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SYLLABUS
MASTER OF ARTS (M.A.)

IN
ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY, CULTURE AND
ARCHAEOLOGY
SEMESTER I
(UNDER CBCS)
DECCAN COLLEGE
POST GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
PUNE – 411 006 (INDIA)
(Declared as Deemed to be University under section 3 of UGC Act 1956 )
2017
ARC 101: POLITICAL HISTORY OF INDIA (UPTO 700 C. E.)
Course Objectives:
Students will be introduced to the major sources of political history.
They will be introduced with major political events from the earliest historical records upto 700
C.E.
The student will also be introduced to political geography and chronology upto 700 C.E.
Course Outcomes:
After completing this course students will have a familiarity with the sources and political
settings of India upto 700 C.E.
Student will also be well versed with different analytical approaches and models of
interpretation.
Unit 1: Sources of Political History ( 3 hrs)

i. Archaeological
ii. Literary
iii. Foreign accounts
iv. Role of the sources to reconstruct the past: problems and limitations
Unit 2: Historiography (3 hrs)

i. Meaning and Approaches (Imperialistic, Nationalist, Marxist)
Unit 3 : Emergence of political institutions in ancient India (5 hrs)

i. Origin of political institutions in ancient India
ii. Janapadas, Ganarajyas and Mahajanapadas in ancient India
iii. Empire: Definition, Concept and emergence
iv. Rise of Magadha Empire
v. Persian and Greek Invasions: Causes and Impacts
Unit 4: Mauryan and Post-Mauryan India (8 hrs)
i. Chandragupta Maurya and Bindusara
ii. Ashoka, his successors and decline of the Mauryas
iii. Mauryan Administration
iv. Shunga, Kanva, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian dynasties
v. Sangam Age of South India
Unit 5: Kushana (5 hrs) and Satavahana Period (3 hrs) (8 hrs)

i. Rise of the Kushana Power
ii. Problems in Kushana genealogy and recent researches
iii. Kanishka and his successors
iv. Satraps of the Kushanas:
v. Northern Kshatrapas and Western Kshatrapas: Kshaharata and Kardamaka families
vi. Problems in Satavahana genealogy and chronology
vii. Rise of the Satavahanas: Early rulers
viii. Feud between Western Kshatrapas and Satavahanas
Unit 6: The Guptas (7 hrs)

i. Origin, genealogy and early history
ii. Samudragupta
iii. Ramagupta problem
iv. Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta I and Skandagupta
v. Successors of Skandagupta and decline of the Guptas
vi. Gupta administration
Unit 7: The Vakatakas (2 hrs)

i. Origin and Early History
ii. Nandivardhan and Vatsagulma branches of the Vakatakas
Unit 8: Post Vakataka Period in Deccan and South India (4 hrs)
i. Chalukyas of Badami
ii. Pallavas and Pandyas
Unit 9: Post Gupta Period in North India (5 hrs)

i. Huna Invasion
ii. Maitrakas of Valabhi
iii. Yashovarman of Kannauj
iv. Pushyabhutis of Thaneshwar: Harshavardhana
Recommended Readings:
i. Ali, B. Shaik. 1978. History: Its Theory and Method, Madras: Macmillan India Ltd.
ii. Allchin, F.R. 1995. The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia; The Emergence of
Cities and States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
iii. Bajaj, S.K. 1998. Recent Trends in Historiography. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd.
iv. Beihethll. 1971. Enlightenment Historiography Three German Studies: History and
Theory Studies in the Philosophy of History. Wes Leyan University.
v. Bhattacharya, N. N.1988. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Delhi: Manohar.
vi. Bosworth, A. B. 1995. A Historical Commentary on Arrians History of Alexander. New
York: Oxford University Press.
vii. Bongard-Levin, G. 1985. Mauryan India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
viii. Burke, P. (ed.). 2001. New perspectives on Historical Writings. Cambridge: Blackwell
publishers.
ix. Devahuti, D. 1970. Harsha – A Political History. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
x. Chattopadhyaya, D.P. 2001. The Ways of Understanding Human Past. New Delhi:
Center for Studies in Civilizations.
xi. Colledge, M. A. R. 1986. The Parthian Period. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
xii. Goyal, S.R. 1986. Harsha and Buddhism. Meerut: Kusumanjali Prakashan.
xiii. Haskell, F. 1993. History and its Images: Art and the interpretation of the past.
London: Yale University Press.
xiv. Heninge, D. 1974. Chronology of Oral Tradition. London: Clarendon Press.
xv. Kejariwal, O. P. 1988. The Asiatic society of Bengal and the Discovery of India’s Past
1784-1838. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
xvi. Kimura, Masaki & Tanabe Akio (eds.) 2006. The State in India, Past and Present.
New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
xvii. Kosambi, D.D. 1985. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History. (Reprint)
Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
xviii. Law,B.C. 1954. Historical Geography of Ancient India. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
Pvt. Ltd.
xix. Lemon, M.C. 2003. Philosophy of History. New York: Routlegde.
xx. Leeuw J.E.Van Lohvizen-De 1995. The Scythian Period. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal Pvt. Ltd.
xxi. Mujumdar, R.C. And A.D. Pusalkar (eds.). 1950. The Vedic Age. Bombay: Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan.
xxii. Mujumdar, R.C. (ed.). 1966. The Age of Imperial Unity. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
xxiii. Mujumdar, R.C. (ed.). 1970. The Classical Age. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
xxiv. Mujumdar, R.C. (ed.). 1971. The Age of Imperial K annauj . Bombay: Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan.
xxv. Mujumdar, R.C. (ed.). 1972. The Struggle for the Empire. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
xxvi. Mujumdar, R.C., H.C. Roychoudhuri and K.Datta (ed.). 1961. Advanced History of
India. London: Macmillian.
xxvii. Majumdar, R. K. & Srivastava A.N. 1975. Historiography. Delhi: Surjeet Book Depot.
xxviii. Mukherjee, B. N. 1988. The Rise and Fall of the Kushana Empire. Culcutta: Firma
xxix. KLM Pvt. Ltd.
xxx. Mirashi, V.V. 1981. The History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas a n d the Western
Kshatrapas. Bombay: State Board of Literature.
xxxi. Narain, A.K. 1957. The Indo-Greeks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
xxxii. Ramesh, K.V.1984.Chalukyas of Vatapi. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
xxxiii. Roychoudhuri, H.C. 1950. Political History of Ancient India (5th edition). Calcutta:
University of Calcutta.
xxxiv. Sharma, G. R. (ed.). 1968. Kushana Studies. Allahabad: University of Allahabad.
xxxv. Sharma, J. P. 1968. Republics in Ancient India. Leiden: Brill.
xxxvi. Sharma, R. S. 1965. Indian Feudalism. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
xxxvii. Sharma R.S. 2005. India’s Ancient Past. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
xxxviii. Shastri, A.M. (ed.). 1999. The Age of Satavahanas 2 vols. New Delhi: Aryan Publications.
xxxix. Shastri, A.M. (ed.). The Age of Vakatakas 2 vols. New Delhi: Harman Publishing House.
xl. Shastri, K.A.N. 1952. The Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. Banaras: Motilal
Banarasidas.
xli. Shastri, K.A.N. 1957. A Comprehensive History of India vol.I (The Mauryas and
Satavahanas). Bombay: Oriental Longman.
xlii. Shastri, K.A.N. 1966. History of South India (3rd edition). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
xliii. Singh Upinder 2009. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India, Delhi: Pearson.
xliv. Sreedharan, E.2000. A Textbook of Historiography 500 B.C. to A.D.2000. New Delhi:
Orient Longman.
xlv. Strong, J. S. 1983. The legend of King Asoka. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
xlvi. Taddel Maurizio (Trans. Higarh James). 1970. The Ancient Civilization of India. London:
Barie and Jenkins.
xlvii. Thapar, Romila 1973. Ashoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (2nd edition). Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
xlviii. Thapar, Romila 1992, Interpreting Early India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
xlix. Vansina, J. 1985. Oral Tradition as History. Wisconsin: university Press.
l. Veluthat, Kesavan 2009. The Early Medieval History of South India. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
ARC 102: LABORATORY METHODS IN SCIENTIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY
Course Objective:
In this course students are introduced to the various scientific disciplines used for archaeological
research. They complete a number of practical in the various laboratories in the Archaeology
Department.
Course Outcomes:
Students are familiarized with basic descriptive technique and preliminary study of various
categories of objects studied by archaeologists, such as lithics, pottery, plant fossils, human
remains, rocks and minerals, sediments, map reading.
One hr of practical/Tutorial is 2 hrs, so the number of hrs assigned with more depending on how
many of the hrs are practicals.
Unit 1: Role of Various Science in Archaeological Research (2 hrs)
Unit 2: Identification and Study of Stone Tools (5 hrs)
Unit 3: Identification and Study of Pottery (5 hrs)
Unit 4: Archaeobotany and Palynology (5 hrs)

i. Different types of plant fossils found in archaeological contexts
ii. Identifying charred grains
iii. Use of microscope for palaeobotanical studies
Unit 5: Archaeozoology and Palaeontology (8 hrs)

i.Brief introduction to the scope and objectives of animal skeletal studies in
ii.Archaeology,
iii.Animal classification,
iv. Mammalian osteology,
v. Identification and
vi. Study of Osteology of domestic animals (Cattle, Sheep. Goat, Horse, Donkey,
Dog and Pig),
vii. Fossil Preparation, Identification and Systematic Palaeontology of Fossil Vertebrates.
Unit 6: Human Osteology: (8 hrs)
i. Identification,
ii. Methods Of Cleaning And Reconstruction,
iii. Sex Determination, Age Estimation, Demography And Pathology
Unit 7: Minerals and Rocks (2 hrs)
Unit 8: Soils and Sediments (2 hrs)
Unit 9: Geological Sections (2 hrs)
Unit 10: Toposheet Reading (2 hrs)
Unit 11: Satellite Imagery (2 hrs)
Unit 12: Conservation and Cleaning of Iron Objects (2 hrs)
Recommended Reading:
i. Badam, G.L. 1979. Pleistocene Fauna of India, Pune: Deccan College.

ii. Baker, J. and D. Brothwell. 1980. Animal Diseases and Archaeology, Academic Press:
London
iii. Bass, W.M. 1981. Human Osteology: A laboratory and field manual of the Human
skeleton, 2nd edition, Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society.
iv. Biswas, A. K. 2005. Science in Archaeology and Archaeological materials. New Delhi:
v. D.K. PrintWorld (P) Ltd. Bone, J.F. 1979. Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Reston:
Reston Publishing Co.
vi. Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E. and F.E. Clark (Eds.). 1965.
Methods of Soil Analysis, part I Physical and Mineralogical properties and part II
Chemical and Microbiological properties, American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison,
Wisconsin, USA
vii. Brothwell, D. and E. Higgs (Eds.). 1969. Science in Archaeology, London: Thames and
Hudson.
viii. Brothwell, D. and A.M. Pollard. 2001. Handbook of Archaeological Sciences, New York:
John Wiley and Sons.
ix. Cornwall, I.W. 1974. Bones for Archaeologists, (revised edition), London: L.M. Dent and
Sons.
x. Deo, S.G. 2000 01. Computer Applications in Archaeology: A review of work done at
Deccan College, Bulletin of Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Vol. 60
61: 137 142.
xi. Deotare, B.C. 1995. Pollen recovery from minerogenic sediments: A methodological
approach. Man and Environment, XX (2):101 105.
xii. Erdtman, G. 1969. Hand book of Palynology, New York: Hafner. Greig, James. 1989.
Handbook for Archaeologists No.4: Archaeobotany, European Science Foundation,
Strasbourg.
xiii. Joshi, R.V. and B.C. Deotare. 1983. Chemical Analysis of Archaeological Deposits from
India. Pune: Deccan College.
xiv. Kajale, M.D. 1991. Current status of Indian Palaeoethnobotany: Introduced and indigenous
food plants with a discussion of the historical development of Indian Agriculture and
agricultural system in general, in New Light on Early Farming, Jane Renfrew (Ed.),
Edinburgh: Edinburge University press, pp.155 190.
xv. Leiggi, Patrick and Peter May (Eds.). 1994. Vertebrate Palaeontological Techniques, Vol.
1, Cambridge University Press.
xvi. Moore, P.D., Webb, J. A. and M.E. Collinson. 1992. Pollen Analysis, Oxford: Blackwell.
Pearsall, D. 1989. Palaeoethnobotany Handbook of Procedures. London: Academic press.
xvii. Plenderlith, H.J. 1965. The Conservations of Antiquities and Works of Art, London:
Oxford University press. Renfrew, J. 1973. Palaeoethnobotany, London:
xviii. Mathuen and Co. Reilly, P. and S. Rathz (Eds.). 1992. Archaeology and the Information
Age. London:
xix. Routledge Romer, A.S. 1967. Vertebrate Paleontology, Chicago: University of Chicago
press.
xx. Schmid, E. 1972. Atlas of Animal Bones. London: Elsevier publishing Co. Singh, R. and
L.R. Kajia. 1979. Map Work and Practical Geography, Allahabad: Cen
xxi. Singh, R. and L.R. Kajia. 1979. Map Work and Practical Geography, Allahabad: Central
Book Depot. Traverse, A. 1988. Palaeopalynology Boston: Unwin Hyman
xxii. Traverse, A. 1988. Palaeopalynology Boston: Unwin Hyman.
ARC 103: INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY
Course Objective:
Introduction to Archaeology is a lecture series that introduces first semester students to key
concepts and practical approaches in archaeology, highlighting their applications in interpreting
the human past. The definition, aims and scope of archaeology and its development as a
discipline is introduced to the students. The nature of the archaeological record and the unique
role of science in archaeology is explained. The course also provides understanding cultural
development and diversity from human origin to civilization development. Legislation related to
archaeology and the role of archaeology in heritage management is also discussed in this course.
Course Outcome:
On the successful completion of Introduction to Archaeology students will develop a strong
foundation on the basic understanding of the nature, development and value of archaeology as a
discipline.
Unit 1: Definition, Aims and Scope of Archaeology (13 hours)

i. Course overview (1hr)
ii. Archaeology as the study of the past: Definition. Aims, scope and methods (5hrs)
iii. Key Archaeological Findings and their significance (3hrs)
iv. Archaeology and other sciences (Social and Natural) (2 hrs)
ii. Archaeology, History and Anthropology: Differences and similarities (2 hrs)
Unit 2: Development of Archaeology (4 hours)

i. In Europe and America (2 hrs)
ii. In India (2 hrs)
Unit 3: Evolution of Culture (Human origin to complex societies) (14 hours)
i.What is culture? (2 hrs)

ii.African roots and human origins. (3 hrs)
iii.Development of Palaeolithic Culture. (2 hrs)
iv. Development of Mesolithic culture (environmental changes and
hunting-gathering adaptation around 10,000BC) (2 hrs)
v. Transition from hunting gathering to agriculture (1 hr)
vi. Origin of Neo/Chalco- Neolithic Revolution and other competing theories (2 hrs)
vii. Rise of civilizations (theory; basic outline of World Civilizations) (2 hrs)
Unit 4: Theoretical Foundations in Archaeology (9 hours)
i. Antiquarian period to Traditional Archaeology (3 hrs)
ii. New Archaeology/ Processual Archaeology (2hrs)
iii. Post Processual Archaeology (2 hrs)
iv. Where are we now? Contemporary approaches to Archaeological Theory (2 hrs)
Unit 5: Value of Archaeology (5 hours)

i. Cultural Heritage, Monuments And Archaeological
Legislations/Treasure Trove Act (3 hrs)
ii. Public Archaeology (2 hrs)
i. Binford, L.R. 1972 Introduction. An Archaeological Perspective, pp. 1–14. Seminar Press,
New York.
ii. Chakrabarti, D.K. 1988. A History of Indian Archaeology: From the Beginning to 1947.
iii. New Delhi: Munsiram Manoharlal.
iv. Daniel, Glyn, E. 1975. A Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology. London: Duckworth.
v. Dhavalikar, M K. 1984. Towards an Ecological Model for Chalcolithic Cultures of Central
and Western India. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3. Pp- 133-158
vi. Fagan, B. 1988. In the beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology. Glenview: Scott, Foresman and
company.
vii. Flannery, K.V., and J. Marcus 1998 Cognitive Archaeology. In Reader in Archaeological
Theory: Post-Processual and Cognitive Approaches, edited by D. Whitley, pp. 35–48.
Routledge, London.
viii. Gardner, A. 2009 Agency. In Handbook of Archaeological Theories, edited by R.A.
Bentley, H.G. Maschner, and C. Chippindale, pp. 95–108. AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD.
ix. Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. 2011. Just Methodology? A Review of Archaeology’s Debts to
Michael Schiffer. Journal of Archaeological Method & Theory (2011) 18: 299–308.
x. Granet Marcel. 1930. Chinese Civilization. Trench Tubner and Co. London
xi. Hodder, Ian. 1992. Theory and Practice in Archaeology. London: Routledge.
xii. Hodder, I. 1995. Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past. New York:
Routledge.
xiii. Hurcombe Linda 2007. Archaeological artefacts as material culture. New York: Routledge
xiv. Kelly, R.L. 1995. Chapter 3, Foraging and Subsistence. In The Foraging Spectrum:
Diversity in Hunter- Gatherer Lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
(pp. 65–110)
xv. Lloyd Setan. 1984. Archaeology of Mesopotamia from Old Stone Age to Persian Conquest.
Thames and Hudson. London
xvi. McIntosh Jane R. 2008. Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. Abc Clio. California.
xvii. McHenry, Henry M. 2009. Human Evolution in Evolution: The First Four Billion Years, edited by
M. Ruse and J. Travis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Pp. 256-280
xviii. Murrey Margaret A. 1949. Splendor that was Egypt General Survey of Egyptian Culture and
Civilization. Sidwick and Jackson Ltd. London
xix. Paddayya, K. 1990. New Archaeology and Aftermath: View from Outside the
Anglo-American World. Pune: Ravish Publishers
xx. Paddayya, K. 2014. Multiple Approaches to the Study of India's Early Past: Essays in
Theoretical Archaeology. Aryan Books International
xxi. Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn 2006 Archaeological: Theories and Methods and Practice. Thames
and Hudson. London
xxii. Schiffer, M.B. 1995. Behavioral Archaeology: First Principles. Salt Lake City: University of
Utah Press
xxiii. Shanks, M. 2008 Post-Processual Archaeology and After. In Handbook of Archaeological
Theories, editedby R.A. Bentley, H.G. Maschner, and C. Chippindale, 133-144.
ARC 104: PREHISTORY OF SOUTH ASIA
Course Objectives:
The nature and scope of prehistory is introduced and the prehistoric evidence of South Asia,
from the earliest Lower Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic is taught.
The Quaternary environmental change especially in reference to the Indian Subcontinent is
presented.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be familiarized to the basic outline of the Prehistory of South Asia and the
changing environments of the Quaternary.
Unit 1: Prehistory: Introduction (5 hrs)

i. Beginning and main stages of development
ii. Scope and aims
iii. Principle approaches
Unit 2: The Quaternary Period (5 hrs)

i. Introduction to the Quaternary
ii. Methods for reconstructing palaeoenvironment
iii. Global climate history during the Quaternary (last 2.4 Ma)
iv. Quaternary environments in India
Unit 3: Nature of Prehistoric records (4 hrs)

i. Archaeological remains
ii. Biological remains
iii. Methods of studying stone tools
iv. Geological context of prehistoric sites
Unit 4: South Asian Stone Age Sequence (20 hrs)
i. The Lower Palaeolithic—Acheulian (10 hrs)
a. Nature and significance of the technology
b. Distribution and Variation
c. Important areas
d. Associated Fauna
e. Chronology
ii. The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic (4 hrs)
c. Important areas
d. Associated Fauna
e. Chronology
iii. Mesolithic
c. Important areas
d. Associated Fauna
e. Chronology
Unit 5: Prehistoric Rock Art (4 hrs)
Unit 6: Bio anthropological background (3 hrs)
Unit 7: Current Trends in South Asian Prehistory (4 hrs)

