 2 2
y = 3
+ sec xtan x Ans.
x

5. f ( x )=cos √ x 2 +1
d
[cos u ]=−sin u
dx
d
​u=¿ ¿
dx
1
¿ ¿¿
2

1
¿ ¿¿
2
x
¿−sin ( √ x +1 ) ∙
2

√ x 2 +1
' −x sin ( √ x 2 +1)
f ( x )= Ans.
√ x 2+1

6. f ( x)=sin ⁡(√ x)−1

1
¿ ¿
2
1
¿ cos √ x ∙
2 √x
cos ⁡( √ x)
f (x)= Ans.
2√x
 7. sin x=x ¿ ¿
¿ x + x tan y

( dydx )
cos x=1+1 ∙ tan y + x ∙ sec y
2

cos x−1−tan y =x sec y ( )

dy 2
dx
cos x−1−tan y
sin x= 2 Ans.
x sec y

tan x
8. g ( x ) =
cot x

tan x 2
¿ =tan x
1
sin x
2
¿ tan x
2
¿ 2 tan x sec x
2
g ( x )=2 tan x sec x Ans.

sinθ+cosθ
9. f (θ)=
tanθ
sinθ
tanθ=
cosθ
sinθ+cosθ cosθ
¿ =(sin(θ)+cos (θ))⋅
sinθ sinθ
cosθ
2 2
sinθ+cosθ cos θ cos θ
¿ + =cosθ+
sinθ sinθ sinθ
d
( cos ( θ ) ) =−sin ( θ )
dθ
 ( )
2
d cos θ sin (θ)⋅(−2 cos(θ)sin(θ))−cos (θ)⋅cos(θ)
2
= 2
dθ sinθ sin θ
2 3
−2 cos(θ)sin (θ)−cos (θ)
¿
sin2 θ
¿−cos (θ)¿¿
f ( θ )=−sin ( θ ) +−cos ⁡( θ)¿ ¿ Ans.

2 3
10. f ( x )=x sin 4 x +cos
( 2
( 1x ))
f ' (x)=u' (x) v (x)+u(x )v ' (x)
u '(x )=2 x
2 d
v ' ( x)=3 sin (u) ∙ [sin(u)]
dx
d
dx
[ sin ( u ) ] =cos ( u ) ⋅u ( x )
'

u' ( x ) =8 x+ sin ( 1x )⋅ x1 2

2
v ' ( x)=3 sin (u) ∙ cos(u) ∙ 8 x +sin
( ( 1x ) ⋅ x1 )
2

3
(
¿ 2 x ⋅sin 4 x +cos
2
( 1x ))+ x ¿
2

2
( 2
f (x)=sin 4 x +cos [
( 1x )) 2 x sin (4 x +cos ( 1x ))+3 x cos( 4 x +cos ( 1x )) 8 x +
2 2 2
( sin

x
( 1x )
2 )] Ans.
Exercise 4
Rules for Differentiating Functions
1. y=√4 5 x + 3√ x 3 - √3 x
5

1 3 1
4
¿ ( 5 x ) +3 x −x 5 3

−3 −2
'1
(
y = 5 x 5 +3
4
) 4
( )
3 −2
5
1
x5− x3
3 ()
5 9 1
¿ + 2− 2
3 Ans.
4 (5 x) 4 5 x 5 3 x 3
3
54 9 1
¿ 3
+ 2
− 2 Ans.
4 5 3
4x 5x 3x

9
2. f(t)= √3 8 t +
( t−3 )2
1
¿(8 t ) 3 + 9(t−3)−2
−2
' 1 3 −3
f ( t )= ( 8 t ) ( 8 )+ 9(−2) ( t−3 ) (1)
3
8 −18
¿ +
2
(t−3)
3 Ans.
3
3(8 t)
2
8(8) 3 18
¿ 2
+ Ans.
3 (t−3)3
3t

