Manual Solution Mathematical Analysis For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences 12th Edition

Table of Contents
Chapter 0
Chapter 1
35
Chapter 2
54
Chapter 3
89
Chapter 4
132
Chapter 5
160
Chapter 6
177
Chapter 7
231
Chapter 8
295
Chapter 9
333
Chapter 10
357
Chapter 11
378
Chapter 12
423
Chapter 13
469
Chapter 14
539
Chapter 15
614
Chapter 16
658
Chapter 17
670
Chapter 0
Problems 0.1
7. True;
1. True; 13 is a negative integer.
b ab
8. True, because a = .
c c
2. True, because 2 and 7 are integers and 7 0.

3. False, because the natural numbers are 1, 2, 3,
and so on.
9. False; the left side is 5xy, but the right side is

5 x 2 y.
0
4. False, because 0 = .
1
10. True; by the associative and commutative

properties, x(4y) = (x 4)y = (4 x)y = 4xy.
5
5. True, because 5 = .
1
11. distributive
12. commutative
6. False, since a rational number cannot have

7
is not a number
denominator of zero. In fact,
0
at all because we cannot divide by 0.
7. False, because
integer.
8. True;
13. associative
14. definition of division
25 = 5, which is a positive
15. commutative and distributive

16. associative
2 is an irrational real number.
17. definition of subtraction
9. False; we cannot divide by 0.
18. commutative
10. False, because the natural numbers are 1, 2, 3,

and so on, and 3 lies between 1 and 2.
19. distributive
20. distributive
11. True
21. 2x(y 7) = (2x)y (2x)7 = 2xy (7)(2x)

= 2xy (7 2)x = 2xy 14x
12. False, since the integer 0 is neither positive nor

negative.
22. (a b) + c = [a + (b)] + c = a + (b + c)
= a + [c + (b)] = a + (c b)
Problems 0.2
1. False, because 0 does not have a reciprocal.
2. True, because
x+2 x 2 x
= + = + 1.
2
2 2 2
23. (x + y)(2) = 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y
7 3 21
=
= 1.
3 7 21
24. 2[27 + (x + y)] = 2[27 + (y + x)] = 2[(27 + y) + x]

= 2[(y + 27) + x]
25. x[(2y + 1) + 3] = x[2y + (1 + 3)] = x[2y + 4]
= x(2y) + x(4) = (x 2)y + 4x = (2x)y + 4x
= 2xy + 4x
3. False; the negative of 7 is 7 because

7 + (7) = 0.
4. False; 2(3 4) = 2(12) = 24, but
(2 3)(2 4) = 6 8 = 48.
26. (1 + a)(b + c) = 1(b + c) + a(b + c)

= 1(b) + 1(c) + a(b) + a(c) = b + c + ab + ac
5. False; x + y = y + (x) = y x.
6. True; (x + 2)(4) = (x)(4) + (2)(4) = 4x + 8.
1
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis
27. x(y z + w) = x[(y z) + w] = x(y z) + x(w)

= x[y + (z)] + xw = x(y) + x(z) + xw
= xy xz + xw
51. X(1) = X
28. 2 + (4) = 6
53. 4(5 + x) = 4(5) + 4(x) = 20 + 4x
29. 6 + 2 = 4
54. (x 2) = x + 2
30. 6 + (4) = 2
55. 0(x) = 0
31. 7 2 = 5
1 8 1 8
=
56. 8 =
11 11 11
52. 3(x 4) = 3(x) 3(4) = 3x 12
32. 7 (4) = 7 + 4 = 11
33. 5 (13) = 5 + 13 = 8
57.
5
=5
1
58.
14 x 2 7 x 2 x
=
=
21 y 3 7 y 3 y
59.
3
3
3
=
=
2 x (2 x)
2x
60.
2 1 2 1 2
=
=
3 x 3 x 3x
61.
a
a(3b) 3ab
(3b) =
=
c
c
c
34. a (b) = a + b
35. (2)(9) = (2 9) = 18
36. 7(9) = (7 9) = 63
37. (2)(12) = 2(12) = 24
38. 19(1) = (1)19 = (1 19) = 19
39.
1
9
= 1 = 9
1
9
1
40. (6 + x) = (6) x = 6 x
7
62. (5a ) = 7
5a
41. 7(x) = (7x) = 7x

42. 12(x y) = (12)x (12)(y) = 12x + 12y
(or 12y 12x)
63.
aby a by by
=
=
ax
a x
x
3
3
1 3
1
= =
=
44. 3 15 =
15
15
53
5
64.
7 1 7 1 7
=
=
y x y x xy
45. 9 (27) =
9
9 9 1 1
=
=
=
27 27 9 3 3
65.
2 5 2 5 10
=
=
x y x y xy
46. (a ) (b) =
a a
=
b b
66.
1 1 3 2 3+ 2 5
+ = + =
=
2 3 6 6
6
6
67.
5 3 5 9 5 + 9 14 2 7 7
+ = + =
=
=
=
12 4 12 12
12
12 2 6 6
68.
3 7
9 14 9 14 5
5 1
1
=
=
=
=
=
10 15 30 30
30
30
56
6
43. [6 + (y)] = (6) (y) = 6 + y
47. 2(6 + 2) = 2(4) = 8

48. 3[2(3) + 6(2)] = 3[6 + 12] = 3[6] = 18
49. (2)(4)(1) = 8(1) = 8
50. (12)(12) = (12)(12) = 144
2
69.
70.
4 6 4 + 6 10
+ =
=
=2
5 5
5
5
X
5
Y
5
2 3 16 15 16 15 1
=
=
=
5 8 40 40
40
40
74.
= 6
l
3
a37
(b 4 )5
b 45
75.
x
y2
z
xy
76.
7
is not defined (we cannot divide by 0).
0
11.
w4 s 6
y4
x9
x5
= x 9 5 = x 4
2a 4
12.
7b5
z
x xy
x2
=
=
=
yz
y 2 xy
y2 z
x
(2a 4 )6
=
(7b5 )6
26 ( a 4 ) 6
=
76 (b5 )6
=
0
77.
=0
7
0
78.
is not defined (we cannot divide by 0).
0
13.
( x3 )6
3
x( x )
79. 0 0 = 0
Problems 0.3
14.
1. (23 )(22 ) = 23+ 2 = 25 (= 32)
64a 46
117, 649b56
64a 24
117, 649b30
x36
1+3
( x 2 )3 ( x 3 ) 2
( x3 ) 4
3. w4 w8 = w4+8 = w12
16.
81 = 3
4. z 3 zz 2 = z 3+1+ 2 = z 6
17.
128 = 2
9 5
y y
x
y
9+5
124
6. ( x ) = x
12 4
19.
48
0.04 = 0.2
= x18 4 = x14
x 23 x32
25 = 5
18.
y14
=x
x18
x
x1212 = x 0 = 1
15.
x x
2. x6 x9 = x6+9 = x15
5.
b 20
w2 s 3
( w2 s 3 ) 2 ( w2 ) 2 ( s3 ) 2 w22 s32
=
=
=
10.
y2
( y 2 )2
y 22
y4
x
y 6y
= 6 =
y
x
x
3+ 5
a 21
9. (2 x 2 y 3 )3 = 23 ( x 2 )3 ( y 3 )3 = 8 x 23 y 33 = 8 x6 y9
l m l 1
l
= =
3 1 3 m 3m
3 5
72.
x
y
(a3 )7
x2
( x 2 )5 x 25 x10
8. =
=
=
y3
( y 3 )5 y 35 y15

3 1 1 18 3 2 18 3 + 2 17
+ = + =
=
2 4 6 12 12 12
12
12
7.
X Y
71.
73.
Section 0.3
4
1
1 1
=
=
4
16
16 2
x34
x6 x6
x12
x12
x12
20.
8
=
27
27
2
2
=
3
3
21. (49)1/ 2 = 49 = 7
37. (9 z 4 )1/ 2 = 9 z 4 = 32 ( z 2 )2 = 32 ( z 2 ) 2
= 3z 2
22. (64)1/ 3 = 3 64 = 4
3/ 2
23. 9
3
3 13
39
39
39
=
=
=
=
2
13
13 13
13
13
132
36.
( 9)
38. (16 y8 )3 / 4 = 4 16 y8 = 4 (2 y 2 )4 = (2 y 2 )3
= (3) = 27
3
= 8y 6
24. (9) 5 / 2 =
(9)
25. (32) 2 / 5 =
(32)
26. (0.09)
=
1
3
10
1/ 2
1
27.
32
5/ 2
2/5
( 9)
( 5 32 )
1
243
1
(2)
27t 3
39.
1
4
1
=
=
0.3
0.09
10
3
41.
4/5
64
28.
27
1
1
1
= 5
= =
16
2
32
2/3
42.
3 / 4
2/3
c2
= a5 b 3
1
c2
9t 2
3t
= =
4
2
3 / 4
= a5
4
=
x3
b3 c 2
= x 2 / 5 y 3 / 5 z 10 / 5 =
5 2 3 10
x y z
43
( x3 )3
a5
b3 c 2
x2 / 5 y3 / 5
z2
64
16
4
= 3 = =
27
3
9
30.
54 = 3 27 2 = 3 27
31.
2 x3 = 3 2
3 3
x =x
2 = 33 2
32.
4x = 4 x = 2 x
33.
16 x = 16 x = 4 x
4
a5b 3
43. 5m2 m7 = 5m 2+ ( 7) = 5m 9 =
50 = 25 2 = 25 2 = 5 2
29.
3t 3
=
2
4 4
=
x3
3
9
9
4
x
x
=
=
=
9
3
64
x
4
256
40.
x12
(0.09)1/ 2
2/3
44. x + y 1 = x +
1
45. (3t ) 2 =
(3t )
46. (3 z ) 4 =
5
m9
1
y
=
1
9t 2
1
(3 z )4
47.
4
4
x
x
x
34. 4
=
=
4
16
2
16
5 x 2 = (5 x 2 )1/ 5 = 51/ 5 ( x 2 )1/ 5 = 51/ 5 x 2 / 5
48. ( X 3Y 3 )3 = ( X 3 )3 (Y 3 )3
= X 9Y 9
35. 2 8 5 27 + 3 128 = 2 4 2 5 9 3 + 3 64 2
= 2 2 2 5 3 3 + 43 2
= 4 2 15 3 + 4 3 2
4
Y9
X9
x y = x1/ 2 y1/ 2
49.
50.
Section 0.3
u 2 v 6 w3
vw5
w3( 5)
u 2 v1( 6)
w8
9/ 4 3/ 4
1/ 2
52.
= a 3 / 4b 1/ 2 a5b 4
63.
= a17 / 4 b 9 / 2
=
a17 / 4
b
9/ 2
53. (2a b + c) 2 / 3 = 3 (2a b + c)2
64.
4 3 6 9
54. (ab 2 c3 )3 / 4 = 4 (ab 2 c3 )3 = a b c

55. x
4 / 5
x4 / 5
x 2 /15
59.
60.
= [x
4 / 5 1/ 6
=x
4 / 30
51/ 2
3
81/ 4
(3 x)1/ 3
3x
3
33 y 2
3y2 / 3
66.
18
= 9 =3
2
=x
(2 y )
y 2y
2y
1(3 x) 2 / 3
(3x)1/ 3 (3 x)2 / 3
(3x) 2
3x
2 y1/ 3
3 y 2 / 3 y1/ 3
2 y1/ 3 2 3 y
=
3y
3y
68.
6 51/ 2
51/ 2 51/ 2
3 21/ 4
81/ 4 21/ 4
6 5
5
34 2
4
16
34 2
2
(24 a10b15 )1/ 20

=
ab
2
2
31/ 3
20
31/ 3 32 / 3
(2334 )1/ 6 6 648

=
3
3
3
u 5 / 2 v1/ 2
16a10 b15
ab
21/ 2 32 / 3
69. 2 x 2 y 3 x 4 = 2 x6 y 3 =
70.
2 a1/ 2 b3 / 4
2 / 4 1/ 4
a1/ 2b1/ 4 a1/ 2 b3 / 4
a b a b
21/ 5 a1/ 2b3 / 4 24 / 20 a10 / 20b15 / 20
=
=
ab
ab
4 2
15 2
(2 y )
1/ 2
12
= 4=2
3
1/ 2
9 x2
3x
12
2 /15
65.
67.
w3 / 5 (3w)3 / 5
3
1
3
1
=
5 3
5 3
5
3
5
w
(3w)
w
27 w3
1/ 2
57. 3w3 / 5 (3w) 3 / 5 =
58. [( x )
(2 x)
y (2 y )1/ 2
(2 y )
5 4
56. 2 x1/ 2 (2 y )1/ 2 = 2 x 2 y
4 1/ 5 1/ 6
1
3
(2 x)
4 2x
2x
1/ 2
2y
2
a 3b 2 a5b 4 = (a 3b 2 )1/ 4 a5b 4
1/ 2
2 2x
x
2y
1/ 2
4(2 x)1/ 2
(2 x)
62.
2x
=
u 2 v7
51. x 2 4 xy 2 z 3 = x 2 ( xy 2 z 3 )1/ 4 = x 2 x1/ 4 y 2 / 4 z 3 / 4

=
61.
23 / 634 / 6
3
2 x6
y3
3 u1/ 2 v1/ 2
u 5 / 2 v1/ 2 u1/ 2 v1/ 2
3u1/ 2 v1/ 2
u 3v
243
71.
243
= 81 = 9
3
= [(5k 2 ) 2 3]1/ 2 = 5k 2 31/ 2
72. {[(3a3 ) 2 ]5 }2 = {[32 a 6 ]5 }2

= {310 a 30 }2
83.
= 320 a 60
73.
20
64 y x
6
74.
3/ 2
3 2
75.
76.
(2 2 x1/ 2 y 2 )3
1/ 2
5/ 2
2/3
1
2 6 x3 / 2 y 6
x3 / 2
85.
64 y x
x
84.
26 y 6
6 1/ 2
1/ 2
15 / 6
4/6
75k 4 = (75k 4 )1/ 2 = [(25k 4 )(3)]1/ 2
82.
(ab 3c)8
(a 1c 2 ) 3
= s11/ 6
= x2
= (31/ 4 )8 = 38 / 4 = 32 = 9
87.
77. 32 (32) 2 / 5 = 32 (25 ) 2 / 5
78. 5 x 2 y
2/5
b 24
x6
= x 2 x612 = x 2 x 6
12
x
1
x6
= x 2 x 6 = x8
(6)(6) = 36 = 6
86.
8s 2
2s
88.
a5 c14
x3
x6 ( x3 ) 2
3 2
x4
x 4 ( x6 )2
( x )
= x2
= 32 (22 )
1
= 32
22
9
=
4
(6)2 6 since 6 < 0.
Note that
a 3 c 6
( x 2 )3
3 2
(4 3)
a8b 24 c8
= 7 7 2 = 73 = 7
3 7(49)
x yz 3 3 xy 2 = 3 ( x 2 yz 3 )( xy 2 ) = 3 x3 y 3 z 3
= xyz
3 2
s s
( a5b3 c )
s5
= (a5 )3 (b 3 )3 (c1/ 2 )3
= a15b 9 c3 / 2
=
= [( x 2 y )1/ 5 ]2 / 5 = ( x 2 y )2 / 25
a15 c3 / 2
b9
3 x3 y 2
89. (3x3 y 2 2 y 2 z 3 ) 4 =
2 y 2 z 3
= x 4 / 25 y 2 / 25
79. (2 x 1 y 2 )2 = 22 x 2 y 4 =
80.
3
3
y4 x
y1/ 3 x1/ 4
4y
3 x3 z 3
=
3 3 4
(3x z )
=
(2)4
x2
3 y 2 / 3 x3 / 4
y1/ 3 x1/ 4 y 2 / 3 x3 / 4
24
81x12 z12
=
16
3 x3 / 4 y 2 / 3
=
xy
81.
x x 2 y3 xy 2 = x1/ 2 ( x 2 y 3 )1/ 2 ( xy 2 )1/ 2

=x
1/ 2
( xy
3/ 2
1/ 2
)( x
34 x12 z12
90.
y) = x y
2 5/ 2
1
2
2x
16 x3
( )
1/ 2 2
=
2 2
(x )
(161/ 2 )2 ( x3 ) 2
1
4
2x
16 x6
1
1
8 x10
= 8 x10
Section 0.4
18. {6a 6b + 6 + 10a + 15b a[2b + 10]}
= {4a + 9b + 6 2ab 10a}
= {6a + 9b + 6 2ab}
= 6a 9b 6 + 2ab
Problems 0.4
1. 8x 4y + 2 + 3x + 2y 5 = 11x 2y 3
2. 6 x 2 10 xy + 2 + 2 z xy + 4
19. x 2 + (4 + 5) x + 4(5) = x 2 + 9 x + 20
= 6 x 2 11xy + 2 z + 6
20. u 2 + (5 + 2)u + 2(5) = u 2 + 7u + 10
3. 8t 2 6s 2 + 4 s 2 2t 2 + 6 = 6t 2 2 s 2 + 6
4.
5.
x +2 x + x +3 x = 7 x
21. ( w + 2)( w 5) = w2 + (5 + 2) x + 2(5)

= w2 3w 10
a + 2 3b c + 3 3b
= a + 5 3b c
22. z 2 + (7 3) z + (7)(3) = z 2 10 z + 21
6. 3a + 7b 9 5a 9b 21 = 2a 2b 30
23. (2 x)(5 x ) + [(2)(2) + (3)(5)]x + 3(2)

= 10 x 2 + 19 x + 6
7. 6 x 2 10 xy + 2 2 z + xy 4
= 6 x 2 9 xy 2 z + 2 4
24. (t)(2t) + [(1)(7) + (5)(2)]t + (5)(7)

= 2t 2 3t 35
8.
x +2 x x 3 x = x
9.
x + 2 y x 3z = 2 y 3z
25. X 2 + 2( X )(2Y ) + (2Y )2 = X 2 + 4 XY + 4Y 2

26. (2 x)2 2(2 x)(1) + 12 = 4 x 2 4 x + 1
10. 8z 4w 3w + 6z = 14z 7w
11. 9x + 9y 21 24x + 6y 6 = 15x + 15y 27
27. x 2 2(5) x + 52 = x 2 10 x + 25
12. u 3v 5u 4v + u 3 = 3u 7v 3
13. 5 x 5 y + xy 3 x 8 xy 28 y
2
28. (1 2)
+ [(1)(5) + (1)(2)] x + (1)(5)
= 2x + 3 x 5
= 2 x 2 33 y 2 7 xy
29.
14. 2 [3 + 4s 12] = 2 [4s 9] = 2 4s + 9

= 11 4s
3x
+2
3 x (5) + (5)2
= 3x + 10 3x + 25
15. 2{3[3x 2 + 6 2 x 2 + 10]} = 2{3[ x 2 + 16]}
30.
= 2{3x + 48} = 6 x + 96
2
( x)
( y)
32 = y 9
31. (2 s )2 12 = 4 s 2 1
16. 4{3t + 15 t[1 t 1]} = 4{3t + 15 t[t]}

= 4{3t + 15 + t 2 } = 4t 2 + 12t + 60
32. ( z 2 )2 (3w)2 = z 4 9w2
17. 5(8 x3 + 8 x 2 2( x 2 5 + 2 x))
33. x 2 ( x + 4) 3( x + 4)
= 5(8 x3 + 8 x 2 2 x 2 + 10 4 x)
= x3 + 4 x 2 3x 12
= 5(8 x3 + 6 x 2 4 x + 10)
= 40 x3 30 x 2 + 20 x 50
34. x( x 2 + x + 3) + 1( x 2 + x + 3)
= x3 + x 2 + 3 x + x 2 + x + 3
= x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3
7
35. x 2 (3 x 2 + 2 x 1) 4(3x 2 + 2 x 1)
46.
= 3x 4 + 2 x3 x 2 12 x 2 8 x + 4
= 3x 4 + 2 x3 13x 2 8 x + 4
47.
36. 3 y (4 y + 2 y 3 y ) 2(4 y + 2 y 3 y )
3
2 x3 7 x 4
4
+ = 2 x2 7 +
x
x x
x
6 x5
2x
= 12 y 4 + 6 y 3 9 y 2 8 y 3 4 y 2 + 6 y
48.
= 12 y 4 2 y 3 13 y 2 + 6 y
37. x{2( x 2 2 x 35) + 4[2 x 2 12 x]}

= x{2 x 2 4 x 70 + 8 x 2 48 x}
= x{10 x 2 52 x 70}
= 10 x3 52 x 2 70 x
4 x3
2x
2x
= 3 x3 + 2 x
3y 4 9 y 5
3y
6 y 9
=
3y
6 y 9
=
3y 3y
3
= 2
y
38. [(2 z )2 12 ](4 z 2 + 1) = [4 z 2 1](4 z 2 + 1)

x
= (4 z 2 ) 2 12 = 16 z 4 1
49. x + 5 x 2 + 5 x 3
x2 + 5x
39. x(3x + 2y 4) + y(3x + 2y 4) + 2(3x + 2y 4)
= 3x 2 + 2 xy 4 x + 3xy + 2 y 2 4 y + 6 x + 4 y 8
= 3x 2 + 2 y 2 + 5 xy + 2 x 8
Answer: x +
40. [ x 2 + ( x + 1)]2
= ( x ) + 2 x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)
2 2
3
x+5
x 1
50. x 4 x 2 5 x + 4
x2 4 x
x + 4
x + 4
0
Answer: x 1
= x 4 + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1
= x 4 + 2 x3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1
41. (2a )3 + 3(2a )2 (3) + 3(2a )(3) 2 + (3)3