i. Issues related to cultural origins and dispersal into or from South Asia
ii. Nature of cultural variability
iii. South Asian Paleolithic in the global context.
RECOMMENDED READINGS:
BOOKS:
i. Chakravarty, K. K., and R. G. Bednarik. 1997. Indian Rock Art in Global Context. Delhi:
Motilas Banarasidass & IGRMS.
ii. Clark, J.D. and Sharma, G.R. (Eds.) Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in the Middle Son
Valley, Madhya Pradesh, North Central India. Allahabad: Abinash Prakashan.
iii. Corvinus, G.1983. A Survey of the Pravara River System in Western Maharashtra, India,
Vol 2: The Excavations of the Acheulian Site of Chirki-on-Pravara, India.
Tubingen:Institute for Urgeschichte.
iv. Corvinus, G. 2007. Prehistoric Cultures in Nepal: From the Early Palaeolithic to the
Neolithic and the Quaternary Geology of the Dang-Deokhuri Dun Valleys, Volume 1.
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte.
Harrassowitz Verlag.
v. de Terra, H. and T.T.Paterson Eds.1939. Studies on the Ice Age in India and Associated
Human Cultures. Washington:Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No.493.
vi. Dennell, R. W.2009. Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
vii. Deraniyagala, S.U. 1992. The Prehistory of Sri Lanka. An Ecological Perspective. Sri
Lanka:Memoir Volume Part I, II, III, Commissioner of Archaeology, Government of
Sri Lanka.
viii. Dhavalikar MK, 2013 editor. Prehistory of India. New Delhi: Manohar
ix. Henke, W., T. Hardt, and I. Tattersall. Editors. 2013. Handbook of Paleoanthropology 3
Vols: Springer. Second edition
x. Inizan, Marie-Louise, Reduron-Ballinger, M., Roche, Helene and Tixier, Jacques 1997.
Terminology of Knapped Stone. Nanterre:CREP.
xi. Misra VD, and Pal JN, 2002 editors. Mesolithic India. Allahabad: Department of Ancient
History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad.
xii. Misra, V.N. 2007. Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early Historic Foundations
xiii. Neumayer, E. 2010. Rock Art of India. Oxford and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
xiv. Paddayya K. and Sushama G. Deo (Eds.) Recent Advances in Acheulian Culture Studies in
India. ISPQS Monograph No.6. Available in e-format: www.manandenvironment.org
xv. Paddayya K. and Sushama G. Deo 2017. Prehistory of South Asia (The Lower Palaeolithic
or Formative Era of Hunting-Gathering), The Mythic Society, Bengaluru, pp. 152
xvi. Pandey, S. K. 1993. Indian Rock Art. Delhi: Aryan Books International.
xvii. Pant, P.C.and V. Jayaswal.1991. Paisra: The Stone Age Settlement of Bihar. Delhi: Agam
Kala Prakashan.
xviii. Pappu, R. S. 2001. Acheulian culture in peninsular India: an ecological perspective. New
Delhi: D.K. Printworld.
xix. Sankalia, H.D. 1974. The Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan. Pune: Deccan
College Postgraduate and Research Institute.
RESEARCH PAPERS:
i. Dennell, R. 2011. An Earlier Acheulian Arrival in South Asia, Science, 25 March: 1532-
1533.
ii. Gaillard, C., and S. Mishra. 2001. The Lower Palaeolithic in South Asia, in Origin of
Settlements and Chronology of the Paleolithic Cultures in SE Asia. Edited by F. Semah, C.
Falgueres, D. Grimaund-Herve, and A.-M. Semah, pp. 73-92. Semenanjuang and Paris.
iii. Gaillard, C., M. Singh, and R. K.K. 2008. Technological analysis of the Acheulian
assemblage from Atbarapur in the Siwalik Range (Hoshiarpur district, Punjab). Man and
Environment 33:1-14.
iv. Gaillard, C., S. Mishra, M. Singh, S. G. Deo, and R. Abbas. 2009. Lower and Early Middle
Pleistocene Acheulian in the Indian Sub-Continent. Quaternary International.
v. James, H.A.V. and M.D.Petraglia 2005. Modern Human Origins and the Evolution of
Behavior in the Later Pleistocene Record of South Asia, Current Anthropology 46:S3-S27.
vi. Mellars, Paul, Kevin C. Gori, Martin Carr, Pedro A. Soares and Martin B. Richards, 2013.
Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of
southern Asia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, doi: 0.1073/pnas.1306043110
vii. Mishra S, Chauhan N, Singhvi AK (2013) Continuity of Microblade Technology in the
Indian Subcontinent since 45 ka: Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans. PLoS
ONE 8(7): e69280. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069280
viii. Mishra S. 2008. The Lower Palaeolithic: A Review of Recent Findings. Man and
ix. Mishra, S. 2007. The Indian Lower Palaeolithic. Bulletin of the Deccan College
Postgraduate and Research Institute 66-67:47-94.
x. Mishra, S., C. Gaillard, S. G. Deo, M. Singh, R. Abbas, and N. Agrawal. 2010. Large Flake
Acheulian in India: Implications for understanding lower Pleistocene human dispersals.
Quaternary International.
xi. Mishra, S., M. J. White, P. Beaumont, P. Antoine, D. R. Bridgland, N. Limondin-Lozouet,
J. I. Santisteban, D. C. Schreve, A. D. Shaw, F. F. Wenban-Smith, R. W. C. Westaway, and
T. S. White. 2007. Fluvial deposits as an archive of early human activity. Quaternary
Science Reviews 26:2996-3016.
xii. Misra V.D. 2005. Mesolithic Cultures in the Middle Ganga Valley, in River Valley
Cultures of India. Edited by K. K. Chakravarty and G. L. Badam, pp. 39-43. New Delhi:
Aryan books International.
xiii. Misra V.N. 1982. Evolution of the Blade Element in the Stone Industries of the Rock
Shelter III F-23, Bhimbetka, in Indian Archeaology : New Perspectives . Edited by R. K.
Sharma, pp. 7-13. Delhi Agam Kala Prakashan.
xiv. Misra V.N., 1989. Stone Age India: an Ecological Perspective, Man and Environment
14:17–64.
xv. Misra, V. D. 1997. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Cultures of Northern Vindhyas, in
Indian Prehistory:1980. Edited by V. D. Misra and J. N. Pal, pp. 61-74. Allahabad
Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad.
xvi. Misra, V. N. 1978. The Acheulian Industry of Rock Shelter III F- 23 at Bhimbetka, Central
xvii. Misra, V. N., and M. Nagar. 1973 Twenty-five years of Indian Prehistory (1947-1972)--a
Review of Research, in Man and society. Edited by K. S. Mathur. Lucknow.
xviii. Misra, V. N., and Y. Mathpal. 1979. Rock Art of Bhimbetka Region, Central India. Man
and Environment 3:27-33.
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Regional Perspectives. Edited by O. Soffer, pp. 99-119. New York: Plenum Press.
xxii. Misra, V.N. 2001a. Archaeological Evidence of Early modern Human Occupation in
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by P. V. Tobias, M. Raath, J. A. Moggi-Cecchi, and G. A. Doyle. Firenze: Firenze
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xxiii. Misra, V.N. and P. Bellwood. 1985. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory. New
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xxv. Paddayya, K. 1982. The Acheulian Culture of Hunsgi Valley (Peninsular India) : a
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xxvi. Paddayya, K. 2008b. India: Paleolithic Cultures, in Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Edited
by D. M. Pearsall, pp. 768-791. New York: Elsevier
xxvii. Paddayya, K. 2007. The Acheulean of Peninsular India with Special Reference to the
Hunsgi and Baichbal Valleys of the Lower Deccan in The Evolution and History of
Human Populations in South Asia. Edited by M. Petraglia and B. Allchin, pp. 97-119.
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xxix. Paddayya, K., R. Jhaldiyal, and M. D. Petraglia. 2006. The Acheulian quarry at Isampur,
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xxxi. Pal, J. N. Mesolithic settlements in the Ganga Plain. Man and Environment 19 (1-2): 91-
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SYLLABUS
IN
ARCHAEOLOGY
SEMESTER II
(UNDER CBCS)
DECCAN COLLEGE
2017
ARC 201: RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF INDIA (UP TO THE 12th
CENTURY C.E)
Course Objectives:
In this course students are introduced to the development of different religious traditions in India
upto the 12th Century CE. The changing dominance of different religious strands from the Vedic
religion to the Brahmanical religion and to the Buddhism and Jainism are outlined.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course students will be familiar with the different religious traditions of
the Indian subcontinent.
Unit 1: Vedic Religion (12hrs)

i. Religion of the Vedic and Later Vedic Periods.
ii. Aniconic worship of natural powers.
iii. Atharvanic religion.
iv. The cult of Sacrifice.
Unit 2: Buddhism (7hrs)

i. Emergence and expansion
ii. Basic Tenets
iii. Introduction to Buddhist sects,
iv. Decline of Buddhism
Unit 3: Jainism (7hrs)

i. Lokayatikas and Ajivikas
ii. Emergence and expansion
iii. Introduction to Jain sects
Unit 4: Vedic Religion and its transformation into Brahmanical religion (14hrs)
i. Shiva, Rudra-Shiva concept,Linga worship,emergence and expansion of
Shavism,Pashupata sect,
ii. Vishnu, Avatara Doctrine,emergence and expansion of Vaishnavism,BhagavataSect.
iii. Shakti and her manifestations, brief introduction to Yogini Cult
iv. Brief introduction to Saura and Ganapatya Cults.
Unit 5: Other Religious trends (5 hrs)

i. Yakshas and Nagas
ii. Goddesses of fertility and prosperity
iii. Brief introduction to Tantric and ascetic practices
i. Banerjea, J.N. 1963.Puranic and Tantric Religion.Calcutta: Calcutta University.
ii. Basham, A.L.1990. History andthe Doctrine of the Ajivikas. Delhi: MotilalBanarasidass.
iii. Bhandarkar, R.G. 1965.Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Minor Religious Systems. Varanasi:
Indological Book House.
iv. Bhattacharya,N.N. 1974. History of the Sakta Religion. New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal.
v. Bhattacharya, N.N. 2007. History of The Tantric Religion. New Delhi:
vi. Bhattacharji, Sukumari.1970. The Indian Theogony. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.
vii. Chattopadhyaya, D. 1959. Lokayata. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House.
viii. Chatterjee, Asitkumar. 2000. A Comprehensive History of Jainism (2 vols). New Delhi:
MunshiramManoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
ix. Coomaraswamy, Ananda. 1971. The Yaksha . New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal.
x. Courtright , Paul B. 1985. Ganesa Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings. New York:
xi. Dehejia,Vidya. 1986. Yogini Cult and Temples A Tantric Tradition. New Delhi: National
Museum.
xii. Deshmukh, P.S. 1933. Origin and Development of Religion in Vedic Literature. Bombay :
xiii. Devasthali,G.V. 1965. Religion and Mythology of Brahmanas. Pune: University of Poona.
xiv. Dutt, Nalinaksha. 1977. Buddhist Sects in India. Calcutta: Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd.
xv. Goyal, S.R.1987. History of Indian Buddhism. Meerut: Kusamanjali Publications
xvi. Jaiswal, S.2010. The Origin and Development of Vaisnavism. Delhi:
MunshiramManoharlal.
xvii. Keith, A.B. 1925. Religion and Philosophy of the Vedas(2 vols). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
xviii. Lorenzen, David.1972. The Kapalikas and Kalamukhas: Two Lost SaiviteSects. . Berkeley-
Los Angeles: University of California Press.
xix. Shende,N.N. 1952. Religion and Philosophy of the Atharvaveda. Poona: Bhandarkar
Oriental Research Institute.
xx. Stevenson,S. 1915. Heart of Jainism. London: Humphrey Milford.
xxi. Thite, G.U. 1975. Sacrifices in the Brahmana Texts. Pune: University of Poona.
xxii. Vogel, J. Ph. 1972. Indian Serpent Lores. Varanasi: Indological Book House.
xxiii. Warder,A.K. 1980. Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarai Dass
ARC 202: FIELD METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Course Objectives:
This course introduces students to the process of archaeological investigation from the discovery
of sites to their excavation and analysis of the recovered archaeological evidences. This course
includes training in field methods including excavation techniques.
Course Outcomes:
Students learn the practical methods of doing Archaeological work.
On Field:
i. Excavation Techniques (L/P/T)
ii. Stratigraphy (L/P/T)
iii. 3D Recording (LP/T)
iv. Trench Layout (L/P/T)
v. Section Drawing (L/P/T)
vi. Structure Drawing (L/P/T)
vii. Elevation and Plan (L/P/T)
viii. Pottery Drawing (L/P/T)
ix. Stone Tool Drawing (L/P/T)
x. Object Photography (L/P/T)
xi. Ceramic Analyses (L/P/T)
xii. Total Station (L/P/T)
xiii. Antiquity Registration (L/P/T)
xiv. Report writing
In House:
i. Development of Field Archaeology in India (1 hr)
ii. Exploration Techniques (1 hr)
iii. Geo-physical Methods of Survey (1 hr)
iv. Legends and Regions (1 hr)
v. 3-D recording and contextual approach (1 hr)
vi. Stratigraphy (2 hrs)
vii. Harris Matrix Method of Recording (1 hr)
i. Atkinson, R.J.C. 1953. Field Archaeology. London: Longmans.
ii. Barker, P. 1982. Techniques of Archaeological Excavation. London: Batsford.
iii. Crawford, O.G.S. 1953. Archaeology in the Field. London: Phoenix.
iv. Dancey, W.S. 1985. Archaeological Field Methods: An Introduction. New Delhi: Surjeet
Publications.
v. Harris, E.C. 1979. Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. London: Academic Press.
vi. Schiffer, M.B. 1991. Archaeological Method and Theory, Journal of Field Archaeology
18(4): 523-526
vii. Schiffer, M.B. 1972. Archaeological context and systemic context. American
Antiquity 37(2): 156-165
viii. Rajan, K. 2002. Archaeology: Principles and Methods. Thanjavur: Manoo Pathippakam,
ix. Raman K. V. 1991. Principles and Methods in Archaeology. Madras: Parthajan
Publication.
ARC 203: PROTOHISTORY OF SOUTH ASIA
Course Objectives:
The course will cover aspects of the archaeology of the South Asia from the Mesolithic /
Neolithic, through the Chalcolithic to appearance of iron in the late second, to early first
millennium BC. It tracks the development and spread of agriculture during the Neolithic,
through to the rise of Harappan urbanism in the third to second millennium BC. The focus then
shifts to the Western India, Gangetic valley, central India, and the South, with an examination of
the Chalcolithic cultures that co-existed with Harappan urbanism and continued after its decline,
and the developments that led to the emergence of the 'second urbanization' during the first
millennium BC.
Course Outcome:
On the successful completion of Protohistory of South Asia, students will develop a strong
foundation and critical understanding of the subject and will be able to situate South Asian
materials within wider archaeological debates.
Unit I: Introduction (5 hrs)

i. Protohistory: definition, scope, terminology (2hrs)
ii. Origin of agriculture in West Asia and East Asia (3 hrs)
Unit II: South Asian Neolithic Perspectives (10 hrs)

i. Neolithic Cultures of Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Pakistan (2 hrs)
ii. Neolithic cultures of Kashmir Valley (1 hr)
iii. Neolithic cultures of Vindhyas and Ganges (2 hrs)
iv. Neolithic cultures of East and North east India (1 hr)
v. Neolithic cultures of South India (2 hrs)
Unit III: Harappan Civilization (5 hrs)

i. Harappan Cultural Tradition: general Framework and chronology:
ii. Early Harappan Cultures of Sindh, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, Haryana
and Gujarat (1 hr)
iii. Harappan Town Planning and Trade (1 hr)
iv. Harappan Socio-political and Religious Organization (1 hr)
v. Harappan Decline: various theories, causes and consequences: Late
Harappan Cultures (1 hr)
MIDTERM
Unit IV: South Asian Chalcolithic Perspectives (17 hrs)

i. Chalcolithic culture of Rajasthan: Ahar and Ganeshwar Jodhpura (2 hrs)
ii. Chalcolithic culture of Ganga Plain: OCP and Copper Hoard and
iii. Chalcolithic cultures with special reference to the sites of Sohagaura,
iv. Lahuradewa and Narhan (4 hrs)
v. Chalcolithic culture of Central India: Kayatha and Malwa (2 hrs)
vi. Chalcolithic culture of Deccan: Savalda, Daimabad, Malwa,
vii. Jorwe and Ramatirtha (3 hrs)
Unit V: Iron Age and Megalithic (8 hrs)

i. Origins of Iron in South Asia Problem and perspective (3 hrs)
ii. Painted Grey ware Culture (1 hrs)
iii. Northern Black Polished ware Culture (1 hrs)
iv. Megalithic Cultures of India and Sri Lanka (3 hrs)
i. Agrawal D.P. 2007. Indus Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New Delhi:

Aryan Books International.
ii. Agrawal, D.P. 2000. Ancient Metal Technology and Archaeology of South Asia (A Pan
Asian Perspective). New Delhi: Aryan Books International
iii. Agrawal, D.P. 1982. Archaeology of India. Copenhagen: Scandinavian Institute of Asian
Studies.
iv. Agrawal D.P. and J.S. Kharakwal 2003. Bronze and Iron ages in South Asia. New Delhi:
v. Agrawal D.P. and J.S. Kharakwal 2002. South Asian Prehistory. New Delhi: Aryan Books
International.
vi. Agrawal, D.P. and D.K. Chakrabarti (eds.). 1979. Essays in Indian Protohistory.
New Delhi: D.K Publishers.
vii. Allchin, F.R. and B. Allchin 1993. The Birth of Civilization in India. Revised ed. New
Delhi: Penguin Books.
viii. Allchin, Bridget and Raymond Allchin 1982. Rise of Civilization in India and
Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ix. Ansari, Z.D & Dhavalikar, M.K. 1975. Excavations at Kayatha, Pune: Deccan College
Postgraduate and Research Institute.
x. Ansari Z.D. and M.K. Dhavalikar 1971. New light on the prehistoric cultures of Central
India, World Archaeology 2(3):337-346.
xi. Barker, Graeme. 1985. Prehistoric farming in Europe. Cambridge: University Press
xii. Cohen, MarkNathan. 1978. Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and Origins of
Agriculture. New Haven : Yale University Press
xiii. Childe, V.G. 1951. Man Makes Himself. New York: Mentor.
xiv. Cohen, Mark. 1977. The Food Crisis in Prehistory. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
xv. Deo, S.B. 1979. Problem of South Indian Megaliths. Dharwad : Karnataka University.
xvi. Deo, S.B. 1985. The Megaliths: Their culture, ecology, economy and technology, in
Recent Advances in Indian Archaeology (S.B. Deo and K. Paddayya eds.), Deccan
College, Pune.
xvii. Deo SB, Dhavalikar MK, Ansari ZD. 1979. Apegaon Excavations, 1976. Poona: Deccan
College Post Graduate and Research Institute.
xviii. Dhavalikar MK. 2003. Archaeology of Western India. Ahmedabad: B.J. Institute of
Learning & Research.
xix. Dhavalikar MK. 1997. Indian Protohistory. New Delhi: Books and Books.
xx. Dhavalikar MK. 1994. Chalcolithic architecture at Inamgaon and Walki: an ethno
archaeological study. In: Allchin B, editor. Living traditions studies in the ethno-
archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. p 31-52.
xxi. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1990. First Farmers of the Deccan. Pune: Ravish Publishers.
xxii. Dhavalikar MK.1989. Farming to pastoralism: effects of climate change in the deccan. In:
Brock JC, editor. The walking larder: patterns of domestication, pastoralism and
predation. London: Unwins and Hyman. p 156-163.
xxiii. Dhavalikar MK. 1988-89. Diamabad: a chiefdom society. Bulletin of the Deccan College
Post Graduate and Research Institute 47-48: 67-77.
xxiv. Dhavalikar MK. 1981-83. Chalcolithic cultures: a socio-economic perspective. Puratattva
13 and 14: 63-80.
xxv. Dhavalikar MK. 1975-76. Settlement archaeology of Inamgaon. Puratattva 8: 44-54.
xxvi. Dhavalikar MK. 1973. Development and decline of the Deccan Chalcolithic. In: Agrawal
DP, Ghosh A, editors. Radiocarbon and Indian archaeology. Bombay: Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research. p 138-147.
xxvii. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1970. Kayatha: A New Chalcolithic Culture, Indica 7:86-93.
xxviii. Dhavalikar MK. 1970. Genesis of Jorwe culture. Indian Antiquary IV (1-4):32-41.
xxix. Dhavalikar MK, Shinde VS, Atre S. 1990. Excavations at Kaothe. Pune: Deccan College
Post Graduate and Research Institute.
xxx. Ghosh, A. 1973. The City in Early Historical India. Simla: Indian Institute for Advanced
Studies.
xxxi. Ghosh, A. 1990. Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology (two volumes). New Delhi:
Munshiram Manoharlal.
xxxii. Haimendorf, C. von. F. 1945. The Problem of Megalithic Cultures in Middle India. Man
in India XXV: 73 86.
xxxiii. Hooja, R. 1988. The Ahar Culture and Beyond: Settlements and Frontiers of 'Mesolithic'
and Early Agricultural Sites in South-Eastern Rajasthan, c. 3rd-2nd Millennia B.C. British
Archaeological Reports International Series 412. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
Lal, B.B. 2000. The Saraswati Flows on. New Delhi: Aryan Books.
xxxiv. Lal, Makhan. 1984. Settlement History and the Rise of Civilization in the Ganga Yamuna
Doab. New Delhi: B.R Publishing House.
xxxv. Mohanty,R.K., and S.R. Walimbe, 1993. A Demographic Approach to the Vidarbha
Megalithic Cultures Man and Environment, XVIII (2):93-103.
xxxvi. Mohanty,R.K. and V.Selvakumar,2002. The Archaeology of Megaliths in India:1947-
1997, in Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, (S.Settar and R.Korisettar Eds.), New
Delhi:Manohar Publishers.Vol.1:313-52 & 479-81
xxxvii. Moorti, U.S. 1994. Megalithic Cultures of South India: Socio Economic Perspectives.
Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri.
xxxviii. Paddayya, K. 2001 2002. The Problem of Ashmound of Southern Deccan in the light
of Budihal Excavations. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 60 61: 189 225.
xxxix. Paddayya, K. (ed.). 2002. Recent Studies in Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: ICHR and
Munshiram.
xl. Possehl, G.L. 1979 (ed.) 1979. Ancient Cities of the Indus. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House.
xli. Possehl, G.L. (ed.). 1993. Harappan Civilization A Recent Perspective. New Delhi:
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
xlii. Possehl, G. 1999. The Indus Age. New Delhi: Oxford.
xliii. Raczek, T. P.2011.Mobility, economic strategies, and social Networks: Investigating
movement in the Mewar Plain of Rajasthan. Asian Perspectives 50(1-2):24-52.
xliv. Possehl G.L. 2002. Indus Civilization: a Contemporary Perspective. New Delhi: Vistaar
Publication.
xlv. Roy, T.N. 1983. The Ganges Civilization: A Critical Study of the PGW and NBPW Periods
of Ganga Plains of India. New Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhavan.
xlvi. Sali S.A. 1986. Daimabad, 1976-79. Memoirs of Archaeological Survey of India No. 83.
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xlvii. Sali S.A. 1979-80. the discovery of Daimabad culture. Journal of the Asiatic Society of
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xlviii. Sali S.A. 1963. A new ceramic of the chalcolithic from Dhulia district (Maharashtra state).
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xlix. Sankalia, H.D. 1974. Pre and Protohistory of India and Pakistan. Pune: Deccan College.
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lii. Sankalia, H. D., S. B. Deo and Z. D. Ansari 1969. Excavations at Ahar (Tambavati).
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lvi. Sarkar Amrita and Vasant Shinde. 2013. On sedentism in the Mewar (south-east) Region
of Rajasthan, India, Pragdhara 21-22: 297-308
lvii. Sharma, G.R. et al. 1980. Beginnings of Agriculture. Allahabad: Allahabad University Press.
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lxxxiv. Wakankar, V.S. 1968-69. New Light on Central Indian Archaeology through Kayatha
excavations, Puratattva 2:26-29.
lxxxv. Wheeler, R.E.M. 1968. Indus Civilization. (Third Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
ARC 204: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA (UPTO
1200 C.E.)
Course Objectives:
Students are introduced to the social and economic institutions in Ancient India such as Varna,
Ashrama, Marriage, revenue system and trade.
Course Outcomes:
Students get acquainted with various developmental phases of the Indian society and economy and
its institutions.
Unit 1: Introduction (4 hrs)