1
3. f(a)= 6a ( a+ 4 ) 3
−2

()
1
' 1 3
f ( a )=6 a ( a+4 ) ( 1 )+ ( a+ 4 ) 3 (6)
3
2a 6
¿ +
2 −1 Ans.
(a+ 4) 3
(a+ 4) 3

4. y= 3a
√ a
5

( ) ( ) ( ) (3)
1 1
a 1 a
¿3a 2
+ 2
5 5 5
 [ () ] ()
1
a a
¿3 1
+ 2
a 5
10 2
5

[ ] () [ () ]
1 1
a a a a
¿3 1
+ 2
=3 1 1
+ 2
5 5
10 ( a ) 2 2 (a) 2 (5) 2
1
2
5

[ ]
1

()
2 1
( a) a
¿3 1
+ 2
Ans.
2
5
2( 5 )

2
r
5. L=
√ 4−r 2
2
r
¿ 1
2
(4−r ) 2
1 −1

L' =
2r ( 4−r ) ( 2 r )− ( r )
2 2 1
2
( 4−r 2) 2 (−2 r) 2
()
4−r 2
1 −1
2 2 3 2 2
2r (4−r ) + r (4−r )
¿
4−r 2
2r ( 4−r ) +r
2 3
¿ 3
2 2
(4−r )
3
8 r−r
¿ 3 Ans.
2 2
(4−r )

6. y= √4 t 2 +6 t
−3
1
y = ( t 2−6 t ) 4 (2 t−6)
'

4
2 t−6
¿ 3
2
4 (t −6 t) 4
t−3
¿
2
3 Ans.
(t −6 t) 4

7. y= -(2+r )2 + 7r – 1
 y ' =−2 ( 2+r ) +7
¿−4−2 r +7
¿−¿2r+3 Ans.

8. f(a)=
√ 2
a−1 (a) −1
=
√ a+1 1
(a) 2 +1

[ ( a) + 1]( 12 ) a −[( a ) −1]( 12 ) a

1 −1 1 −1
2 2 2 2

'
f ( a )=
[( a ) +1]
1 2
2

1 1
2 2
(a) + 1 (a) −1
1
− 1
2
2a 2a2
¿
[ ( a) +1]
1 2
2

1
1
( a) 2
¿
[ ( a) +1]
1 2
2

1
¿
[ ]
1 1 2
2
a ( a) + 1
2

1
¿
a [( a) + 1]
1 1 2
Ans.
2 2

1
¿ 2 Ans.
√ a( √ a+1)
9-10. Find the second and third derivative of y= √
3
x +8 √ x+ 9 x −13 x
5 3

−2
1
y ' = x 3 +8
3
1 −1
2 ()
x 2 +9 ( 5 ) x 4−13(3) x 2

1 4 4 2
¿ 2
+ 1
+ 45 x −39 x
3 2
3x x
−5 −3
y' '=
1 −2 3
3 3
x +4( )
−1 2
2
x + 45 ( 4 ) x 3−39 ( 2 ) x ( )
 2 2 3
¿− 5
− −3
+180 x −78 x Ans.
3 2
9x x
−8 −5
y' ''=
9 3 ( )
−2 −5 3
x −2
−3 2
2 ( )
x +180 ( 3 ) x 2−78 (1)

10 3 2
¿ 8
+ 5
+ 540 x −78 Ans.
3 2
27 x x
 Exercise 5
Implicit Differentiation
1. Find y’, given x2y – xy2 + x2 + y2 = 0

2xy + x2y’ – [(1)y2 + x(2yy’)] + 2x + 2yy’ = 0

-2xyy’ + 2yy’+ x2y’ = -2xy + y2 – 2x
2
y ' (−2 xy+ 2 y + x ) −2 xy + y 2 – 2 x
=
−2 xy +2 y+ x 2 −2 x +2 y + x 2
2
' −2 xy + y – 2 x
y= 2
−2 xy+ 2 y + x
2
' y – 2 x−2 xy
y= 2
x +2 y−2 xy