= 8a3 + 36a 2 + 54a + 27
3 x 2 8 x + 17
51. x + 2 3x3 2 x 2 + x 3
42. (3 y )3 3(3 y )2 (2) + 3(3 y )(2)2 (2)3

= 27 y3 54 y 2 + 36 y 8
3 x3 + 6 x 2
8 x 2 + x
43. (2 x)3 3(2 x)2 (3) + 3(2 x)(3)2 33
8 x 2 16 x
17 x 3
17 x + 34
37
= 8 x3 36 x 2 + 54 x 27
44. x3 + 3x 2 (2 y ) + 3 x(2 y ) 2 + (2 y )3
= x3 + 6 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 + 8 y 3
Answer: 3x 2 8 x + 17 +
45.
z 2 18 z
= z 18
z
z
37
x+2
1
2x2
Section 0.5
z+2
56. z 2 z + 1 z 3 + z 2 + z
x3 + x 2 + 3 x + 3
52. x 1 x 4 + 0 x3 + 2 x 2 + 0 x + 1
z3 z 2 + z
x 4 x3
x3 + 2 x 2
2z2
x3 x 2
2z2 2z + 2
2z 2
3x 2 + 0 x
3x 2 3x
3x + 1
3x 3
4
Answer: x3 + x 2 + 3 x + 3 +
Answer: z + 2 +
z z +1
Problems 0.5
1. 2(ax + b)
4
x 1
2. 2y(3y 2)
3. 5x(2y + z)
x2 2 x + 4
53. x + 2 x + 0 x + 0 x + 0
3
2z 2
2
4. 3x 2 y (1 3xy 2 )
x3 + 2 x 2
2 x 2 + 0
5. 4bc(2a3 3ab 2 d + b3cd 2 )
2 x 4 x
4x + 0
4x + 8
8
2
Answer: x 2 2 x + 4
6. 6u 2 v(uv 2 + 3w4 12v 2 )

7. z 2 7 2 = ( z + 7)( z 7)
8
x+2
8. (x + 2)(x 3)
9. ( p + 3)( p + 1)
3 x 12
54. 2 x + 3 6 x 2 + 8 x + 1
10. (s 4)(s 2)
6x + 9x
x +1
x 32
2
11. (4 x)2 32 = (4 x + 3)(4 x 3)

12. (x + 6)(x 4)
5
2
13. (a + 7)(a + 5)
1
Answer: 3x + 2
2 2x + 3
14. (2t )2 (3s )2 = (2t + 3s )(2t 3s )
x2
55. 3x + 2 3 x 2 4 x + 3
15. x 2 + 2(3)( x) + 32 = ( x + 3) 2
16. (y 10)(y 5)
3x2 + 2 x
6 x + 3
6 x 4
7
Answer: x 2 +
17. 5( x 2 + 5 x + 6)
= 5( x + 3)( x + 2)
7
3x + 2
18. 3(t 2 + 4t 5)
= 3(t 1)(t + 5)
9
35. y 2 ( y 2 + 8 y + 16) ( y 2 + 8 y + 16)
19. 3( x 2 12 ) = 3( x + 1)( x 1)
= ( y 2 + 8 y + 16)( y 2 1)
20. (3y 4)(3y 2)
= ( y + 4)2 ( y + 1)( y 1)
21. 6 y 2 + 13 y + 2 = (6 y + 1)( y + 2)
36. xy ( x 2 4) + z 2 ( x 2 4) = ( x 2 4)( xy + z 2 )
22. (4x + 3)(x 1)
= ( x + 2)( x 2)( xy + z 2 )
23. 2s (6 s 2 + 5s 4) = 2 s (3s + 4)(2s 1)
37. b3 + 43 = (b + 4)(b 2 4(b) + 42 )

= (b + 4)(b 2 4b + 16)
24. (3z ) 2 + 2(3 z )(5) + 52 = (3 z + 5) 2
38. x3 13 = ( x 1)[ x 2 + 1( x) + 12 ]
25. u 3 / 5 v(u 2 4v 2 ) = u 3 / 5 v(u + 2v)(u 2v)
= ( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
26. (3x
) 1 = (3 x
2/7 2
2/7
+ 1)(3x
2/7
1)
39. ( x3 )2 12 = ( x3 + 1)( x3 1)
27. 2 x( x + x 6) = 2 x( x + 3)( x 2)
2
= ( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1)( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
28. ( xy ) 2 2( xy )(2) + 22 = ( xy 2)2
40. 33 + (2 x)3 = (3 + 2 x)[32 3(2 x) + (2 x)2 ]

= (3 + 2 x)(9 6 x + 4 x 2 )
29. [2(2 x + 1)]2 = 22 (2 x + 1)2

= 4(2 x + 1)2
41. ( x + 3) 2 ( x 1)[( x + 3) + ( x 1)]

= ( x + 3)2 ( x 1)[2 x + 2]
30. 2 x 2 [2 x(1 2 x)]2

= 2 x 2 (2 x)2 (1 2 x) 2
= ( x + 3)2 ( x 1)[2( x + 1)]
= 2 x 2 (4 x 2 )(1 2 x)2
= 2( x + 3)2 ( x 1)( x + 1)
= 8 x 4 (1 2 x)2
42. (a + 5)2 (a + 1) 2 [(a + 5) + (a + 1)]

31. x( x 2 y 2 14 xy + 49) = x[( xy )2 2( xy )(7) + 7 2 ]
= (a + 5)2 (a + 1)2 (2a + 6)

= 2(a + 5)2 (a + 1) 2 (a + 3)
= x( xy 7)2
43. [P(1 + r)] + [P(1 + r)]r = [P(1 + r)](1 + r)
32. x(5x + 2) + 2(5x + 2) = (5x + 2)(x + 2)
= P (1 + r )2
33. x( x 4) + 2(4 x )
2
44. (3 X + 5 I )[( X 3I ) ( X + 2 I )] = (3 X + 5I )(5I )

= 5I (3 X + 5I )
= x( x 2 4) 2( x 2 4)
= ( x 2 4)( x 2)
= (x + 2)(x 2)(x 2)
= ( x + 2)( x 2)
45. ( x 2 )2 42 = ( x 2 + 4)( x 2 4)
= ( x 2 + 4)( x + 2)( x 2)
34. (x + 1)(x 1) + (x 2)(x + 1)

= (x + 1)[(x 1) + (x 2)]
= (x + 1)(2x 3)
46. (9 x 2 )2 ( y 2 )2 = (9 x 2 + y 2 )(9 x 2 y 2 )
= (9 x 2 + y 2 )(3 x + y )(3 x y )
10
Section 0.6
47. ( y 4 ) 2 12 = ( y 4 + 1)( y 4 1)
8.
= ( y 4 + 1)( y 2 + 1)( y 2 1)
= ( y 4 + 1)( y 2 + 1)( y + 1)( y 1)
9.
48. (t 2 ) 2 22 = (t 2 + 2)(t 2 2)
= (t 2 + 2) t 2
= (t 2 + 2) t +
( 2 )
2 )( t 2 )
2
10.
49. ( X + 5)( X 1) = ( X + 5)( X + 1)( X 1)

2
(t + 3)(t 3) t 2
t (t + 3)(t 3)
11.
51. y ( x 4 2 x 2 + 1) = y ( x 2 1)2 = y[( x + 1)( x 1)]2

= y ( x + 1)2 ( x 1) 2
52. 2 x(2 x 2 3 x 2) = 2 x(2 x + 1)( x 2)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a 2 3a
(a 3)(a + 3) a + 3
=
a(a 3)
a
x 3x 10
2
x 4
2
x 2 9 x + 20
x + x 20
2
( x 5)( x 4) x 5
=
( x + 5)( x 4) x + 5
2 x 16 x + 14 x
3( x 8)
=
2 x( x 7)
3
6 x2 + x 2
2 x + 3x 2
2
12 x 19 x + 4
2
6 x 17 x + 12
2
12.
( x + 2)( x 5) x 5
=
( x + 2)( x 2) x 2
3 x 2 27 x + 24
3( x 8)( x 1)
2 x( x 7)( x 1)
(3x + 2)(2 x 1) 3x + 2
=
( x + 2)(2 x 1)
x+2
=
t
t 3
(ax b)(c x) (ax b)(1)( x c)

=
( x c)(ax + b)
( x c)(ax + b)
(ax b)(1)
=
ax + b
b ax
=
ax + b
( x + y )( x y )( x + y )2 ( x y )( x + y ) 2
=
( x + y )( y x)
(1)( x y )
2( x 1)
( x + 4)( x + 1)
( x 4)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x 1)
=
2( x 1)( x + 4)( x + 1)
( x 4)( x + 2)( x + 1)( x 1)
2( x + 4)
( x 4)( x + 2)
Problems 0.6
a2 9
= ( x + y ) 2
50. ( x 2 9)( x 2 1) = ( x + 3)( x 3)( x + 1)( x 1)
1.
(4 x 1)(3x 4) 4 x 1
=
(2 x 3)(3x 4) 2 x 3
x( x + 2)( x 2)2
3( x 4)( x 2)( x 3)( x + 2)
x( x 2)
3( x 4)( x 3)
13.
X 2 4 4X 2 X
=
=
8 X
8X
2
14.
3x 2 14 3 x 14 3(14) x
= =
=6
7x x
7 x
7x
15.
2m n3 2mn3 n
=
=
n 2 6m 6mn 2 3
16.
c + d 2c
2c(c + d ) 2(c + d )
=
=
c cd
c (c d )
cd
17.
4x
4x 1 4x 2
2x =
=
=
3
3 2x 6x 3
18.
4 x 2 x 4 x(2 x) 8 x 2
=
=
1 3
3
3
y 2 (1)
y2
=
( y 3)( y + 2)
( y 3)( y + 2)
11
x ( x + 2)
( x 2)2
3( x 4)( x 2) ( x 3)( x + 2)
19.
9 x3 3 27 x3
=
= 27 x 2
1 x
x
27.
12Y 4
12Y 3 1 12Y 3
4 =
=
= 3Y 3
20.
Y
1
4
4
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
x 3
x4
x 3 1
x3
=
=1
1 ( x 3)( x 4)
1 x3 x3
28.
(2 x + 3)(2 x 3)(1 + x)(1 x)

( x + 4)( x 1)(2 x 3)
(2 x + 3)(1 + x)(1)( x 1)
( x + 4)( x 1)
( x 3)( x + 2) ( x + 3)( x 1)
( x + 3)( x 3) ( x + 2)( x 2)
x + 2 ( x + 3)( x 1)
=
x + 3 ( x + 2)( x 2)
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 1)
=
( x + 3)( x + 2)( x 2)
x 1
=
x2
(2 x + 3)(1 + x)
x+4
y (6 x 2 + 7 x 3) x( y 1) + 4( y 1)
x( y 1) + 5( y 1)
x 2 y ( x + 4)
=
10 x
x +1
10 x ( x + 1)
2x
=
=
( x + 1)( x 1) 5 x
5 x( x + 1)( x 1) x 1
3
( x + 3) 2
( x + 3)2 1
( x + 3) =
x
x
x+3
2
( x + 3)
x+3
=
=
x ( x + 3)
x
3
(2 x + 3)(2 x 3) (1 + x)(1 x)
( x + 4)( x 1)
2x 3
y (3 x 1)(2 x + 3)( y 1)( x + 4)

( y 1)( x + 5) x 2 y ( x + 4)
(3 x 1)(2 x + 3)
x 2 ( x + 5)
29.
x 2 + 5 x + 6 ( x + 3)( x + 2)
=
= x+2
x+3
x+3
30.
2+ x x+2
=
=1
x+2 x+2
31. LCD = 3t
2 1 6 1 6 +1 7
+ = + =
=
t 3t 3t 3t
3t
3t
( x + 2)( x + 5) ( x 4)( x + 1)
( x + 5)( x + 1) ( x 4)( x + 2)
x + 2 x +1
=
x +1 x + 2
( x + 2)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)( x + 2)
=1
32. LCD = X 3
9
1
9
X
9 X
=
3
2
3
3
X
X
X
X
X3
33. LCD = x3 1
1
( x + 3) 2 (3 + 4 x)(3 4 x)
4x 3
7( x + 3)
x3
x3 1
=
=
( x + 3)2 (3 + 4 x)(3 4 x)
=
7(4 x 3)( x + 3)
( x + 3)(3 + 4 x)(1)(4 x 3)
=
7(4 x 3)
( x + 3)(3 + 4 x)
=
7
=
=
x3 1
x3
x3 1 x3 1
x 3 1 x3
x3 1
1
x3 1
1
1 x3
34. LCD = s + 4
4
4
s ( s + 4) 4 + s ( s + 4)
+s=
+
=
s+4
s+4
s+4
s+4
=
12
s 2 + 4s + 4 ( s + 2)2
=
s+4
s+4
Section 0.6
35. LCD = (2x 1)(x + 3)

4
x
4( x + 3)
x(2 x 1)
+
=
+
2 x 1 x + 3 (2 x 1)( x + 3) ( x + 3)(2 x 1)
=
39. LCD = (x 1)(x + 5)

3x 2
4
3+
x 1
( x 1)( x + 5)
4( x + 3) + x(2 x 1) 2 x 2 + 3x + 12
=
(2 x 1)( x + 3)
(2 x 1)( x + 3)
36. LCD = (x 1)(x + 1)

x + 1 x 1 ( x + 1)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x 1)
x 1 x + 1 ( x 1)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1) ( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
2
4( x + 5)
3( x 1)( x + 5)
3x 2
+
( x 1)( x + 5) ( x 1)( x + 5) ( x 1)( x + 5)
4 x + 20 3( x 2 + 4 x 5) + 3x 2
( x 1)( x + 5)
35 8 x
( x 1)( x + 5)
40. LCD = (2x 1)(x + 6)(3x 2)

2x 3
3x + 1
1
+
(2 x 1)( x + 6) (3x 2)( x + 6) 3 x 2
x 2 + 2 x + 1 ( x 2 2 x + 1)
4x
=
=
( x + 1)( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
37. LCD = ( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 3)

1
1
+
( x 3)( x + 1) ( x + 3)( x 3)
x+3
x +1
=
+
( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 3)
( x + 3) + ( x + 1)
=
( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 3)
2x + 4
=
( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 3)
2( x + 2)
=
( x 3)( x + 1)( x + 3)
(2 x 3)(3 x 2) (3 x + 1)(2 x 1) + (2 x 1)( x + 6)

(2 x 1)( x + 6)(3 x 2)
6 x 2 13x + 6 (6 x 2 x 1) + 2 x 2 + 11x 6
(2 x 1)( x + 6)(3 x 2)
2x2 x + 1
(2 x 1)( x + 6)(3 x 2)
2
x2 + 2 x + 1
1
x 1
x +1
41. 1 + = + =
=
x
x x
x
x2
2
1 xy
=
1 1
y
y+x
x
42. + = + =
x y
xy xy
xy
38. LCD = (x 4)(2x + 1)(2x 1)

4
x
( x 4)(2 x + 1) ( x 4)(2 x 1)
4(2 x 1)
x(2 x + 1)
=
( x 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x 1) ( x 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x 1)

4(2 x 1) x(2 x + 1)
=
( x 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x 1)
=
y 2 + 2 xy + x 2
x2 y 2
1
1 xy
43. y `=
x
x x
2 x 2 + 7 x 4
( x 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x 1)
ab 1
ab + 1
44. a + = + =
b b
b
a 2b 2 + 2ab + 1
=
b2
x
1 xy
45. Multiplying the numerator and denominator of

7x +1
the given fraction by x gives
.
5x
46. Multiplying numerator and denominator by x
x+3
x+3
1
=
=
gives
.
2
+
3
(
x
3)(
x
3)
x
x 9
13
47. Multiplying numerator and denominator by

2x(x + 2) gives
3(2 x)( x + 2) 1( x + 2) ( x + 2)[3(2 x) 1]
=
x(2 x)( x + 2) + x(2 x)
2 x 2 [( x + 2) + 1]
=
( x + 2)(6 x 1)
2 x 2 ( x + 3)
56.
=
=
12
12
=
=
.
( x + 3)( x + 2)[9 + ( x 7)]
( x + 3)( x + 2)2
x+h
3
3
x
=
33 x
5+ a
=
=
51.
2 3
2+ 3 2 3
57.
x+h x
x+h x
3
3
3 x x+h
3
x + h3 x
50. LCD = 5 + a a
a a
33 x + h
a a
58.
( a ) + 1(
5+a a
a + 5+a
5+a
59.
5+ a a
a 5+a
=
2+ 3
2+ 3
2 2
2+ 3
23
4+2 6
= 4 2 6
1
2 5
3+ 7
3 7 3+ 7
2 5 3+ 7
37
15 + 35
4
15 + 35
=
2
49. LCD = 3 x + h 3 x
2 3
=
48. Multiplying numerator and denominator by

3(x + 3)(x + 2) gives
3( x 1) 1(3)( x + 3)
3(3)( x + 3)( x + 2) + ( x 7)( x + 3)( x + 2)
2 2
55.
2 3
= 2 3
43
t 7
t+ 7 t 7
( x 3) + 4
x 1
3t 3 7
t2 7
x +1
5 2 3
x 1
x +1
x +1
( x + 1)
x +1
x 1
4 1+ 2
( 2 + 3 )( 2 3 ) (1 2 )(1 + 2 )
5 ( 2 3 ) 4 (1 + 2 )
=
43
5 2 3
1 2
) 4 (1 + 2 )
) (
= 5 2 3 + 4 1 + 2 = 4 2 5 3 + 14
1+ 2
1+ 2 1+ 2
52.
=
=
= 1 2
1 2
1
1 2 1+ 2
1
60.
2
53.
3 6
2
6+ 7
=
3+ 6
36
)=
6 + 12
6+2 3
=
3
3
6 7
6 7
6 7
1
3+ 6
3+ 6
54.
) =5
6 7
67
7 6
14
4 x2
x +2
) 3(
4x2
x +2
x 2
)(
x 2
4 x2
x 2
3( x 4)
Section 0.7
Set x = 4:
Problems 0.7
2(4) + (4)2 8 0
8 + 16 8 0
0=0
Thus, 2 and 4 satisfy the equation.
1. 9 x x = 0
Set x = 1:
9(1) (1) 2 0
9 1 0
80
Set x = 0:
5. x(6 + x) 2(x + 1) 5x = 4
Set x = 2:
(2)(6 2) 2(2 + 1) 5(2) 4
2(4) 2(1) + 10 4
8 + 2 + 10 4
4=4
Set x = 0:
0(6) 2(1) 5(0) 4
2 4
Thus, 2 satisfies the equation, but 0 does not.
9(0) (0)2 0
000
0=0
Thus, 0 satisfies the equation, but 1 does not.
2. 12 7 x = x 2 ; 4, 3
Set x = 4:
12 7(4) (4) 2
12 28 16
16 = 16
Set x = 3:
6. x( x + 1)2 ( x + 2) = 0
Set x = 0:
0(1) 2 (2) 0
0=0
Set x = 1:
12 7(3) (3)2
12 21 9
9 = 9
Thus, 4 and 3 satisfy the equation.
3. z + 3( z 4) = 5;
(1)(0)2 (1) 0
0=0
Set x = 2:
2(3)2 (4) 0
72 0
Thus, 0 and 1 satisfy the equation, but 2 does
not.
17
,4
4
17
:
4
17
17
+ 3 4 5
4
4
17 51
+ 12 5
4 4
5=5
Set z = 4:
4 + 3(4 4) 5
4+05
45
17
Thus,
satisfies the equation, but 4 does not.
4
Set z =
7. Adding 5 to both sides; equivalence guaranteed

8. Dividing both sides by 8; equivalence
guaranteed
9. Raising both sides to the third power;
equivalence not guaranteed.
10. Dividing both sides by 2; equivalence
guaranteed
11. Dividing both sides by x; equivalence not
guaranteed
4. 2 x + x 2 8 = 0
Set x = 2:
12. Multiplying both sides by x 2; equivalence not

guaranteed
2 2 + 22 8 0
4+480
0=0
13. Multiplying both sides by x 1; equivalence not

guaranteed
14. Dividing both sides by (x + 3); equivalence not
guaranteed.
15
15. Multiplying both sides by