i. Aims and scope of social and economic history
ii. Sources of social and economic history
Unit 2: Historical Evolution of Important Social Institutions (10 hrs)

i. Origin of the Varna order in the Vedic and Later Vedic Periods
Development of Varna and Caste in the post-Vedic period
ii. Theory of mixed caste
Unit 3: Rules Governing Individuals From The Texts (12 hrs)

i. Significance of Samskaras in Ancient India
ii. Concept and place of Ashramas in ancient Indian society
iii. Institution of marriage
iv. Exogamy and Endogamy
v. Position of women in family and society: Custom of sati, niyoga, widow hood.
Unit 4: Evolution of Educational Institutions (5hrs)

i. Education in the Vedic and Later Vedic periods
ii. Emergence of Buddhist monastic universities
Unit 5: Evolution of Economic Institutions (14hrs)

i. Emergence of complex societies, beginnings of urbanization and trade in ancient India,
ii. Agro-pastoral economy and development of land-revenue system
iii. Guilds
iv. Indo-roman trade
v. Recent studies in decline of trade, the decay of the urban centres and the feudalisation of
Society.
i. Altekar, A.S. 1973.Position of Women in Hindu Civilization. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
ii. Altekar, A.S.1975.Education in Ancient India. Varanasi: Manohar Prakashan.
iii. Banerjea,G. 1923. The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhana. Calcutta:Calcutta
University.
iv. Begley, Vimala and Richard Daniel De Puma (eds) 1991. Rome and India: The Ancient Sea
Trade. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
v. Bhattacharya, N.N.1995. Ancient Indian Rituals and Their Social Contents. New Delhi:
Manohar.
vi. Chakravarti, Uma 1989. The Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
vii. Deshpande, Kamalabai 1936. Child in Ancient India. Poona: Kamalabai Deshpande.
viii. Dutta,N.K. 1931.Origin and Growth of Caste in India(vol.1).London: Harper and Row.
ix. Ghosh, A.1973. The City in Early Historical India.Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced
Study.
x. Jaiswal,Suvira 2000.Caste: Origin, Function and Dimensions of Change. Delhi: Manohar.
xi. Kane, P.V. 1941. History of Dharmashastra (Vol.II).Pune: Bhandarkar Oriental Research
Institute.
xii. Karandikar, S.V.1928.Hindu Exogamy. Bombay: Advocate of India Press.
xiii. Majumdar, R.C. 1922. Corporate Life in Ancient India. Calcutta: Calcutta University.
xiv. Motichandra1977.Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India .New Delhi: Abhinav
Publications.
xv. Mukherji R.K. 2011(reprint).Ancient Indian Education Brahmanical and Buddhist. New
Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
xvi. Pandey,R.B. 1966.Hindu Sanskaras. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Vidyabhavan
xvii. Sharma,R.S. 1965. Indian Feudalism. Calcutta: Calcutta University.
xviii. Sharma,R.S. 1985. Material Culture and Social Formation in Ancient India. New Delhi:
Macmillan India.
xix. Sharma, R.S. 1987. Urban Decay in India. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
xx. Thapar, Romila1984. Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations. Hyderabad:
Orient Longman.
xxi. Warmington, E.H. 1928. Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
SYLLABUS
IN
ARCHAEOLOGY
SEMESTER III
(UNDER CBCS)
DECCAN COLLEGE
2017
ARC 301: ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA (FROM 6TH
CENTURY B.C.E. TO 6TH CENTURY C.E.)
Course Objectives
Students will be introduced to emergence and development of art traditions upto 6 th century
C.E.
Monuments will be studied in their cultural context.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to understand the monuments in their religious, regional and stylistic context.
Students will be able to prepare plans of the monuments.
Unit 1: Introdu ction to t raditions of Art and Architecture in India (5 hrs)

i. Introduction to Art and Architecture and prelude to historical art.
ii. Art of the pre-Mauryan period.
iii. Art and Architecture of Mauryan Period
iv. Sources of Inspiration of Mauryan Art and Architecture: Foreign and Indigenous.
Unit 2: Emergence and Development of Structural Stupa Architecture (10 hrs)

i. Origin of Stupa Architecture.
ii. Stupa Architecture - Pre-Mauryan and Mauryan periods.
iii. North India, Central India, Deccan and Gandhara
iv. Structural monasteries and Chaityas.
Unit 3: Emergence and Development of Rock-cut Architecture (12 hrs)

i. Origin of Rock-cut Architecture.
ii. Eastern India, Western Deccan, Eastern Deccan, Central India.
Unit 4: Emergence and Development of Temple Architecture (08 hrs)

i. Origin of Temple Architecture- Theoretical aspects.
ii. Concept and symbolism of Temple.
iii. Archaeological remains of structural temples.
iv. Temple Architecture during the Gupta period.
v. Temple Architecture during the Vakataka period.
Unit 5: Sculptural Art and Paintings - Emergence and Development (10 hrs)
i. Sculptural Art and Paintings -Concept and Symbolism.
ii. Terracottas, Ivories and Bronzes
iii. Paintings
iv. Stone sculptures-Gandhara, Mathura, Sarnath and Andhra schools of Art.
v. Art during the Gupta-Vakataka period.
Unit 6: Field Visit and Practical Training (30 hrs)

i. Visit to Western Indian Rock-Cut caves
ii. Practical training of preparation of Plan
i. Barua, B. 1934-37. Barhut Vol. I-III. Calcutta: Indian Research Institute.
ii. Cunningham, Alexander 1966. The Bhilsa Topes. Varanasi: Indological Book Corporation.
iii. Cunningham, Alexander 1965. The Stupa of Bharhut. Varanasi: Indological Book Corporation.
iv. Dallapiccola, L.S.Z. Lallemant. 1980. The Stupa : Its Religious, Historical, and Architectural
Significance. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
v. Dehejia, Vidya 1972. Early Buddhist Rock Temples A Chronological Study. London: Thames
and Hudson.
vi. Dehejia, Vidya 1997. Discourse in Early Buddhist Art, New Delhi: Munishiram Manoharlal
Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
vii. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1977. Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas. Bombay: D.B.Taraporevala

Sons and Co. Pvt. Ltd.
viii. Dhavalikar, M. K. 1985. Late Hinayana Caves of Western India. Pune: Deccan College.
ix. Dhavalikar, M. K. 2004. Satavahana Art. Delhi: Sharada Publishing House.
x. Dwivedi, V.K.1976. Indian Ivories. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
xi. Ghosh, A.1967. Ajanta Murals. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
xii. Gupta, S.P. 1980. Roots of Indian Art. New Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation.
xiii. Gupta, S.P. (ed.). 2003. Kushana Sculptures from Sanghol. New Delhi: National Museum.
xiv. Huntington, Susana. L. with John Huntington 1985. The Art and Architecture of
India.New York: Weatherhill.
xv. Joshi N.P. 1966. Mathura Sculptures. Mathura: Archaeological Museum.
xvi. Khandalwala, Karl(ed.) 1991. Golden Age: Gupta Art Empire, Province and Influence.
Bombay: Marg Publications.
xvii. Knox, Robert 1992. Amravati- Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa. London:
BritishMuseum Press.
xviii. Marshall, John1960. The Buddhist Art of Gandhara. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
xix. Meister, Michael W. and M.A. Dhaky (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple
Architecture. Vol. II , Part 1, North India: Foundations of North Indian Style C 250 BC- AD
1100. Delhi:American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford University Press.
xx. Nagaraju, S. 1981. Buddhist Architecture of Western India. New Delhi: Agam Kala
Prakashan.
xxi. Sharma, R.C. 1984. Buddhist Art of Mathura. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
xxii. Sivaramamurti, C .1942. Amaravati Sculptures in the Madras Government Museum.

Madras:Government Press.
xxiii. Snodgrass, Adrian1992. The Symbolism of the Stupa. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
xxiv. Stone, Elizabeth Rosen 1994. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunkonda. Delhi: Motilal Banarassidas
Publisher Pvt. Ltd.
xxv. Williams, Joanna 1982. The Art of Gupta Indian-Empire and Province. New Jersey: Princeton
ARC 302: ANCIENT INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the iconography of the images of the
different religious traditions of Hinduism, Buddism and Jainism. The development of
iconographic depictions in each of these traditions is also outlined.
Course Outcome:
Students learn about the different iconographic traditions in the Indian Subcontinent with concern
to the religious ideas and trends.
Credits 5 core elective L (3): T (2): P (0)
Unit 1: Introduction to Iconography (5 hrs)

i. Significance of iconographic studies, sources
ii. Concept and symbolism of icon and image worship c. Origin and
Antiquity of image worship in India
iii. Iconometry
iv. Text and image: Brief review of Ancient Indian Shilpa Texts and their role
in development of iconography
Unit 2: Hindu Iconography (20 hrs)

i. Emergence and development of Iconography of Vishnu: Sadharan murtis,
incarnations, other important representations of Vishnu, Regional traits of
Vaishnava iconography
ii. Emergence and development of Iconography of Shiva: Anugraha murtis ,Samhara
murtis ,Vishesha murtis, Regional traits of Shaiva iconography
iii. Brahma, Ganesha, Surya, Karttikeya
iv. Development of Iconography of Goddesses: Saptamatrikas, Durga,
Lakshmi, Saraswati, Mahishsuramardini, Chamunda, Bhairavi, Regional
traits of Shakta iconography
v. Other Important divinities: Ashtadikpalas , Navagrahas
Unit 3: Buddhist Iconography ( 7 hrs)
i. Origin and development of Buddhist imagery
ii. Aniconic representation of the Buddha: Concept and meaning
iii. Origin of the Buddha image, various theories of the origin of Buddha
image, Different iconographic forms
iv. Manushi and Dhyani Buddhas
v. Bodhisattvas: Concept and symbolism, emergence and development of
Bodhisattva images, Avalokiteshvara, Vajrapani, Maitreya, Manjushri
vi. Female Buddhist deities: Origin and development, Tara, Pradnyaparamita,
Chunda, Bhrukuti, Marichi, Vasudhara, Mahamayuri, Hariti
vii. Important Buddhist Deities: Trilokyavijaya, Aparajita, Shambara, Jambhala
Unit 4: Jaina Iconography (5 hrs)

i. Origin and development of Jain images
ii. Ayagapatta
iii. Jaina Tirthankaras: Forms of Tirthankara images ,Sarvatobhadra ,Chaturvinshati
iv. Jaina Yakshas and Yakshinis: Ambika, Chakreshvari, Padmavati, Saraswati, Kubera
Unit 5: Miscellaneous iconographic forms (8 hrs)

i. Role and significance of minor deities in ancient religious setting
ii. Pastoral Deities
iii. Goddesses of Fertility
iv. Yakshas, Nagas
v. Vidyadharas, Gandharvas, Kinnaras
vi. Surasundaris and Mithun Shilpas
vii. Hero stones and Sati stones
viii. Composite animals
ix. Syncretic and Composite Iconic Forms: Origin, development and significance.
i. Agrawala, P.K.1994. Studies in Indian Iconography. Jaipur: Publication Scheme.
ii. Agrawala, Urmila. 1995. North Indian Temple Sculpture. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Bakkar, Hans.1997. The Vakatakas an Essay in Hindu Iconology (Gonda Indological Series).
Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
iii. 1989. Buddhist Iconography. New Delhi: Tibet House.
iv. Banerjee, J.N.1974. Development of Hindu Iconography. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Bhattacharya, A.K.2010. Historical Development of Jaina Iconography (A comprehensive
study), Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan.
v. Bhattacharya, B. 1958. Indian Buddhist Iconography. Calcutta: K.L.Mukhopadhyaya.
Bhattacharya, D. 1980. Iconology of Composite Images. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
Publications.
vi. Bruhn, Klaus 1963. Jina Images of Deogarh vol.I. Leiden: Brill.
vii. Champaklakshmi, R.1981. Vaishnava Iconography in the Tamil Country. Delhi: Orient Longman.
viii. Chawla, J.1990. The Rigvedic Deities and their Iconic Froms. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
ix. Czuma, Stanislaw.J.1985. Kushana sculpture: Images from early India. Ohio: The Cleveland
Museum.
x. Dandwate P. P. 1995. "A Cultural Study of Brahmarical Sycretistic Icons" Pune: Ph.D.
Thesis Submitted to University of Pune.
xi. Deglurkar, G.B. 2004. Portrayal o f the Women in the Art and Literature of the Ancient
Deccan. Jaipur: Publications Scheme.
xii. Deglurkar, G.B. 2007. Vishnumurti Namastubhyam. Sri Dwarkadhish Charities, Karnala,
Raigad.
xiii. Daheja, Vidya 1986. Yogini Cult and Temples. New Delhi: National Museum.
xiv. Desai, Devangana 1996. The Religious Imagery of Khajuraho. Mumbai: Project for the
Indian Cultural Studies Publication.
xv. Desai, Kalpana 1973. Iconography of Vishnu. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
xvi. Gopinath Rao, T.A. 1985. (2nd ed.) Elements of Hindu Iconography. Varanasi: Motilal
Banarasidas.
xvii. Gupte, R.S. 1971. Iconography of Hindus, Buddhists and Jainas. Bombay: D.B. Taraporewala
Sons and Co.
xviii. Huntington, Susan 1984. The Pala-Sena S c h o o l of Sculpture. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Joshi
N.P. 1966. Mathura Sculptures. Mathura: Archaeological Museum.
xix. Joshi, N.P.1979. Bhartiya Murtishastra. Nagpur: Maharashtra Grantha Nirmiti Mandal.
xx. Kamalakar, G.(ed.).1993. Vishnu in Art, Thought and Literature. Hyderabad: Birla
Archaeological and Cultural Research.
xxi. Kim, Inchang.1997. The Future Buddha Maitreya: An Iconological Study. New Delhi: D. K.
Print World.
xxii. Khandalwala, Karl (ed.) 1991. Golden Age: Gupta Art Empire, Province and Influence.
Bombay: Marg Publications.
xxiii. Krishnan, Y.1996. The Buddha image: Its origin and Development. New Delhi: Munshiram
xxiv. Lal, Shyam Kishor 1980. Female Divinities in Hindu Mythology and Ritual. Pune: University
of Poona
xxv. Liebert, Gosta 1985, Iconographic Dictionary of the Indian Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism
and Jainism. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
xxvi. Lokesh, Chandra 1987. Buddhist Iconography 2 vols. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
xxvii. Mani, V.R.1995. Saptamatrikas in Indian Religion and Art. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
xxviii. Mishra, Rajani 1989. Brahma-Worship, Tradition and Iconography. Delhi: Kanishka
Publication House.
xxix. Mishra, Ramnath 1981. Yaksha Cult and Iconography. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal.
xxx. Mukhopadhyay, Santi Priya1985. Amitabha and his Family. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
Nagar, Shanti Lal 1988. Mahishasurmardini in Indian Art. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
xxxi. Panikkar, Shivaji. K.1997. Saptamatraka Worship and Scultures, An Iconological
xxxii. Interpretations of Conflicts. New Delhi: D.K.Printworld.
xxxiii. Parimoo, Ratan 1982. Life of Buddha in Indian Sculpture (Ashta-Maha-Pratiharyan): An
Iconological Analysis. New Delhi: Kanak Publications.
xxxiv. Pushpendra Kumar 1993. Tara: The Supreme Goddess. Delhi Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.
xxxv. Ramachandra Rao 1988-91. Pratima Kosa- Encyclopedia of Indian Iconography 6 vols.
Bangalore: Kalpataru Research Academy.
xxxvi. Reechard, J.Cohen 2003. Essays on Jaina Art. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
xxxvii. Sahai, Bhagwant 1975. Iconography of Minor Hindu and Buddhist Deities. New Delhi
xxxviii. Sahai, Bhagwant 2006. Recent Researches in Indian Art and Iconography. Missouri:
Kaveri Prakashan.
xxxix. Sarma, I.K.1982. The Development of Early Shaiva Art and Architecture. (With Special
Reference to Andhradesha). Delhi: Abhinava Publications.
xl. Sinha, Kanchan 1979. Karttikeya in Indian Art and Literature. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
xli. Shah,U.P. 1987. Jaina Rupmandana. New Delhi: Abhinav Publication.
xlii. Shastri, T. Ganpati. (Ed.) 1966. Samaranganasutradhara of Bhoja. Baroda: Oriental
Institute. Shaw, Marinda 2008. Buddhist Goddesses of India. New Delhi: Munshiram
xliii. Sivrammurti, C.1961. Indian Sculpture. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
xliv. Sivaramamurty, C. 1963. South Indian Bronzes. New Delhi: Lalit Kala Academy.
xlv. Soundara Rajan, K. V.1982. India’s Religious Art. New Delhi: Cosmo Publication.
xlvi. Sthapati V. Ganapati and Sthapati 2006. Indian Sculpture and Iconography. Ahmadabad:
Mapin Publishing.
xlvii. Upadhyaya, Vasudev 1970. Prachin Bharatiya Murti Vijnana (Hindi). Varanasi: Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Series.
xlviii. Vyas, R.T. 1995. Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and allied Subjects in Honour of
U.P.Shah. Vadodara: Oriental Institute.
xlix. Yadava, Nirmala 1997. Ganesha in Indian Art and Literature. Jaipur: Publications Scheme.
l. Zimmer, Heinrich 2010. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization, New Delhi:
Motilal Banarassidas.
ARC 303: ANCIENT INDIAN EPIGRAPHY AND PALAEOGRAPHY
Course Objectives:
To learn Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.
To introduce prevalent language system.
To establish epigraphical records as one of the foremost sources in reconstruction of ancient
Indian history.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be successfully able to decipher and read scripts; and date inscriptions with the help
of paleographic features of the script.
Students will also understand the different usages of language.
After the successful completion of the course student will be able to interpret the inscription in its
socio-politico- religio and economical context.
Unit 1: Introduction to Epigraphy and Paleography (5 hrs)
i. Epigraphy and Paleography: Terminology, Scope and Importance in