2. For the circle x2 + y2 = r2, show that |

y } over {{left [1+ {left ({y} ^ {'} right )} ^ {2} right ]} ^ {{3} over {2}}} ¿ =
1
r

x2 + y2 = r2 =|
y } over {{left [1+ {left ({y} ^ {'} right )} ^ {2} right ]} ^ {{3} over {2}}} ¿ =
1
r
2 2
x −y

2x + 2y =0 =| ∨¿ = 1
2
dy y

[ ( )]
dx 2 3 r
−x 2
1+
y

2yy’ = -2x

= y” =
[ ( )]
2 2 2 3
2 yy ' −2 x x −y −x 2
=1 1+ =r
2y 2y y
3
y

y” = x – y = y
[ ]
3
2 2 3 x2 2
−x
y '= 1+ 2 =r
y y

y” = ( x=
[ ]
3
d −x y2 + x2 2
dx y
¿ √ y −y
3 2

y
2
=r
 y” =
'
−( 1 ) y −x y
y = {{x} ^ {2} - {y} ^ {2}} over {{y} ^ {3}} =
y2

[ ]
3
y2 + x2
*substitute
2
=r 2*since x 2
+ y2 = r2
y
−x
y” =
− y−x ( )
y
2
y
y = {{left (sqrt {{y} ^ {3} - {y} ^ {2}} right )} ^ {2} - {y} ^ {2}} over {{y} ^ {3}} =

= 2 = r2 y” =
[ ]
3
r2 2
x −y
2

3
y y

= 6 =r
6
r 2
y = {{y} ^ {3} - {y} ^ {2} - {y} ^ {2}} over {{y} ^ {3}} =
y

= r6 = r2y6
3
y
y ”= 3
=1
y

y ”=1 = r4 = y6 *solve for y

= y = r (3/2)

= 2 = r2
[ ]
3
r2
*substitute

y
y

=
[] = r2
2 3
r
3
2
r

= 4 = r2
6
r
Therefore: | r

= r = r or r
y } over {{left [1+ {left ({y} ^ {'} right )} ^ {2} right ]} ^ {{3} over {2}}}2 ¿ 2
=r
=

[ ( )]
2 3
−x 2
therefore : 1+ =r
y

3. Prove that lines tangent to curves 5y – 2x + y3 – x2y = 0 and 2y + 5x + x4 –

x3y2 = 0 at the origin intersects at right angles.
 5y – 2x + y3 – x2y = 0 2y + 5x + x4 – x3y2 = 0

5y’ – 2(1) + 3y2y’ – [x2y’ + 2xy] = 0 2y’ + 5(1) + 4x3 – [x32yy’ + 3x2y2] = 0

5y’ – 2(1) + 3y2y’ – x2y’ – 2xy = 0 2y’ + 5(1) + 4x3 – x32yy’ – 3x2y2
=0

5y’ – 3y2y’ – x2y’ = 2 + 2xy 2y’ – x32yy’ = -5 – 4x3 – 3x2y2

2 2 3
y ’ (5 – 3 y – x ) 2+2 xy y ’ (2 – 2 x y ) −5 – 4 x 3 – 3 x 2 y 2
2 2
= =
(5 – 3 y – x ) (5 – 3 y 2 – x 2 ) (2 – 2 x 3 y) (2 – 2 x 3 y)
3 2 2
' 2+2 xy −5 – 4 x – 3 x y
y= 2 2
'
y= 3
(5 – 3 y – x ) (2 – 2 x y )

Since origin = (0,0), Substitute x and y with 0

3 2 2
2+2(0)(0) −5 – 4(0) – 3(0) (0)
y'= 2 2
'
y= 3
(5 – 3 ( 0 ) – ( 0 ) ) (2 – 2 ( 0 ) (0))

y1’ = 5 y2’ = 2
2 −5

2
∗−5 −10
5 = 10
∨−1
2
Since y1 * y2 = –1; therefore, curves 5y – 2x + y3 – x2y = 0 and 2y + 5x
+ x4 – x3y2 = 0 at (0,0) intersects at right angles.