26. 4s + 3s 1 = 41
7 s 1 = 41
7 s = 42
42
s=
=6
7
2x 3
; equivalence
2x
not guaranteed
16. Adding 9 x to both sides and then dividing
both sides by 2; equivalence guaranteed
27. 5( p 7) 2(3 p 4) = 3 p
5 p 35 6 p + 8 = 3 p
p 27 = 3 p
27 = 4 p
27
p=
4
17. 4x = 10
10 5
x=
=
4 2
18. 0.2x = 7
7
x=
= 35
0.2
28. t = 2 2[2t 3(1 t)]

t = 2 2[2t 3 + 3t]
t = 2 2[5t 3]
t = 2 10t + 6
11t = 8
8
t=
11
19. 3y = 0
0
y= =0
3
20. 2x 4x = 5
2x = 5
5 5
x=
=
2 2
29.
21. 8 x = 12 20
8 x = 8
8
x=
=1
8
22. 4 7 x = 3
7 x = 1
1 1
=
x=
7 7
30.
23. 5x 3 = 9
5x = 12
12
x=
5
24.
x
= 2x 6
5
x = 5(2x 6)
x = 10x 30
30 = 9x
30 10
x=
=
9
3
5y 6
= 2 4y
7 7
5y 6 = 14 28y
33y = 20
20
y=
33
4x x
=
9 2
Multiplying both sides by 9 2 gives
9 2 7 + 2(4x) = 9(x)
126 + 8x = 9x
x = 126
31. 7 +
2x + 3 = 8
2x = 5
5 5 2
x=
or
2
2
32.
25. 7x + 7 = 2(x + 1)
7x + 7 = 2x + 2
5x + 7 = 2
5x = 5
5
x=
= 1
5
16
x
x
4 =
3
5
5x 60 = 3x
2x = 60
x = 30
Section 0.7
w w w
+
= 120
2 6 24
Multiplying both sides by 24 gives
24 w 12 w + 4 w w = 2880
15w = 2880
2880
w=
= 192
15
4
r 5
3
3r = 4r 15
r = 15
r = 15
39. w
33. r =
34.
3x 5 x
+
=9
5
3
9 x + 25 x = 135
34 x = 135
135
x=
34
40.
x
1
5 = + 5x
5
5
15x + x 25 = 1 + 25x
16x 25 = 1 + 25x
9x = 26
26
x=
9
35. 3x +
41.
y y y y
+ =
2 3 4 5
60y 30y + 20y 15y = 12y
35y = 12y
23y = 0
y=0
36. y
37.
38.
42.
2y 3 6y + 7
=
4
3
3(2y 3) = 4(6y + 7)
6y 9 = 24y + 28
18y = 37
37
y=
18
43.
t 5
7
+ t = (t 1)
4 3
2
3t + 20t = 42(t 1)
23t = 42t 42
42 = 19t
42
t=
19
44.
17
7 + 2( x + 1) 6 x
=
3
5
35 + 10(x + 1) = 18x
35 + 10x + 10 = 18x
45 = 8x
45
x=
8
x+2 2 x
= x2
3
6
2(x + 2) (2 x) = 6(x 2)
2x + 4 2 + x = 6x 12
3x + 2 = 6x 12
2 = 3x 12
14 = 3x
14
x=
3
x 2( x 4)
+
=7
5
10
2x + 2(x 4) = 70
2x + 2x 8 = 70
4x = 78
78 39
x=
=
4
2
9
3
(3 x) = ( x 3)
5
4
36(3 x) = 15(x 3)
108 36x = 15x 45
153 = 51x
x=3
2 y 7 8y 9 3y 5
+
=
3
14
21
14(2y 7) + 3(8y 9) = 2(3y 5)
28y 98 + 24y 27 = 6y 10
46y = 115
115 5
=
y=
46 2
45.
46.
4
(5 x 2) = 7[ x (5 x 2)]
3
4(5 x 2) = 21( x 5 x + 2)
20 x 8 = 84 x + 42
104 x = 50
50 25
x=
=
104 52
52.
53.
(2 x 5)2 + (3x 3) 2 = 13x 2 5 x + 7

4 x 2 20 x + 25 + 9 x 2 18 x + 9 = 13x 2 5 x + 7
13x 2 38 x + 34 = 13x 2 5 x + 7
33 x = 27
27 9
x=
=
33 11
47.
48.
54.
5
= 25
x
Multiplying both sides by x gives
5 = 25x
5
x=
25
1
x=
5
55.
4
=2
x 1
4 = 2(x 1)
4 = 2x 2
6 = 2x
x=3
56.
49. Multiplying both sides by 3 x gives 7 = 0,

which is false. Thus there is no solution, so the
solution set is .
50.
57.
3x 5
=0
x 3
3x 5 = 0
3x = 5
5
x=
3
58.
3
7
51.
=
5 2x 2
3(2) = 7(5 2 x )
6 = 35 14 x
14 x = 29
29
x=
14
18
x+3 2
=
x
5
5(x + 3) = 2x
5x + 15 = 2x
3x = 15
x = 5
q
1
=
5q 4 3
3q = 5q 4
2q = 4
q=2
4p
=1
7 p
4p = 7 p
5p = 7
7
p=
5
1
2
=
p 1 p 2
p 2 = 2(p 1)
p 2 = 2p 2
p=0
2x 3
=6
4x 5
2x 3 = 24x 30
27 = 22x
27
x=
22
1 1 3
+ =
x 7 7
1 3 1
=
x 7 7
1 2
=
x 7
7
x=
2
2
3
=
x 1 x 2
2( x 2) = 3( x 1)
2 x 4 = 3x 3
x = 1
x = 1
59.
Section 0.7
3x 2 3x 1
=
2x + 3 2x +1
(3x 2)(2x + 1) = (3x 1)(2x + 3)
64.
6 x2 x 2 = 6 x2 + 7 x 3
1 = 8x
1
x=
8
60.
2 x 2 + 5 x 2 3(2 x 2 + 7 x 3) = 4( x 2 5 x + 6)
4 x 2 16 x + 7 = 4 x 2 20 x + 24
4x = 17
17
x=
4
x + 2 x +1
+
=0
x 1 3 x
(x + 2)(3 x) + (x + 1)(x 1) = 0
65.
3x x 2 + 6 2 x + x 2 1 = 0
x+5=0
x = 5
61.
y6 6 y+6
=
y
y y6
Multiplying both sides by y(y 6) gives
66.
( y 6)2 6( y 6) = y ( y + 6)
y 2 12 y + 36 6 y + 36 = y 2 + 6 y
y2 y2
=
y+2 y+3
x+5 = 4
y + y6 = y 4
y=2
63.
x
x
3x 4
=
x + 3 x 3 x2 9
x(x 3) x(x + 3) = 3x 4
67.
(y 2)(y + 3) = (y 2)(y + 2)
2
9
3x
=
x 3 x 3
9 = 3x
x=3
But the given equation is not defined for x = 3,
so there is no solution. The solution set is .
x 2 3x x 2 3x = 3x 4
6x = 3x 4
9x = 4
4
x=
9
y 2 18 y + 72 = y 2 + 6 y
72 = 24y
y=3
62.
1
3
4
=
x 3 x 2 1 2x
(x 2)(1 2x) 3(x 3)(1 2x)
= 4(x 3)(x 2)
x+5
= 42
x + 5 = 16
x = 11
5
7
11
=
+
2 x 3 3 2 x 3x + 5
Multiplying both sides by (2x 3)(3x + 5) gives
5(3 x + 5) = 7(3 x + 5) + 11(2 x 3)
15 x 25 = 21x 35 + 22 x 33
15 x 25 = x 68
16 x = 43
43
x=
16
z2 =3
68.
z2
= 32
z2=9
z = 11
3x 4 8 = 0
3x 4 = 8
69.
3x 4
3x 4 = 64
3x = 68
68
x=
3
19
= (8)2
70. 4 3x + 1 = 0
4 = 3x + 1
2
4 =
3x + 1
y 2 9 = (9 y ) 2
16 = 3 x + 1
15 = 3 x
x=5
y 2 9 = 81 18 y + y 2
18y = 90
90
y=
=5
18
x
2
+1 =
2
3
71.
x
2
+ 1 =
3
2
x
4
+1 =
2
9
x
5
=
2
9
10
5
x = 2 =
9
9
y + 2 = 3 y
(6 y )
) ( )
x
78.
4 + 3x
= 72
x x +1 = 1
2
x +1 +1
x = x +1+ 2 x +1 +1
2 = 2 x + 1
1 = x + 1 , which is impossible because
a 0 for all a. Thus there is no solution.
The solution set is .
) =(
2
2x + 5
79.
z2 + 2z = 3 + z
2
z 2 + 2 z = (3 + z )2
4 + 3x = 2 x + 5
x =1
75.
( x) = (
4 + 3x = 2 x + 5
x = x +1 +1
4x 6 = x
3x = 6
x=2
74.
36y = 49
49
y=
36
4x 6 = x
=
) = (3 y )
6 y =7
[( x + 6)1/ 2 ]2 = 7 2
x + 6 = 49
x = 43
y+2
y+2 = 96 y + y
72. ( x + 6)1/ 2 = 7
4x 6
y + y+2 =3
77.
73.
y2 9 = 9 y
76.
z2 + 2z = 9 + 6z + z2
9 = 4z
9
z=
4
( x 5)3 / 4 = 27
[( x 5)3 / 4 ]4 / 3 = 27 4 / 3
x 5 = 81
x = 86
20
80.
Section 0.7
1
2
=0
w
5w 2
87. A =
1
2
=
w
5w 2
R=
w
5w 2
1
2
=
w 5w 2
5w 2 = 2w
3w = 2
2
w=
3
P=
1 (1 + i ) n
88. S =
R[(1 + i )n 1]
i
Si = R[(1 + i ) n 1]
R=
Si
(1 + i ) n 1
d
1 dt
r(1 dt) = d
r rdt = d
rdt = r + d
d r r d
t=
=
rd
rd
89. r =
81. I = Prt
I
r=
Pt
p
82. P 1 +
R = 0
100
p
P 1 +
=R
100
R[1 (1 + i ) n ]
i
Ai
90.
R
p
1 + 100
83. p = 8q 1
p + 1 = 8q
p +1
q=
8
x a x b
=
bx ax
Multiplying both sides by (b x)(a x) gives
(x a)(a x) = (x b)(b x)
(x a)(a x)(1) = (x b)(b x)(1)
(x a)(x a) = (x b)(x b)
x 2 2ax + a 2 = x 2 2bx + b 2
a 2 b 2 = 2ax 2bx
(a + b)(a b) = 2x(a b)
a + b = 2x (for a b)
a+b
=x
2
84. p = 3q + 6
p 6 = 3q
p6 6 p
q=
=
3
3
91. r =
85. S = P(1 + rt)

S = P + Prt
S P = r(Pt)
SP
r=
Pt
2mI
B (n + 1)
2mI
B
2mI
n +1 =
rB
2mI
1
n=
rB
r (n + 1) =
2mI
B (n + 1)
r[ B (n + 1)]
=I
2m
rB (n + 1)
I=
2m
86. r =
21
92.
1 1 1
+ =
p q f
98.
1 1 1
=
q f p
1 p f
=
q
pf
q=
pf
p f
93. P = 2l + 2 w
660 = 2l + 2(160)
660 = 2l + 320
340 = 2l
340
l=
= 170
2
The length of the rectangle is 170 m.
94.
vf
334.8
v(2500)
495 =
334.8
165, 726 = 2500v
165, 726
= 66.2904
v=
2500
Since the car is traveling at 66.2904 mi/h on a
65 mi/h highway, the officer can claim that you
were speeding.
F=
99. Bronwyns weekly salary for working h hours is

27h + 18. Steves weekly salary for working
h hours is 35h.
1
(27h + 18 + 35h) = 550
5
62h + 18 = 2750
62h = 2732
2732
h=
44.1
62
They must each work 44 hours each week.
V = r 2 h
355 = (2) 2 h
355 = 4h
355
h=
4
The height of the can is
355
28.25 centimeters.
4
100. y = a(1 by)x

y = ax(1 by)
y = ax abxy
y + abxy = ax
y(1 + abx) = ax
ax
y=
1 + abx
95. c = x + 0.0825x = 1.0825x
1.4 x
1 + 0.09 x
With y = 10 the equation is
1.4 x
10 =
1 + 0.09 x
10(1 + 0.09x) = 1.4x
10 + 0.9x = 1.4x
10 = 0.5x
x = 20
The prey density should be 20.
101. y =
96. Revenue equals cost when 450x = 380x + 3500.

450x = 380x + 3500
70x = 3500
x = 50
50 toddlers need to be enrolled.
n
97. V = C 1
N
n
2000 = 3200 1
8
2000 = 3200 400n
400n = 1200
n=3
The furniture will have a value of $2000
after 3 years.
102. Let x = the maximum number of customers.

8
10
=
x 92 x 46
8(x 46) = 10(x 92)
8x 368 = 10x 920
552 = 2x
x = 276
The maximum number of customers is 276.
22
Section 0.8
d
r c
t(r c) = d
tr tc = d
tr d = tc
tr d
d
c=
=r
t
t
109.
103. t =
110.
Problems 0.8
1. x 2 4 x + 4 = 0
theorem, x 2 + 1002 = ( x + 1)2 .
( x 2)2 = 0
x2=0
x=2
x 2 + 10, 000 = x 2 + 2 x + 1
10, 000 = 2 x + 1
9999 = 2 x
9999
x=
= 4999.5
2
The distance from the top of the tower to the
house is x + 1 = 4999.5 + 1 = 5000.5 meters.
45 = 24d
24d
2025 = 24d
2025 675
3
d=
=
= 84 84 ft
24
8
8
106. Let P be the amount in the account one year ago.

Then the interest earned is 0.073P and
P + 0.073P = 1257.
1.073P = 1257
1257
P=
1171.48
1.073
The amount in the account one year ago was
$1171.48, and the interest earned is
$1171.48(0.073) = $85.52.
or t + 2 = 0
or t = 2
t 2 8t + 15 = 0
(t 3)(t 5) = 0
t3=0
t=3
or t 5 = 0
or t = 5
4. (x 2)(x + 5) = 0
x2=0
x=2
or x + 5 = 0
or x = 5
5. x 2 2 x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x3=0
x=3
or x + 1 = 0
or x = 1
6. (x 4)(x + 4) = 0
x4=0
x=4
or x + 4 = 0
or x = 4
7. u 2 13u = 36
u 2 13u + 36 = 0
(u 4)(u 9) = 0
u4=0
u=4
107. Let e be Toms expenses in Nova Scotia before

the HST tax. Then the HST tax is 0.15e and the
total receipts are e + 0.15e = 1.15e. The
percentage of the total that is HST is
0.15e 0.15 15
3
=
=
=
or approximately
1.15e 1.15 115 23
13%.
108.
2. (t + 1)(t + 2) = 0
t+1=0
t = 1
3.
105. s = 30 fd
Set s = 45 and (for dry concrete) f = 0.8.
45 = 30(0.8)d
(45) =
14
is a root.
61
111. 0 is a root.
104. Let x = the horizontal distance from the base of

the tower to the house. By the Pythagorean
1
is a root.
2
8. 3( w2 4 w + 4) = 0
3( w 2)2 = 0
w2=0
w=2
1
1
and
are roots.
8
14
23
or u 9 = 0
or u = 9
9. x 2 4 = 0
(x 2)(x + 2) = 0
x2=0
x=2
17. x 2 + 3 x + 10 = 0
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
10. 3u (u 2) = 0
u=0
u=0
or u 2 = 0
or u = 2
11. t 2 5t = 0
t (t 5) = 0
t=0
t=0
or t 5 = 0
or t = 5
12. x 2 + 9 x + 14 = 0
(x + 7)(x + 2) = 0
x+7=0
x = 7
18.
x 2 3x 10 = 0
(x 5)(x + 2) = 0
x5=0
x=5
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
1 2 3
y y=0
7
7
1
y ( y 3) = 0
7
y=0
y=0
or y 3 = 0
or y = 3
19. 2 p 2 = 3 p
2 p2 3 p = 0
p(2p 3) = 0
p=0
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
13. 4 x + 1 = 4 x
p=0
4x 4x + 1 = 0
(2 x 1)2 = 0
2x 1 = 0
1
x=
2
20. r 2 + r 12 = 0
(r 3)(r + 4) = 0
r3=0
r=3
22. ( w 3)2 ( w + 1)2 = 0

w3=0
or w + 1 = 0
w=3
or w = 1
15. v(3v 5) = 2
3v 2 5v = 2
23.
16.
or r + 4 = 0
or r = 4
21. x(x + 4)(x 1) = 0

x = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
or x = 1
14. 2 z 2 + 9 z 5 = 0
(2z 1)(z + 5) = 0
2z 1 = 0
or z + 5 = 0
1
z=
or z = 5
2
3v 5v + 2 = 0
(3v 2)(v 1) = 0
3v 2 = 0
2
v=
3
or 2p 3 = 0
3
or p =
2
t 3 49t = 0
t (t 2 49) = 0
t (t + 7)(t 7) = 0
t = 0 or t + 7 = 0
or t 7 = 0
t = 0 or
t = 7 or
t=7
or v 1 = 0
or v = 1
24. x( x 2 4 x 5) = 0
x(x 5)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 5
or x = 1
6 x 2 + x + 2 = 0
6 x2 x 2 = 0
(2 x + 1)(3x 2) = 0
2x +1 = 0
or 3x 2 = 0
1
2
x=
or
x=
2
3
25. 6 x3 + 5 x 2 4 x = 0
x(6 x 2 + 5 x 4) = 0
x(2x 1)(3x + 4) = 0
24
Section 0.8
x = 0 or 2x 1 = 0 or 3x + 4 = 0
4
1
or x =
x = 0 or x =
3
2
32. x 2 2 x 15 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 15
x=
26. x 2 + 2 x + 1 5 x + 1 = 0
x2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x1=0
x=1
27.
or x 2 = 0
or x = 2
( x 3)( x 2 4) = 0
( x 3)( x 2)( x + 2) = 0
x 3 = 0 or
x2=0
x=3
or
x=2
or
or
28. 5(x + 4)(x 3)(x 8) = 0

x + 4 = 0 or x 3 = 0 or
x = 4 or
x = 3 or
(2) 4 4(1)(15)
2(1)
2 64
2
28
=
2
2+8
x=
=5
2
x+2=0
x = 2
x 8 = 0
x=8
29. p( p 3) 2 4( p 3)3 = 0
=
( p 3) 2 [ p 4( p 3)] = 0
( p 3) 2 (12 3 p ) = 0
)( x 2 ) = 0
(12) 144 4(4)(9)

2(4)
b b 2 4ac
2a
5 25 4(1)(0)
=
2(1)
5 25
=
2
55
=
2
5+5
q=
=5
or
2
q=
31. x 2 + 2 x 24 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 24
b b 2 4ac
2a
34. q 2 5q = 0
a = 1, b = 5, c = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
or x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
or x = 2 or x = 2
x=
28
= 3
2
12 0
8
12 0
=
8
3
=
2
3( p 3) (4 p) = 0
p3=0
or 4 p = 0
p=3
or p = 4
x=
( x + 1)( x 1) x + 2
or
33. 4 x 2 12 x + 9 = 0
a = 4, b = 12, c = 9
x=
30. ( x 2 1)( x 2 2) = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(1)(24)
2(1)
2 100
2
2 10
=
2
2 + 10
2 10
x=
= 4 or x =
= 6
2
2
25
q=
55
=0
2
35. p 2 2 p 7 = 0
39. 4 x 2 + 5 x 2 = 0
a = 4, b = 5, c = 2
a = 1, b = 2, c = 7
b b 2 4ac
2a
5 25 4(4)(2)
=
2(4)
5 57
=
8
5 + 57
5 57
x=
or x =
8
8
b b 2 4ac
p=
2a
x=
(2) (2)2 4(1)(7)

2(1)
2 32
=
2
= 1 2 2
=
p = 1+ 2 2
or
p = 1 2 2
40. w2 2w + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
36. 2 2 x + x 2 = 0
x2 2 x + 2 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 2
(2) 4 4(1)(2)
x=
2(1)
w=
(2) (2) 2 4(1)(1)

2(1)
2 0
=
2
=1
=
2 4
2
no real roots
=
37. 4 2n + n 2 = 0
41. 0.02w2 0.3w = 20
n 2 2n + 4 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
n=
0.02 w2 0.3w 20 = 0
a = 0.02, b = 0.3, c = 20
b b 2 4ac
2a
w=
(2) 4 4(1)(4)
2(1)
2 12
2
no real roots
=
b b 2 4ac
2a
1 1 4(2)(5)
2(2)
1 41
4
1 + 41
x=
4
(0.3) 0.09 4(0.02)(20)

2(0.02)
0.3 1.69
0.04
0.3 1.3
=
0.04
0.3 + 1.3
w=
=
0.04
0.3 1.3
w=
=
0.04
2x2 + x 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 1, c = 5
b b 2 4ac
2a
38. 2 x 2 + x = 5
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
or
x=
1 41
4
26
1.6
= 40 or
0.04
1.0
= 25
0.04
Section 0.8
42. 0.01x 2 + 0.2 x 0.6 = 0

a = 0.01, b = 0.2, c = 0.6
x=
44. 2 x 2 6 x + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 6, c = 5
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
0.2 0.04 4(0.01)(0.6)