Reconstruction of History
ii. Historiography of Epigraphic Studies
iii. Antiquity of Writing in Ancient India
iv. Materials and Techniques of Writing
v. Theories of Origin of Brahmi and Kharoshthi Scripts
vi. Brahmi and Kharoshti Scripts: Orthography and Decipherment of letters and Numerals
Unit 2: Edicts of Ashoka (10 hrs)
i. Nature, Geographic Distribution, Categories and Language

ii. Decipherment of Major Rock Edicts (Girnar Version) Nos. I, II, IV, VI,
IX and XII
Unit 3: Calendrical Systems in Ancient India (8 hrs)
i. Dates and Chronograms

ii. Eras: Vikrama, Shaka, Kalchuri- Chedi and Gupta Eras
Unit 4: Study of Inscriptions of Historical and Cultural Importance
(Need to be classify) (20 hrs)
i. Sohgaura Copperplate Inscription

ii. Besnagar Garuda Pillar Inscription of Heliodorus
iii. Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela
iv. Naneghat Inscription of Naganika
v. Nasik Cave Inscription of Nahapana
vi. Nasik Cave Inscription of Vasithiputa Pulumavi, 19th Regnal Year
vii. Junagarh Inscription of Rudradamana
viii. Nagarjunikonda Inscription of Virapurisadatta, 6th Regnal Year
ix. Chatrayashthi inscription of Kaniska I
x. Mathura inscription of Huviska
xi. Allahabad Prashasti of Samudragupta
xii. Mathura Inscription during the Reign of Chandragupta II, GE 61
xiii. Poona Plates of Prabhavatigupta
xiv. Indore Plates of Pravarasena II, 23rd Regnal year
xv. Aihole Inscription of Pulakesin II
xvi. Bansakheda copper plate of Harshavardhana
Unit 5: Method of Inscription Decipherment: (2 hrs)
Practical Training of Estampage Technique
i. Allchin, F.R. and K.R. Norman 1985. Guide to the Ashokan Inscriptions, South Asian
Studies, I: 49-50.
ii. Bhandarkar, D.R. 1935-36. A List of the Inscriptions of Northern India in Brahmi and its
Derivative Scripts, from about 200 B.C. Appendix to Epigraphia Indica vols. 19-23.
iii. Bhandarkar, D.R. 1981. Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings (Bahadurchand Chhabra
and Govind Swamirao Gai eds.). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum vol. III. New Delhi:
Archaeological Survey of India.
iv. Bühler, George 1892. A New Variety of the Southern Maurya Alphabet, Winer Zeitschrift
für die Kunde des Morgen Landes (Vienna Oriental Journal), vol. 6: 148-156.
v. Bühler, George 1898. On the Origin of Indian Brahma Alphabet. Strassburg: Karl J.
Trubner.
vi. Bühler, George 1959. Indian Palaeography. Calcutta: Indian Studies.
vii. Dani, Ahmad Hasan 1963. Indian Palaeography, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Epigraphia Indica 1892-1940.Vol. 1- XXV, Archaeological Survey of India.
viii. Hultzch, D. 1969 (Reprint). Corpus Inscriptionum Indiacarum. Vol.I. Varanasi: Indological
Book House.
ix. Gokhale, S. Purabhilekhavidya. Mumbai: Sahitya Sanskruti Mandal.
x. Goyal, S.R. 2005. Ancient Indian Inscriptions. Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Book World.
xi. Khare, M.D. 1967. Discovery of a Vishnu Temple near the Heiodorus Pillar,
Besnagar, District Vidisha (M.P.), Lalit Kala (13): 21-27.
xii. Lüders, H. 1912. A List of Brahmi Inscriptions from the Earliest Times to About A.D. 400
with the Exception of those of Asoka. Appendix to Epigraphia Indica Vol. X.
xiii. Mangalam, S.J. 1990. Kharoshti Script. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.
xiv. Mehendale, M.A. 1948. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits . Poona:
Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute.
xv. Mehendale, M.A. 1948. Asokan Inscriptions in India (Linguistic Study together with
Exhaustive Bibliography). Bombay: University of Bombay.
xvi. Mirashi, V.V. 1981. The History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas a n d the Western
Kshatrapas. Bombay: Maharashtra State Board of Literature and Culture.
xvii. Pandey, R. 1957. Indian Palaeography. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas.
xviii. Raghunath, K. 1998. Ikshvakus of Vijaya Puri: Study of the Nagarjunakonda
Inscriptions.Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.
xix. Ramesh, K.V. 1984. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
xx. Rea, Alexander 1997 (Reprint). South Indian Buddhist Antiquities. Archaeological Survey
of India New Imperial Series Vol. XV. New Delhi: Director General, Archaeological
Survey of India.
xxi. Salomon, Richard 1998. Indian Epigraphy. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
xxii. Shastri, A.M. 1996-97. Some Observations on the Origin and Early History of the Vikrama
Era, Prachya Pratibha, vol. XVIII: 1-51.
xxiii. Shastri, A.M. 1966. The Saka Era, Panchal, vol. 9: 109-132.
Sircar, D.C. 1965. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas.
xxiv. Sircar, D.C. 1986 (3rd edition). Select Inscriptions. Vol. I. Delhi: Asian Humanities
Press.
xxv. Srinivasan, P.R. And S. Sankaranarayanan 1979. Inscriptions of the Ikshvaku Period.
Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh Government.
xxvi. Woolner, Alfred C. 1924. Asoka Text and Glossary (parts I and II). Lahore: The University
of the Panjab, Lahore.
ARC 305: INTRODUCTION TO WORLD PREHISTORY
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide an overview of the major developments in Prehistory in
the different parts of the world.
Course Outcomes:
Students gain a global perspective on Prehistoric studies and can better appreciate the role of India
in the global context.
Unit 1: Background to the study of World Prehistory (4 hrs)
i. World Prehistory: aims and scope of the paper

ii. Introduction: chronological phases and terminologies adopted for the
study of various cultural phases in different regions
iii. Background to the fossil and genetic evidence
iv. Introducing theories and debates related to hominine behavior
v. Debates on the timing and nature of population dispersals
Unit 2: Africa (6 hrs)
i. Background to the geography, palaeoenvironments, fossil and genetic record

ii. The Earliest Palaeolithic assemblage of Africa: The Oldowan
iii. The Acheulian
iv. The Middle Stone Age
v. The Later Stone Age
Unit 3: Europe (6 hrs)
i.Background to the geography, palaeoenvironments, fossil and genetic record

ii.The Earliest Palaeolithic evidence
iii.The Acheulian
iv. The Middle Palaeolithic
v. The Upper Palaeolithic
vi. The Mesolithic
Unit 4: West and Central Asia (8 hrs)
i. The Earliest Palaeolithic evidence

ii. The Acheulian
iii. The Middle Palaeolithic
iv. The Upper Palaeolithic
v. The Epipalaeolithic
Unit 5: East Asia (6 hrs)
i. The Earliest Palaeolithic evidence

ii. Acheulian/Acheulian-like assemblages and other Middle Pleistocene assemblages in China
iii. The Middle Palaeolithic
iv. Upper Palaeolithic and Microblade assemblages and Earliest Pottery
Unit 6: Spread of humans to Australia, North and South America (6 hrs)
Unit 7: Recent theories and debates on human origins, dispersals and behavior (3 hrs)
Unit 8: Origin and Spread of Modern Humans (4 hrs)
i. Early evidence in Africa

ii. Early Modern Humans in the Middle East
iii. Archaic humans
Unit 9: Indian Palaeolithic in the Global context (2 hrs)
Books:
i. Akazawa T., K. Aoki, and O. Bar Yosef (Eds.) 1998. Neanderthals and Modern Humans in
Western Asia.New York: Plenum Press.
ii. Barham, Lawrence and Mitchell, PeterBarham 2008. The First Africans. Cambridge.
iii. Bellwood, P. 2007. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago, Revised edition. Canberra:
ANU Press.
iv. Burdukiewicz, J. M., A. Ronen, and International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric
Sciences. 2003. Lower Palaeolithic small tools in Europe and the Levant. BAR
international series;. Oxford: Archaeopress.
v. Chazan, M. 2008. World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time: Addison-
Wesley
vi. Debénath, A., and H. L. Dibble. 1994. Handbook of Paleolithic typology - Vol. 1 : Lower
and middle paleolithic of Europe. Philadelphia: The University Museum.
vii. Delson, Eric, Ian Tattersal, J. A. Van Couvering, and A. Brooks. 2000. Encyclopedia of
Human Evolution and Prehistory. New York and London: Garland Publishing
viii. Dennell, R. W.2009. Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
ix. Gamble, C., and C. Gamble. 1999. The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge world
archaeology. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
x. Gamble, Clive 1986 The palaeolithic settlement of Europe. Cambridge:Cambridge world
archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
xi. Meltzer, D. J. 2009. First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America Berkely and
Los Angles: University of California Press.
xii. Pearsall, Deborah M. 2007. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Schick K. D. and N. Toth (eds), 2006. The Oldowan: Case Studies into the earliest Stone
Age. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xiii. Sharon, G. 2007. Acheulian Large Flake Industries: Technology, Chronology, and
Significance. BAR international series. Oxford: BAR.
Research Papers:
i. Bar Yosef, O. 1998. The Chronology of the Middle Palaeolithic of the Levant, in Neanderthals
and Modern Humans in Western Asia. Edited by T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and O. Bar Yosef,
pp. 39-56. New York: Plenum Press.
ii. Bar-Yosef, O. 2002. The Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology
31:363-393.
iii. Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer-Cohen 2013. Following Pleistocene road signs of human
dispersals across Eurasia, Quaternary International doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.043
iv. Bar-Yosef, O., and L. Meignen. 2001. The chronology of the levantine Midde Palaeolithic
period in Retrospect. Bulletin et Mémoire de la Societee d'Anthropologie de Paris, 2, série
13:269-289.
v. Bar-Yosef, O., and S. L. Kuhn. 1999. The Big Deal about Blades: Laminar Technologies
and Human Evolution. American Anthropologist 101:322-338.
vi. Braun, D. R., J. C. Tactikos, J. V. Ferraro, S. L. Arnow, and J. W. K. Harris. 2008b.
Oldowan reduction sequences: methodological considerations. Journal of Archaeological
Science 35:2153-2163.
vii. Braun, D. R., T. W. Plummer, P. W. Ditchfield, J. V. Ferraro, D. N. Maina, L. C. Bishop,
and R. Potts. 2008a. Oldowan behavior and raw material transport: perspectives from the
Kanjera Formation. Journal of Archaeological Science 35 2329-2345.
viii. Bridgland, D. R., P. Antoine, N. Limondin-Lozouet, J. I. Santisteban, R. Westaway, and
M. J.
ix. White. 2006 The Palaeolithic occupation of Europe as revealed by evidence from the rivers:
data from IGCP 449. Journal of Quaternary Science 21:437-455.
x. Diez-Martin, F. 2006. After the African Oldowan: The Earliest Technologies of Europe, in
The Oldowan: Case Studies inot the Earliest Stone Age. Edited by N. Toth and K. Schick,
pp. 129-151. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xi. Dixon, J. E. 2001. Human colonization of the Americas: timing, technology and process.
Quaternary Science Reviews 20:277-299.
xii. Goren-Inbar, N. and Sharon, G. 2006. Invisible handaxes and visible Acheulian biface
technology at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel, in Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-making from
Quarry to Discard edited by N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon.London: Equinox: 111–135.
xiii. Goren-Inbar, N., Alperson, N., Kislev, M.E., Simchoni, O., Melamed, Y., Ben-Nun, A.,
Werker and E., 2004. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel.
Science, 304:725–727.
xiv. Goren-Inbar, N., Feibel, C.S., Verosub, K.L., Melamed, Y., Kislev, M.E., Tchernov, E.and
Saragusti, I., 2000. Pleistocene milestones on the Out-of-Africa corridor at Gesher Benot
Ya‘aqov, Israel. Science 289:944–974.
xv. Goren-Inbar, N., Grosman, L. and Sharon, G. 2011. The record, technology and
significance of the Acheulian giant cores of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Journal of
Archaeological Science, 38:1901–1917.
xvi. Goren-Inbar, N., Lister, A., Werker, E. and Chech, M. 1994. A butchered elephant skull
and associated artifacts from the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel.
Paléorient 20(1): 99–112.
xvii. Goren-Inbar, N., Werker, E. and Feibel, C.S. 2002. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot
Ya‘aqov: The Wood Assemblage. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
xviii. Goren-Inbar, N.2011. Culture and cognition in the Acheulian industry – a case study from
xix. Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series
B, 366:1038–1049.
xx. Meignen, L. 1995. Levallois Lithic Production Systmes in the Middle Paleolithic of the
Near East: the case of the Unidirectional Method, in The Definition and Interpretation of
Levallois Technology. Edited by H. L. Dibble and O. Bar Yosef, pp. 361-379. Madison:
Prehistory Press.
xxi. Mishra, S. 2008. The Lower Palaeolithic: A Review of Recent Findings. Man and
xxii. Mishra, S., C. Gaillard, S. G. Deo, M. Singh, R. Abbas, and N. Agrawal. 2010. Large
Flake Acheulian in India: Implications for understanding lower Pleistocene human
dispersals. Quaternary International.
xxiii. 2010. India and Java: Contrasting Records, Intimate Connections. Quaternary
International.
xxiv. Mishra, S., M. J. White, P. Beaumont, P. Antoine, D. R. Bridgland, N. Limondin-Lozouet,
J. I. Santisteban, D. C. Schreve, A. D. Shaw, F. F. Wenban-Smith, R. W. C. Westaway, and
T.
xxv. S. White. 2007. Fluvial deposits as an archive of early human activity. Quaternary
xxvi. Norton, Christopher J. and D. R. Braun. 2010. Asian Paleoanthropology:From Africa
to China and Beyond. Springer
xxvii. Sahnouni, M. 2006. The North African Early Stone Age and the sites at Ain Hanech,
Algeria, in The Oldowan: Case Studies into the earliest Stone Age. Edited by K. D.
Schick and N. Toth, pp. 77-112. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xxviii. Schick, K. D., and N. Toth. 2006. An Overview of the Oldowan Industrial Complex: the
sites and the nature of their evidence, in The Oldowan: Case Studies into the earliest
Stone Age. Edited by N. Toth and K. D. Schick, pp. 4-42: Stone Age Institute.
xxix. Semaw, S. 2006. The oldest stone artifacts from Gona (2.6-2.5 Ma), Afar,
Ethiopia:Implications for Understanding the earliest stages of Stone Knapping, in The
Oldowan: Case studies into the Earliest Stone Age. Edited by K. D. Schick and N. Toth,
pp. 43-75. Gosport: Stone Age Institute.
xxx. Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, and D. Stout. 2009. The Oldowan-Acheulian Transition: Is
there a ‘‘Developed Oldowan’’ Artifact Tradition?, in Sourcebook of Paleolithic
Transitions.
xxxi. Torre, I. D. L., and R. Mora. 2005. Technological Strategies in the Lower Pleistocene
at Olduvai Beds I and II. Liege: ERAUL 112.
xxxii. Torre, I. d. l., R. Mora, and J. Martinez-Moreno. 2008. The early Acheulean in Peninj
(Lake Natron, Tanzania). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27:244-264.
xxxiii. White and T. S. White. 2007. The British Pleistocene fluvial archive: East Midlands drainage
evolution and human occupation in the context of the British and NW European record.
Quaternary Science Reviews 26:2724-2737.
xxxiv. White, M., and N. Ashton. 2003. Lower Palaeolithic Core Technology and the Origins of
the Levallois Method in North-Western Europe. Current Anthropology 44:598-609.
ARC 306: ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY (BIOARCHAEOLOGY)
Course Objective:
To understand what is environmental archaeology, and its sub-branches; role of domestication of
plants, animals and its consequences on human life; Basis of Taxonomy and to understand the
process of fossilization and their use in palaeo-environmental studies
Course Outcome:
On successful completion of this course students will have better understanding of the bio-
archaeological approaches. They will understand the domestication process and how it can be
used for archaeological interpretations. It will also help them to know the scope of palaeobotany,
archaeozoology, fossil studies and histological studies.
Unit 1: i. Environmental Archaeology: Definition and scope (4 hrs)

ii. Changing nature of the discipline
ii. Branches related to Environmental Archaeology
Unit 2: i. Ecology: Definition; Environmental System (5 hrs)

ii. Positive and negative feedback
iii. Intra and inter-species relationships
iv. Basic principles of population biology
v. Plant and animal responses to changing environment
Unit 3: i. Theories of Plant domestication and Origin of Agriculture (10 hrs)

ii. Early agriculture Old and New World
iii. Impact of agriculture on development of civilization
iv. Phytolith and coprolite analysis
Unit 4: i. Taxonomy of the animal kingdom (06 hrs)

ii. Classification of Vertebrates and Non-Vertebrates
ii. Fossils, process of fossilisation
iv. Significance of fossils: commercial and palaeobiological
v. Historical Developments in palaeontology
vi. Fossils and Folklores
vii. Animals as seen in rock art
viii. Animals in art and iconography.
Unit 5: i. Palaeontology and past environmental interpretation (04 hrs)

ii. Microvertebrates: Taxonomy, palaeoenvironment and ancient subsistence
iii. Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of India: new evidence
iv. Taphonomy
Unit 6: i. Archaeozoology: definition and scope (10 hrs)
ii. Archaeozoological techniques
iii. Quantification- NISP, MNI, weight, metrical studies
iv. Ageing and sexing methods
v. Animal domestication its theories, origins and aspects
vi. Holocene faunal record from archaeological sites in India
Unit 7: a. Dental and Bone Histology (6 hrs)

b. Archaeomalacology and Archaeoichthiology
c. Biomolecules in archaeology and palaeontology
i. Agrawal, D.P. and M. G. Yadav. 1995. Dating the Human Past, Pune: ISPQS Monograph
Series1.
ii. Andrews, Peter. 1990. Owls, Caves and Fossils. London: British Museum of Natural
History.
iii. Badam, G.L. 1979. Pleistocene Fauna of India, Pune: Deccan College.
iv. Badam, G.L. and Vijay Sathe. 1995. Palaeontological Research in India: Retrospect and
Prospect. Memoir 32, Geological Society of India, pp. 473-495.
v. Behrensmeyer, A.K. and A. Hill (eds.) 1980. Fossils in the Making: Taphonomy and
Palaeoecology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
vi. Bhattacharyya, A., Lamarche, V.C. and F.W. Telewski. 1988. Dendrochronological
Reconnaissance of the Conifers of Northwest India. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 48:21-30.
vii. Binford, L.R. 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York: Academic Press.
viii. Birks, H.J.B. and Hilary, H. Birks. 1980. Quaternary Palaeoecology, London: Edward
Arnold.
ix. Bokonyi, S. 1974. History of Domestic Animals in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest:
Academiai Kiado.
x. Brothwell, D. ancd E. Higgs (eds.) 1969. Science in Archaeology, 2nd Edition. London:
Thames and Hudson.
xi. Brothwell, D.R. and A.M. Pollard. 2001. Handbook of Archaeological Science, New York:
John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
xii. Bruce Smith 2000. Origins of Agriculture, New York: Plenum publications.
xiii. Bryant, V. Jr. and G.W. Dean 1975. The Coprolites of Man, American Antiquity, 32(1):
100-109.
xiv. Chattopadhyaya, U.C. 2002. Research in Archaeozoology of the Holocene Period