4. (a) The total surface area of a rectangular parallelepiped of square base y on

dy
a side and height x is given by S = 2y2 + 4xy. If S constant, find dx without
solving for y.
(b) The total surface area of a right circular cylinder of radius r and height h
dr
is given by S = 2πr2 + 2πrh. If S is constant, find dh .
 a. 2y2 + 4xy = S
4yy’ + [4xy’ + 4y] = 0
4yy’ + 4xy’ = -4y
y ' (4 y+ 4 x ) −4 y
=¿
4 y +4 x 4 y+4 x
' −4 y
y =¿
4 y+4 x
' −4 y
y =¿
4 ( y + x)

' −y
y =¿
y+ x

b. 2πr2 + 2πrh = S
[(0)r2 + 2π(2rr’)] + [(0) rh + 2πr’h + 2πr] = 0
4πrr’ + 2πhr’ + 2πr = 0
r ’ (4 πr +2 πh) −2 πr
=
(4 πr+ 2 πh) (4 πr +2 πh)
' −2 πr
r=
(4 πr +2 πh)
' −2 πr
r=
2 π (2r + h)

' −r
r=
(2r + h)

5. Find y’, y”, and y”’ at (a) the point (2,1) on x2 – y2 – x = 1; (b) the point (1,1)
on x3 + 3x2y – 6xy + 2y3 = 0
 a. x2 – y2 – x = 1 y’ = (2 y )
(2 x−1)

2x – 2yy’ – 1 = 0 y” =
2 ( 2 y )−[ ( 2 x−1 ) ( 2 y ' ) ]
( 2 y )2

y” = ( )
2 x−1
−2 yy ’ – 2 x +1 ( 4 y )−[ ( 2 x−1 ) 2 ]
= 2y
−2 y −2 y
( 2 y )2

y’ = −1(2 y) y” = ( 4 2x−2
y )
−1(2 x −1) (4 y )−[ ( 2 x−1 ) ]

( 2 y )2

y’ = (2 y ) y” = ( * 2y )
2
8 x −8 x +2
(2 x−1) ( 4 y )−[ ] 2y
2y
2
4y

y’ = (2(1)) y” =
2 2
(2(2)−1)*Substitute 8 y −8 x + 8 x −2
3
x = 2 and y = 1 8y

y” =
2 2
2(4 y −4 x + 4 x−1)
3
y’ = 2
2(4 y 3 )

y” =
2 2
4 ( 1 ) −4 ( 2 ) +4 (2)−1
*Substitute

3
(4 (1) ) x = 2 and y = 1

y” =
4−16+ 8−1
(4 )

y” =
−5
4

y” = y”’ =
2 2
4 y −4 x +4 x −1 −(−5)(18)
3
4y 16

y”’ = y”’ = = 16
( 8 y y' −8 x + 4 ) ( 4 y 3 )−( 4 y 2−4 x2 + 4 x−1)(12 y 2 y ' ) (5)(18) 90
2
( 4 y3 ) 16

y”’ = ( )
( 2 x−1 ) 2 ( 2 x−1 ) 45
)−8 x + 4 ( 4 y ) −( 4 y −4 x + 4 x−1)(12 y ( y”’ =
3 2 2
8 y( ))
(2 y ) (2 y ) 8
6
16 y

y”’ = ( (8 x−4 )−8 x+ 4 ) ( 4 y ) −(4 y −4 x + 4 x−1)(12 xy −6 y )¿ 16 y 6

3 2 2 ¿
y”’ = ( 0 ) ( 4 y )−(4 y −4 x + 4 x−1)(12 xy −6 y)¿ 16 y 6
3 2 2 ¿

y”’ =
2 2
−(4 y −4 x + 4 x−1)(12 xy−6 y )
6
16 y

y”’ =
*Substitute
2 2
−(4 ( 1 ) −4 ( 2 ) + 4 (2)−1)(12(2)(1)−6(1))
x = 2 and y = 1
6
16(1)

y”’ =
−(4−16+8−1)(24−6)
16

b. x3 + 3x2y – 6xy + 2y3 = 0; at point (1,1)