2(0.01)
0.2 0.064
0.02
0.2 (0.0064)(10)
0.02
0.2 0.08 10
0.02
x = 10 + 4 10 or x = 10 4 10
45. ( x 2 )2 5( x 2 ) + 6 = 0
43. 2 x 2 + 4 x = 5
Let w = x 2 . Then
2x2 + 4 x 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 4, c = 5
w2 5 w + 6 = 0
(w 3)(w 2) = 0
w = 3, 2
b b 2 4ac
2a
Thus x 2 = 3 or x 2 = 2, so x = 3, 2 .
4 16 4(2)(5)
=
2(2)
4 56
4
4 2 14
=
4
2 14
=
2
2 + 14
x=
2
(6) 36 4(2)(5)
2(2)
6 76
4
6 2 19
=
4
3 19
=
2
3 + 19
3 19
x=
or x =
2
2
= 10 4 10
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
46. ( X 2 ) 2 3( X ) 2 10 = 0
Let w = X 2 . Then
w2 3w 10 = 0
( w 5)( w + 2) = 0
w = 5, 2
Thus X 2 = 5 or X 2 = 2, so the real solutions

or
x=
are X = 5.
2 14
2
1
1
47. 3 7 + 2 = 0
x
x
1
Let w = . Then
x
3w2 7 w + 2 = 0
(3w 1)( w 2) = 0
1
w= , 2
3
1
Thus, x = 3, .
2
27
48. ( x 1 )2 + x 1 12 = 0
1
1
53.
12
+ 35 = 0
x2
x2
1
, then
Let w =
x2
Let w = x 1. Then
w2 + w 12 = 0
(w + 4)(w 3) = 0
w = 4, 3
1 1
Thus, x = , .
4 3
w2 12w + 35 = 0
(w 7)(w 5) = 0
w = 7, 5
1
1
= 5.
= 7 or
Thus,
x2
x2
15 11
x= , .
7 5
49. ( x 2 )2 9( x 2 ) + 20 = 0
Let w = x 2 . Then
w2 9 w + 20 = 0
(w 5)(w 4) = 0
w = 5, 4
1
1
1
1
= 5 or
= 4, so x 2 = or x 2 = .
Thus,
2
2
5
4
x
x
5
1
x=
, .
5
2
1
1
54. 2
+ 7
+3= 0
x+4
x+4
1
Let w =
. Then
x+4
2 w2 + 7 w + 3 = 0
(2w + 1)(w + 3) = 0
1
w = , 3
2
1
1
1
= 3 .
= or
Thus,
x+4
2
x+4
13
x = 6,
3
1
1
50. 9 + 8 = 0
2
x
x2
1
. Then
Let w =
x2
w2 9 w + 8 = 0
(w 8)(w 1) = 0
w = 8, 1
1
1
1
= 8 or
= 1, so x 2 = or x 2 = 1.
Thus,
2
2
8
x
x
2
x=
, 1.
4
55. x 2 =
x+3
2
2 x2 = x + 3
2x2 x 3 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
3
Thus, x = , 1.
2
51. ( X 5)2 + 7( X 5) + 10 = 0
Let w = X 5. Then
w2 + 7 w + 10 = 0
( w + 2)( w + 5) = 0
w = 2, 5
Thus, X 5 = 2 or X 5 = 5, so X = 3, 0.
56.
x 7 5
=
2 x 2
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x, gives
x 2 = 14 5 x
x 2 + 5 x 14 = 0
(x 2)(x + 7) = 0
Thus, x = 2, 7.
52. (3x + 2) 2 5(3x + 2) = 0

Let w = 3x + 2. Then
w2 5 w = 0
w( w 5) = 0
w = 0, 5
2
Thus 3x + 2 = 0 or 3x + 2 = 5, so x = , 1.
3
28
57.
58.
Section 0.8
3
x 3
+
=2
x4
x
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, x(x 4),
gives
3x + (x 3)(x 4) = 2x(x 4)
61.
3x + x 2 7 x + 12 = 2 x 2 8 x
2r + 8 (r 2 r 2) = 0
x 2 4 x + 12 = 2 x 2 8 x
r 2 + 3r + 10 = 0
0 = x 2 4 x 12
0 = (x 6)(x + 2)
Thus, x = 6, 2.
r 2 3r 10 = 0
(r 5)(r + 2) = 0
Thus, r = 5, 2.
2
6
=5
2x +1 x 1
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
(2x + 1)(x 1), gives
2( x 1) 6(2 x + 1) = 5(2 x + 1)( x 1)
62.
2x 3
2x
+
=1
2 x + 5 3x + 1
(2x + 5)(3x + 1), gives
(2x 3)(3x + 1) + 2x(2x + 5) = (2x + 5)(3x + 1)
10 x 8 = 10 x 2 5 x 5
6 x 2 7 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 10 x = 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5
0 = 10 x 2 + 5 x + 3
a = 10, b = 5, c = 3
10 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5
4 x 2 14 x 8 = 0
b 4ac = 25 4(10)(3) = 95 < 0, thus there

are no real roots.
59.
2
r +1
=0
r2 r+4
(r 2)(r + 4), gives
2(r + 4) (r 2)(r + 1) = 0
2x2 7 x 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(x 4) = 0
1
Thus, x = , 4.
2
3x + 2 2 x + 1
=1
x +1
2x
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x(x + 1),
gives
2 x(3 x + 2) (2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 2 x( x + 1)
63.
6 x 2 + 4 x (2 x 2 + 3x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 2 x
4 x2 + x 1 = 2 x2 + 2 x
2 x2 x 1 = 0
(2 x + 1)( x 1) = 0
t +1 t + 3
t +5
+
=
t + 2 t + 4 t 2 + 6t + 8
(t + 2)(t + 4), gives
(t + 1)(t + 4) + (t + 3)(t + 2) = t + 5
t 2 + 5t + 4 + t 2 + 5t + 6 = t + 5
2t 2 + 10t + 10 = t + 5
1
Thus, x = , 1.
2
2t 2 + 9t + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 9, c = 5
b b 2 4ac
2a
9 81 4(2)(5)
=
2(2)
9 41
=
4
9 + 41 9 41
Thus t =
,
.
4
4
w
6( w + 1)
+
=3
60.
2w
w 1
(2 w)(w 1), gives
6(w + 1)(w 1) + w(2 w) = 3(2 w)(w 1)
t=
6( w2 1) + 2 w w2 = 3( w2 + 3w 2)
5w2 + 2 w 6 = 3w2 + 9 w 6
8 w2 7 w = 0
w(8w 7) = 0
7
Thus, w = 0, .
8
29
64.
2
3
4
+ =
x +1 x x + 2
x(x + 1)(x + 2), gives
2 x( x + 2) + 3( x + 1)( x + 2) = 4 x( x + 1)
68.
x2 + 9 x + 6 = 0
a = 1, b = 9, c = 6
70.
( x)
w=
+2
( x)5 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(1)(5)
2(1)
2 24
=
2
2 2 6
=
2
= 1 6
w=
2 x 2 x ( x + 1) = 2( x + 1)( x 1)
2 x2 x2 x = 2 x2 2
x2 x = 2 x2 2
0 = x2 + x 2
0 = (x + 2)(x 1)
x = 2 or x = 1
But x = 1 does not check. The solution is 2.
Since w = x and 1 6 < 0, w = 1 6

does not check. Thus w = 1 + 6, so
x = 1 + 6
3 1 x
=
.
x
x
Multiplying both sides by x gives
5x 3 = 1 x
6x = 4
2
x=
3
66. If x 3, the equation is 5
Let w = x , then w2 + 2 w 5 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1), gives
q 2 12q + 32 = 0
(q 4)(q 8) = 0
Thus, q = 4, 8.
2x 3
q 2 + 4q + 4 = 16q 28
1
2
=
2
x 1 x( x 1) x 2
= ( x 6)2
9 92 4(1)(6)
=
2(1)
9 57
=
2
9 + 57 9 57
Thus, x =
,
.
2
2
67.
69. (q + 2) 2 = 2 4q 7
b b 2 4ac
2a
0 = x 2 21x
0 = x(x 21)
x = 0 or x = 21
Only x = 21 checks.
5 x 2 + 13 x + 6 = 4 x 2 + 4 x
65.
x+4
9 x + 36 = x 2 12 x + 36
2 x2 + 4 x + 3x2 + 9 x + 6 = 4 x2 + 4 x
x=
(3
= 7 2 6.
z + 3 = 3z + 1
71.
z +3
) =(
2
3z + 1
z + 3 = 3z + 2 3z + 1
2 z + 2 = 2 3 z
z + 1 = 3z
= ( x 3)2
( z + 1) 2 =
2 x 3 = x2 6 x + 9
3z
z 2 2 z + 1 = 3z
z 2 5z + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 5, c = 1
0 = x 8 x + 12
0 = (x 6)(x 2)
x = 6 or x = 2
Only x = 6 checks.
30
z=
Section 0.8
b b 2 4ac
2a
75.
x 2
) =(
2x 8
x+3
76.
= ( x 12)2
t +2
2x + 1
t=
= x2
0 = x2 4x
0 = x(x 4)
Thus, x = 0, 4.
y2 +2
) =(
2
= (3t 1)2
2y + 3
b b 2 4ac
2a
(2.7) (2.7) 2 4(0.04)(8.6)

2(0.04)
64.15 or 3.35
4 y 2 = y +1
y2
77. x =
y 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 = 2y + 3
(4
3t + 1
(7) (7)2 4(9)(1)

2(9)
7 13
=
18
7 + 13
Only
checks.
18
4x = x 2
74.
2 x=x
2
0 = 9t 2 7t + 1
a = 9, b = 7, c = 1
x + 2 x + 1 = 2x + 1
(2 x )
t = 9t 2 6t + 1
x +1 = 2x + 1
) =(
( t)
0 = x 2 40 x + 144
0 = (x 4)(x 36)
x = 4 or x = 36
Only x = 4 checks.
x +1
= (4 x 2) 2
t + 2 = 3t + 1
t = 3t 1
16 x = x 24 x + 144
1
or x = 1
16
Only x = 1 checks.
73.
x=
x 4 x + 4 = 2x 8
( 4 x )
0 = 16 x 2 17 x + 1
0 = (16 x 1)( x 1)
4 x = x 12
2
x + 3 = 16 x 2 16 x + 4
x 2 = 2x 8
2
) = (3 x )
x + 3 +1
x + 3 + 2 x + 3 + 1 = 9x
2 x + 3 = 8x 4
x + 3 = 4x 2
(5) (5)2 4(1)(1)

=
2(1)
5 21
=
2
5 21
Only z =
checks.
2
72.
0.2 (0.2) 2 4(0.01)(0.6)

2(0.01)
2.65 or 22.65
78. x =
= ( y + 1) 2
16 y 32 = y 2 + 2 y + 1
0 = y 2 14 y + 33
0 = (y 11)(y 3)
Thus, y = 11, 3.
31
79. Let l be the length of the picture, then its width is

l 2.
l(l 2) = 48
83.
l 2 2l 48 = 0
(l 8)(l + 6) = 0
l8=0
or l + 6 = 0
l=8
or l = 6
Since length cannot be negative, l = 8. The width
of the picture is l 2 = 8 2 = 6 inches.
The dimensions of the picture are 6 inches by
8 inches.
24 A = A2 + 13 A + 12
0 = A2 11A + 12
From the quadratic formula,
11 121 48 11 73
A=
=
.
2
2
11 + 73
11 73
10 or A =
A=
1.
2
2
The doses are the same at 1 year and 10 years.
A +1
c = d in Cowlings rule when
= 1, which
24
occurs when A = 23. Thus, adulthood is achieved
at age 23 according to Cowlings rule.
A
= 1, which is
c = d in Youngs rule when
A + 12
never true. Thus, adulthood is never reached
according to Youngs rule.
80. The amount that the temperature has risen over

the X days is
(X degrees per day)(X days) = X 2 degrees.
X 2 + 15 = 51
X 2 = 36
X = 36
X = 6 or X = 6
The temperature has been rising 6 degrees per
day for 6 days.
81. M =
A
A +1
d=
d.
A + 12
24
Dividing both sides by d and then multiplying
both sides by 24(A + 12) gives
24A = (A + 12)(A + 1)
Q(Q + 10)
44
44 M = Q 2 + 10Q
0 = Q 2 + 10Q 44 M
From the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = 10,
c = 44 M ,
Q=
=
25
Youngs rule prescribes less than Cowlings for

ages less than one year and greater than 10 years.
Cowlings rule prescribes less for ages between
1 and 10.
10 100 4(1)(44M )
2(1)
84. a.
10 + 2 25 + 44M
2
= 5 25 + 44M
Thus, 5 + 25 + 44M is a root.

82. g = 200 P 2 + 200 P + 20
Set g = 60.
60 = 200 P 2 + 200 P + 20
(2n 1)v 2 2nv + 1 = 0

From the quadratic formula with a = 2n 1,
b = 2n, c = 1,
v=
(2n) 4n 2 4(2n 1)(1)

2(2n 1)
v=
2n 4n 2 8n + 4
2(2n 1)
2
2n 2 n 2 2n + 1 n (n 1)
=
2(2n 1)
2n 1
Because of the condition that n 1, it
follows that n 1 is nonnegative. Thus,
v=
200 P 2 200 P + 40 = 0
5P 2 5P + 1 = 0
From the quadratic formula with a = 5, b = 5,
c = 1,
5 25 4(5)(1) 5 5
P=
=
2(5)
10
(n 1)2 = n 1 and we have

v=
P 0.28 or P 0.72
28% and 72% of yeast gave an average weight
gain of 60 grams.
n (n 1)
.
2n 1
v = 1 or v =
32
1
.
2n 1
Mathematical Snapshot Chapter 0

87. By a program, roots are 1.5 and 0.75.
Algebraically:
nv 2 (2n + 1)v + 1 = 0
From the quadratic formula with a = n,
b = (2n + 1), and c = 1,
b.
v=
[(2n + 1)] [(2n + 1)]2 4(n)(1)

2n
v=
2n + 1 4n 2 + 1
2n
8 x 2 18 x + 9 = 0
(2x 3)(4x 3) = 0
Thus, 2x 3 = 0 or 4x 3 = 0.
3
3
So x = = 1.5 or x = = 0.75.
2
4
88. By a program, roots are 0.762 and 0.262.
Because 4n 2 + 1 is greater than 2n,

choosing the plus sign gives a numerator
greater than 2n + 1 + 2n, or 4n + 1, so v is
4n + 1
1
= 2 + . Thus v is
greater than
2n
2n
greater than 2. This contradicts the
restriction on v. On the other hand, because
89. By a program, there are no real roots.

90.
4n 2 + 1 is greater than 1, choosing the

minus sign gives a numerator less than 2n,
2n
= 1. This meets the
so v is less than
2n
condition on v. Thus we choose
v=
85. a.
9 2
z
z 6.3 = (1.1 7 z )
2
3
9 2
1.1
7
z 6.3 =
z z2
2
3
3
9 7 2 1.1
z 6.3 = 0
+ z
3
2 3
Roots: 0.987, 0.934
91. (t 4)2 = 4.1t 3

2t 2 8t + 16 = 4.1t 3
2n + 1 4n 2 + 1
.
2n
2t 2 + (8 4.1)t + 19 = 0
Roots: 1.999, 0.963
When the object strikes the ground, h must

be 0, so
0 = 39.2t 4.9t 2 = 4.9t (8 t )

t = 0 or t = 8
The object will strike the ground 8 s after
being thrown.
1.
b. Setting h = 68.2 gives

68.2 = 39.2t 4.9t 2
4.9t 2 39.2t + 68.2 = 0
2. The procedure works because multiplying a list

by a number is the same as multiplying each
element in the list by the number, adding a
number to a list has the effect of adding the
number to each element of the list, and
subtracting one list from another is the same as
subtracting corresponding elements. The plots
match.
39.2 ( 39.2) 4(4.9)(68.2)

2(4.9)
39.2 14.1
9.8
t 5.4 s or t 2.6 s.
t=
86. By a program, roots are 4.5 and 3.

Algebraically:
3.
2 x 3 x 27 = 0
(2x 9)(x + 3) = 0
Thus, 2x 9 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
9
So x = = 4.5 or x = 3.
2
The results agree.

33
4. The smaller quadratic residuals indicate a better

fit. The fairly random pattern suggests that the
model cannot be improved any further. The
slight deviations from the quadratic model are
presumably due to random measurement errors.
34
Chapter 1
5. Let n = number of ounces in each part. Then we
have
2n + 1n = 16
3n = 16
16
n=
3
Thus the turpentine needed is
16
1
(1)n =
= 5 ounces.
3
3
Problems 1.1
1. Let w be the width and 2w be the length of the
plot.
2w
w
2w
Then area = 800.

(2w)w = 800
6. Let w = width (in miles) of strip to be cut. Then

the remaining forest has dimensions 2 2w by
1 2w.
2w2 = 800
w2 = 400
w = 20 ft
Thus the length is 40 ft, so the amount of fencing
needed is 2(40) + 2(20) = 120 ft.
2 2w
w
1 2w w
2. Let w be the width and 2w be the length.
2w
Considering the area of the remaining forest, we

have
3
(2 2 w)(1 2 w) =
4
3
2 6 w + 4 w2 =
4
w
2w
The perimeter P = 2w + 2l = 2w + 2(2w) = 6w.

Thus 6w = 300.
300
w=
= 50 ft
6
Thus the length is 2(50) = 100 ft.
The dimensions are 50 ft by 100 ft.
8 24w + 16 w2 = 3
16w2 24w + 5 = 0
(4w 1)(4w 5) = 0
1 5
5
Hence w = , . But w = is impossible since
4 4
4
one dimension of original forest is 1 mi. Thus
1
mi.
the width of the strip should be
4
3. Let n = number of ounces in each part. Then we

have
4n + 5n = 145
9n = 145
1
n = 16
9
4
1
Thus there should be 4 16 = 64 ounces of
9
9
1
5
A and 5 16 = 80 ounces of B.
9
9
7. Let w = width (in meters) of pavement. The

remaining plot for flowers has dimensions
8 2w by 4 2w.
8 2w
w
4 2w w
w
w
4. Let n = number of cubic feet in each part.

Then we have
1n + 3n + 5n = 765
9n = 765
n = 85
Thus he needs 1n = 1(85) = 85 ft3 of portland
cement, 3n = 3(85) = 255 ft3 of sand, and
5n = 5(85) = 425 ft3 of crushed stone.
Thus
(8 2w)(4 2w) = 12
32 24w + 4 w2 = 12
4w2 24 w + 20 = 0
w2 6 w + 5 = 0
(w 1)(w 5) = 0
35
Chapter 1: Applications and More Algebra
Hence w = 1, 5. But w = 5 is impossible since

one dimension of the original plot is 4 m. Thus
the width of the pavement should be 1 m.
13. Let p = selling price. Then profit = 0.2p.

selling price = cost + profit
p = 3.40 + 0.2p
0.8p = 3.40
3.40
p=
= $4.25
0.8
8. Since diameter of circular end is 140 mm, the

radius is 70 mm. Area of circular end is
(radius)2 = (70)2 . Area of square end is x 2 .
14. Following the procedure in Example 6 we obtain

the total value at the end of the second year to be
Equating areas, we have x 2 = (70)2 .

Thus x = (70)2 = 70 . Since x must be
1, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 .
So at the end of the third year, the accumulated
positive, x = 70 124 mm.
amount will be 1, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 plus the
9. Let q = number of tons for $560,000 profit.

Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
560, 000 = 134q (82q + 120, 000)
560, 000 = 52q 120, 000
680, 000 = 52q
680, 000
=q
52
q 13, 076.9 13, 077 tons.
interest on this, which is 1, 000, 000(1 + r )2 r.

Thus the total value at the end of the third year
will be 1, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 + 1, 000, 000(1 + r )2 r
= 1, 000, 000(1 + r )3 .
This must equal $1,125,800.
1, 000, 000(1 + r )3 = 1,125,800
1,125,800
(1 + r )3 =
= 1.1258
1, 000, 000
1 + r 1.04029
r 0.04029
Thus r 0.04029 4%.
10. Let q = required number of units.

150, 000 = 50q (25q + 500, 000)
150, 000 = 25q 500, 000
650, 000 = 25q, from which
q = 26, 000
15. Following the procedure in Example 6 we obtain

3, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 = 3, 245, 000
649
(1 + r ) 2 =
600
649
1+ r =
600
649
r = 1
600
r 2.04 or 0.04
We choose r 0.04 = 4%.
11. Let x = amount at 6% and

1
20,000 x = amount at 7 %.
2
x(0.06) + (20,000 x)(0.075) = 1440
0.015x + 1500 = 1440
0.015x = 60
x = 4000, so 20,000 x = 16,000. Thus the
investment should be $4000 at 6% and $16,000
1
at 7 %.
2
16. Total revenue = variable cost + fixed cost

100 q = 2q + 1200
12. Let x = amount at 6% and

20,000 x = amount at 7%.
x(0.06) + (20,000 x)(0.07) = 20,000(0.0675)
0.01x + 1400 = 1350
0.01x = 50, so x = 5000
The investment consisted of $5000 at 6% and
$15,000 at 7%.
50 q = q + 600
2500q = q 2 + 1200q + 360, 000
0 = q 2 1300q + 360, 000
0 = (q 400)(q 900)
q = 400 or q = 900
36
Section 1.1
23. Let v = total annual vision-care expenses (in
dollars) covered by program. Then
35 + 0.80(v 35) = 100
0.80v + 7 = 100
0.80v = 93
v = $116.25
17. Let n = number of room applications sent out.