(Including the Harappan Tradition in India and Pakistan), In Indian Archaeology in
Retrospect, Vol.III: Archaeology and Interactive Disciplines (S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar
Eds.), pp. 365-422. New Delhi: ICHR, Manohar Publishers.
xv. Child, A.M. and A.M. Pollard. 1992. A Review of the Applications of Immunochemistry to
Archaeological Bone, Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 39-47
xvi. Clason, A.T. 1975. Archaeozoological Studies, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
xvii. Classen, C. 1998. Shells, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
xviii. Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times, London: British Museum
Natural History.
xix. Clutton_Brock, J. 1989. The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and
Predation. London: Unwin Hyman.
xx. Colbert, E.H. 1969. Evolution of the Vertebrates. 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
xxi. Dina F. Dinacauze. 2000. Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
xxii. Deotare, B.C., Kajale, M.D., Rajaguru, S.N., Kusumgar, S., Jull, A.J.T. and J.D. Donahue
2004 Palaeoenvironmental History of Bap-Malar and Kanod playas of Western Rajasthan,
Thar Desert. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences,
113 (3):403-425.
xxiii. Deotare, B.C. 2006 Late Holocene climatic change : Archaeological evidence from Purna
basin, Maharashtra. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 68: 517-526.
xxiv. Deotare, B.C., M.D. Kajale, S. Mishra, V.D. Gogte and S. N. Rajaguru 2001 DST project
(ESS/CA/A3-08/92) completion report on Lacustrine Record, In Quaternary Stratigraphy
and Paleoenvironmental History of the Thar Desert- Project completion report
(A.K.Singhvi, S.K. Tandon and R.P. Dhir PI) PRL, Ahmedabad, pp. 83-136.
xxv. Deotare, B.C., M.D. Kajale, A.A. Kshirsagar and S.N. Rajaguru. 1998. Geoarchaeological
and Palaeoenvironmental Studies around Bap-Malar playa, Disrict Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
Current Science 75 (3):316-320.
xxvi. Elizabeth, J. Reitz and E.S. Wing. 1999. Zooarcheology, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
xxvii. Harris, D.R. and Gordon Hillmann. 1989. Foraging and Farming- Evoloution of Plant
Exploitation. London: Unwin and Hyman.
xxviii. Herrmann, B. and S. Hummel. 1994. Ancient DNA. New York: Springer-Verlag.
xxix. Hillson, Simon. 1986. Teeth (Cambridge Mammals in Archaeology). London: Cambridge
University Press.
xxx. Horowitz, A. 1992. Palynology of Arid Lands, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
xxxi. Huston, M.A. 1991. Biological Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
xxxii. Grayson, D.K. 1984. Quantitative Zooarchaeology. Orlando: Academic Press.
xxxiii. Joglekar, P.P. 1991. A Biometric Approach to Faunal Remains of Western India with
Special Reference to Kaothe and Walki. Ph.D. Thesis. Pune: University of Pune.
xxxiv. Kajale, M.D. 1991. Current Status of Indian Palaeoethnobotany: Introduced and Indigenous
Food Plants with a Discussion of the Historical Development of Indian Agriculture and
Agricultural System in general, In New Light on Early Farming (Jane Renfrew Ed.)
Edinburgh: University Press, pp. 155-190.
xxxv. Kajale, M.D., Mulholland, S. and G. Rapp Jr. 1995. Application of Phytolith Analysis: A
Potential Tool for Quaternary Environmental and Archaeological Investigations in the
Indian Sub-continent. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India No. 32, pp 530-544.
xxxvi. Kermark, D.M. and K.A. Kermark. 1984. The Evolution of Mammalian Characters.
London: Croom Helm.
xxxvii. Kshirsagar, A.A. 1993. The Role of Fluorine in Chronometric Dating of Indian Stone Age
Cultures, Man and Environment 18 (2):23-32.
xxxviii. Leiggi, Patrick and Peter May 1994. Vertebrate Palaeontological Techniques, Volume 1.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
xxxix. Martin, Ronald E. 1999. Taphonomy: A Process Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.
xl. Meadow, R.H. 1981. Early Animal Domestication in South Asia: a First Report on the
Faunal Remains from Mehrgarh, Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology 1979 (H. Hartel
Ed.) pp.143-79. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
xli. Meadow, R.H. and Ajita K. Patel. 1997. A Comment on 'Horse Remains from Surkotada'
by Sandor Bokonyi, South Asian Studies 13:308-15
xlii. Meadow, R.H. and Ajita K. Patel. 2002. From Mehrgarh to Harappa and Dholavira:
Prehistoric Pastoralism in North-Western South Asia Through the Harappan period In
Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vo.II, Protohistory, Archaeology of the Harappan
Civilization (S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar Eds.), pp. 391-408. New Delhi: ICHR, Manohar
Publishers.
xliii. Meighan, C. 1969. Molluscs as Food Remains in Archaeological Sites, In Science in

Archaeology (Brothwell, D. and Higgs E. Eds.), London: Thames and Hudson. Pp.415-422
xliv. Metcalfe, C.R. and L. Chalk. 1979. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
xlv. Misra, V.N. and Peter Bellwood (eds.) 1985. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory.
New Delhi: Oxford - IBH.
xlvi. Moore P.D., J.A. Webb and M.E. Collinson. 1991. Pollen Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
xlvii. Morlan, R. E. 1994. Rodent bones in archaeological sites. Canadian Journal of

Archaeology 18. 135-142.
xlviii. Naik, Satish S. and B. C. Deotare 2008-09. (2010) Value of Non-pollen Palynomorphs as
Palaeo-environmental indicators from Archaeological site of Chaul, Maharashtra. Bulletin
of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, 68-69:125-136.
xlix. Odum, E.P. 1997. Ecology. Sunderlands: Sinauer.
l. Patnaik, R. 2003. Reconstruction of Upper Siwalik Palaeocology and Palaeoclimatology

using microfossil palaeocommunities. Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology and
Palaeogeography (special volume).197(1-2):133-150.
li. Pearsall, D. and D. Piperno 1993. Current Research in Phytolith Analysis - Applications in
Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Philadelphia MASCA: University of Pennsylvania.
lii. Reed, C. 1977. Origins of Agriculture. Hague: Mouton Publishers.
liii. Piper, P.J. and Terry O’Connor 2001. Urban small vertebrate taphonomy: A case study
from Anglo-Scandinavian York. International journal of Osteoarchaeology 5 (11). 336-
344.
liv. Renfrew, J. (ed.) 1991. New Light on Early Farming: Recent Developments in
Palaeoethnobotany. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
lv. Romer, A.S. 1966. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 3rd Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
lvi. Sathe, Vijay. 2000. Enamel ultrastructure of cattle from Quaternary period of India,
Environmental Archaeology 5, 133-141.
lvii. Sathe, Vijay. 2003. Taxonomic interpretations of tooth enamel ultrastructure in cattle and
buffalo. Archives of the Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel (Published by the
Association for Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel, Hokkaido University Graduate
School of Oral Medicine, Sapporo, Japan) 8, 28-35.
lviii. Sathe, Vijay. 2005. Functional interpretations of tooth enamel ultrastructure in large
herbivores. Archives of the Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel (Published by the
Association for Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel, Hokkaido University Graduate
School of Oral Medicine, Sapporo, Japan) vol. 9, pp. 31- 38.
lix. Sathe, Vijay, 2007. Environmental Archives: Rock Art and the Pleistocene Fauna, in
Sharma, R.K. (ed.) History, Archaeology & Culture of Narmada valley. New Delhi:
Sharada Publishing House. Pp. 19-29.
lx. Sathe, Vijay 2012. The Lion-Bull Motifs of Persepolis: The Zoogeographic Context. In
Iranian Journal of Archaeological studies 2 (1): 75-85
lxi. Sathe, Vijay 2013. Microvertebrate Assemblage from Kopia. In: Kanungo, Alok (ed.)
Glass in Ancient India Excavations at Kopia. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Council for
Historical Research. ISBN 8185499462
lxii. Shipman, Pat 1981. Life History of a Fossil: An Introduction to Taphonomy and
Palaeoecology. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
lxiii. Simpson, G.G. 1945. The Principles of Classification and A Classification of Mammals,
Ecology 36: 327-337.
lxiv. Thomas, P.K. 1977. Archaeozoological Aspects of the Prehistoric Culture of Western
India. Ph. D. Thesis. Pune: University of Pune.
lxv. Thomas, P.K. 1989. Utilization of Domestic Animals in Pre-and Protohistoric India, in The
Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation (J. Clutton- Brock
Ed.), pp. 108- 112. London: Unwin Hyman.
lxvi. Thomas, P.K. and P.P. Joglekar. 1994. Holocene Faunal Studies in India, Man and
Environment Vol. 19 (1&2):179-204.
lxvii. Thomas, P.K. and P.P. Joglekar. 1995. Faunal Studies in Archaeology, in Quaternary
Environments and Geoarchaeology of India (Statira Wadia, Ravi Korisettar and Vishwas S.
Kale Eds.), Memoir 32:496-514. Bangalore: Geological Society of India.
lxviii. Thomas, P.K. 2000. Animal Subsistence in the Chalcolithic Culture of Western India (with
special reference to Balathal) Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 19 Vol.3: 147-
151 (Melaka Papers), Australian National University.
lxix. Thomas, P.K. 2002. Investigations into the Archaeofauna of Harappan sites in Western
India, In Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vo.II, Protohistory, Archaeology of the
Harappan Civilization (S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar Eds.), pp. 409-420. New Delhi: ICHR,
Manohar Publishers.
lxx. Thomas, K.D. 1993. Molecular Biology and Archaeology: a Prospectus for Inter-
disciplinary Research, World Archaeology 25(1): 1-17.
lxxi. Van Der Geer, ALexandra 2007. Animals in Stone: Indian fauna depicted through time, a
blend of zoology and art history in Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 2 South Asia,
21.Leiden: Brill publishers (ISBN-13 978 90 04 16819 0, ISSN 0169-9377.
lxxii. Waselkov, G. 1987. Shellfish Gathering and Shell Midden Archaeology, In Advances in
Archaeological Method and Theory Vol. XI (M.B. Schiffer, Ed. ), San Diego: Academic
Press pp. 93-210.
lxxiii. Wesley Cowan C. and Patty Jo Watson. 1992. The Origins of Agriculture: An International
Perspective, Washington: Smithsonian Institutional press.
lxxiv. Zeuner, F.E. 1963. A History of Domesticated Animals. London: Hutchinson.
lxxv. Zittel, von K.A. 1925. Text Book of Palaeontology, 3 vols. London: Macmillan & Co.
ARC 308: ADVANCED ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Course Objectives:
The primary objective of this course is to introduce the major theories used in archaeology. The
objectives are:
(1) To provide a methodological foundation for archaeological interpretation, as well give an
idea of global perspective on changes occurring in the discipline.
(2) To introduce analytical processes developed by different schools of archaeological thought,
and the range of approaches currently available in studying material culture.
(3) To introduce the process of research in a formal way, techniques of report writing and
presentation skills.
Course Outcomes:
By the end of the course students will be able to:
(1) Understand basic features of various theories and thoughts used in archaeological
interpretations
(2) Formulate a research proposal and decide on appropriate materials and methods of analysis
(3) Present the findings and the process of conducting research in written and verbal formats.
Unit 1: Introduction to Trends in Archaeological Theory (9 hrs)

i. Importance of theory in archaeology
ii. Changes in archaeological theory: from culture-historical perspective
iii. New archaeology and related developments
iv. Middle Range theory, Behavioral archaeology and ethno archaeology
v. Beyond New archaeology: introduction to contemporary theories.
Unit 2:Epistemology and Philosophy of Science (8 hrs)

i. Knowledge theories before emergence of science
ii. Nature and types of knowledge:
iii. Rationalism, positivism, empiricism and critical theory
iv. Realism and relativism
Unit 3:Post-Processual Perspectives (10 Hrs)
i. Structuralism
ii. Post-structuralism: Deconstructionism
iii. Marxist archaeology
iv. Gender archaeology: Feminism
v. Post-modernism
Unit 4: Fundamentals of Logic (5 hrs)

i. Induction and Deduction
ii. Hypothetico-Deductive Method
iii. Inductive-Statistical Method
iv. Analogy
v. Fallacies
Unit 5: Research process (7 hrs)

i. Seven Stages of research process
ii. Types of research designs
iii. Variables and sampling
iv. Virtues of a researcher
v. Writing a Research proposal
Unit 6:Report Writing and Presentation (6 hrs)

i. Types of presentations
ii. Structure of dissertation and thesis
iii. Style of writing: what to do and what not to do
iv. Poster Presentation
v. Public/Oral Presentation
i. Beall, J.C. 2010. Logic: The Basics. Oxford: Routledge.

ii. Binford, L.R. 1983. Working at Archaeology. New York Academic Press.
iii. Binford, L.R. 1989. Debating Archaeology. New York Academic Press.
iv. Chaudhary, C.M. 1991. Research Methodology, Jaipur: RBSA.
v. Cohen, M.R. and E. Nagel 1976. An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method. Mumbai:
Allied Publishers.
vi. De Groot, A.D. 1969. Methodology. Hague: Mouton.
vii. Gellner, E. 1985. Relativism and Social Sciences. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
viii. Goode, W.J. and P.K. Hatt 1952. Methods in Social Research. Tokyo McGraw Hill.
ix. Gupta, Anil 2006. Empiricism and Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
x. Hodder, I. 1992. Theory and Practice in Archaeology. London: Routledge.
xi. Hodder, I. 1995. Interpreting Archaeology Finding Meaning in the Past. New York:
Routledge.
xii. Joglekar, P.P. 2014. Research Methodology for Archaeology Students. Pune: Gayatri
Sahitya.
xiii. Jones, Andrew 2004. Archaeological Theory and Scientific Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge
Press.
xiv. Kelley, J.H. and M.P. Hanen 1990. Archaeology and the Methodology of Science.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
xv. Mates, Benson 1972. Elementary Logic. New York: Oxford University Press.
xvi. Marczyk, Geoffrey, David DeMatteo and David Festinger 2005. Essentials of Research
Design and Methodology. Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley & Sons.
xvii. Munson, R. 1976. The Way of Life: An Informal Logic. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
xviii. Paddayya, K. 1990. New Archaeology and Aftermath View from Outside the Anglo American
World. Pune: Ravish Publishers
xix. Paddayya, K. 2002. A Review of Theoretical Perspectives in Indian Archaeology,
in S. Settar and R. Korisettar (Ed.) Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vol. IV, pp.117
157. New Delhi: ICHR and Manohar.
xx. Paddayya, K. 2016. Revitalizing Indian Archaeology. Two volumes. Delhi:
xxi. Phelan, J.W. 2005. Philosophy. Themes and Thinkers. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
xxii. Preucel, R. (ed). 1991. Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies Multiple Ways
of Knowing the Past. Carbondale (Illinois): Southern Illinois University Press.
xxiii. Rosenau, P.M. 1992. Post modernism and the Social Sciences. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
xxiv. Salmon, W.C. 1984. Scientific Explanation and Causal Structures of the World.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
xxv. Schiffer, M.B. 1995. Behavioral Archaeology: First Principles. Salt Lake City University
of Utah Press.
xxvi. Shanks, M. and C. Tilley. 1987. Social Theory as Archaeology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
xxvii. Sharma, K.R. 2002. Research Methodology. New Delhi: National Publishing House.
xxviii. Thakur, D. 2003. Research Methodology in Social Sciences. New Delhi: Deep and Deep.
ARC 310: HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to look at the detailed archaeological record of the Harappan
civilization, the earliest in the Indian subcontinent
Course Outcome:
Students gain familiarity with the rise and decline of the Harappan Civilization, its regional
extent and variation and the nature of its cities and material remains.
Unit 1: Civilization (7 hrs)

i. Definition and various characteristic features
ii. Research on the Harappan Culture- Pre Independence and Post independence era a
theoretical approach.
Unit 2: Pre/Early Harappan cultures of (15 hrs)

i. Pakistan
ii. India
Unit 3: Mature Harappan (20 hrs)

i. Geographical Distribution and Settlement Pattern
ii. Harappan Domains system
iii. Public and Private Architecture
iv. Trade Hinterland and overseas, trade mechanism, transport facility, craft
specialization etc.
v. Harappan script various theories about the decipherment, and the present status.
vi. Social, Political, Religious and Economic organization
vii. Subsistence of the Harappans plant and animal diet, agriculture and agriculture
system, water management, exploitation of natural resources, etc.
Unit 4: Decline and the Late Harappan (5 hrs)

i. Various factors and theories about the Harappan Decline and consequences
ii. Late Harappan phase in Sindh, Cholistan, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat
and Western U.P.
iii. Harappan legacy
i. Anindya Sarkar, , Arati Deshpande Mukherjee, Navin Juyal, P. Morthekai, M. K. Bera,

R.D. Deshpande, V. S. Shinde and L. S. Rao 2016. Oxygen isotope in archaeological
bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age
Harappan civilization, Nature Scientific reports 6.
ii. Asthana, Shashi 1985. Pre Harappan C u l t u r e s of India and Borderlands. New
Delhi: Books and Books.
iii. Agrawal D.P. and D. Chakrabarti (Eds.) Essays in Indian Protohistory. New Delhi: D.K.
Publishers
iv. Bisht, R. S. 1989. The Harappan colonization of Kutch: an ergonomic study with reference
to Dholavira and Surkotada. In K. Deva and L. Gopal (Eds.) History and Art (pp. 265‐72).
Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhavan.
v. Bisht, R.S. 2000. Urban Planning at Dholavira: A Harappan City. In J. M. Malville and
L.M. Gujral (Eds.), Ancient Cities, Sacred Skies: Cosmic Geometries and City Planning in
Ancient India (pp. 11‐23). New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
vi. Chakrabarti, D.K. 1990. The External Trade of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal.
vii. Dales, G. F. 1966. The Decline of the Harappans, Scientific American 214 (5): 93‐100.
viii. Dales, G.F. and J.M. Kenoyer. 1986. Excavations at Mohenjo Daro: The Pottery.
Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania.
ix. Fairservis, Walter, A. 1967. The Origin, Character and Decline of an Early Civilization.
American Museum Novitates 2: 302:1 48.
x. Fairservis, Walter, A. 1992. The Harappan Civilization and its Writing. New Delhi:
xi. Hargreaves, H. 1929. Excavations in Baluchistan 1925, Sampur Mound, Mastung and Sohr
Damb, Nal, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 35: 17‐89.
xii. Jarrige, J.F. and R.H. Meadow 1980. The Antecedents of Civilizations in the Indus Valley.
Scientific American 243(2): 122 133.
xiii. Joshi, J.P. 2008. Harappan Architecture and Civil Engineering. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
xiv. Kenoyer, J.M. 1991. The Indus Valley Traditions of Pakistan and Western India, Journal of
World Prehistory 5(4):331 385.
xv. Kenoyer, J.M. 1992. Harappan Craft Specialization and the Question of Urban
Segregation and Stratification, The Eastern Anthropologist 45(1&2):39- 54.
xvi. Kenoyer, J.M. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford
University Press.
xvii. Kenoyer, J.M. 2008. Indus Civilization in Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Vol.1(Ed.
Deborah M. Pearsall) pp.715-733. New York: Academic Press.
xviii. Khan, F. A. 1964. Excavations at Kot Diji, Pakistan Archaeology 1: 39‐43.
xix. Lal, B.B. and S.P. Gupta (eds.) 1984. Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi:
Books and Books.
xx. Madella M, Fuller DQ (2006) Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia:
a reconsideration, Quaternary Sci Rev 25:1283–1301.
xxi. McIntosh, J., 2007. The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO, Santa
Barbara.
xxii. Majumdar, N. G. 1934. Explorations in Sind. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of
India, 48: 1‐172.
xxiii. Mughal, M.R. 1997. Ancient Cholistan. Lahore: Ferozsons.
xxiv. Mughal, M.R. 1990. Further Evidence of the Early Harappan Culture in the Greater
Indus Valley, South Asian Studies 6:175 200.
xxv. Possehl, G.L. (ed.) 1979. Ancient Cities of the Indus. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House.
xxvi. Possehl, G.L. 1980 Indus Civilization in Saurashtra. Delhi: B.R. Publishing House.
xxvii. Possehl, G.L. (ed.) 1993 Harappan Civilization A Recent Perspective. New Delhi:
xxviii. Possehl, G.L. 1999. Indus Age The Beginnings. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH.
xxix. Possehl, G.L. 1992. The Harappan Civilization in Gujarta: The Sorath and Sindhi
Harappans, Eastern Anthropologist 45(1‐2):117‐154.
xxx. Possehl, G.L. and C.F. Herman 1990. The Sorath Harappan A New Regional Manifestation
of the Indus Urban Phase in South Asian Archaeology Vol.1(Eds. M. Taddei and P.
Calliero) pp. 295-319. Roma: Instituto Italiano peril Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
xxxi. Rao, S.R. 1963. Excavations at Rangpur and Other Explorations in Gujarat, Ancient India
18 19:5 207.
xxxii. Rao, S.R. 1973. Lothal and the Indus Civilization. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
xxxiii. Ratnagar, S. 1981. Encounters. The Westerly Trade of the Harappan Civilization.
Delhi: Oxford University Press.
xxxiv. Ratnagar, S. 1991. Enquiries into the Political Organization of Harappan Society.
Pune: Ravish Publishers.
xxxv. Ratnagar, S., 2006. Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley.
Tulika Books, New Delhi.
xxxvi. Shirvalkar, P. 2013. Pre and Early Harappan Cultures of Western India with special
Reference to Western India. Delhi: Agamkala Prakashan.
xxxvii. Weber, Steve, Arunima Kashyap, and David Harriman 2010 Does size matter: the role and
significance of cereal grains in the Indus civilization, Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 2(1): 35-43.
xxxviii. Wheeler, R.E.M. 1968. The Indus Civilization. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
xxxix. Wright RP 2010. The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy and Society. Cambridge:
ARC 311: INTRODUCTION TO MUSEOLOGY
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the purpose and functioning of
museums. The importance of museums in linking archaeology with public education is stressed.
Course Outcomes:
Students learn the basic functions of museums and their activities. Conservation, education,
exhibition collection, documentation and research and legislation relating to museum are the
major topics students learn about.
Unit 1: Definition and Functions of Museum ( 4 hrs)

i. Definition of Museum,
ii. Aims and functions of Museum.
iii. Museums in the age globalization
iv. Types of Museums and their classification
Unit 2: Collection, Documentation and Research (6 hrs)

i. Aims, methods and ethics of collection.
ii. Documentation; identification, classification, accessing, cataloguing, indexing, data processing,
information retrieval, computerization, insurance of museum objects, accessing photographic record
of museum collection.
iii. Principles of classification and methods of identification of museum materials, terminology for
describing museum objects.
iv. Research in museum, examples of museum contribution to research, research facilities.
Unit 3: Museums in India; Their History, Collection and Other Activities (5 hrs)
i. National Museum, New Delhi.
ii. Indian Museum, Kolkata.
iii. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, formerly Prince of Wales
Museum, Mumbai.
iv. Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad.
v. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal.
Unit 4: Museum Architecture and Exhibition; (6 hrs)
i.Planning and maintenance of museum building, public and service area.
ii.Lighting in relation to museum architecture and exhibition.
iii.Storage of reserve collection and problems of security.
iv. Kinds of exhibition, planning and programming of exhibition – special, temporary,
circulating and permanent, methods of grouping and installation, various stages of
planning, role of designer.
v. Display techniques.
Unit 5: Museum Education (6 hrs)