3x2 + [6xy + 3x2y’] – [6y + 6xy’] + 6y2 = 0

3x2y’ – 6xy’ = –3x2 + 6y – 6y2

2
y ’ (3 x −6 x) – 3 x 2 +6 y – 6 y 2
=
(3 x 2−6 x ) (3 x 2−6 x)

2 2
' –3 x +6 y – 6 y
y=
( 3 x 2−6 x )

3(−x 2 +2 y – 2 y 2 )
y'=
3 ( x 2−2 x )

2 2
' (−x +2 y – 2 y )
y=
( x2 −2 x )
2 2
' (− (1 ) +2(1) – 2(1) )
y= *Substitute x = 1 and y = 1
((1)2−2(1))

(−1+2 – 2)
y'=
( 1−2 )

' −1
y= =1
−1

'
y =1
 2 2
' (−x +2 y – 2 y )
y=
( x2 −2 x )
'' ( −2 x +2 y ' −4 yy ' ) ( x 2−2 x )−(−x 2+ 2 y – 2 y 2 )(2 x−2)
y = 2
( x2 −2 x )

''
y =
(
−2 x+ 2(
( −x2 +2 y – 2 y 2 )
( x −2 x )
2
)−4 y (
(−x 2+ 2 y – 2 y 2 ) 2
( x −2 x )
2
) ( x −2 x ) −(−x +2 y – 2 y )(2 x−2)
2 2

2
)
( x 2−2 x )

''
y =
(
−2 x+
(2 x 2 +4 y−4 y 2)
( x 2−2 x )
−
(−4 y x 2 +8 y 2 – 8 y 3 ) 2
( x −2 x )
2

2
)
( x −2 x ) −(−x2 +2 y – 2 y 2)(2 x−2)

( x 2−2 x )

( )
3 2 2 2 2 2 3
−2 x +4 x −2 x +4 y−4 y + 4 x y−8 y +8 y ( 2
x −2 x ) −(−x +2 y – 2 y )(2 x−2)
2 2

( x −2 x )
2

y' '= 2
( x 2−2 x )

3 2 2 2 3 2 2
'' −2 x −2 x + 4 y + 4 x y−12 y +8 y −(−x + 2 y – 2 y )(2 x−2)
y = 2
( x 2−2 x )
3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2
−2 x −2 x + 4 x y + 8 y −12 y + 4 y−(−2 x +2 x −4 x y +4 y + 4 xy−4 y )
y' '= 2
( x 2−2 x )

2 2 3 2
'' −4 x +4 x y+ 8 y −16 y +8 y
y = 2
( x 2−2 x )

2 2 3 2
'' 4(−x + x y+ 2 y −4 y +2 y )
y = 2
( x 2−2 x )

2 2 3 2
'' 4(−( 1 ) + (1 ) (1)+2 ( 1 ) −4 ( 1 ) + 2(1))
y = 2 *Substitute x = 1 and y = 1
( x 2−2 x )
 4(−1+ 1+ 2−4+2)
y' '=
( 1−2 )2

4 (0) 0
y' '= =
(−1 )2 −1

''
y =0

2 2 3 2
'' −4 x +4 x y+ 8 y −16 y +8 y
y = 2
( x 2−2 x )

(
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(−x + 2 y −2 y ) (−x +2 y−2 y ) (−x +2 y−2 y ) (−x +2 y−
−8 x +8 xy +4 x 2 2
+24 y 2 2
−32 y +8
( x −2 x) ( x −2 x ) (x 2−2 x) (x 2−2
y '' ' = 2
( ( x 2−2 x ) 2)