0.95n = 76
76
n=
= 80
0.95
18. Let n = number of people polled.
0.20p = 700
700
p=
= 3500
0.20
24. a.
0.031c
b. c 0.031c = 600,000,000
0.969c = 600,000,000
c 619,195, 046
Approximately 619,195,046 bars will have
to be made.
19. Let s = monthly salary of deputy sheriff.

0.30s = 200
200
s=
0.30
200
Yearly salary = 12s = 12
= $8000
0.30
25. Revenue = (number of units sold)(price per unit)

Thus
80 q
400 = q
20. Yearly salary before strike = (7.50)(8)(260)

= $15,600
Lost wages = (7.50)(8)(46) = $2760
Let P be the required percentage increase (as a
decimal).
P(15,600) = 2760
2760
P=
0.177 = 17.7%
15, 600
1600 = 80q q 2
q 2 80q + 1600 = 0
(q 40)2 = 0
q = 40 units
26. If I = interest, P = principal, r = rate, and

t = time, then I = Prt. To triple an investment of
P at the end of t years, the interest earned during
that time must equal 2P. Thus
2P = P(0.045)t
2 = 0.045t
2
t=
44.4 years
0.045
21. Let q = number of cartridges sold to break even.

total revenue = total cost
21.95q = 14.92q + 8500
7.03q = 8500
q 1209.10
1209 cartridges must be sold to approximately
break even.
27. Let q = required number of units. We equate

incomes under both proposals.
2000 + 0.50q = 25,000
0.50q = 23,000
q = 46,000 units
22. Let n = number of shares of stock to be bought.

total investment = 4000 + 15n
total yield (goal) = 6% of total investment
= 0.06(4000 + 15n)
total yield = bond yield + stock yield
= 0.07(4000) + 0.60n
Thus,
0.06(4000 + 15n) = 0.07(4000) + 0.60n
240 + 0.9n = 280 + 0.6n
0.3n = 40
1
n = 133
3
28. Let w = width of strip. The original area is

80(120) and the new area is (120 + w)(80 + w).
w
120
80
80 + w
w
120 + w
37
Thus
(120 + w)(80 + w) = 2(80)(120)
31. 10, 000 = 800 p 7 p 2
9600 + 200w + w2 = 19, 200
7 p 2 800 p + 10, 000 = 0
w2 + 200 w 9600 = 0
(w + 240)(w 40) = 0
w = 240 or w = 40
We choose w = 40 ft.
800 640, 000 280, 000

14
800 360, 000 800 600
=
=
14
14
800 + 600
For p > 50 we choose p =
= $100.
14
p=
29. Let n = number of $20 increases. Then at the

rental charge of 400 + 20n dollars per unit, the
number of units that can be rented is 50 2n.
The total of all monthly rents is
(400 + 20n)(50 2n), which must equal 20,240.
20,240 = (400 + 20n)(50 2n)
32. Let p be the percentage increase in market value.

Then
P (1 + p) P
1.1 =
E (1.2) E
20, 240 = 20, 000 + 200n 40n 2

40n 2 200n + 240 = 0
1+ p
1.2
1.32 = 1 + p
p = 0.32 = 32%
1.1 =
n 5n + 6 = 0
(n 2)(n 3) = 0
n = 2, 3
Thus the rent should be either
$400 + 2($20) = $440 or $400 + 3($20) = $460.
33. To have supply = demand,

2 p 10 = 200 3 p
5 p = 210
p = 42
30. Let x = original value of the blue-chip

investment, then 3,100,000 x is the original
value of the glamour stocks. Then the current
1
11
x.
value of the blue-chip stock is x + x, or
10
10
For the glamour stocks the current value is
1
(3,100, 000 x) (3,100, 000 x ), which
10
9
simplifies to
(3,100, 000 x).
10
Thus for the current value of the portfolio,
11
9
x + (3,100, 000 x) = 3, 240, 000
10
10
11x + 27,900,000 9x = 32,400,000
2x = 4,500,000
x = 2,250,000
Thus the current value of the blue chip
11
(2, 250, 000) or $2,475,000.
investment is
10
2 p 2 3 p = 20 p 2
34.
2
3 p 3 p 20 = 0
a = 3, b = 3, c = 20
p=
b b 2 4ac
2a
(3) (3) 2 4(3)(20)

2(3)
3 249
=
6
p 3.130 or p 2.130
The equilibrium price is p 3.13.
=
35. Let w = width (in ft) of enclosed area. Then

length of enclosed area is
300 w w = 300 2w.
38
Section 1.1
300 2w
w
(10 x)(5 x)2 = 72

(10 x)(5 x) = 36
x 2 15 x + 50 = 36
AREA
x 2 15 x + 14 = 0
(x 1)(x 14) = 0
x = 1 or 14
Because of the length and width of the original
bar, we reject x = 14 and choose x = 1. The new
bar has length 10 x = 10 1 = 9 cm and width
is 5 x = 5 1 = 4 cm.
PLANT
38. Volume of old style candy
150
Thus
w(300 2w) = 11,200
2w(150 w) = 11,200
w(150 w) = 5600
= (7.1)2 (2.1) (2)2 (2.1)

= 97.461 mm3
Let r = inner radius (in millimeters) of new style
candy. Considering the volume of the new style
candy, we have
0 = w2 150w + 5600
0 = (w 80)(w 70)
Hence w = 80, 70. If w = 70, then length is
300 2w = 300 2(70) = 160. Since the
building has length of only 150 ft, we reject w =
70. If
w = 80, then length is
300 2w = 300 2(80) = 140. Thus the
dimensions are 80 ft by 140 ft.
(7.1)2 (2.1) r 2 (2.1) = 0.78(97.461)

29.84142 = 2.1r 2
14.2102 = r 2
r 3.7696
Since r is a radius, we choose r = 3.77 mm.
39. Let x = amount of loan. Then the amount

actually received is x 0.16x. Hence,
x 0.16 x = 195, 000
0.84 x = 195, 000
x 232,142.86
To the nearest thousand, the loan amount is
$232,000. In the general case, the amount
received from a loan of L with a compensating
p
L.
balance of p% is L
100
p
L
L=E
100
100 p
L=E
100
100 E
L=
100 p
36. Let s = length in inches of side of original

square.
s
3
s6
s6
Considering the volume of the box, we have

(length)(width)(height) = volume
(s 4)(s 4)(2) = 50
( s 4) 2 = 25
s 4 = 25 = 5
s=45
Hence s = 1, 9. We reject s = 1 and choose
s = 9. The dimensions are 9 in. by 9 in.
40. Let n = number of machines sold over 600. Then

the commission on each of 600 + n machines is
40 + 0.04n. Equating total commissions to
30,800 we obtain
(600 + n)(40 + 0.04n) = 30,800
37. Original volume = (10)(5)(2) = 100 cm3

Volume cut from bar = 0.28(100) = 28 cm3
Volume of new bar = 100 28 = 72 cm3
Let x = number of centimeters that the length
and width are each reduced. Then
24, 000 + 24n + 40n + 0.04n 2 = 30,800

0.02n 2 + 32n 3400 = 0
n=
39
32 1024 + 272 32 36
=
0.04
0.04

43. Let q = number of units of B and
q + 25 = number of units of A produced.
1000
, and each unit of A
Each unit of B costs
q
32 + 36
= 100. Thus the
0.04
number of machines that must be sold is
600 + 100 = 700.
We choose n =
costs
41. Let n = number of acres sold. Then n + 20 acres

7200
were originally purchased at a cost of
n + 20
each. The price of each acre sold was
7200
30 +
. Since the revenue from selling n
n + 20
acres is $7200 (the original cost of the parcel),
we have
7200
n 30 +
= 7200
n + 20
1500 1000
=
+2
q + 25
q
1500q = 1000(q + 25) + 2(q)(q + 25)
0 = 2q 2 450q + 25, 000
0 = q 2 225q + 12,500
0 = (q 100)(q 125)
q = 100 or q = 125
If q = 100, then q + 25 = 125; if q = 125,
q + 25 = 150. Thus the company produces either
125 units of A and 100 units of B, or 150 units of
A and 125 units of B.
30n + 600 + 7200

n
= 7200
n + 20
n(30n + 600 + 7200) = 7200(n + 20)
Principles in Practice 1.2
30n 2 + 7800n = 7200n + 144, 000

30n 2 + 600n 144, 000 = 0
1. 200 + 0.8S 4500

0.8S 4300
S 5375
He must sell at least 5375 products per month.
n + 20n 4800 = 0
(n + 80)(n 60) = 0
n = 60 acres (since n > 0), so 60 acres were sold.
2. Since x1 0, x2 0, x3 0, and x4 0, we
have the inequalities
150 x4 0
3x4 210 0
x4 + 60 0
x4 0
42. Let q = number of units of product sold last year

and q + 2000 = the number sold this year. Then
the revenue last year was 3q and this year it is
3.5(q + 2000). By the definition of margin of
profit, it follows that
7140
4500
=
+ 0.02
3.5(q + 2000)
3q
2040
1500
=
+ 0.02
q + 2000
q
2040q = 1500(q + 2000) + 0.02q(q + 2000)
Problems 1.2
1. 3x > 12
12
x>
3
x>4
(4, )
2040q = 1500q + 3, 000, 000 + 0.02q 2 + 40q

0 = 0.02q 2 500q + 3, 000, 000
q=
1500
. Therefore,
q + 25
500 250, 000 240, 000

0.04
500 10, 000

0.04
500 100
=
0.04
= 10,000 or 15,000
So that the margin of profit this year is not
greater than 0.15, we choose q = 15,000. Thus
15,000 units were sold last year and 17,000 this
year.
=
2. 4x < 2
2
x<
4
1
x<
2
40
Section 1.2
8. 4s 1 < 5
4s < 4
s < 1
(, 1)
, 2
1
2
3. 5 x 11 9
5 x 20
x4
(, 4]
9. 3 < 2y + 3
0 < 2y
0<y
y>0
(0, )
4. 5 x 0
0
x
5
x0
(, 0]
10.
5. 4x 2
2
x
4
1
x
2
1
, 2
4 3 2y
1 2 y
1
y
2
1
y
2
1
, 2
1
2
11. x + 5 3 + 2 x
x 2
x2
[2, )
1
2
6. 2y + 1 > 0
2y > 1
1
y>
2
1
2 ,
12. 3 8(2 x)
3 16 8x
8x 19
19
x
8
19
8 ,
1
2
19
8
7. 5 7s > 3
7s > 2
2
s<
7
2
, 7
13. 3(2 3x) > 4(1 4x)

6 9x > 4 16x
7x > 2
2
x>
7
2
7 ,
2
7
2
7
41
14. 8(x + 1) + 1 < 3(2x) + 1

8x + 9 < 6x + 1
2x < 8
x < 4
(, 4)
2
x>6
3
x > 9
x < 9
(, 9)
20.
15. 2(4 x 2) > 4(2 x + 1)

8x 4 > 8x + 4
4 > 4, which is false for all x.
Thus the solution set is .
21.
16. 4 ( x + 3) 3(3 x )
1 x 9 3x
2x 8
x4
(, 4]
22.
17. x + 2 < 3 x
2x < 3 2
x<
3 2
2
23. 3x + 1 3( x 2) + 1
3x + 1 3x + 7
1 7, which is true for all x. The solution is
< x < .
(, )
2 ( x + 2) > 8(3 x)
2 ( x + 2) > 2 2 (3 x)
x + 2 > 2(3 x)
x + 2 > 6 2x
3x > 4
4
x>
3
4
3 ,
24. 0x 0
0 0, which is true for all x. The solution is
< x < .
(, )
25.
4
3
19.
3y 2 1
3
4
12 y 8 3
12 y 11
11
y
12
11
,
12
11
12
3 2
2
32
2
18.
9 y +1
2 y 1
4
9y + 1 8y 4
y 5
(, 5]
5
x < 40
6
5x < 240
x < 48
(, 48)
1 t 3t 7
<
2
3
3(1 t ) < 2(3t 7)
3 3t < 6t 14
9t < 17
17
t>
9
17
,
9
17
9
48
42
26.
Section 1.2
3(2t 2) 6t 3 t
>
+
2
5
10
15(2t 2) > 2(6t 3) + t
30t 30 > 13t 6
17t > 24
24
t>
7
24
7 ,
31.
2 0.01x
0.2
1.8 0.02x 2 0.01x
0.01x 0.2
x 20
[20, )
24
17
32. 9 0.1x
1
x7
3
6 x + 39 x 21
5 x 60
x 12
(12, )
27. 2 x + 13
20
33. 0.1(0.03x + 4) 0.02x + 0.434

0.003x + 0.4 0.02x + 0.434
0.017x 0.034
x 2
(, 2]
12
28.
1 5
3x x
3 2
18 x 2 15 x
3x 2
2
x
3
2
,
3
34.
2
3
29.
2
5
r< r
3
6
4r < 5r
0<r
r>0
(0, )
3 y 1 5( y + 1)
<
3
3
3y 1 > 5 y + 5
6 > 2 y
3 > y
y < 3
(, 3)
3
35. 12(50) < S < 12(150)

600 < S < 1800
36. 2
0
30.
y y
y
+ > y+
2 3
5
15y + 10y > 30y + 6y
25y > 36y
0 > 11y
0>y
y<0
(, 0)
1
x4
2
37. The measures of the acute angles of a right

triangle sum to 90. If x is the measure of one
acute angle, the other angle has measure 90 x.
x < 3(90 x) + 10
x < 270 3x + 10
4x < 280
x < 70
The measure of the angle is less than 70.
7
8
t> t
4
3
21t > 32t
53t > 0
t>0
(0, )
0
43
38. Let d be the number of disks. The stereo plus

d disks will cost 219 + 18.95d.
219 + 18.95d 360
18.95d 141
141
d
7.44
18.95
The student can buy at most 7 disks.
Problems 1.3
1. Let q = number of units sold.
Profit > 0
Total revenue Total cost > 0
20q (15q + 600,000) > 0
5q 600,000 > 0
5q > 600,000
q > 120,000
Thus at least 120,001 units must be sold.
2. Let q = number of units sold.
Total revenue Total cost = Profit
We want Profit > 0.
7.40q [(2.50 + 4)q + 5000] > 0
0.9q 5000 > 0
0.9q > 5000
5000
5
q>
= 5555
0.9
9
Thus at least 5556 units must be sold.
3. Let x = number of miles driven per year.
If the auto is leased, the annual cost is
12(420) + 0.06x.
If the auto is purchased, the annual cost is
4700 + 0.08x. We want Rental cost Purchase cost.
12(420) + 0.06x 4700 + 0.08x
5040 + 0.06x 4700 + 0.08x
340 0.02x
17,000 x
The number of miles driven per year must be at least 17,000.
4. Let N = required number of shirts. Then
Total revenue = 3.5N and
Total cost = 1.3N + 0.4N + 6500.
Profit > 0
3.5 N (1.3 N + 0.4 N + 6500) > 0
1.8 N 6500 > 0
1.8 N > 6500
N > 3611.1
At least 3612 shirts must be sold.
5. Let q be the number of magazines printed. Then the cost of publication is 0.55q. The number of magazines sold is
0.90q. The revenue from dealers is (0.60)(0.90q). If fewer than 30,000 magazines are sold, the only revenue is
from the sales to dealers, while if more than 30,000 are sold, there are advertising revenues of
0.10(0.60)(0.90q 30,000). Thus,
44
Section 1.3
if 0.9q 30, 000

0.6(0.9)q
Revenue =
0.6(0.9)q + 0.1(0.6)(0.9q 30, 000) if 0.9q > 30, 000
q 33,333
0.54q
=
> 33,333
q
q
0.594
1800
Profit = Revenue Cost

q 33,333
0.54q 0.55q
=
0.594q 1800 0.55q q > 33,333
q 33,333
0.01q
=
0.044
q
1800
q
> 33,333
Clearly, the profit is negative if fewer than 33,334 magazines are sold.
0.044q 1800 0
0.044q 1800
q 40,910
Thus, at least 40,910 magazines must be printed in order to avoid a loss.
6. Let q = number of clocks produced during regular work week, so 11,000 q = number produced in overtime.
Then
2q + 3(11,000 q) 25,000
q + 33,000 25,000
8000 q
At least 8000 clocks must be produced during the regular workweek.
3
7. Let x = amount at 6 % and 30,000 x = amount at 5%. Then
4
3
1
interest at 6 % + interest at 5% interest at 6 %
4
2
x(0.0675) + (30,000 x)(0.05) (0.065)(30,000)
0.0175x + 1500 1950
0.0175x 450
x 25,714.29
3
Thus at least $25,714.29 must be invested at 6 %.
4
8. Let L be current liabilities. Then

current assets
Current ratio =
current liabilities
570, 000
3.8 =
L
3.8L = 570,000
L = $150,000
Let x = amount of money they can borrow, where x 0.
570, 000 + x
2.6
150, 000 + x
570,000 + x 390,000 + 2.6x
180,000 1.6x
112,500 x
Thus current liabilities are $150,000 and the maximum amount they can borrow is $112,500.
45
9. Let q be the number of units sold this month at

$4.00 each. Then 2500 q will be sold at $4.50
each. Then
Total revenue 10,750
4q + 4.5(2500 q) 10,750
0.5q + 11,250 10,750
500 0.5q
1000 q
The maximum number of units that can be sold
this month is 1000.
2.
4.
4 6
10
=
= 5 = 5
2
2
5.
7
2 = 7 = 7
2
6. |3 5| |5 3| = |2| |2| = 2 2 = 0
100 + q > 5000

q > 4900
At least 4901 units must be sold.
11. For t < 40, we want
income on hourly basis
> income on per-job basis
9t > 320 + 3(40 t )
9t > 440 3t
12t > 440
t > 36.7 hr
7.
x < 4 , 4 < x < 4
8.
x < 10, 10 < x < 10
9. Because 2 5 < 0 ,
2 5 = 2 5 = 5 2.
10. Because
12. Let s = yearly sales. With the first method, the

salary is 35,000 + 0.03s, and with the second
method it is 0.05s.
35, 000 + 0.03s > 0.05s
35, 000 > 0.02 s
1, 750, 000 > s
The first method is better for yearly sales less
than $1,750,000.
5 2 > 0,
11. a.
x7 < 3
b.
x2 <3
c.
x7 5
d.
x7 = 4
e.
x+4 < 2
f.
x <3
g.
x >6
h.
x 105 < 3
i.
x 850 < 100
13. Let x = accounts receivable. Then

450, 000 + x
Acid test ratio =
398, 000
450, 000 + x
1.3
398, 000
517,400 450,000 + x
x 67, 400
The company must have at least $67,400 in
accounts receivable.
12. |f(x) L| <
w 22 0.3
13.
Problems 1.4
1.
1 1
=
2 2
3. 8 2 = 6 = 6
10. Revenue = (no. of units)(price per unit)

100
+ 1 > 5000
q
q
1.
2 1 =
13 = 13
46
p1 p2 9
5 2 = 5 2.
14.
Section 1.4
x 2
23. 7 4 x = 5
7 4x = 5
4x = 7 5
4x = 2 or 12
1
x = or x = 3
2
2 x 2
2 x + 2
15.
x =7
x = 7
16.
x = 2
x = 2 or 2
x = 2
17.
18.
19.
20.
24. 5 3 x = 2
5 3 x = 2
3 x = 5 2
3 x = 3 or 7
7
x = 1 or x =
3
x
=7
5
x
= 7
5
x = 35
25.
x <M
M < x < M
(M, M)
Note that M > 0 is required.
5
= 12
x
5
= 12
x
5
x=
12
26.
x < 3
x <3
3 < x < 3
(3, 3)
x 5 = 8
x 5 = 8
x=58
x = 13 or x = 3
27.
x
>2
4
x
x
< 2
or
>2
4
4
x < 8
or x > 8, so the solution is
(, 8) (8, ).
4 + 3x = 6
4 + 3x = 6
3x = 4 6
3x = 10 or 2
10
2
or x =
x=
3
3
28.
x 1
>
3 2
x
1
<
or
3
2
3
x<
or
2
3 3
, 2 2 , .
21. 5 x 2 = 0
5x 2 = 0
2
x=
5
22. 7 x + 3 = x
Here we must have x 0.
7x + 3 = x
or (7x + 3) = x
6x = 3
7x 3 = x
3
1
x= <0
x= <0
8
2
There is no solution.
29.
x 1
>
3 2
3
x > , so the solution is
2
x+9 < 5
5 < x + 9 < 5
14 < x < 4
(14, 4)
30. |2x 17| < 4

Because 4 < 0, the solution set is .
47
31.
1 1
>
2 2
1
1
<
2
2
x<0
(, 0) (1, )
x
32. 1 3x > 2
1 3x > 2
3x > 1
1
x<
3
36.
1 1
>
2 2
or x > 1
or
37. |d 35.2 m| 20 cm or |d 35.2| 0.20
or 1 3x < 2
or 3x < 3
38. Let T1 and T2 be the temperatures of the two

chemicals.
5 T1 T2 10
or x > 1
The solution is , (1, ).