i. General theories and principles of museum communication.
ii. Museum and the public, public facility, educational, scientific, and cultural responsibility
of museum knowledge of the community and museum audience.
iii. Extension programme, mobile museum, workshops, fieldtrips, radio and television.
Unit 6: Conservation and Preservation (6 hrs)

i. Types of museum material.
ii. Climatology, Deterioration factors – their recognition and control, climate and
environment; light, insects, microorganisms, atmospheric pollution, curatorial
responsibilities in preservation and conservation.
iii. Conservation of organic material such as manuscripts, wood, paper, ivory and bone objects.
iv. Conservation of inorganic material such as stone, terracotta, glass and metal.
v. Conservation of biological material, plants and animals.
Unit 7: Professional Organizations related to Museums (3 hrs)

i. International Council of Museums (ICOM)
ii. Museums Association of India (MAI)
iii. Special bodies related with Museum.
iv. Information about various Museology courses in India.
Unit 8: Museum Administration (6 hrs)

i. Museum staff and their duties.
ii. Museum finance and general maintenance
iii. Museum and Public Relations, visitors facilities
iv. Supervision and security.
Unit 9: Legislation Concerning Museums (3 hrs)
i. The Indian Treasure-Trove Act 1878.
ii. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958.
iii. Antiquity and Art Treasure Act 1972.
i. Agrawal O.P. 1977. Care and Preservation of Museum Objects, New Delhi: National
ii. Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property.
iii. Aiyappan A. & S.T.Satyamurti 1960. Handbook of Museum Technique, Madras: Sup.
Govt. Press.
iv. Basu M.N. 1943. Museum Method & Process of Cleaning & Preservation, C u l c u t t a :
University of Culcutta.
v. Baxi Smita J. and V. Dwivedi 1973. Modern Museum Organization and Practice in India,
vi. New Delhi: Abhinav Publication.
vii. Bedekar V.H. (Ed.) 1988. New Museology and Indian Museum: Report based on
proceedings of All India Seminar held at Gauhati, Assam.
viii. Bhatnagar A. 1999. Museum, Museology and New Museology, New Delhi: Sandeep
ix. Prakashan.
x. Biswas T.K. 1996. Museum and Education, New Delhi: New Age International.
xi. Chaudhari A.R. 1963. Art museum documentation & Practical h a n d l i n g ,
Hyderabad: Chaudhary & Chaudhary.
xii. Edson G. & Dean David 1994. Handbook for Museums, London: Routledge.
xiii. Hooper Greenhill E. (Ed.) 1994. Educational Role of the Museum, London: Routledge.
xiv. Light R.B. et al. 1986. Museum Documentation System: Developments and
Application, London: Butterworths.
xv. Moore Kevin (Ed.) 1994. Museum Management, London: Routledge.
xvi. Pearce S.M. (Ed.) 1994. Interpreting Objects and Collections, London: Routledge.
Pearce S.M. 1990. Archaeological Curatorship, London: Leicester University
Press.
xvii. Plenderleith H.J. 1071. Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Arts in India, Delhi:
Sandeep Prakashan.
xviii. Taylor S. (Ed.) 1991. Try it! Improving exhibits through formative evaluation,
Washington: Asso.of sc. tech. centre.
xix. UNESCO Publication 1960. The Organization of Museum: Practical A d v i c e , Paris:
UNESCO.
ARC 312: CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the key concepts of Heritage
management, including the definition and scope of the subject and its implementation in the
Indian context.
Course Outcomes:
Students are prepared in this course with the issues related to Heritage management.
Unit 1 a. Heritage: Definition and scope 5 hrs

b. Types of Heritage cultural and Natural
c. Need for preservation and conservation of heritage
Unit 2 a. World Heritage Movement 10 hrs

b Role of International Organizations, e.g.
c. UNESCO World Heritage Monuments
d. World Heritage Monuments in India
Unit 3 a. History of Cultural Heritage in India 10 hrs

b. Role of Government bodies
c. Indian Legislation about Cultural Heritage
d. Role of Non-Government Organizations and Universities
Unit 4 a. Heritage Management: Policy and Practice 10 hrs

b. Developmental issues and their impacts
c. Impact of natural factors, e.g. natural calamities
d. Illegal trade of art objects and smuggling
Unit 5 a. Public participation in preservation of cultural heritage 10 hrs

b. Enhancing public awareness: formal and non-formal
c. education Tourism and cultural heritage
i. Batra, M. L. 1996. Conservation: Preservation and Restoration of Monuments. New Delhi:

ii. Basham, A.L. 2007. The Illustrated Cultural History of India. Oxford University Press.
Bhandari, N.K. 2007. Cultural Heritage of India. Delhi: Eastern Book Corporation.
Bhowmik, S. K. 2004 Heritage Management: Care, Understanding and Appreciation of
Cultural Heritage. Jaipur: Publication Scheme.
iii. Biswas, Sachindra Sekhara. 1999. Protecting the Cultural Heritage (National
Legislation and International Conservation). New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
iv. Deshpande, M. N. 1994. Care of Cultural Heritage. New Delhi: National Museum Institute.
Dhawan, Shashi. 1996. Recent Trends in Conservation of Art Heritage. Delhi: Agam Kala
Prakashan.
v. Ghoshmaulik, S. K. and K.K. Bass 2001. Understanding Heritage: Role of Museum.
Bhubaneswar: Academic Staff College.
vi. Howard, Peter. 2003. Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity. London: Continuum.
Paddayya, K . P a d d a y a a 2 0 0 4 . Heritage management with special reference to
modern impacts on archaeology sites of lower Deccan. Deccan Studies 1 (2): 7-24.
vii. P.R.Rao 1988. Cultural Heritage of India. Delhi: Sterling.
viii. Renfrew, C. 2000. Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership. London: Duckworth.
ix. Singh, L.K. 2008. Indian Cultural Heritage from Tourism Perspective. Delhi: ISHA
Books.
x. Thapar, B.K. 1989 Conservation of the Indian Heritage. New Delhi: Cosmo Publication.
SYLLABUS
IN
ARCHAEOLOGY
SEMESTER IV
(UNDER CBCS)
DECCAN COLLEGE
2017
ARC401: ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA (600 C.E. to 1200C.E.)
Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to introduce the major developments in art and architecture in
India during the Medieval Period.
Course Outcomes:
Students become familiar with the monuments and sculptures of India during the period covered
in the course.
Unit 1: Theoretical Aspects and Development of Regional Schools (3hrs)

i. Brief review of the ancient Shilpa texts
ii. Concept of Forms, Styles and Modes of Temple Architecture
iii. Rise and Development of Regional Schools.
Unit 2: Early Structural Temples in North, Central, and Western India (8hrs)
i. General Review of Post-Gupta Monuments and Sculptures in Northern India
ii. Pratiharas: Deogarh, Gwalior, Gyaraspur
iii. Asian group of temples in Rajasthan
iv. Kalchuris: Candrehe, Bheraghat, Maihar
v. Maitrakas and Saindhavas: Gop.Khimeshvara, Ghumali, Miyani
Unit 3: Late Structural Temples in North, Central, and Western India (8hrs)
i. Paramaras:Udaypur,Jamali,Nemawar
ii. Solanki: Sunak, Modhera, Sejakpur, Dilwarac. Chandellas: Khajuraho
group of temples
Unit 4: Structural Temples and monuments:Eastern India (4hrs)

i. Development and Characteristics of Kalinga style of Temple Art and
Architecture
ii. Parshurameshvara, Mukteshvara, lingaraj and Konark sun temple
Midterm
Unit 5: Rock-cut Monuments, Structural Temples and Sculptures: Deccan (12hrs)
i. Chalukyas of Badami: Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal, Mahakuta
ii. Rock-cut caves at Elephanta
iii. Rashtrakutas: Alampur Group of Temples, Ellora Rock-cut caves and
Monolithic temples
iv. Chalukyas of Kalyana: Gadag, Ittagi, Harihar and Laksmeshvara.
v. Yadavas: Sinnar, Balasane and Jhodge
vi. Shilaharas: Ambarnath and Khidrapur
vii. Study of temple Architecture – Practical Training of Plan drawing.
Unit 6: Rock-cut Monuments, Structural Temples and Sculptures: South India (8hrs)
i. Pallavas: Mahabalipuram and Kanchipuram
ii. Pandyas:KalugumalaiandTirupattur
iii. Cholas:Kumbhakonam,Tanjavur,Gangaikonda cholapuram and Darasuram,
iv. Hoyasalas:Belur,HalebidandSomanathpur
Unit 7: Bronzes of India (2 hrs)

i. The Pallavas and The Cholas of South India
ii. The Palas of the Senas of Eastern India
i. Acharya, P. K. 1927. Indian Architecture According to Manasara – Shilpashatra. London:
ii. Ali, Rahman 2002. Temples of Madya Pradesh - The Paramara Art. New Delhi: Sundeep
Prakashan
iii. Bandyopadhyay, Bimal. 1981. Metal Sculptures of Eastern India. Delhi: Sundeep
Prakashan. Deglurkar, G. B. 1994. Temple Architecture and Sculpture of Maharashtra. Nagpur: Nagpur
University.
iv. Berkson, Carmel 1992. Ellora: Concept and Style. New Delhi: IGNCA and Abhinav
Publications.
v. Brown, Percy 1940. Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Periods). Bombay: D. B.
Taraporevala Sons and Co.
vi. Chandra, Pramod (ed) 1975. Studies in Indian Temple Architecture. New Delhi: American
Institute of Indian Studies.
vii. Collyer, Kelleson 1990. The Hoyasala Artists Their Identity and Style. Mysore: Directorate
of Archaeology and Museums.
viii. Deglurkar, G. B. 2004. Portrayal of the Women in the Art and Literature of the Ancient
Deccan. Jaipur: Publications Scheme.
ix. Deglurkar, G. B. 2005. Sursundari. Pune: Bhartiya Vidhya Bhavan (in Marathi).
x. Dehejia, Vidya 1986. Yogini Cult and Temples A Tantric Tradition. New Delhi: National
Museum.
xi. Dehejia, Vidya 1990. The Art of Imperial Cholas. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
xii. Dehejia, Vidya 1979. Early Stone Temples of Orissa. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
xiii. DeLippe, Aschwin 1978. Indian Medieval Sculpture. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing
Co. Desai, Vishakh and Darielle Mason (eds) 1993. Gods, Guardians and Lovers. New
York and Ahmedabad: Asia Society Galleries and Mapin Publishing.
xiv. Deva, Krishna 1990. Temples of Khajuraho (2 vols.). New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of
India.
xv. Deva, Krishna 1995. Temples of India (2vols.) New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
xvi. Dhaky, M.A.1961. The Chronology of Solanki Temples of Gujarat, Journal of Madhya
Pradesh Itihas Parishad3:1-83.
xvii. Dhaky, M.A.1965.The Vyala Figures on the Medieval Temples of India. Varanasi: Prithvi Prakashan
xviii. Dhaky, M.A.1977.TheIndianTempleFormsinKarnatakaInscriptionsandArchitecture.
Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
xix. Dhaky, M.A.(ed.)1996.EncyclopediaofIndianTempleArchitecture.Vol.I,Part3,South India:
Upper Dravida desa LaterP hase A.D. 973-1326. Delhi: American Institute of Indian
Studies and Oxford University Press.
xx. Dhaky,M.A.(ed.)1998.Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture. Vol.II, Part 3, North
India: Beginnings of Medieval IdiomCAD900-1000. Delhi: American Institute of Indian
Studies and IGNCA.
xxi. Dhaky, M.A.2005.TheIndianTempleTraceries.New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
xxii. Dhavalikar, M.K.1983.Masterpieces of Rashtrakuta Art: The Kailas.Bombay:
D.B.Taraporewala and Sons Pvt. Ltd.
xxiii. Donaldson, Thomas E. 1985. Hindu Temple Art of Orissa.(3vols.).Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Fergusson, James 1876. A History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. London: John
Murray. Foekema, G.1994 .HoyasalaArchitecture.New Delhi: Books and Books.
xxiv. Foekema, G. 2003. Chalukya Architecture (3 vols.) NewDelhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
xxv. Ganguly, O.C.1957.Art of Chandela. Calcutta: Rupa and Company.
xxvi. Handa, Devendra 1984. Osian: History, Archaeology, Art and Architecture. Delhi: Sundeep
Prakashan
xxvii. Hardy, Adam 1995. Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation. New Delhi:
Abhinav Publications.
xxviii. Hardy,Adam 2007.The Temple Architecture of India. Chichester: Wiley.
xxix. Harle, James 1986. The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Harmondsworth:
Penguin.
xxx. Huntington, Susana. L.with John Huntington. 1985. The Art and Architecture of India.
New York: Weatherhill.
xxxi. Kramrisch, Stella 2002 (Reprint) The Hindu Temples (2 vols.) New Delhi: Motilal
Banarasidas.
xxxii. Lockwood, Michael et.al. 2001. Pallava Art. Madras: Tambaram Research Associates.
xxxiii. Mathur, Asha Rani. 1988. The Great Traditions: Indian Bronze Masterpieces. New Delhi:
Festivals of India.
xxxiv. Meister, Michael W. and M.A. Dhaky (ed.) 1991. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple
Architecture. Vol.II, Part 2, North India: Period of Early Maturity CAD 700-900. Delhi:
American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford University Press.
xxxv. Meister, Michael W. and M.A. Dhaky (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple
Architecture. Vol.II, Part 1, North India: Foundations of North Indian Style C.250 B.C-A.D
1100. Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford University Press.
xxxvi. Meister, Michael W. (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture. Vol. I, Part 1,
South India: Lower Dravidadesa 200 B.C – A.D 1324. Delhi: American Institute of Indian
Studies and Manohar Publishers.
xxxvii. Meister, Michael W. and M.A. Dhaky (ed.) 1999. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple
Architecture. Vol. I, Part 2, South India: Upper Dravidadesa A.D 550 - 1075. Delhi:
American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford University Press.
xxxviii. Michell, George. 1977. The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Form.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
xxxix. Michell, George. (ed.) 1996. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture. Vol. I, Part 3,
South India: Upper Dravidadesa Later Phase. Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies.
xl. Misra, R. N. 1987. Sculptures of Dahala and Dakshina Kosala and Their Background.
Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
xli. Nanavati, J. M. and M. A. Dhaky. 1969. The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of
Gujarat. Ascona: Artibus Asiae.
xlii. Nanavati, J. M and M. A. Dhaky. 1963. The Ceilings in the temples of Gujarat, Bulletin of
the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery, Vols .XVI - XVII.
xliii. Parimoo, Ratan et al 1988. Ellora Caves: Sculptures and Architecture. New Delhi: Books
and Books.
xliv. Pichard, Pierre 1995. Thanjavur Brhadisvara, an Architectural Study. Delhi: IGNCA and
Ecole Francais ed el’ Extreme Orient.
xlv. Settar, S, 1992. Hoyasala Temples. Dharwad: Karnataka University.
xlvi. Shah, U. P. and M. A. Dhaky. 1976. Aspects of Jain Art and Architecture. Ahmedabad:
L.D.Institute.
xlvii. Sivaramamurty, C. 1961. Indian Sculpture. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
xlviii. Sivaramamurty, C. 1963. South Indian Bronzes. New Delhi: Lalit Kala Academy.
xlix. Soundara Rajan, K. V. 1972. Indian Temple Styles: The Personality of Hindu Architecture.
l. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
li. Soundara Rajan, K. V. 1980. Art of South India-Deccan. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
lii. Soundara Rajan, K. V. 1980. Art of South India: Tamil Nadu and Kerala. New Delhi:
Sundeep Prakashan
liii. Soundara Rajan, K. V. 1981. Cave Temples of the Deccan. New Delhi: Archaeological
Survey of India.
liv. Srinivasan, K. R. 1972. Temples of South India. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
lv. Srinivasan, K. R. 1964. Cave Temples of the Pallavas. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey
of India.
lvi. Tadgell, Christopher 1995. The History of Architecture in India. London: Phaidon
Press Ltd.
lvii. Tartakov, Gary Michael. 1997. The Durga temple at Aihole: Historiographical Study. New
lviii. Trivedy, R. D. 1990. The Temples of Pratihara Period in Central India. New Delhi:
Archaeological Survey of India.
ARC 402: ANCIENT INDIAN NUMISMATICS
Course Objectives:
To introduce the currency system of ancient India and acquaint the development in the coinage.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be able to identify and decipher the coins. They will also be able to understand
the socio-political background that accurse through the coinage of that time; thus getting
holistic picture of that economic system prevalent in ancient India.
Unit 1: Introduction to Numismatics (9 hrs)

i. Numismatography: History of Numismatic Studies in India
ii. Numismatic Studies: Terminology, Scope and Importance in the Reconstruction
of socio-cultural and economic History
iii. Provenance of Coin: Findings from Archaeological excavations and Stratigraphic
relevance, Stray findings, Hoards, Private and Public Collections
Unit 2: Study of Ancient Indian Coinage: polity-economic dimensions (20 hrs)

i. Different categories of the coins and weight standard as linked from the
historical text: Shatamana, Vimshatik and Karshapana series.
ii. Punch-Marked Coins: Archaic and Universal; Early Uninscribed Cast Copper Coins
(EUCCC)
iii. Coins of Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian dynasties, Tribal coins, Local Coins,
Coins of City States
iv. Coinage of the Kushanas
v. Coins of the Satavahanas and Contemporary Rulers
vi. Coins of the Western Kshatrapas: Kshaharata and Kardamaka Rulers
vii. C o i n s of the Sangama Period: Chera, Chola and Pandya
viii. Distribution of Roman Coins in India
ix. Coins of the Guptas
Unit 3: Chemical and Statistical Analyses of Coins (9 hrs)

i. Recent advancement in numismatic studies
ii. Metallurgy of Coins
iii. Minting Techniques
iv. Destructive and Non-destructive methods of Analysis
v. Statistical Analysis: Frequency Tables and Histograms
Unit 4: Practical Training (7 hrs)
i. Introduction of scripts: Brahmi, Kharoshthi and Greek
ii. Coin Cleaning: Treatment and Preservation
iii. Identification of coins, preparation of coin catalogue and report writing
i. Allan, J. 1935. Catalogue of Coins of Ancient India. London: British Museum.