-
(−4 x 2 + 4 x 2 y +8 y 3−16 y 2 +8 y ) 2 ( x 2−2 x ) ( 2 x−2 )
2
( ( x 2−2 x )2 )

( )
2 2 3 4 2 2 3 2 2
−24 x y +48 y −48 y +32 x y−64 y +64 y −8 x +16 y−16 y ( 2 2
−8 x +8 xy + 2
x −2 x )
''
( x −2 x)
y' = 2
( ( x 2−2 x ) 2)

−( 0 ) 2 ( x 2−2 x ) ( 2 x −2 )
2
(( x2−2 x )2 )

( )
3 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 2
−8 x +16 x +8 x y −16 x y−24 x y + 112 y −48 y +32 x y−80 y −8 x +16 y ( 2 2
2
x −2 x )
''
(x −2 x )
y' = 2
( ( x 2−2 x )2 )

3 2 3 2 2 2
(−8 x +16 x +8 x y −16 x y−24 x y
y ' ' '=
((
 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 2
(−8(1) +16(1) + 8(1) (1)−16(1) (1)−24(1) (1) +112 (1) −48 (1) + 32(1) (1)−80 (1) −8(1) +16 (1))−
*Substitute
y ' ' '= 2
( ( x 2−2 x ) 2) x = 1 and y = 1

(−8+16+8−16−24+112−48+32−80−8+16)−0
y' ''= 2
(( x 2−2 x )2 )

(0)−0
y ' ' '= 2
( ( x 2−2 x ) 2)

0
y ' ' '=
( ( x 2−2 x ) 2)
2

y ' ' '=0

6. Find y”, given (a) x + xy + y = 2; (b) x3 – 3xy + y3 = 1

−(1+ y )
(a) x + xy + y = 2 y’ =
( x +1 )2
−( y ' ) ( x +1 )−(1)(1+ y )
1 + 1(y) + x(y’) + y’ = 0 y” =
( x+1 )2

1 + y + xy’ = 0 y” =
− ( −(1+
x +1 )
y)
( x +1 )−(1)(1+ y)
2
( x +1 )
y ' (x+ 1) −1− y −−(1+ y )−(1)( 1+ y)
= y” =
x +1 x+1 ( x+1 )2
−(1+ y ) −−1− y −1− y
y’ = y” =
x+ 1 ( x +1 )2
 −−2−2 y
y” =
( x +1 )2

−−2(1+ y )
y” =
( x +1 )2

2(1+ y )
y” = ( x +1 )2

(b) x3 – 3xy + y3 = 1
3x2 – 3xy’ – 3y + 3y2y’ = 0
-3xy’ + 3y2y’ = -3x2 + 3y
2
y ' (3 y −3 x) −3 x2 +3 y
=
3 y 2−3 x 3 y 2 −3 x
2
3(−x + y )
y '=
3( y 2 −x)
2
(−x + y )
y '= 2
( y −x)
y = {left (-2x+ {y} ^ {'} right ) left ({y} ^ {2} -x right ) -(- {x} ^ {2} +y)(2y {y} ^ {'} -1)} over {{left ({

y = {(-2x {y} ^ {2} + {x} ^ {2} + {y} ^ {2} {y} ^ {'} -x {y} ^ {'} )-(2 {x} ^ {2} y {y} ^ {'} + {x} ^ {2}

y = {(-2x {y} ^ {2} + {x} ^ {2} - {y} ^ {2} {y} ^ {'} -x {y} ^ {'} +2 {x} ^ {2} y {y} ^ {'} +y)} over {{

y = {left ({x} ^ {2} -2x {y} ^ {2} +y right ) + left [2 {x} ^ {2} y left ({- {x} ^ {2} +y} over {{y} ^ {2}

y = {left ({x} ^ {2} -2x {y} ^ {2} +y right ) +( {-2 {x} ^ {4} y+2 {x} ^ {2} {y} ^ {2} + {x} ^ {2} {y} ^