3
39.
40.
1. The bounds of summation are 12 and 17; the

index of summation is t.
2. The bounds of summation are 3 and 450; the
index of summation is m.
4 x 1 0 is true for all x because a 0 for all
3.
6i
i =1
3x 8
4
2
3x 8
4
2
3x 8 8
3x 0
x 0.01 0.005
Problems 1.5
a. Thus < x < , or (,).

35.
x > h
Either x < h, or x > h. Thus either

x < h or x > + h, so the solution is
(, h) ( + h, ).
33. 5 8 x 1
1 5 8x 1
6 8x 4
3
1
x , which may be rewritten as
4
2
1
3
x .
2
4
1 3
The solution is , .
2 4
34.
x7
5
3
x7
5
5
3
15 x 7 15
8 x 22
[8, 22]
= 6(1) + 6(2) + 6(3) + 6(4) + 6(5) + 6(6) + 6(7)

= 6 + 12 + 18 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 42
= 168
3x 8
4
2
or 3x 8 8
or 3x 16
16
x0
or x
3
16
The solution is ( , 0] , .
3
or
4.
10 p = 10(0) + 10(1) + 10(2) + 10(3) + 10(4)
p =0
= 0 + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40
= 100
48
5.
(10k + 16) = [10(3) + 16] + [10(4) + 16] + [10(5) + 16] + [10(6) + 16] + [10(7) + 16] + [10(8) + 16] + [10(9) + 16]
k =3
6.
Section 1.5
= 46 + 56 + 66 + 76 + 86 + 96 + 106
= 532
11
(2n 3) = [2(7) 3] + [2(8) 3] + [2(9) 3] + [2(10) 3] + [2(11) 3]
n =7
= 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
= 75
7. 36 + 37 + 38 + 39 + " + 60 =
60
i =36
8. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 =
k2
k =1
9. 53 + 54 + 55 + 56 + 57 + 58 = 5i
i=3
16
10. 11 + 15 + 19 + 23 + " + 71 = (7 + 4i )
i =1
11. 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 + 256 =
2i
i=1
8
12. 10 + 100 + 1000 + " + 100, 000, 000 = 10 j

j=1
13.
14.
15.
43
43
k =1
k =1
135
135
101
k =35
k =35
i =1
10 = 10 1 = 10(43) = 430
2 = 2 1 = 21 = 2(101) = 202
n
k =1
16.
5 n = 5 n 1 = 5 n (n) = 5
k =1
200
200
200
k =1
k =1
k =1
(k 100) =
k 100 1 =
200(201)
100(200) = 20,100 20, 000 = 100
2
49
17.
100
50
10k = 10 (i + 50)
k =51
i =1
50
23.
50
= 10 i + (10)(50)1
i =1
50(51)
+ 500(50) = 12, 750 + 25, 000
2
= 37,750
n
19.
k =1
n n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
6
n +1
n 2 (2n + 1)
=
6
20
20
24.
k =1
k =1
20(21)(41)
20(21)
+3
6
2
= 5(2870) + 3(210) = 14,980
21.
3k 2 200k
3 100 2 200 100
=
101
k 101 k
101 k =1
k =1
k =1
3 100(101)(201) 200 100 101
=
101
6
101
2
= 10,050 10,000 = 50
50
k =51
50
i =1
25.
50
k 2 = (i + 50)2 = (i 2 + 100i + 2500)

i =1
50
50
i =1
50
i =1
50
(k + 50)2 = (k 2 + 100k + 2500)
k =1
50
k =1
50
50
k =1
k =1
26.
100
1
1 1 100 2
(4) 1
k
50 k =1 50 2500 k =1
3 2 3
5 n k n
k =1

n
3
9 2
k
= 5
n k =1
n2
n
k2
50(51)(101)
50(51)
+ 100
+ 2500(50)
6
2
= 42,925 + 127,500 + 125,000 = 295,425
=
50
(n + 1)(2n + 1) = (n + 1)(2n + 1) k 2
k =1
k 2 + 100 k + 2500 1
k =1
1 100
1
k2
4
50 k =1
2500
50(51)(101)
50(51)
=
+ 100
+ 2500(50)
6
2
= 42,925 + 127,500 + 125,000 = 295,425
22.
n
3
3 9 n
(5) 1 k 2
n k =1 n n 2 k =1
15
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= ( n)
6
n
n3
9(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= 15
2n 2
= i 2 + 100 i + 2500 1
i =1
100
100
100
2
4 100 k
k =1
2
1
100(101)(201)
(100)
25
125, 000
6
1
6767
= 8
338,350 = 8
125, 000
2500
13, 233
733
=
=5
2500
2500
= 5
20.
100
20
(5k 2 + 3k ) = 5 k 2 + 3 k
k =1
k =1
4
1 10(11)(21)
1
(10)
= 8
385
5
125
6
125
77 123
23
= 8
=
=4
25 25
25
n +1 k 2 = n +1 k 2
k =1
2
10
1
2k 2 1
= 4 k 2
10
5
25

k =1
10
1
1 1 10
= (4) 1 k 2
5 k =1 5 25 k =1
i =1
= 10
18.
10
4 10
k =1
1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n
=
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
6
Chapter 1 Review
Chapter 1 Review Problems
7.
1. 5 x 2 2( x 7)
5 x 2 2 x 14
3 x 12
x 4
[4, )
2. 2x (7 + x) x
2x 7 x x
7 0, which is true for all x, so < x < , or
(, ).
8.
3. (5x + 2) < (2x + 4)

5x 2 < 2x 4
3x < 2
2
x>
3
2
3 ,
9.
4. 2(x + 6) > x + 4
2x 12 > x + 4
3x > 16
16
x<
3
16
, 3
10.
5. 3 p (1 p ) > 3(2 + p ) 3 p 2
3 p 3 p2 > 6 + 3 p 3 p2
0 > 6, which is false for all x. The solution set is
.
x+5 1
2
3
2
2(x + 5) 3(1) 6(2)
2x + 10 3 12
2x 5
5
x
2
5
, 2
x x x
>
3 4 5
20 x 15 x > 12 x
5 x > 12 x
0 > 7x
0>x
(, 0)
1
1
s 3 (3 + 2 s )
4
8
2s 24 3 + 2s
0 27, which is true for all s. Thus
< s < , or (,).
1
1
(t + 2)
3
4
4(t + 2) 3t + 48
4t + 8 3t + 48
t 40
[40, )
11. 3 2 x = 7
3 2x = 7
2x = 4
x = 2
6. 3 5 q < 9
3
15 7q < 9
7q < 6
6
q>
7
6
7 ,
12.
5x 6
=0
13
5x 6
=0
13
5x 6 = 0
6
x=
5
13. |2z 3| < 5

5 < 2z 3 < 5
2 < 2z < 8
1 < z < 4
(1, 4)
51
or 3 2x = 7
or 2x = 10
or x = 5
14. 4 <

19. Let x be the number of issues with a decline, and
x + 48 be the number of issues with an increase.
Then
x + (x + 48) = 1132
2x = 1084
x = 542
2
x+5
3
2
x + 5 < 4
3
2
x < 9
3
27
x<
2
2
x+5 > 4
3
2
or
x > 1
3
3
or x >
2
27
The solution is , , .
2 2
or
20. Let x = purchase amount excluding tax.

x + 0.065 x = 3039.29
1.065 x = 3039.29
x = 2853.79
Thus tax is 3039.29 2853.79 = $185.50.
21. Let q units be produced at A and 10,000 q at
B.
Cost at A + Cost at B 117,000
[5q + 30,000] + [5.50(10,000 q) + 35,000]
117,000
0.5q + 120,000 117,000
0.5q 3000
q 6000
Thus at least 6000 units must be produced at
plant A.
15. 3 2 x 4
3 2x 4
2x 1
1
x
2
or 3 2x 4
or 2x 7
7
or x
2
1 7
The solution is , , .
2 2
16.
i =1
i =1
5
(i + 2)3 = (i3 + 6i 2 + 12i + 8)
22. Total volume of old tanks
i =1
i =1
i =1
= (10)2 (25) + (20)2 (25)

= 2500 + 10, 000
= i3 + 6 i 2 + 12 i + 8 1
i =1
2
= 12,500 ft 3
Let r be the radius (in feet) of the new tank.
Then
4 3
r = 12,500
3
r 3 = 9375
5 (6)
5(6)(11)
5(6)
+6
+ 12
+ 8(5)
4
6
2
= 225 + 330 + 180 + 40
= 775
=
17.
i =3
i =1
2
i =1
r = 3 9375 21.0858
The radius is approximately 21.0858 feet.
i3 = i3 i3
7 (8)2 22 (3)2
=
4
4
= 784 9
= 775
This uses Equation (1.9). By Equation (1.8),
7
i =3
i =1
23. Let c = operating costs

c
< 0.90
236, 460
c < $212,814
i3 = (i + 2)3 .

1
1. Here m = 120 and M = 2 (60) = 150. For LP,
2
t
r = 2, so the first t minutes take up
of the 120
2
available minutes. For SP, r = 1, so the
150 t
of the
remaining 150 t minutes take up
1
120 available.
18. Let p = selling price, c = cost. Then

p 0.40p = c
0.6p = c
c
5c
2
p=
=
= c + c
0.6 3
3
Thus the profit is
2
2
, or 66 %, of the cost.
3
3
52

5.
t 150 t
+
= 120
2
1
t + 300 2t = 240
t = 60
t = 60
Switch after 1 hour.
x = 600
1
2. Here m = 120 and M = 2 (60) = 150. For EP,
2
t
of the
r = 3, so the first t minutes will take up
3
120 available minutes. For SP, r = 1, so the
150 t
of the
remaining 150 t minutes take up
1
120 available.
t 150 t
+
= 120
3
1
t + 450 3t = 360
2t = 90
t = 45
Switch after 45 minutes.
x = 310
6. Both equations represent audio being written
onto 74-minute CDs. In the first equation, 18
hours (1080 minutes) are being written to a CD
using a combination of 12-to-1 and 20-to-1
compression ratios. Here, x gives the maximum
amount of audio (600 minutes or 10 hours) that
can be written using the 12-to-1 compression
ratio. In the second equation, 26.5 hours (1590
minutes) is being written using 15-to-1 and 24to-1 compression ratios. A maximum of 310
minutes can be written at 15-to-1.
3. Use the reasoning in Exercise 1, with M

unknown and m = 120.
t M t
+
= 120
2
1
t + 2 M 2t = 240
t = 240 2 M
t = 2 M 240
The switch should be made after
2M 240 minutes.
t
of the m available
R
M t
minutes, the remaining M t minutes use
r
of the m available.
t M t
+
=m
R
r
t M t
+
=m
R r r
M
1 1
t = m
r
R r
r R mr M
t
=
r
rR
R (mr M )
t=
rR
7. The first t minutes use
4. Use the reasoning in Exercise 2, with M

unknown and m = 120.
t M t
+
= 120
3
1
t + 3M 3t = 360
2t = 360 3M
1
t = (3M 360)
2
The switch should be made after
1
(3M 360) minutes.
2
53
Chapter 2
b. If 200 large pizzas are being sold each
week, q = 200.
200
p = 26
40
p = 26 5
p = 21
The price is $21 per pizza if 200 large
pizzas are being sold each week.

1. a.
The formula for the area of a circle is r 2 ,

where r is the radius.
a(r ) = r 2
b. The domain of a(r) is all real numbers.

c.
2. a.
Since a radius cannot be negative or zero,

the domain for the function, in context, is
r > 0.
c.
The formula relating distance, time, and

speed is d = rt where d is the distance, r is
the speed, and t is the time. This can also be
d
written as t = . When d = 300, we have
r
300
t (r ) =
.
r
Problems 2.1
1. The functions are not equal because f(x) 0 for
all values of x, while g(x) can be less than 0. For
b. The domain of t(r) is all real numbers

except 0.
c.
example, f (2) = (2) 2 = 4 = 2 and
Since speed is not negative, the domain for

the function, in context, is r > 0.
g(2) = 2, thus f(2) g(2).

2. The functions are different because they have
different domains. The domain of G(x) is [1, )
(all real numbers 1) because you can only
take the square root of a non-negative number,
while the domain of H(x) is all real numbers.
300
.
x
x
x 300 600
.
Replacing r by : t =
=
x
2
x
2
2
d. Replacing r by x: t ( x) =
Replacing r by
e.
3. a.
x
:
4
To double the number of large pizzas sold,

use q = 400.
400
p = 26
40
p = 26 10
p = 16
To sell 400 large pizzas each week, the price
should be $16 per pizza.
3. The functions are not equal because they have

different domains. h(x) is defined for all nonzero real numbers, while k(x) is defined for all
real numbers.
x 300 1200
t =
.
=
x
x
4
4
When the speed is reduced (divided) by a

constant, the time is scaled (multiplied) by
r 300c
.
the same constant; t =
r
c
4. The functions are equal. For x = 3 we have

f(3) = 2 and g(3) = 3 1 = 2, hence f(3) = g(3).
For x 3, we have
x 2 4 x + 3 ( x 3)( x 1)
=
= x 1.
f ( x) =
x3
x3
Note that we can cancel the x 3 because we are
assuming x 3 and so x 3 0. Thus for
x 3 f(x) = x 1 = g(x).
f(x) = g(x) for all real numbers and they have the
same domains, thus the functions are equal.
If the price is $18.50 per large pizza,

p = 18.5.
q
18.5 = 26
40
q
7.5 =
40
300 = q
At a price of $18.50 per large pizza, 300
pizzas are sold each week.
5. The denominator is zero when x = 0. Any other

real number can be used for x.
Answer: all real numbers except 0
54
Section 2.1
6. Any real number can be used for x.

Answer: all real numbers
16. r 2 + 1 is never 0.
7. For x 3 to be real, x 3 0, so x 3.
Answer: all real numbers 3
17. f(x) = 2x + 1
f(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1
f(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7
f(4) = 2(4) + 1 = 7
8. For z 1 to be real, z 1 0, so z 1. We
exclude values of z for which z 1 = 0, so
z 1 = 0, thus z = 1.
Answer: all real numbers > 1
18. H ( s ) = 5s 2 3
H (4) = 5(4)2 3 = 80 3 = 77
9. Any real number can be used for z.

10. We exclude values of x for which

x+8=0
x = 8
Answer: all real numbers except 8
3 = 10 3 = 7
20
7
2
2
H = 5 3 =
3 =
3
3
9
9

19. G ( x) = 2 x 2
11. We exclude values of x where

2x + 7 = 0
2x = 7
7
x=
2
G (8) = 2 (8)2 = 2 64 = 62
G (u ) = 2 u 2
G (u 2 ) = 2 (u 2 )2 = 2 u 4
7
Answer: all real numbers except
2
20. F(x) = 5x
F(s) = 5s
F(t + 1) = 5(t + 1) = 5t 5
F(x + 3) = 5(x + 3) = 5x 15
12. For 4 x + 3 to be real,

4x + 3 0
4x 3
3
x
4
( 2 ) = 5( 2 )
21. (u ) = 2u 2 u
3
4
(2) = 2(2) 2 (2) = 8 + 2 = 10

(2v) = 2(2v) 2 (2v) = 8v 2 2v
13. We exclude values of y for which
( x + a ) = 2( x + a) 2 ( x + a)
y 2 4 y + 4 = 0. y 2 4 y + 4 = ( y 2) 2 , so we
= 2 x 2 + 4ax + 2a 2 x a
exclude values of y for which y 2 = 0, thus

y = 2.
Answer: all real numbers except 2.
22. h(v) =
14. We exclude values of x for which

2
x + x6 = 0
( x + 3)( x 2) = 0
x = 3, 2
Answer: all real numbers except 3 and 2
h(16) =
v
1
1
h =
4
15. We exclude all values of s for which
h(1 x) =
2s 2 7 s 4 = 0
(s 4)(2s + 1) = 0
1
s = 4,
2
Answer: all real numbers except 4 and
1
2
55
16
1
1
4
1
4
1
1
2
1
1 x
=2
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
23.
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
28. g ( x) = x 2 / 5
( 5 32 ) = (2)2 = 4
2
g (64) = (64)2 / 5 = ( 5 64 )
2
2
= ( 5 32 5 2 ) = ( 2 5 2 ) = 4 5 4
f (1) = 12 + 2(1) + 1 = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4
g (32) = 322 / 5 =
f (1) = (1) 2 + 2(1) + 1 = 1 2 + 1 = 0

f ( x + h) = ( x + h) 2 + 2( x + h) + 1
= x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h + 1
24. H ( x) = ( x + 4) 2
g (t10 ) = (t10 )2 / 5 = t 4
H (0) = (0 + 4) 2 = 16
29. f(x) = 4x 5
H (2) = (2 + 4)2 = 62 = 36
a.
H (t 4) = [(t 4) + 4]2 = t 2
25. k ( x) =
k (5) =
b.
x7
x2 + 2
57
2
2
27
5 +2
3x 7
3x 7
k (3 x) =
=
2
(3x) + 2 9 x 2 + 2
( x + h) 7
x+h7
k ( x + h) =
=
2
2
( x + h) + 2 x + 2 xh + h 2 + 2
30.
26. k ( x) = x 3
k (4) = 4 3 = 1 = 1
k (3) = 3 3 = 0 = 0
31.
k ( x + 1) k ( x) = ( x + 1) 3 x 3
= x 2 x 3
27.
f(x + h) = 4(x + h) 5 = 4x + 4h 5
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
(4 x + 4h 5) (4 x 5) 4h
=
=
=4
h
h
f ( x) =
x
2
x+h
2
a.
f ( x + h) =
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
h
x+h
2
2x
h
2
1
2
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x
a.
f ( x + h) = ( x + h) 2 + 2( x + h)
= x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h
f ( x) = x 4 / 3
f (0) = 04 / 3 = 0
( )
f (64) = 644 / 3 = 3 64
1 1
f =
8 8
4/3
b.
= (4) 4 = 256
4
4
1
1
1
= 3 = =
8
16
2
32.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
=
( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h) ( x 2 + 2 x)
h
2 xh + h 2 + 2h
= 2x + h + 2
h
f ( x) = 3x 2 2 x 1
a.
f ( x + h) = 3( x + h) 2 2( x + h) 1
= 3( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 2 x 2h 1
= 3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 2 x 2h 1
56
b.
33.
Section 2.1
f ( x + h) f ( x) (3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 2 x 2h 1) (3 x 2 2 x 1)
=
h
h
6 xh + 3h 2 2h
=
h
= 6 x + 3h 2
f ( x) = 3 2 x + 4 x 2
a.
f ( x + h) = 3 2( x + h) + 4( x + h)2
= 3 2 x 2h + 4( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 )
b.
34.
35.
f ( x + h) f ( x) 3 2 x 2h + 4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 (3 2 x + 4 x 2 )
=
h
h
2h + 8 xh + 4h 2
=
h
= 2 + 8 x + 4h
f ( x ) = x3
a.
f ( x + h) = ( x + h)3 = x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x) ( x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 ) x3 3x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3
=
=
= 3x 2 + 3xh + h 2
h
h
h
f ( x) =
1
x
1
x+h
a.
f ( x + h) =
b.
1
1
h
f ( x + h) f ( x ) x + h x
1
x( x + h)
=
=
=
=
h
h
h
x ( x + h) h
x ( x + h)
x ( x + h )
36.
f ( x) =
x +8
x
( x + h) + 8 x + h + 8
=
x+h
x+h
a.
f ( x + h) =
b.
x + h + 8 x +8
x( x + h) x +x +h h+8
f ( x + h) f ( x )
x
= x+ h
=
h
h
x ( x + h) h
x +8
x
) = x( x + h + 8) ( x + h)( x + 8)
8h
x + xh + 8 x x hx 8 x 8h
8
=
=
x ( x + h) h
x ( x + h)
x ( x + h) h
57
x ( x + h) h
37.
38.
f (3 + h) f (3) [5(3 + h) + 3] [5(3) + 3]

=
h
h
[15 + 5h + 3] [15 + 3]
=
h
18 + 5h 18
=
h
5h
=
h
=5
42. x 2 + y 2 = 1
Solving for y we have y = 1 x 2 . If x = 0,
then y = 1, so y is not a function of x. Solving
for x gives x = 1 y 2 . If y = 0, then x = 1,
so x is not a function of y.
43. Yes, because corresponding to each input r there
is exactly one output, r 2 .
f ( x) f (2) 2 x 2 x + 1 (8 2 + 1)
=
x2
x2
2
2x x + 1 7
=
x2
2x2 x 6
=
x2
= 2x + 3
44. a.
b.
f ( a ) = a 2 a 3 + a 3 a 2 = a 5 + a 5 = 2a 5
f (ab) = a 2 (ab)3 + a3 (ab) 2

= a 2 a 3b 3 + a 3 a 2 b 2
= a 5 b3 + a 5 b 2
= a5b 2 (b + 1)
45. Weekly excess of income over expenses is

6500 4800 = 1700.
After t weeks the excess accumulates to 1700t.
Thus the value of V of the business at the end of
t weeks is given by V = f(t) = 25,000 + 1700t.
39. 9y 3x 4 = 0
3x + 4
shows that for
The equivalent form y =
9
3x + 4
each input x there is exactly one output,
.
9
Thus y is a function of x. Solving for x gives
9y 4
x=
. This shows that for each input y
3
9y 4
. Thus x is a
there is exactly one output,
3
function of y.
46. Depreciation at the end of t years is

0.02t(30,000), so value V of machine is
V = f(t) = 30,000 0.02t(30,000), or
V = f(t) = 30,000(1 0.02t).
47. Yes; for each input q there corresponds exactly
one output, 1.25q, so P is a function of q. The
dependent variable is P and the independent
variable is q.
40. x 2 + y = 0
48. Charging $600,000 per film corresponds to

p = 600,000.
1, 200, 000
600,000 =
q
q=2
The form y = x 2 shows that for each input x

there is exactly one output, x 2 . Thus y is a
function of x. Solving for x gives x = y . If,
for example, y = 1, then x = 1, so x is not a
function of y.
The actor will star in 2 films per year. To star in

4 films per year the actor should charge
1, 200, 000
p=
= $300, 000 per film.
4
41. y = 7 x
For each input x, there is exactly one output
7 x 2 . Thus y is a function of x. Solving for x
49. The function can be written as q = 48p.