ii. Altekar, A.S., 1937. Catalogue of Coins of the Gupta Empire. Varanasi: Numismatic
Society of India.
iii. Bhandarkar, D.R., 1921. Carmichael Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics. Calcutta:
Calcutta University.
i. Bharadwaj, H.C. 1979. Aspects of Ancient Indian Technology. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas.
Chattopadhyaya, Bhaskar 1967. The Age of the Kushanas – A Numismatic Study. Calcutta:
Punthi Pustak.
iv. Chattopadhyaya, Brajdulal 1977. Coins and C u r r e n c y S y s t e m in S outh India.
Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
v. Dasgupta, K.K. 1974. A Tribal History of Ancient India – A Numismatic Approach. Calcutta:
Nababharat Pablications.
vi. Datta, Mala 1990. A Study of the Satavahana coinage. Delhi: Harman Publishing House.
Dhavalikar, M.K. 1975. Pracheena Bharatiya Nanakshastra. Pune: Maharashtra Vidyapeeth
Granthanirmiti Mahamandal.
vii. Handa, Devendra 2007. Tribles Coins of Ancient India. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
Elliot, W. 1970. (Reprint) Coins of South India. Varanasi: Indological Book House.
Gardener, P. 1886. The Coinage of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in
British Museum. London: British Museum.
viii. Gokhale, Shobhana 1981. New Discoveries in the Satavahana Coinage, JNSI vol. XLIII: 54-59.
ix. Goyal, S.R. 1995. Dynastic Coins of Ancient India. Jodhpur: Kusumanjali Book World.
x. Gupta, P.L. 1979. (2nd Revised Edition) Coins. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
xi. Gupta, P.L. 1981. Coins: Source of Indian History. Ahmedabad: B.J. Institute of Learning
and Research.
xii. Gupta, P.L. and Sarojini Kulashreshtha 1993. Kushana Coins and History. New delhi: D.K.
Publishers.
xiii. Gupta, P.L. and T.R. Hardaker 1985. Ancient Indian Silver Punch-Marked Coins of the Magadha
– Maurya Karshapana Series. Nasik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies.
xiv. Jha, A.K. 1998. Observations on the Principles of Typology: A Study of Ancient Indian
Coinage, in Ex Moneta: Essays on Numismatics in Honour of Dr. David W. Macdowall
(A.K. Jha a n d S a n j a y G a r g ed s .) Volume I, p p . 33-42. N e w D e l h i : Harman
Publishing House.
xv. Jha, Amiteshwar and Dilip Rajgor 1994. Studies in the Coinage of Western Kshatrapas.
Anjaneri: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies.
xvi. Krishnamurti, R. 1997. Sangam Age Tamil Coins. Madras: Garnet Publishers. Lahiri, A.N.
1965. Corpus of Indo-Greek Coins. Calcutta Journal of the Numismatic Society of India,
Varanasi.
xvii. Mangalam, S.J. 2001. Shankar Tiwari Collection of Early Coins from Narmada Valley.
Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh.
xviii. Numismatic Digest A Journal Published by Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic
Studies, Anjaneri (Nasik).
xix. Rajgor, Dilip 2001. Punch-Marked Coins of Early Historic India. California: Reesha Books
International.
xx. Rapson, E.J. 1908. Catalogue of Coins of Andhra Dynasty, Western Kshatrapas etc.
London: British Museum.
xxi. Ray, S.C. 1977. The Stratigraphic Evidence of Coins in Indian Excavations and Some
Allied Issues. Varanasi: Numismatic Society of India.
xxii. Sahni, Birbal 1973. The Technique of Casting Coins in Ancient India. Varanasi: Bharatiya
Publishing House.
xxiii. Sarma, I.K. 1980. Coinage of the Satavahana Empire. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
xxiv. Shastri, A.M. (Ed.) 1972. Coinage of Satavahanas and Coins from Excavations, Nagpur:
Nagpur University.
xxv. Shastri, A.M. (Ed.) 1999. Age of the Satavahanas (two volumes): New delhi: Aryan
Prakashan. Srivastava, A.K. 1969. Catalogue of Indo-Greek Coins in the State Museum,
Lucknow. Lucknow: State Museum.
xxvi. Srivastava, A.K. 1972. Catalogue of Saka-Pahlava Coins of Northern India in the State
Museum, Lucknow. Lucknow: State Museum.
xxvii. Studies in South Indian Coins: A Journal Published by South Indian Numismatic
Society, Madras.
xxviii. Whitehead, R.B. 1910. Catalogue of Coins in the Punjab Museum, Lahore, Vol. I:
Indo- Greek Coins. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
ARC 403: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY
Course Objective:
The objective of this course is to become familiar with the ethnologies of different communities in
India and their relevance for understanding archaeological data.
Course Outcome:
Students are familiarized with the importance of ethnographic data as a source to understand
archaeological data.
Unit 1: Concepts in Ethnoarchaeology (10 hrs)

i. Nature and interrelationship of archaeological and ethnographic records: Role of
Analogy.
ii. Definition, scope and methods of ethnoarchaeology;
iii. Brief review of the Ethnoarchaeological researches in India.
iv. Ethnoarchaeology and reconstruction of past material culture; e.g. Settlement pattern,
technology, ceramics, food processing, etc.
Unit 2: Tribe and Caste (5 hrs)

i. The composition of Indian society
ii. Castes and tribes. Origin and evolution of the caste system in India and its archaeological
significance.
Unit 3: Ethnoarchaeological Studies In Indian Settings (16 hrs)

i. Forager/collector model to Palaeolithic and Mesolithic societies: e.g. Andaman
Islanders
ii. Ethnoarchaeological researches on the living hunter-gatherers in central, western and
southern regions of India. Pardhis, Van Vagris, Korkus, Gonds, Bastar, Birhors, Yanadis,
Chenchus, and Musahars. Veddas of Sri Lanka
iii. Present day shifting cultivation practices and their relevance to the study of
Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures of India.
iv. Ethnoarchaeology of the South Indian Neolithic culture
v. Ethnoarchaeological research for reconstructing the early agro-pastoral Chalcolithic
communities of central and western India; Mahadeo Kolis, Bhils and Dhangars.
vi. Living Megalithic tradition in India.
vii. Ethnoarcheology of fishing (inland and coastal) economies
viii. Ethnoarcheology of marginal resource utilization (shell fishing)
Unit 4: Ethnoarchaeological Studies Outside India: (8 Hrs)
i. Important Ethnoarchaeological studies of living hunter-gatherer societies outside
India: Eskimos of Alaska, Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert and Australian Aborigines
Unit 5: Ethonoarchaeological Applications for Sciences in Archaeology (6 hrs)

i. Role of analogy in problems pertaining to the application of
sciences in archaeology; biological anthropology, ethnobotany and archaeo-zoology.
i. Ajay Pratap 1987. Shifting Cultivation in the Rajmahal Hills of India, in Archaeology as
Long-term History, (Ed) Ian Hodder, pp. 68-83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ii. Ajay Pratap 2000. The Hoe and the Axe: Ethnohistory of Shifting Cultivation in Eastern
India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
iii. Allchin, B. 1985. Ethnoarchaeology in South Asia, in South Asian Archaeology 1983, (J.
Schotsmans and M. Taddei Eds.), pp 21-33 Napels: Instituto Universitario Orientale.
iv. Allchin, B. 1994. Living Traditions: South Asian Ethnoarchaeology. New Delhi: Oxford &
IBH Co Pvt Ltd.
v. Allchin, F. R. 1959. Poor Men’s Thalis : A Deccan Potter’s Technique, Bulletin of the
School of Oriental and African Studies, 22(2): 250-7.
vi. Ansari, S. 2000. Small game hunting Musahars: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach,
Puratattva, 30: 141-150.
vii. Ansari, S. 2001. Fishing Practices Among the Mallahs of Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh,
Man and Environment, 26 (1): 39-55.
viii. Ansari, S. 2005. Ethnoarchaeology of Prehistoric Settlement Pattern of South-Central Ganga
Valley, Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies Monograph Series No. 4,
Pune: Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies.
ix. Ansari, S. 2005. Prehistoric Settlement Pattern of South-Central Ganga Valley: An
Ethnoarchaeological Perspective in Gurudakshina: Facets of Indian Archaeology, (Ed.)
Alok Kumar Kanungo, pp. 287-328, Oxford: BAR International Series 1433.
x. Ansari, S. 2011. Ethnorar chaeological Perspectives of Prehistonic settlement Patterns of
South-Central Ganga Valley Oxford: BAR International Series.
xi. Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee 2000. An Ethnographic Account of Contemporary Shellfish
Gathering on the Konkan Coast, Maharashtra, Man and Environment 25 (2): 79-92.
xii. Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee 2006. Reconstructing the Past: Ethnographic Observation on Shell
working at Bishnupur, in Past and Present Ethnoarchaeology in India, (Gautam Sengupta,
Suchira Roychoudhury and Sujit Som Eds.), pp.383-409. Pragati Publications (New Delhi)
in collaboration with Centre for Archaeological Studies and Training Eastern India
(Kolkata).
xiii. Axel Steensberg. 1980. New Guinea Gardens: Study of Husbandry with Parellel in Prehistoric
Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
xiv. Axel Steensberg. 1986. Man the Manipulator. An Ethnoarchaeological Basis for
Reconstructing the Past, National Museum, Kopenhagen.
xv. Axel Steensberg. 1993. Fire Clearance Husbandry: Traditional Techniques throughout the
World, Poul Kristenseen, Hernig.
xvi. Bettinger, R.L. 1987. Archaeological Approaches to Hunter-Gatherer, Annual Review of
Anthropology 16: 121-142.
xvii. Bhan Kuldeep K. 2007 Review of Ethnoarcheological Research in Western India and
Future Directions, in Anthropology for Archaeology Proceedings of the Prof. Irawati
Karve Birth Centenary Seminar (Walimbe, S.R. P.P. Joglekar and K.K. Basa Eds.), pp. 63-
76. Pune: Deccan College.
xviii. Bichieri, M.G. 1972. Hunters and Gatherers Today. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Binford, L. R. 1988. In Pursuit of the Past. New York: Thames and Hudson.
xix. Binford, L.R. 1978. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press. Coles, J.
1973. Archaeology by Experiment. London: Hutchinson.
xx. Cooper, Z. 1992. The Relevance of the Forger/Collector Model to Island Communities in the
Bay of Bengal, Man and Environment 17(2): 111-122.
xxi. Cooper, Z. 1997. Prehistory of the Chitrakot Falls Central India. Pune: Ravish Publishers.
Cooper, Z. 2002. Archaeology and History: Early Settlement in the Andaman Islands. New
xxii. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1983. Ethnoarchaeology in India, Bulletin of the Deccan College Research
Institute 42: 49-68.
xxiii. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1994. Chalcolithic Architecture at Inamgaon and Walki: An
Ethnoarchaeological Study, in Living Traditions (Ed.) B. Allchin, pp 35-52. New Delhi:
Oxford-IBH.
xxiv. David N. And C. Kramer 2001. Ethnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
xxv. Gould, R.A. 1978. Beyond Analogy in Ethnoarchaeology, Explorations in Ethnological
Reasoning, and Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1 (4): 355-81.
xxvi. Gould, R.A.1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
xxvii. Griffin, P.B. and W.G. Solheim II. 1990. Ethnoarchaeological Research in Asia, Asian
Perspectives 28 (2): 145-161.
xxviii. Grigg, D.B. 1980. The Agricultural Systems of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
xxix. Jain, S.K. 1991. Contributions to Indian Ethnobotany. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers.
Jayaswal, V and K. Krishna 1986. An Ethnoarchaeological View of India Terracotta. New
Delhi: Agam Kala.
xxx. Jochim, M.A. 1976. Hunter Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement: A Predictive Model. New
York: Academic Press.
xxxi. Kanungo, A.K. 2004. Glass Beads in Ancient India and afurnace-Wound Beads at Purdalpur:
An Ethnoarchaeological Approach, Asian Perspective, Vol 43(1): 123 -150.
xxxii. Kanungo, A.K. 2004. Glass Beads in Indian Archaeology: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach.
Oxford: BAR International Series 1242.
xxxiii. Kenoyer, J.M. 1983. Shell working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An Archaeological
and Ethnographic Perspective. Ph.D Dissertation. Berkeley: University of California.
xxxiv. Kenoyer, J.M., M. Vidale and K.K. Bhan 1991. Contemporary Stone bead –Making in
Khambat, India: Patterns of Craft Specialization in the Archaeological Record, World
Archaeology 23 (1): 44-63.
xxxv. Kramer David N. 2001. Ethnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
xxxvi. Kramer, C. 1980. Ethnoarchaeology. Guildford Survey: Columbia Survey: Columbia
University Press.
xxxvii. Kramer, C. 1994. A Tale of Two Cities: Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology in Rajasthan, in Living
Traditions (B. Allchin Ed.), pp 307-22. New Delhi: Oxford-IBH.
xxxviii. Lee, R.B. and I. Devore 1975. Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.
xxxix. Leshnik, L.S. And G. Sontheimer. 1975. Pastoralists and Nomads. Wiesbaden: Otto
Harrassowitz.
xl. Maheshwari, J.K. 1996. Ethnobotany in South Asia. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers.
xli. Maheshwari, J.K. and R. Jones 1988. Archaeology with Ethnography: An Australian
Perspective. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies,
Australian National University.
xlii. Meehan, B. And R. Jones 1988. Archaeology with Ethnography: An Australian
xliii. Perspective. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies,
Australian National University.
xliv. Michael, J. Balick and Paul Alan Cox 1996. Plant, People and the Science of Ethnobotany,
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
xlv. Miller, D. 1985. Artefacts as Categories: A Study of Ceramic Variability in Central India.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
xlvi. Misra, V.N. 1974. Archaeological and Ethnographic Evidence for the Hafting and Use of
Microliths and Related Tools, Puratattva 7: 3-12.
xlvii. Misra, V.N. 1984. The Van Vagris- Lost Hunters of Thar Desert, Rajasthan, Man and
Environment 15 (2) 89-108.
xlviii. Mohanty, P. and J. Mishra 2002. Fifty Years of Ethnoarchaeological research in India: A
Review, in Archaeology and Interactive disciplines (S. Settar and R. Korisettar Eds.), pp
169-207. Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research
xlix. Morris, B. 1982. Forest Traders: A Socio-Economic Study of the Hill Pandaram. London
School of Economics Monograph, Social Anthropology 55. London: Athlone Press.
l. Morrison Kathleen D. and Laura L. Junker. 2002. Forager-Traders in South and Southeast
Asia: Long Term Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
li. Murty, M.L.K. 1981. Hunter-Gatherer Ecosystems and Archaeological Patterns of
Subsistence Behaviour on the South-East Coast of India: An Ethnographic Model, World
Archaeology 13: 47-58.
lii. Murty, M.L.K. 1985. Ethnoarchaeology of Kurnool Cave Area, World Archaeology 17 (2):
192-205.
liii. Murthy M.L.K. 2007. Social Ecology of Village Goddesses and Agro-pastoral
Communities in Eastern Ghats (Andhra Presesh), in Anthropology for Archaeology
Proceedings of the Prof. Irawati Karve Birth Centenary Seminar (Walimbe, S.R. P.P.
Joglekar and K.K. Basa Eds.), pp. 95-103. Pune: Deccan College.
liv. Murty, M.L.K. and G.D. Sontheimer 1980. Prehistoric Background to Pastoralism in the
Southern Deccan in the Light of Oral Traditions and Cults of Some Pastoral Communities,
Anthropos 75: 163-84.
lv. Nagar, M. 1975. Role of Ethnographic Evidence in the Reconstruction of Archaeological
Data, Eastern Anthropologist 28 (1): 13-22.
lvi. Nagar, M. and V.N. Misra. 1993 The Pardhis: A Hunting gathering Community of Central
and Western India. Man and Environment XVIII (1): 113 144.
lvii. Nagaraja Rao, M.S. 1965. Survival of Certain Neolithic Elements Among the Boyas of
Tekkalkota, Athropos 60: 180-6.
lviii. Paddayya, K. 1998. Evidence of Neolithic Cattle Penning at Budhihal, Gulburga District,
Karnataka, South Asian Studies 13: 141-54.
lix. Pakem, B, J.B., Bhattacharya, B.B. Dutta, and B. Datta Ray. 1980. Shifting Cultivation in
North-East India, Shillong: North East India Council for Social Science Research.
lx. Pal J. N. 2007. Review of the Ethnoarchaeological Research in the Gangetic Basin, and
Future Directions, in Anthropology for Archaeology Proceedings of the Prof. Irawati Karve
Birth Centenary Seminar (Walimbe, S.R. P.P. Joglekar and K.K. Basa Eds.), pp. 77-94.
Pune: Deccan College.
lxi. Panja, S. 1996. Mobility Strategies, Site Structure and Subsistence- Settlement Organizations:
An Actualistic Perspective, Man and Environment 21 (1): 58-73.
lxii. Raju, D.R. 1988. Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers: Ethno- Archaeology of Cuddapah Region,
South-East India. Pune: Ravish Publishers.
lxiii. Ray, H.P. 1996. Maritime Archaeology: The Ethnographic Evidence, Man and Environment
21 (1): 74-85.
lxiv. Richard B. Lee and Richard Daly 1999. Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
lxv. Rivers, W. H. R. 1967. The Todas. London.
lxvi. Roy, S.K. 1981. Aspects of Neolithic Agriculture and Shifting Cultivation, Garo Hills,
Meghalaya, Asian Perspective 24: 193-221.
lxvii. Satapathy, K.K. and B.K. Sarma 2002. Shifting Cultivation in India: An Overview, Asian
Agri-History, 6 (2): 121-139.
lxviii. Schiffer, M. 1978. Methodological Issues in Ethnoarchaeology, in Exploration in
Ethnoarchaeology (R. Gould Ed.), pp 229-47. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico
Press.
lxix. Sengupta, G. Suchira Roychoudhury and Sujit Som 2006. Past and Present
Ethnoarchaeology in India. New Delhi : Pragati Publications and Centre for Archaeological
Studies and Training Eastern India ( Kolkata).
lxx. Sinopali, C.M. 1991. Seeking the Past through the Present: Recent Ethnoarchaeological
Research in South Asia, Asian Perspectives 28 (2): 145-161.
lxxi. Smiley, F.E. et al. 1980. The Archaeological Correlates of the Hunter-Gatherer Societies:
Studies from the Ethnographic Record. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.
lxxii. Stiles, D. 1977. Ethnoarchaeology: A Discussion of Method and Application, Man 12: 87-103.
lxxiii. Tripathi, V. and Arun K. Mishra 1997. Understanding Iron Technology: An Ethnographic
Model, Man and Environment 22 (1): 59-68.
ARC 404: EARLY IRON AGE OF INDIA
Course Objective:
The Early Iron Age is a formative period in Indian Civilization and so its archaeology is of great
interest. In this course the data from different parts of India is reviewed.
Course Outcomes:
Students are introduced to the archaeological record of the Iron Age in India and some of the
theoretical issues related to state formation and the development of complex societies
Unit 1: (8 hrs)
i. Antiquity of Use of Iron
ii. Iron, Nature of Iron ore and major Iron ore locations/deposits in India.
iii. Beginning of Iron Age in India: Archaelogical and Literary evidence
iv. Various theories regarding the introduction of iron in India.
v. Concept of polycentric origin.
Unit 2: Early Iron Age Culture of India (8 hrs)

i. Historiography of Early Iron Age Research in India.
ii. Emergence of various ideas of development and craft specialisation.
iii. Introduction of Iron: Emergence of Complex Societies
iv. Painted Grey Ware Culture: chronology, material Culture, distribution and
v. Characteristic features.
vi. Iron in Gandhar Grave Culture of Swat Valley
Unit 3: Early Iron Age and Megalithic Traditions: (11 hrs)

(Distribution, typology, material culture, Art and craft specialization, subsistence, trade and commerce, and
Chronology.)
i. Evidence and nature of distribution of Megalithic culture in India.
ii. Settlement pattern of Early Iron age and Megalithic people
iii. Megalithic traditions/culture in Northern India
iv. Megalithic traditions/culture in Central India
v. Megalithic traditions/ culture South India
vi. Megalithic traditions/cultures in North-Eastern India
Unit 4: Socio-Cultural- Economic Life of Early Iron Age People (8 hrs)
i. Role of Iron in emergence of Second Urbanisation: Various causes, processes
and consequences.
ii. Society and Social life during Early Iron Age
iii. Living Megalithic traditions in India: An Ethno-archaeological Perspective
iv. Iron Smelting Processes and Mettalurgy: Past and Present
v. Herostones/Viragal
Unit 5: Important Excavated Sites: (10 hrs)