y = {left ({x} ^ {2} -2x {y} ^ {2} +y right ) +( {-2 {x} ^ {4} y+3 {x} ^ {2} {y} ^ {2} - {y} ^ {3} + {x}

y = {( {{x} ^ {2} {y} ^ {2} -2x {y} ^ {4} + {y} ^ {3} - {x} ^ {3} +2 {x} ^ {2} {y} ^ {2} -xy-2 {x} ^ {

y = {( {6 {x} ^ {2} {y} ^ {2} -2x {y} ^ {4} -2 {x} ^ {4} y-2xy} over {{y} ^ {2} -x} )} over {{left ({y}
 y = {{-2xy(3xy+ {y} ^ {3} + {x} ^ {3} +1)} over {{y} ^ {2} -x}} over {{left ({y} ^ {2} -x right )} ^ {2

y = {{-4xy} over {{y} ^ {2} -x}} over {{left ({y} ^ {2} -x right )} ^ {2}} * {{y} ^ {2} -x} over {{y} ^

y = {{-2xy( {x} ^ {3} +3xy+ {y} ^ {3} +1)} over {{y} ^ {2} -x}} over {{left ({y} ^ {2} -x right )} ^ {2

y = {{-2xy(1+1)} over {{y} ^ {2} -x}} over {{left ({y} ^ {2} -x right )} ^ {2}
−4 xy
2
y −x
¿ 2
( y 2−x )

7. Find the slope at the point (x0, y0) of (a) b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2; (b) b2x2 – a2y2 =
a2b2; (c) x3 + y3 – 6x2y = 0.

a.) b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2

(0) x2 + b2(2x) + (0)y2 + a2(2yy’) = 0
2xb2 + 2yy’a2 = 0
' 2 2
2 y y a −2 x b
2
= 2
2 ya 2ya

−2(x b )
2
'
−( b 2 x 0 )
y '= y=
2( y a2) (a2 y 0)

'
−( x 0 b2 )
y=
( y 0 a2 )

b.) b2x2 – a2y2 = a2b2

0(x2) + b2(2x) – [0(y2) + a2(2yy’)] = 0
2xb2 – 2yy’a2 = 0
(−2 ya¿¿ 2) 2 xb2
y’ 2
= 2
¿
−2 y a 2 ya
2
' 2 xb 2
y= 2 b (x 0 )
2 ya y '= 2
2 a ( y 0)
xb
y '= 2
ya
2
b (x 0 )
y '= 2
a ( y 0)
c.) x3 + y3 – 6x2y = 0
3x2 + 3y2y’ – [12xy + 6x2y’] = 0
3y2y’ – 6x2y’ = -3x2 + 12xy
2 2
y ' (3 y −6 x ) −3 x 2+12 xy
=
3 y 2−6 x 2 3 y 2−6 x 2
(−x¿ ¿2+ 4 xy )
y ' =3 ¿ 2
(4 x 0 y 0 −x 0)
3( y ¿ ¿ 2−2 x 2)¿ y '= 2 2
( y ¿¿ 0 −2 x 0)¿
(−x ¿¿ 2+ 4 xy)
y'= ¿
( y ¿ ¿ 2−2 x 2)¿
2
' (−x ¿¿ 0 + 4 x 0 y 0)
y= 2 2
¿
( y ¿¿ 0 −2 x 0 )¿

8. Find y’ and y”, given x2 – xy + y2 = 3

2x – [(1)y + xy’] + 2yy’ = 0
-xy’ + 2yy’ = -2x + y
y ' (−x +2 y) −2 x + y
=
−x +2 y −x+ 2 y
' −2 x + y
y=
−x+ 2 y
' 2 x− y
y=
x−2 y