At $8.39 per pound, the coffee house will supply
q = 48(8.39) = 402.72 pounds per week.
At $19.49 per pound, the coffee house will
supply q = 48(19.49) = 935.52 pounds per week.
The amount the coffee house supplies increases
as the price increases.
y
. If, for example, y = 7, then
7
x = 1, so x is not a function of y.
gives x =
58

50. a.
f(0) = 1 1 = 0
3
b.
c.
Section 2.2
1
1
1
52. P (1) = 1 (1 0.344)0 = 1 (1) =
2
2
2
1
1
P (2) = 1 (1 0.344)1 = 1 (0.656) = 0.672
2
2
27
300
3
f (100) = 1
= 1 = 1
64
400
4
37
=
64
300
f (900) = 1
1200
1
= 1
4
1
= 1
64
63
=
64
53. a.
b. Domain: 10, 12, 17, 20

g(10) = 3000, g(17) = 2300
54. a.
c.
55. a.
c.
56. a.
300
300 + t = 0.5
300
= 3 0.5
300 + t
300 = 300 3 0.5 + t 3 0.5
t=
300 300 3 0.5

3
0.5
c.
57. a.
f (1000) =
1000
2500
1,997,723.57
2,964,247.40
7.89
1.21

=
104
10, 000
=
=4
2500
2500
3 1000(2)
10 3 2
=
f (2000) =
2500
2500
1. a.
Let n = the number of visits and p(n) be the

premium amount.
p(n) = 125
b. The premiums do not change regardless of

the number of doctor visits.
c.
10, 000 24
3
= 4 23 2 = 83 2
2500
f (2 I 0 ) =
17.43
b. 63.85
77.98
c.
c.
5.13
b. 1,287,532.35
78 days
18.51
b. 2.64
300
0.500 = 1
300 + t
b.
18.97
b. 581.77
d. We solve
51. a.
Domain: 3000, 2900, 2300, 2000

f(2900) = 12, f(3000) = 10
2. a.
(2 I 0 ) 4 / 3 24 / 3 I 04 / 3
=
2500
2500
This is a constant function.

d (t ) = 3t 2 is a quadratic function.
b. The degree of d (t ) = 3t 2 is 2.
I4/3
= 23 2 0 = 23 2 f ( I0 )
2500
c.
The leading coefficient of d (t ) = 3t 2 is 3.
3. The price for n pairs of socks is given by

3.5n 0 n 5
c(n) = 3n
5 < n 10 .
2.75n
10 < n
Thus f (2 I 0 ) = 2 3 2 f ( I 0 ) , which means

that doubling the intensity increases the
response by a factor of 2 3 2.
59
4. Think of the bookshelf having 7 slots, from left

to right. You have a choice of 7 books for the
first slot. Once a book has been put in the first
slot, you have 6 choices for which book to put in
the second slot, etc. The number of arrangements
is 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 7! = 5040.
18. g ( x) = x 3
g (10) = 10 3 = 7 = 7
g (3) = 3 3 = 0 = 0
g (3) = 3 3 = 6 = 6
19. F(10) = 1
Problems 2.2
F 3 = 1
1. yes
F(0) = 0
18
F = 1
5
x3 + 7 x 3 1 3 7
= x + x 1, which is a
2. f ( x) =
3
3
3
polynomial function.
20. f(3) = 4
f(4) = 3
f(0) = 4
3. no
4. yes
21. G(8) = 8 1 = 7
G(3) = 3 1 = 2
5. yes
6. yes
G (1) = 3 (1)2 = 2
7. no
G (1) = 3 (1)2 = 2
8. g ( x) = 4 x 4 =
4
x4
22. F (3) = 32 3(3) + 1 = 1
, which is a rational function.
9. all real numbers
F(3) = 2(3) 5 = 11
F(2) is not defined.
10. all real numbers
23. 6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720
11. all real numbers
24. 0! = 1
12. all x such that 1 x 3
25. (4 2)! = 2! = 2 1 = 2
13. a.
26. 6! 2! = (6 5 4 3 2 1)(2 1)
= (720)(2)
= 1440
b. 7
14. a.
1
27.
b. 7
15. a.
7
28.
b. 1
16. a.
b. 9
17. f(x) = 8
f(2) = 8
f(t + 8) = 8
f 17 = 8
60
n!
n (n 1)!
=
=n
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
8!
8!
=
5!(8 5)! 5! 3!
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
=
(5 4 3 2 1)(3 2 1)
876
=
3 2 1
= 87
= 56
Section 2.3
29. Let i = the passengers income and

c(i) = the cost for the ticket.
c(i) = 4.5
This is a constant function.
b.
30. Let w = the width of the prism, then

w + 3 = the length of the prism, and
2w 1 = the height of the prism. The formula for
the volume of a rectangular prism is
V = length width height.
38. a.
V ( w) = ( w + 3)( w)(2w 1) = 2w3 + 5w2 3w

This is a cubic function.
31. a.
b.
1600 = 850 + 3q
750 = 3q
q = 250
36. P (5) =
37. a.
2!(1!)
( 14 ) ( 34 )
5!
5!(0!)
39. a.
1182.74
40. a.
( 161 )( 43 ) =
2(1)
c.
41. a.
5!(1)
19.12
57.69
2.21
b. 9.98
c.
14.52

1. The customers price is
(c D s )( x) = c( s ( x)) = c( x + 3) = 2( x + 3)
= 2x + 6
2. g ( x) = ( x + 3) 2 can be written as
g ( x) = a(l ( x)) = (a D l )( x) where a( x) = x 2 and
l(x) = x + 3. Then l(x) represents the length of
the sides of the square, while a(x) is the area of a
square with side of length x.
9
64
1 (1)
( 1024
) =
5!
252.15
b. 62.94
34. For a committee of four, there are 4 choices for

who will be member A. For each choice of
member A, there are 3 choices for member G.
Once members A and G have been chosen, there
are two choices for member M, then one choice
for member S once members A, G, and M have
been chosen. Thus, there are
4 3 2 1 = 4! = 24 ways to label the members.
Similarly, a committee of five can label itself
with five labels in
5 4 3 2 1 = 5! = 120 ways.
35. P (2) =
1218.60
c.
33. The cost for buying n tickets is

9.5n 0 n < 12
c ( n) =
12 n
8.75n
c.
b. 4985.27
32. The interest is Prt, so principal and interest

amount to f(t) = P + Prt, or f(t) = P(1 + rt). Since
f(t) = at + b where a (= Pr) and b (= P) are
constants, f is a linear function of t.
( 14 ) ( 43 )
742.50
b. 20.28
C = 850 + 3q
3!
1
11 5 11 16
(30) + = + =
=4
24
4 4 4
4
1
11 6 11 17
(36) + = + =
f (36) =
24
4 4 4
4
4
175
175 33
f (39) = (39)
= 52
=
3
4
4
4
f (30) =
Problems 2.3
1. f(x) = x + 3, g(x) = x + 5
1
1024
a.
all T such that 30 T 39
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= ( x + 3) + ( x + 5)
= 2x + 8
b. (f + g)(0) = 2(0) + 8 = 8
61

c.
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x + 3) ( x + 5)
= 2
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x + 3)( x + 5)
= x 2 + 8 x + 15
e.
g.
( fg )(2) = (2) + 8(2) + 15 = 3

f
f ( x) x + 3
( x) =
=
g
g ( x) x + 5
h.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (2 x) = 6 + 2 x
i.
( g D f )(2) = 6 + 2(2) = 6 + 4 = 10
( f D g )(3) = 3 + 8 = 11
i.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
= g ( x + 3)
= ( x + 3) + 5
= x+8
f ( x) = x 2 + 1, g ( x) = x 2 x
a.
= 2x2 x + 1
b.
b.
c.
c.
1
1
1
( f g) = +1 =
2
2
2
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 x)
( g D f )(3) = 3 + 8 = 11
= x 4 x3 + x 2 x
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= (2 x) + (6 + x)
= 3x + 6
e.
f
f ( x) x 2 + 1
( x) =
=
g
g ( x) x 2 x
f.
12 + 1
f 1
5
=
=
2
g 2
3
12 12
g.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f ( x 2 x)
(f g)(4) = (4) 6 = 2
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = 2 x(6 + x) = 12 x + 2 x
e.
f
f ( x)
2x
=
( x) =
g
g ( x) 6 + x
f.
f
2(2) 4 1
(2) =
= =
g
6+2 8 2
( )
( ) ( )
2
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= (2 x) (6 + x )
= x6
d.
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 x)
= x +1
2. f(x) = 2x, g(x) = 6 + x

a.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 x )
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f ( x + 5)
= ( x + 5) + 3
= x+8
h.
j.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f (6 + x)
= 2(6 + x)
= 12 + 2 x
3.
f.
g.
= ( x 2 x) 2 + 1
= x 4 2 x3 + x 2 + 1
h.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
= g ( x 2 + 1)
= ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1)
= x4 + x2
i.
62
( g D f )(3) = (3) 4 + (3)2 = 90
4.
Section 2.3
7. ( F D G )(t ) = F (G (t ))
2
= F
t 1
f ( x) = x 2 + 1, g ( x) = 5
a.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) + 5
2
2
=
+ 7 t 1 +1
t 1
4
14
=
+
+1
(t 1) 2 t 1
(G D F )(t ) = G ( F (t ))
= x2 + 6
2
b.
c.
58
2 2
( f + g) = + 6 =
3
3
9

= G (t 2 + 7t + 1)
2
=
2
(t + 7t + 1) 1
2
=
2
t + 7t
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) 5
= x2 4
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1)(5)
8. ( F D G )(t ) = F (G (t ))
= 5x + 5
= F (3t 2 + 4t + 2)
= 3t 2 + 4t + 2
(G D F )(t ) = G ( F (t ))
e.
( fg )(7) = 5(7 2 ) + 5 = 245 + 5 = 250
f.
f
f ( x) x 2 + 1
( x) =
=
g
g ( x)
5
=G
g.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (5) = 52 + 1 = 26
= 3t + 4 t + 2
h.
( f D g )(12, 003) = 26
i.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2 + 1) = 5
( t)
2
= 3( t ) + 4 ( t ) + 2
9. ( f D g )(v) = f ( g (v))
= f
=
5. f(g(2)) = f(4 4) = f(0) = 0 + 6 = 6

g(f(2)) = g(12 + 6) = g(18) = 4 36 = 32
v+2
v+2
+1
1
v + 2 +1
1
=
v+3
( g D f )(v) = g ( f (v))
1
= g
v2 + 1
1
=
+2
2
v +1
=
6. ( f D g )( p) = f ( g ( p ))
p2
= f
3
4
=
p 2
3
12
p2
4
4 p 2 4 2p
( g D f )( p) = g ( f ( p )) = g =
=
3
3p
p
=
=
63
1 + 2(v 2 + 1)
v2 + 1
2v 2 + 3
v2 + 1

19. ( g D f )(m) = g ( f (m))
40m m2
= g
40m m 2
= 40
10. ( f D f )( x) = f ( f ( x))
= f ( x 2 + 2 x 1)
= ( x 2 + 2 x 1)2 + 2( x 2 + 2 x 1) 1
= x 4 + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 2
11. Let g(x) = 11x and f(x) = x 7. Then

h(x) = g(x) 7 = f(g(x))
= 10(40m m2 )
= 400m 10m2
This represents the total revenue received when
the total output of m employees is sold.
12. Let g(x) = x 2 2 and f ( x) = x . Then

h( x) = x 2 2 = g ( x) = f ( g ( x))
20. ( f D g )( E ) = f ( g ( E ))
1
13. Let g ( x) = x 2 and f ( x) = . Then
x
1
1
h( x ) =
=
= f ( g ( x))
2
g
(
x)
x 2
= f (7202 + 0.29 E 3.68 )
= 0.45(7202 + 0.29 E 3.68 1000)0.53

= 0.45(6202 + 0.29 E 3.68 )0.53
This represents status based on years of
education.
14. Let g ( x) = 9 x3 5 x and f ( x) = x3 x 2 + 11.
21. a.
Then h( x) = [ g ( x)]3 [ g ( x)]2 + 11 = f ( g ( x))
b. 1169.64
x2 1
15. Let g ( x) =
and f ( x) = 4 x .
x+3
22. a.
Then h( x) = 4 g ( x) = f ( g ( x)).
16. Let g(x) = 3x 5 and f ( x) =
h( x ) =
17. a.
2 (3x 5)
(3x 5) 2 + 2
2 x
x2 + 2
0.13
b. 18.85
23. a.
. Then
194.47
b. 0.29
= f ( g ( x)).
24. a.
0.45
b. 1.61
The revenue is $9.75 per pound of coffee

sold, so r(x) = 9.75x.
Problems 2.4
b. The expenses are e(x) = 4500 + 4.25x.

c.
14.05
f 1 ( x) =
x 7
3 3
2. g 1 ( x) =
x 1
2 2
1.
Profit = revenue expenses.

(r e)(x) = 9.75x (4500 + 4.25x)
= 5.5x 4500.
18. v( x) = (4 x 2)3 can be written as
3. F 1 ( x) = 2 x + 14
v( x) = f (l ( x)) = ( f D l )( x) where f ( x) = x3 and

l(x) = 4x 2. Then l(x) represents the length of
the sides of the cube, while f(x) is the volume of
a cube with sides of length x.
4.
5. r ( A) =
64
x 5
+
4 4
f 1 ( x) =
A
6. r (V ) = 3
Section 2.5
1, 200, 000
p(q( p )) = p
1, 200, 000
=
3V
4
7. f(x) = 5x + 12 is one-to-one, for if

f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) then 5 x1 + 12 = 5 x2 + 12, so
5 x1 = 5 x2 and thus x1 = x2 .
1,200,000
p
= 1, 200, 000
=p
Similarly, q(p(q)) = q, so the functions are
inverses.
8. g ( x) = (5 x + 12) 2 is not one-to-one, because

g ( x1 ) = g ( x2 ) does not imply x1 = x2 . For
11
example, g =
5
13
g = 1.
5
9. h( x) = (5 x + 12)2 , for x
q
, we get q = 48p. Since q > 0, p is
48
also greater than 0, so q as a function of p is
q = q(p) = 48p, p > 0.
q
q
q( p (q )) = q = 48
=q
48
48
48 p
p(q ( p )) = p (48 p ) =
=p
48
Thus, p(q) and q(p) are inverses.
14. From p =
5
, is one-to-one.
12
If h( x1 ) = h( x2 ) then (5 x1 + 12)2 = (5 x2 + 12)2 .

Since x
5
we have 5x + 12 0, and thus
12
(5 x1 + 12)2 = (5 x2 + 12)2 only if

5 x1 + 12 = 5 x2 + 12, and hence x1 = x2 .
10. F ( x) = x 9 is not one-to-one, because
1. Let y = the amount of money in the account.

Then, after one month,
y = 7250 (1 600) = $6650, and after two
months y = 7250 (2 600) = $6050. Thus, in
general, if we let x = the number of months
during which Rachel spends from this account,
y = 7250 600x. To identify the x-intercept, we
set y = 0 and solve for x.
y = 7250 600x
0 = 7250 600x
600x = 7250
1
x = 12
12
1
The x-intercept is 12 , 0 .
12
Therefore, after 12 months and approximately
2.5 days Rachel will deplete her savings. To
identify the y-intercept, we set x = 0 and solve
for y.
y = 7250 600x
y = 7250 600(0)
y = 7250
The y-intercept is (0, 7250).
Therefore, before any months have gone by,
Rachel has $7250 in her account.
F ( x1 ) = F ( x2 ) does not imply x1 = x2 . For

example, F(8) = F(10) = 1.
11. The inverse of f ( x) = (4 x 5) 2 for x

f 1 ( x ) =
5
is
4
x 5
+ , so to find the solution, we
4 4
find f 1 (23).
f 1 (23) =
23 5
+
4
4
The solution is x =
23 5
+ .
4
4
12. The inverse of V (r ) =
4 3
3V
r is r (V ) = 3
, so
3
4
the solution is r (100) = 3
p
1, 200, 000
3(100)
.
4
1, 200, 000
1, 200, 000
, we get q =
.
q
p
Since q > 0, p is also greater than 0, so q as a
1, 200, 000
, p > 0.
function of p is q = q ( p) =
p
13. From p =
65

Problems 2.5
2. Let y = the cost to the customer and let

x = the number of rides he or she takes. Since the
cost does not change, regardless of the number
of rides taken, the equation y = 24.95 represents
this situation. The graph of y = 24.95 is a
horizontal line whose y-intercept is (0, 24.95).
Since the line is parallel to the x-axis, there is no
x-intercept.
1.
2.5
12
24
30
24
12
(
2.
Q. II
3. a.
Miles
(2.5, 30)
Q. I
(1, 1)
x
10
f(0) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(4) = 3, f(2) = 0
Range: all real numbers
d. f(x) = 0 for x = 2. So a real zero is 2.