Ataranjikhera, Ahirachhatra, Burzhom, Megalithic Cultures of the Adwa Valley (Central Vindhya), Joythma
(Nagaland), Mahurzhari, Naikund, Bhagimohiri, Takalghat-Khapa, Ramapuram, Hirebenekal, Brahmagiri,
Chandravali, Adichennalur, Kodumanal, Ummichiipoyh
i. Agrawal, D.P. and D.K. Chakrabarty (ed.) 1979. Essays in Indian Protohistory. New Delhi:
D.K Publishers.
ii. Antonini, Silva and G. Stacul 1972. Protohistoric Graveyards of Swat (Pakistan). Rome: ISMEO.
Banerjee, N.R. 1965. The Iron Age in India. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
iii. Brubaker, Robert. 2002. Aspects of Mortuary variability in the South Indian Iron Age.
iv. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 60 61: 253 302.
v. Chakrabarti, D.K. 1992. Early Use of Iron in India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
vi. Chakrabarti, D.K. 1984. Study of the Iron Age in India. Puratattva 13:81 85.
vii. Deo, S.B. 1973. Problem of South Indian Megaliths. Dharwad: Karnataka University.
viii. Deo, S.B. 1985. The Megaliths: Their Culture, Ecology, Economy and Technology. In Recent
Advances in Indian Archaeology, S.B. Deo and K. Paddayya (eds.). Pune: Deccan College.
ix. Ghosh, A. 1973. The City in Early Historical India. Simla. Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
x. Leshnik, Lawrence 1971. South Indian Megalithic Burial. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag Gamh.
xi. Mohanty,R.K., and S.R. Walimbe, 1993. A Demographic Approach to the Vidarbha
Megalithic Cultures Man and Environment, XVIII (2):93-103.
xii. Mohanty,R.K. and V. Selvakumar, 2002. The Archaeology of Megaliths in India:1947-1997,
in Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, (S.Settar and R.Korisettar Eds.), New Delhi:Manohar
Publishers.Vol.1:313-52&479-81
xiii. Moorti, U.S. 1994. Megalithic Culture of South India: Socio Economic Perspectives.
Varanasi: Ganga Kaveri Publishing House.
xiv. Narsimhaiah, B. 1980. Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamilandu. Delhi: Sandeep Prakasan.
Rao, K. P. 1988. Deccan Megaliths. Delhi: Sandeep Prakashan.
xv. Renfrew, Colin. 1989. Archaeology and Language: Puzzle of Indo European Origins.
London: Penguin Books.
xvi. Roy, T.N. 1983. The Ganges Civilization: A Critical Study of the PGW and NBPW Periods
of Ganga Plains of India. New Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhavan.
xvii. Sinha, B.P. 1968. Potteries in Ancient India. Patna: University Press.
xviii. Tripathi, Vibha. 1976. The Painted Grey Ware: an Iron Age Culture of Northern India.
Delhi: Concept Publishing House.
xix. Tripathi, Vibha. 2008. History of Iron Technology in India (from Beginning to Pre-Modern
Times). New Delhi: Rupa and Infinity Foundation
ARC 406: Ancient Technology and Archaeological Chemistry
Course Objective:
i. Primarily it aims at providing students with adequate grounding in the application of natural
science to the solution of problems related to Archaeology, and its allied branches to unravel
human history, his environments with special reference to Indian subcontinent.
ii. Instilling in the students the applications and implications of interdisciplinary nature of the
science in Humanities.
iii. Developing in the students the ability to determine the appropriate methods and tools needed
to address in case of ancient biological and non-biological materials.
Course Outcome:
i. Attainment in understanding and appreciating a spectrum of analytical tools applied to the
study of ancient materials.
ii. Inculcating the realization of the difference between the methods used by the archaeologists,
experts of heritage management on one hand while the scientists practicing Archaeological
Chemistry on the other.
iii. Helping students develop ability to determine the appropriate tools needed to address in
seeking answers of ancient technology, conservation and preservation, reconstruction of
ecology, diet, pathology and provenance of ancient materials.
Unit 1: (03 hrs)

i. What is Archaeological Chemistry: Scope and Definition
ii. History and Development of the subject
iii. Archaeological materials and chemical methods of study: Soil, minerals, metals, bioinorganic
materials including fossils, bones, plants etc.
Unit 2: (03 hrs)

i. Geochemical Surveys of archaeological sites
ii. Field methods and Laboratory methods
iii. Case studies in Indian Archaeology
Unit 3: (04 hrs)

i. Physical methods of provenance analyses
ii. Neutron Activation Analysis, X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Fluorescence,
Mass Spectrometer, ICPMS, Optical Microscopy, Electron Microscopy with examples
as case studies.
Unit 4: (05 hrs)
i. Archaeometallurgy: A review
ii. Iron metallurgy in ancient India
iii. Copper metallurgy in Ancient India
iv. Zinc and Brass in Archaeological Perspective in India
Unit 5: (10 hrs)

i. Clay, Pottery and other Ceramic materials
ii. Ancient technology of pottery production
iii. Ceramic technology of the Harappan and Deccan Chalcolithic
iv. Ceramic technology of early historic and medieval period
v. Chemistry and making of ceramics
vi. The Provenance of Pottery, physical methods of ceramic analysis
Unit 6: (04 hrs)

i. Ancient Glass: super cooled liquids
ii. Glass making, Components of glass and glass types, decay of glass
iii. Provenance of glass
Unit 7: (03 hrs)

i. Palaeobiochemistry of organic materials
ii. Palaeodietary studies: Trace elements, Lipids, Residue analyses
iii. Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction: Stable Isotopes, Trace elements
Unit 8: (03 hrs)

i. Chemical Methods of (Relative) Dating
ii. Fluorine dating, principles, methods, techniques and application.
iii. Uranium series dating, principles, methods, applications with relevant examples
Unit 9: (10 hrs)
Educational tours to National Institutes and Laboratories:
i. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, I.I.T., Mumbai,
ii. National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune
iii. Indian Institute of Tropical meteorology (IITM), Pune
iv. ISSCER, Pune.
i. Agrawal. O.P. 2007. Essentials of Conservation and Museology. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.
ii. Barnard, Hans & Jelmer W Eerkens (Eds). 2007. Theory and Practice of Archaeological
Residue Analysis. British Archaeological Reports Series 1650.
iii. Brothwell, D.R> and A.M. Pollard (Eds.) 2004. Handbook of Archaeological Sciences. New
York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 761 pp.
iv. Chakraborty, Kalyan Shekhar and Vijay Sathe 2014. Diagenetic Study of the Fossils and
Semi Fossilised Bones from the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Deposits. Heritage:
Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 2: 625-650
v. Chakravarty, K.K. (Ed.) 1984. Rock Art of India, Arnold Heinemann.
vi. Deotare, B.C., A. Kshirsagar and V.D.Gogte. 1988. Archaeo Chemistry: A Study of soils, bones
and pottery, Chapter 16, Excavations at Inamgaon, Vol. 1,(Sankalia H.D., Dhavalikar M.K. and
Ansari Z.D. Eds.),p.963 990, Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, India.
vii. Goffer, Z. 1980. Archaeological Chemistry, John Wiley: New York
viii. Goffer, Ziv. 2008. Archaeological Chemistry. 2nd Edition.
ix. George (Rip) Rapp 2009. Archaeomineralogy. 2nd Edition. Heidelberg: Springer.
x. J. B. Lambert. 1997. Traces of the Past: Unraveling the Secrets of Archaeology Through
Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
xi. Leng, Melanie J. (Ed.) 2006. Isotopes in Palaeoenvironmental Research. Volume 10. Springer. 307 pp.
xii. Gogte, V.D. 1982. Megalithic Iron Smelting at Naikund, in Excavations at Naikund, (Deo
S.B.and Jamkhedkar A.P. Eds.), pp.52 59, Department of Archaeology and Museums,
Government of Maharashtra, Bombay, India.
xiii. Gogte, V.D. 1997. The Chandraketugarh Tamluk Region of Bengal: Source of the Early Historic
Rouletted Ware from India and Southeast Asia, Man and Environment, XXII (1) 69 85.
xiv. Gogte, V.D. 2000. Indo Arabian Maritime Contacts during the Bronze Age: Scientific Study
of pottery from Ras al Junayz (Oman), Adumatu, Issue no.2 (July), 7 14.
xv. Gogte, V.D. and A.Kshirsagar. 1987. Chalcolithic Diet : Trace Elemental Analysis of Human bones,
Chapter 17, Excavations at Inamgaon, Vol. 1, (Sankalia H.D., Dhavalikar M.K. and Ansari Z.D.
Eds.),p.991 1000, Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, India.
xvi. Hegde, K.T.M., Craddock, P.T. and V.H. Sonavane. 1986. Zinc Distillation in India, the 24th
International Symposium Proceedings, (Olin, J. Ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
xvii. Joshi, R.V. and A. Kshirsagar. 1986. Chemical Studies of Archaeological Bones from India:
Fluorine and Fossilization Process. Pune: Deccan College.
xviii. Joshi, R.V. and B.C. Deotare. 1983. Chemical Analysis of Archaeological Deposits From
India. Pune: Deccan College.
xix. Minc, L.D. and R.J. Sherman 2011. Assessing natural clay composition in the valley of
Oaxaca as a basis for ceramic provenance studies. Archaeometry 53 (2), 285-328.
xx. Pate, Donald 1994. Bone Chemistry and Palaeodiet. Journal of Archaeological Method and
Theory 1 (2), 161-209.
xxi. Piga, Giampaolo 2012. The Use of Spectroscopy and Diffraction techniques in the study of
bones and implications in Anthropology, Palaeontology and Forensic Sciences. Unpublished
Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.
xxii. Plenderleith, H.J. 1971. The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, London: Oxford
University Press.
xxiii. Pollard, A.M. 2008. Archaeological Chemistry. RSC Publishing. 2nd Ed.
xxiv. Rye, O.S. 1981. Pottery Technology, Washington: Taraxacum
xxv. Sachin Joshi and Sathe, Vijay 2007. Fluorine Dating of the Pleistocene Vertebrate Fossils
from the Manjra valley, Maharashtra, Man and Environment 32(2), 33-38
xxvi. Sathe, Vijay and Sachin Joshi 2013. 2013-14. X-ray Diffraction analyses of Bioapatite for
taxonomic discrimination in Archaeozoology. Bulletin Deccan College Postgraduate and
Research Institute, Pune.
xxvii. Sathe, Vijay and K. Paddayya 2013. The Faunal Background of the Stone Age Cultures of
Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, Southern Deccan. Bulletin Deccan College Postgraduate and
Research Institute, Pune. 295-312
xxviii. Shinde Vasant, Shweta Sinha Deshpande, Amrita Sarkar. 2016. Chalcolithic South Asia:
Aspects of Crafts and Technologies. Series Editor, O C Handa. Pentagon Press and Indus
Infinity Foundation
xxix. Spoto, Giusppe 2003. Chemical methods in Archaeology. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of
Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
xxx. Tite, M.S. 1972. Methods of Physical Examination in Archaeology, London: Seminar Press.
xxxi. Tressuad, Alain. 2007. Fluorine and the Environment (Agrochemicals, Archaeology, Green
Chemistry and Water), Advances in Fluorine Science 2, N.Y.: Elsevier.
xxxii. Tylecote, R.F. 1982. Metallurgy in Archaeology, London: E. Arnold.
ARC 407: QUANTITATIVE METHODS AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce basic statistical methods and GIS to archaeology
students.
Course Outcomes:
Students are familiarized with some computer and GIS applications and basic statistical
methods.
Unit 1: Computing Fundamentals (5 hrs)
i. Information Science: Development and scope
ii. Readymade software and programming languages
iii. Practical lessons of programming
Unit 2: Managing Information (5 hrs)

i. Excavation and Computers
ii. Archaeological Database management
a. What is database?
b. What is archaeological data?
c. Recording artefacts
d. Analyzing data
e. Data Security
Unit 3: Digital Landscapes (5 hrs)

i. GIS
ii. Remote Sensing
iii. Digital Image Processing
iv. Modelling and Simulation
v. Maps and GPS based cartography
Unit 4: Preserving And Managing Evidence of the Past (3 hrs)

i. CRM and increasing computer usage
ii. CRM at the regional level
iii. Museums, computers and archaeological collections
Unit 5: Communicating Archaeology (3 hrs)
i. Interactive multimedia and the Internet
ii. Use of web resources for research
iii. E-Publication
Unit 6: Place of quantitative methods in archaeological research (4 hrs)

i. Historical perspective
ii. Importance of quantitative methods
iii. Archaeological theory and quantitative thinking
iv. Validity and reliability of quantitative analysis
Unit 7: Basic Statistics (8 hrs)

i. Classification and tabulation of data
ii. Visual methods
iii. Measures of central tendency
iv. Concept of variability
v. Measures of association
Unit 8: Relationship between variables (5 hrs)

i. Chi square test and contingency tables
ii. Ranking and Correlation tests
iii. Regression Analysis
Unit 9: Sampling Techniques (4 hrs)

i. Sample and population,
ii. Probability and non-probability methods
iii. Sampling errors
Unit 10: Advanced Statistical Methods (3 hrs)

i. Multivariate methods
ii. Comparing samples
iii. Analysis of variance
i. Anderssen, J., Madsen T. and Scollar I. (Edss). 1993. Computing the Past: Computer
Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, CAA 92. Aarhus: Aarhus University
Press.
ii. Sushama G. Deo and P.P. Joglekar. 2008-09. Use of GPS-based field methods: An Introduction,
iii. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 68-69: 135-144.
iv. Drennan R.D. 2009. Statistics for Archaeologists: A Commonsense Approach. New York:
Plenum Press.
v. Lock Gary and J. Moffett (eds.) 1992. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in
Archaeology 1991. London : BAR International Series
vi. Lock Garry and Zoran Stancic (eds.) 1995. Archaeology and Geographical Information
Systems. London : Taylor & Francis
vii. Lock, G. (2003). Using computers in archaeology: Towards virtual pasts. London and New
York, Routledge.
viii. Reilly, P. and S. Rahtz. 1992 Archaeology and the Information Age: A Global Perspective.
London and New York: Routledge.
ix. Richards, J. D. (1998). Recent Trends in Computer Applications in Archaeology. Journal of
Archaeological Research 6(4): 331-382.
x. Shennan, S. 1988 Quantifying Archaeology. Edinburgh: University Press.
xi. Sinha, P. 2009. Cogitating Prehistoric Archaeological Landscape With Pattern Recognition,
Computer Applications to Archaeology Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. March 22-26, 2009.
xii. VanPool, T. L. and R. D. Leonard (2010). Quantitative Analysis in Archaeology, John
Wiley& Sons.
ARC 408: ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY (GEOARCHAEOLOGY)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the scope and methods of
geoarchaeology.
Course Outcomes:
Students learn about the different natural contexts and processing affecting
archaeological sites.
Unit 1: (3 hrs)
Definition, concepts and development of Geoarchaeloogy
Unit 2: Landform Evolution (12 hrs)

i. Identifying the natural Processes
a. Slope
b. Fluvial
c. Glacial
d. Aeolian
e. Lacustral
ii. Post depositional features

a. Soils and sediments
b. Calcrete formation
c. Ferricretes
d. Weathering
Unit 3: Methods (8 hrs)
i. Field techniques (Physical and Chemical)
a. Regional scale
GIS and Remote sensing
Map studies
b. Site specific
Resistivity
Magnometry
Section description
Sampling
ii. Laboratory techniques
Grain size analysis
Soil characterization
Mineralogy
Phosphate analysis
Stable Isotope studies
iii. Absolute and Relative Dating methods
Unit 4: Cultural Ecology (10 hrs)

i. Human responses to changing environment
a. Palaeolandscape
b. Palaeoclimate
c. Sea level changes
ii. Origin, growth and decay of cultures
iii. Human Impact on landscape
Unit 5: Regional Studies (12 hrs)

a. India
b. Other countries
Basic Texts:
i. Goldberg, P., and R. I. Macphail. 2006. Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford:
Blackwell.
ii. Holliday, Vance T. 2004. Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Additional Readings:
i. Abeyratne, M., N. A. Spooner, R. Grun, and J. M. Head. 1997. Multidating studies of
Batadomba Cave, Sri Lanka. Quaternary Science Reviews 16:243-255.
ii. Ajitprasad, P. 2004. Holocene Adaptations of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlements in
North Gujarat in Yasuda and Shinde edited Monsoon and Civlization, pp- 115-132
iii. Bettis, E. A. I., D. W. Benn, and E. R. Hajic. 2008. Landscape evolution, alluvial,
environmental history, and the archaeological record of the Upper Mississippi River Valley.
Geomorphology 101:362-377.
iv. Boyd, W. E. 2008. Social change in late Holocene mainland SE Asia: A response to gradual
climate change or a critical climatic event? Quaternary International.
v. Bridgland, D. R., and R. Westaway. 2008. Climatically controlled river terrace staircases:A
worldwide Quaternary phenomenon. Geomorphology 98:285-315.
vi. Brooks, N. 2004 “Beyond collapse: the role of climatic desiccation in the emergence of
complex societies in the middle Holocene," in Environmental Catastrophes in Mauritania,
the Desert and the Coast.Abstract Volume and Field Guide. Mauritania, 4-18 January 2004.
First Joint Meeting of ICSU Dark Nature and IGCP 490. Edited by S. Leroy and P. Costa,
pp. 26-30.
vii. Butzer, K. W. 2008. Challenges for a cross-disciplinary geoarchaeology: The intersection
between environmental history and geomorphology. Geomorphology 101: 402-411.
viii. Cornelissen, Els. 2002. Human Responses to Changing Environments in Central Africa
Between 40,000 and 12,000 B.P in Journal of World Prehistory, Vol. 16, No. 3 pp. 197-235
ix. Cullen, H. M., P. B. deMenocal, S. Hemming, G. Hemming, F. H. Brown, T. Guilderson, and
F. Sirocko. 2000 Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire. Geology 28:379-
382.
x. Kealhofer, L., P. Grave, H. Genz, and B. Marsh. 2009. Post-Collapse: the re-emergenc of
polity in Iron age Bogazkoy, Central Anatolia. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28:275-300.
xi. Lape, Peter V. and Chao Chin-yunga. 2008. Fortification as a Human Response to Late
Holocene Climate Change in East Timor in Archaeology in Oceania, Vol. 43, No. 1, Climate
Change and Archaeology in the Pacific - Part II
xii. Maloney, B. K. 1999. Late Holocene Climatic Change in Southeast Asia: The Palynological
Evidence and Its Implications for Archaeology in World Archaeology, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 25-
34
xiii. Marriner, N., and C. Morhange. 2007 Geoscience of ancient Mediterranean harbours. Earth-
xiv. O'Sullivan, P. B. 2008. The ‘collapse’ of civilizations: what palaeoenvironmental
reconstruction cannot tell us, but anthropology can. The Holocene 18.
xv. Pappu, R. S. 1995. The Contribution of Earth Science to the Development of Indian
Archaeology, in Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology of India, Edited by S.
Wadia, R. Korisettar, and V. S. Kale, pp. 414-434. Bangalore: Memoirs of the geological
Society of India 32.
xvi. Panin, A. V. and M. A. Bronnikova 2014. Human dimensions of palaeoenvironmental
change: Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology. Quaternary International 324(0): 1-5.
xvii. Pollard, A. M. 1999 Geoarchaeology: an introduction. Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 165:7-14.
xviii. Redman, Charles L. 1999. Human Impact on Ancient Environment. The University of
Arizona Press, Tuscon.
xix. Rosen Arlene M. and Isabel Rivera-Collazo. 2012. Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the
persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the
Levant in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
Vol. 109, No. 10, pp. 3640-3645
xx. Tainter, J. A. 1988. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
xxi. Wilson, L. (2011). The role of geoarchaeology in extending our perspective. Geological
Society, London, Special Publications 352(1): 1-9.
xxii. Weiss, H., and R. S. Bradley. 2001 What Drives Societal Collapse? Science 291:609-61.

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SYLLABUS

MASTER OF ARTS (M.A.)

Unit 1: Sources of Political History ( 3 hrs)

Unit 2: Historiography (3 hrs)

Unit 3 : Emergence of political institutions in ancient India (5 hrs)

Unit 5: Kushana (5 hrs) and Satavahana Period (3 hrs) (8 hrs)

Unit 6: The Guptas (7 hrs)

Unit 7: The Vakatakas (2 hrs)

Unit 9: Post Gupta Period in North India (5 hrs)

Unit 1: Role of Various Science in Archaeological Research (2 hrs)

Unit 2: Identification and Study of Stone Tools (5 hrs)

Unit 3: Identification and Study of Pottery (5 hrs)

Unit 4: Archaeobotany and Palynology (5 hrs)

Unit 5: Archaeozoology and Palaeontology (8 hrs)

Unit 7: Minerals and Rocks (2 hrs)

Unit 8: Soils and Sediments (2 hrs)

Unit 9: Geological Sections (2 hrs)

Unit 10: Toposheet Reading (2 hrs)

Unit 11: Satellite Imagery (2 hrs)

Unit 12: Conservation and Cleaning of Iron Objects (2 hrs)

i. Badam, G.L. 1979. Pleistocene Fauna of India, Pune: Deccan College.

Unit 1: Definition, Aims and Scope of Archaeology (13 hours)

Unit 2: Development of Archaeology (4 hours)

Unit 3: Evolution of Culture (Human origin to complex societies) (14 hours)

i.What is culture? (2 hrs)

Unit 5: Value of Archaeology (5 hours)

Unit 1: Prehistory: Introduction (5 hrs)

Unit 2: The Quaternary Period (5 hrs)

Unit 3: Nature of Prehistoric records (4 hrs)

Unit 5: Prehistoric Rock Art (4 hrs)

Unit 6: Bio anthropological background (3 hrs)

Unit 7: Current Trends in South Asian Prehistory (4 hrs)

Unit 1: Vedic Religion (12hrs)

Unit 2: Buddhism (7hrs)

Unit 3: Jainism (7hrs)

Unit 5: Other Religious trends (5 hrs)

vi. Bhattacharji, Sukumari.1970. The Indian Theogony. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Unit I: Introduction (5 hrs)

Unit II: South Asian Neolithic Perspectives (10 hrs)

Unit III: Harappan Civilization (5 hrs)

Unit IV: South Asian Chalcolithic Perspectives (17 hrs)

Unit V: Iron Age and Megalithic (8 hrs)

i. Agrawal D.P. 2007. Indus Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New Delhi:

Unit 1: Introduction (4 hrs)

Unit 2: Historical Evolution of Important Social Institutions (10 hrs)

Unit 3: Rules Governing Individuals From The Texts (12 hrs)

Unit 4: Evolution of Educational Institutions (5hrs)

Unit 5: Evolution of Economic Institutions (14hrs)

Unit 1: Introdu ction to t raditions of Art and Architecture in India (5 hrs)

Unit 2: Emergence and Development of Structural Stupa Architecture (10 hrs)

Unit 3: Emergence and Development of Rock-cut Architecture (12 hrs)

Unit 4: Emergence and Development of Temple Architecture (08 hrs)

Unit 6: Field Visit and Practical Training (30 hrs)

i. Barua, B. 1934-37. Barhut Vol. I-III. Calcutta: Indian Research Institute.

vii. Dhavalikar, M.K. 1977. Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas. Bombay: D.B.Taraporevala

ix. Dhavalikar, M. K. 2004. Satavahana Art. Delhi: Sharada Publishing House.

x. Dwivedi, V.K.1976. Indian Ivories. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.

xxii. Sivaramamurti, C .1942. Amaravati Sculptures in the Madras Government Museum.

Unit 1: Introduction to Iconography (5 hrs)