' 2 x− y
y=
x−2 y
y = {left (2- {y} ^ {'} right ) left (x-2y right ) -(1-2 {y} ^ {'} )(2x-y)} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
y = {(2x-4y-x {y} ^ {'} +2y {y} ^ {'} )-(2x-y-4x {y} ^ {'} +2yy')} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
y = {(-3y+3xy')} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
y = {(-3y+3x( {2x-y} over {x-2y} ))} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
y = {(-3y+( {6 {x} ^ {2} -3xy} over {x-2y} ))} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
 y = {( {-3xy+6 {y} ^ {2} +6 {x} ^ {2} -3xy} over {x-2y} ))} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
y = {6(3)} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
y = {( {-6xy+6 {y} ^ {2} +6 {x} ^ {2}} over {x-2y} ))} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}} * {x-2y} over
y = {18} over {{left (x-2 y right )} ^ {2}
y = {(-6xy+6 {y} ^ {2} +6 {x} ^ {2} )} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2}
y = {6(-xy+ {y} ^ {2} + {x} ^ {2} )} over {{left (x-2y right )} ^ {2} *Since x2 – xy + y2 = 3

9. Given S = πx(x + 2y) and V = πx2y, show that dS/dx = 2π(x – y) when V is a constant and
dV/dx = -πx(x – y) when S is a constant.

V = πx2y
2πxy + πx2y’ = 0
2
2 πxy −π x y ’
2
= 2
−π x −π x
−2 y
= y'
x

S = πx(x + 2y)
dS
π (x + 2y) + πx(1 + 2y’) =
dx
dS
πx + 2πy + πx + 2πxy’ =
dx
dS
2πx + 2πy + 2πxy’ =
dx
dS
2π(x + y + xy’) =
dx
−2 y dS
2π(x + y + x( ¿)=
x dx
dS
2π(x + y – 2y)=
dx
dS
=2 π (x – y )
dx
 S = πx(x + 2y)
π (x + 2y) + πx(1 + 2y’) = 0
πx + 2πy + πx + 2πxy’ = 0
2πx + 2πy = -2πxy’
2 π ( x+ y ) −2 π x y '
=
−2 π x −2 π x

−x+ y
= y'
x

V = πx2y
dV
2πxy + πx2y’ =
dx
dV
πx(2y + xy’) =
dx
−x+ y dV
πx(2y + x( ¿) =
x dx
dV
πx(2y – x – y) =
dx
dV
πx(2y – x - y) =
dx
dV
πx(– x + y) =
dx
dV
=−πx (x – y)
dx

10. Find y’ and y”, given x3y + xy3 = 2 and x = 1, y = 1.

3x2y + x3y’ + y3 + 3xy2y’ = 0

3x2y + x3y’ + y3 + 3xy2y’= 0
3xy2y’+ x3y’ = -3x2y – y3
2 3
y ' (3 x y + x ) −3 x 2 y – y 3
=
3 x y2+ x3 3 x y 2+ x3
−3 ( 1 )2 (1) – ( 1 )3 *Substitute
y'=
3 (1) ( 1 )2+(1)3 x = 1 and y = 1

' −4
y=
4
'
y =−1
 2 3
−3 x y – y
y '= 2 3
3 x y +x
y = {left (-6xy-3 {x} ^ {2} {y} ^ {'} -3 {y} ^ {2} {y} ^ {'} right ) left (3x {y} ^ {2} + {x} ^ {3} right ) -
y = {left (-6xy-3 {x} ^ {2} (-1)-3 {y} ^ {2} (-1) right ) left (3x {y} ^ {2} + {x} ^ {3} right ) -( -3 {x} ^ {
*Since y’ = -1
y = {left (-6(1)(1)-3 {(1)} ^ {2} (-1)-3 {¿
3
(−6−3(−1)−3(−1) ) ( 3+(1) ) −(−3 – ( 1 ) )(3+3 (2)(−1)+3)
y” = 2
( 3(1)(1)2+(1)3 )
( 0 ) ( 4 )−(−4)(0)
y” =
( 4 )2
0
y” =
16
y” = 0