(5, 0)
1 2 3 4 5
4. a.
x
hours
f(0) = 2, f(2) = 0
b. Domain: all x 0
c.
Range: all y 2

5. a.
f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, f(1) = 1
b. Domain: all real numbers

c.
10
30
50
70
80
90
100
5.3
15.9
26.5
37.1
44.5
51.9
59.3
Cost (dollars)
b. Domain: all real numbers
40
10
(0, 6)
4. The monthly cost of x therms of gas is

0.53x, if 0 x 70
y=
0.53(70) + 0.74( x 70), if x >70
or
if 0 x 70
0.53x,
y=
0.74 x 14.7, if x > 70
60
(8, 3)
(3, 0)
24
(0, 0)
x
10
Q. IV
(4, 5)
c.
12
1 , 2
2
Q. III
y
36
y
(2, 7)
Q. I
(0, 0)
3. The formula relating distance, time, and speed is

d = rt, where d is the distance, r is the speed, and
t is the time. Let x = the time spent biking (in
hours). Then, 12x = the distance traveled. Brett
bikes 12 2.5 = 30 miles and then turns around
and bikes the same distance back to the rental
shop. Therefore, we can represent the distance
from the turn-around point at any time x as
30 12x . Similarly, the distance from the rental
shop at any time x can be represented by the
function y = 30 30 12 x .
x
10
(100, 59.3)
Range: all nonnegative real numbers

6. a.
f(0) = 0, f(2) = 1, f(3) = 3, f(4) = 2
b. Domain: all x such that 0 x 4
(70, 37.1)
c.
Range: all y such that 0 y 3
20
(0, 0)
20 40 60 80 100
x
therms
66
Section 2.5
7. y = 2x
If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
y is a function of x. One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
5
10. y = 3 2x
If y = 0, then 0 = 3 2x, x =
3
.
2
3
If x = 0, then, y = 3. Intercepts: , 0 , (0, 3)
2
x
5
3
2
x
5
8. y = x + 1
If y = 0, then x = 1.
If x = 0, then y = 1.
Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 1)
5
11. y = x 4
If y = 0, then 0 = x 4 , x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
y is a function of x. Not one-to-one.
Range: all real numbers 0
x
5
9. y = 3x 5
If y = 0, then 0 = 3x 5, x =
5
.
3
5
If x = 0, then y = 5. Intercepts: , 0 , (0, 5)
3
10
12. y =
2
x2
If y = 0, then 0 =
, which has no solution.

x2
Thus there is no x-intercept. Because x 0 ,
Not one-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers except 0
Range: all real numbers > 0
x
5
5
3
10
(1, 2)
(2, 12 )
(1, 2)
(2, 12 )
x
5
67

16. x = 9
If y = 0 then x = 9. Because x cannot be 0, there
is no y-intercept. Intercept: (9, 0).
y is not a function of x.
13. x = 0
If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then y can be any
real number. Intercepts: every point on y-axis
5
10
x
5
17. x = |y|
If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then 0 = |y|, y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
14. y = 4 x 2 16
If y = 0, then 0 = 4 x 2 16 = 4( x 2 4) ,
0 = 4( x + 2)( x 2) , x = 2.
If x = 0, then y = 16.
Intercepts: (2, 0), (0, 16)
y is a function of x. Not one-to-one.
20
x
10
10
x
5
18. x 2 = y 2
x
2
If y = 0, then x 2 = 0, x = 0 . If x = 0, then
0 = y 2 , y = 0 . Intercept: (0, 0)
16
15. y = x3
If y = 0, then 0 = x3 , x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0). y is a function of x. One-to-one.
5
x
5
19. 2x + y 2 = 0
If y = 0, then 2x 2 = 0, x = 1. If x = 0, then
y 2 = 0, y = 2. Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 2)
Note that y = 2 2x. y is a function of x.
One-to-one.
x
5
68
Section 2.5
10
Intercepts:
, 0 , (0,5)

2
x
1
f(x)
10
10
2
20. x + y = 1
If y = 0, then x = 1. If x = 0, then y = 1.
Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 1)
Note that y = 1 x.
5
23. y = h(x) = 3
Because y cannot be 0, there is no x-intercept. If
x = 0, then y = 3. Intercept: (0, 3)
Range: 3
x
1
x
5
5
3
x
5
21. s = f (t ) = 4 t 2
If s = 0, then 0 = 4 t 2
0 = (2 + t)(2 t)
t = 2. If t = 0, then s = 4.
Intercepts: (2, 0), (2, 0), (0, 4)
5
24. g(s) = 17
Because g(s) cannot be 0, there is no s-intercept.
If s = 0, then g(s) = 17.
Intercept: (0, 17)
Range: 17
20
t
2
x
20
20
20
22.
f ( x) = 5 2 x 2 . If f(x) = 0, then 0 = 5 2x 2
25. y = h( x) = x 2 4 x + 1
2x = 5
5
x2 =
2
5
10
.
x=
=
2
2
If x = 0, then f(x) = 5.
If y = 0, then 0 = x 2 4 x + 1 , and by the

4 12
= 2 3 . If
2
x = 0, then y = 1. Intercepts: (2 3, 0), (0,1)
quadratic formula, x =
69
5
2
x
(2, 3)
2+
t 2 9 to be a real number,
Note that for
t 2 9 0, so t 2 9, and |t| 3. If s = 0, then
0 = t 2 9, 0 = t 2 9, or t = 3. Because
|t| 3, we know t 0, so no s-intercept exists.
Intercepts: (3, 0), (3, 0)
Domain: all real numbers t 3 and 3
x
10
10
(1, 9)
27.
29. s = f (t ) = t 2 9
If y = 0, then 0 = x 2 + 2 x 8
0 = (x + 4)(x 2), so x = 4, 2.
If x = 0, then y = 8.
Intercepts: (4, 0), (2, 0), (0, 8).
26. y = f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x 8
10
x
10
f (t ) = t 3
If f(t) = 0, then 0 = t 3 , t = 0 .
If t = 0, then f(t) = 0. Intercept: (0, 0)
Range: all real number
5
30. F (r ) =
f(t)
1
r
1
r
Because r 0, there is no vertical-axis
intercept. Intercept: none.
Domain: all real numbers 0
If F(r) = 0, then 0 =
t
5
F(r)
28. p = h(q) = 1 + 2q + q 2
If p = 0, then 1 + 2q + q = 0, (1 + q) = 0, so
q = 1. If q = 0 then p = 1.
Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 1)
31.
f ( x) = 2 x 1
If f(x) = 0, then 0 = 2 x 1 , 2 x 1 = 0, so
1
.
2
If x = 0, then f ( x) = 1 = 1 .
x=
70
Section 2.5
2
x4
Note that the denominator is 0 when x = 4. Thus
2
, which has no
x 4. If y = 0, then 0 =
x4
1
solution. If x = 0, then y = .
2
1
Intercept: 0,
2
Domain: all real numbers except 4

Range: all real numbers except 0
1
Intercepts: , 0 , (0,1)
2
5
34. y = f ( x) =
f(x)
x
1
2
10
32. v = H (u ) = u 3
If v = 0, then 0 = u 3 , u 3 = 0, so u = 3.
If u = 0, then v = 3 = 3 .
Intercepts: (3, 0), (0, 3).
10
x
10
1
2
35. Domain: all real numbers 0

Range: all real numbers 1 c < 8
3
3
10
8
u
10
p
6
33. F (t ) =
10
16
t2
If F(t) = 0, then 0 =
36. Domain: all real numbers 1

16

t2
Because t 0, there is no vertical-axis intercept.
No intercepts
Domain: all nonzero real numbers
Range: all positive real numbers
10
14
(x)
F(t)
x
10
t
10
37. Domain: all real numbers

10
9
g(x)
x
3
71

y
38. Domain: all positive real numbers

20
f(x)
Cost (dollars)
10
4
1
16
12
8
4
10 12 2 4 6 8 10
A.M.
P.M.
x
3
10
43. As price increases, quantity supplied increases; p

is a function of q.
39. From the vertical-line test, the graphs that

represent functions of x are (a), (b), and (d).
50
40. From the horizontal line test, the graphs which

represent one-to-one functions of x are (c) and
(d).
41. Let y = the amount that is owed and let
x = the number of monthly payments made.
Then, the amount Tara owes is represented by
the equation y = 2400 275x.
To determine the x-intercept, we set y = 0 and
solve for x.
y = 2400 275 x
0 = 2400 275 x
275 x = 2400
8
x=8
11
8
The x-intercept is 8 , 0 . Therefore, Tara will
11
have paid off her debt after 9 months.
To determine the y-intercept, we set x = 0 and
solve for y.
y = 2400 275x
y = 2400 275(0)
y = 2400
The y-intercept is (0, 2400). Therefore, before
any payments are made, Tara owes $2400.
10
q
30
210
44. As price decreases, quantity increases; p is a

function of q.
p
25
5
q
25
45.
1000
300
42. The cost of an item as a function of the time of

day, x is
9, if 10:30 A.M. x < 2 : 30 P.M.
8, if 2:30 P.M. x < 4 : 30 P.M.
y = 13, if 4:30 P.M. x < 6 : 00 P.M.

18, if 6:00 P.M. x < 8 : 00 P.M.
13, if 8:00 P.M. x 10:00 P.M.
46.
14
x
21
y
4
4 5
47. 0.39
48. 0.50, 0.57
72
x
12
Section 2.5
range: ( , )
49. 0.61, 0.04
a.
50. 0.62, 1.73, 4.65
b. intercepts: (1.73, 0), (0, 4)
51. 1.12
35
59.
52. No real zeros

53. 1.70, 0
54. 0.49, 0.52, 1.25
25
55.
a.
maximum value of f(x): 28
b. range: (, 28]
c.
15
a.
60.
maximum value of f(x): 19.60
real zeros: 4.02, 0.60
b. minimum value of f(x): 10.86

5
56.
5
1
a.
b. intercepts: (0, 0.29), (1.03, 0)
a.
c.

61.

57.
range: (, )
real zero: 1.03
35
2
3
a.
a.
c.
range: [18.68, 34.21]
d. no intercept
10
maximum value of f(x): 5
b. minimum value of f(x): 4

58.
15
73

line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then
Problems 2.6
2a 2 + b 2 a 4 = 8 b, but
1. y = 5x
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 5x = 0, or x = 0; if x = 0,
then y = 5 0 = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
y = 5x
y = 5x
y-axis:
y = 5(x) = 5x
origin:
y = 5(x)
y = 5x
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 5a, and
1
a = b 5b for all b, so (b, a) is not
5
on the graph.
2b 2 + a 2b 4 = 8 a will not
necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not on
the graph.
Answer: (2, 0), (0, 8); symmetry about y-axis
4. x = y 3
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 0; if x = 0, then
0 = y3 , so y = 0.
x-axis:
x = ( y )3 = y 3
y-axis:
x = y3
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about origin
x = y3
x = ( y )3
origin:
2. y = f ( x) = x 2 4
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
x = y3
0 = x 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) , or x = 2; if x = 0,
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b3 , and
then y = 02 4 = 4 .
b = 3 a a3 for all a, so (b, a) is not

on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about origin
x-axis:
y = x2 4
y = x2 + 4
5. 16 x 2 9 y 2 = 25
y-axis:
y = ( x)2 4 = x 2 4
origin:
y = ( x)2 4
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 16 x 2 = 25, x 2 =

5
so x = ;
4
y = x2 + 4
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a 2 4, and
if x = 0, then 9 y 2 = 25, y 2 =
a = b + 4 b 4 for all b, so
(b, a) is not on the graph.
2
x-axis:
2 4
y-axis:
16( x) 2 9 y 2 = 25
16 x 2 9 y 2 = 25
origin:
Since the graph has symmetry about
x- and y-axes, there is also symmetry
about the origin.
2 x 2 + ( y ) 2 x 4 = 8 ( y )
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 + y
16a 2 9b 2 = 25, and

1
a 2 = (9b 2 + 25). (b, a) on graph,
16
2( x) 2 + y 2 ( x)4 = 8 y
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 y
origin:
16 x 2 9( y ) 2 = 25
16 x 2 9 y 2 = 25
2 x 2 = 8, x 2 = 4, or x = 2;
if x = 0, then 0 = 8 y, so y = 8.
y-axis:
25
, which has
9
no real root.
3. 2 x + y x = 8 y
x-axis:
25
,
16
2( x) 2 + ( y )2 ( x) 4 = 8 ( y )
then 16b 2 9a 2 = 25 and

1
1
a 2 = (16b 2 25) (9b 2 + 25)
9
16
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 + y
74
Section 2.6
for all b, so (b, a) and (a, b) are not

always both on the graph.
5
Answer: , 0 ; symmetry about x-axis,
4
y-axis, and origin.
9. x = y 4
Intercepts: Because y 0, there is no
1
, which has
x-intercept; if x = 0, then 0 =
y4
no solution.
6. y = 57
Intercepts: Because y 0, there is no
x-intercept; if x = 0, then y = 57.
x-axis:
(y) = 57
y = 57
y-axis:
y = 57
origin:
(y) = 57
y = 57
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 57, but a can
be any value, so (b, a) = (57, a) is not
necessarily on the graph.
Answer: (0, 57); symmetry about yaxis
x-axis:
x = y 4
y-axis:
origin:
x = ( y ) 4
x = y 4
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b 4 and

b = (a )1/ 4 a 4 for all a, so
Answer: no intercepts; symmetry about x-axis
10. y = x 2 25
x 2 25 = 0,
x 2 25 = 0, x 2 = 25, so x = 5;
if x = 0, then y = 25 , which has no real root.

x-axis:
y = x 2 25
y = x 2 25
y-axis:
8. y = 2 x 2
y = ( x)2 25
y = x 2 25
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 2 x = 2, 2 x = 2,
x = 1, so x = 1; if x = 0, then y = 2.
y = 2x 2
x-axis:
origin:
y = ( x)2 25
y = x 2 25 .
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a 2 25 or
y = 2x + 2
b 2 = a 2 25 and
y = 2( x) 2
a 2 = b 2 + 25 b 2 25 for all b, so
Answer: (5, 0); symmetry about y-axis
y = 2x 2
origin:
x = y 4
x = y 4
7. x = 2
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 2; because x 0,
there is no y-intercept.
x-axis:
x = 2
y-axis:
x = 2
x=2
origin:
x = 2
x=2
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = 2, but b can
be any value, so (b, a) = (b, 2) is not
necessarily on the graph.
Answer: (2, 0); symmetry about x-axis
y-axis:
x = ( y ) 4
y = 2( x) 2
y = 2x + 2
11. x 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x + 21 = 0, so x = 21;
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 2a 2 and

b+2
2b 2 for all b, so
2
a=
if x = 0, then 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0,
y 2 + 4 y 21 = 0, (y + 7)(y 3) = 0, so y = 7 or
y = 3.
75

x-axis:
y=
y-axis:
x 4( y ) ( y ) + 21 = 0
2
x + 4 y y + 21 = 0
y-axis:
y=
( x) 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
x 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
origin:
x3 2 x 2 x
x2 + 1
( x) 4( y ) ( y ) 2 + 21 = 0
y=
a = b 2 + 4b 21, but
b = a 2 + 4a 21 will not necessarily
be true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (21, 0), (0, 7), (0, 3); no symmetry
a=
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x 2 = 0, so x = 0;
x3 + 2 x 2 + x
b3 2b 2 + b
14. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0
if x = 0, then y 3 = 0, so y = 0.
x-axis: x 2 + x( y ) + ( y )3 = 0
if x = 0, then y 2 = 0, so y = 0.
x xy y = 0
2
y-axis: ( x) + ( x) y + y 3 = 0
x 2 + x( y ) + ( y ) 2 = 0
x-axis:
x 2 xy + y 3 = 0
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
( x) 2 + ( x)( y ) + ( y )3 = 0
2
( x)2 + 1
is not necessarily
b2 + 1
true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (1, 0), (0, 0); no symmetry of the given
types
12. x 2 + xy + y3 = 0
( x)3 2( x) 2 + ( x)
x2 + 1
a 3 2a 2 + a
b=
, but
a2 + 1
a 4b b 2 + 21 = 0 and
( x)2 + ( x) y + y 2 = 0
y-axis:
x + xy y = 0
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
( x) 2 + ( x)( y ) + ( y ) 2 = 0
origin:
a 2 + ab + b3 = 0, but
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0
b 2 + ab + a3 = 0 will not necessarily

be true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); no symmetry.
13. y = f ( x) =
( x) 2 + 1
y =
origin:
x + 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
origin:
( x)3 2( x) 2 + ( x)
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a 2 + ab + b 2 = 0

and b 2 + ba + a 2 = 0, so (b, a) is on
the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about origin,
symmetry about y = x
x3 2 x 2 + x
x2 + 1
x3 2 x 2 + x x( x 1) 2
=
= 0, so x = 0, 1;
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
if x = 0, then y = 0.
x-axis:
Because f is not the zero function,
there is no x-axis symmetry
15. y =
3
3
x +8
3
= 0 , which has
x +8
3
no solution; if x = 0, then y = .
8
76
x-axis:
y =
y=
y-axis:
y=
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b =
x3 + 8
3
a4
b4
, but a + b =
will not
b
a
necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not on
the graph.
Answer: no intercepts; symmetry about origin
x +8
3
3
3
17. 3x + y 2 = 9
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 3x = 9, so x = 3;
x + 8
3
y =
( x )3 + 8
y =
y=
if x = 0, then y 2 = 9, so y = 3.
3
3
x + 8
3
3x + y 2 = 9
x3 8
3
a3 + 8
3 x + y 2 = 9
and
3 x + y 2 = 9
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 3a + b 2 = 9 and

1
1
a = (9 b 2 ), but b = (9 a 2 ) will
3
3
not necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not
on the graph.
Answer: (3, 0), (0, 3); symmetry about x-axis
5
x
= 0 , which has no
x
0
solution; if x = 0, then y = , which has no
y
solution.
x4
x-axis:
y =
x + ( y )
y=
( x )4
( x) + y
x
3
18. x 1 = y 4 + y 2 or x = y 4 + y 2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 1; if x = 0, then
y 4 + y 2 = 1, so no y-intercept
x-axis:
x 1 = ( y )4 + ( y )2
x 1 = y4 + y2
y-axis:
x = y4 + y2 + 1
x = y4 y2 1
( x) 4
y =
( x) + ( y )
y=
x4
y=
x + y
origin:
y-axis:
3( x) + ( y ) 2 = 9
origin:
x4
x+ y
x4
x + y
3( x) + y 2 = 9
y-axis:
3
3
a = 3 8
for all b, so
3
b
b +8
3
Answer: 0, ; no symmetry of the given types
8
y=
3x + ( y )2 = 9
x-axis:
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b =
16. y =
a4
, and
a+b
a+b =
( x)3 + 8
y=
origin:
Section 2.6
origin:
x = ( y ) 4 + ( y ) 2 + 1
x = y4 y2 1
x4
x+ y
77
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = b 4 + b 2 + 1

and b a 4 + a 2 + 1 for all a so (b, a)
is not on the graph.
Answer: (1, 0); symmetry about x-axis.
5
3 y = 5( x) ( x)3
y-axis:
3 y = 5 x + x3
3( y ) = 5( x) ( x)3
origin:
3 y = 5 x x3 .
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 3b = 5a a3 ,

but 3a = 5b b3 will not necessarily
be true so (b, a) is not on the graph.
x
5
Answer: (0, 0), 5, 0 ; symmetry about

origin
5
19. y = f ( x) = x3 4 x
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x3 4 x = 0,
x(x + 2)(x 2) = 0, so x = 0 or x = 2; if x = 0,
then y = 0.
x-axis:
Because f is not the zero function,
there is no x-axis symmetry.
x
5
y = ( x) 4( x)
21.
y = x3 + 4 x
y = ( x ) 4( x)
x = 0, then y = 0, so y = 0.
x y = 0
x-axis:
y = x 4x
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = a3 4a, but
x y =0
a = b3 4b will not necessarily be

true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0), (2, 0); symmetry about origin.
5
x y = 0
y-axis:
x y =0
origin:
Since there is symmetry about the

x- and y-axes, symmetry about origin
exists.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a b = 0, thus
x
2
x y =0
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 0, so x = 0; if
origin:
y-axis:
a = b , and b a = 0, so (b, a) is
on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about x-axis, y-axis,
origin, line y = x.
20. 3 y = 5 x x3
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 5 x x3 = 0,
x
5+x
)(
5 x = 0, so x = 0 or x = 5; if
x = 0, then y = 0.
x-axis:
3( y ) = 5 x x3
3 y = 5 x + x3
78
Section 2.6
graph.
5
5
Answer: , 0 , 0, ; symmetry about
2
3
x-axis, y-axis, origin
22. x 2 + y 2 = 16
if x = 0, then y 4 = 16, so y = 4.
2
x + ( y ) = 16
x-axis:
x 2 + y 2 = 16
y-axis:
( x )2 + y 2 = 16
origin:
x 2 + y 2 = 16
Since there is symmetry about
exists.
x
5
24. x 2 y 2 = 4
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a 2 + b 2 = 16
and b 2 + a 2 = 16, so (b, a) is on the

graph.
Answer: (4, 0), (0, 4); symmetry about x-axis,
y-axis, origin, line y = x.
5
if x = 0, then y 2 = 4, y 2 = 4, which has no

real roots.
x 2 ( y )2 = 4
x-axis:
x2 y 2 = 4
x
y-axis:
( x) 2 y 2 = 4
origin:
x2 y 2 = 4
Since there is symmetry about x-and
y-axes, symmetry about origin exists.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a 2 b 2 = 4 and

a 2 = 4 + b 2 b 2 4 for all b, so
Answer: (2, 0); symmetry about x-axis, y-axis,
origin.
23. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
25
, so
9
5
5
x = ; if x = 0, then 4 y 2 = 25, so y = .
3
2
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 9 x 2 = 25, x 2 =
x-axis:
9 x 2 + 4( y )2 = 25
2
9 x + 4 y = 25
y-axis:
9( x)2 + 4 y 2 = 25
origin:
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
Since there is symmetry about
exists.
25.
6
6
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then 9a 2 + 4b 2 = 25

1
and b 2 = (25 9a 2 ). (b, a) on
4
6
6
y = f ( x) = 5 1.96 x 2 x 4 . Replacing x by x
graph, then 9b 2 + 4a 2 = 25 and

1
b 2 = (25 4a 2 ), so (a, b) and
9
(b, a) are not always both on the
gives y = 5 1.96( x)2 ( x) 4 or

y = 5 1.96 x 2 x 4 , which is equivalent to
79
original equation. Thus the graph is symmetric

about the y-axis.
a.
2.
f(x) = x2
Intercepts: (0.99, 0), (0, 5)
b. Maximum value of f(x): 5

c.
5
y = x 2
Range: (, 5]
26.
3.
10
f(x) = 1
x
x
10
y= 1
x2
y = f ( x) = 2 x 7 x + 5 . Replacing x by x
gives y = 2( x)4 7( x) 2 + 5 or
4.
10
y = 2 x 4 7 x 2 + 5 , which is equivalent to
original equation. Thus the graph is symmetric
about y-axis.
Real zeros of f: 1, 1.58
27.
y = x + 2
x
10
f(x) = x
5.
f(x) = 1
x
11
1
1
Problems 2.7
1.
2
5
y= 2
3x
y
y = x3 1
6.
x
f(x) = x3
10
y
f(x) = |x|
y = |x| 2
x
10
80
7.
Section 2.7
10
13. Translate 3 units to the left, stretch vertically

away from the x-axis by a factor of 2, reflect
about the x-axis, and move 2 units upward.
f(x) = |x|
x
10
y = |x + 1| 2
14. Translate 3 units to the left and 4 units

downward.
15. Reflect about the y-axis and translate 5 units
downward.
8.
y
f(x) =
16. Shrink horizontally toward the y-axis by a factor

of 3.
5x
17.
y = 13 x
9.
10
f(x) = x2
Compared to the graph for k = 0, the graphs for

k = 1, 2, and 3 are vertical shifts upward of 1, 2,
and 3 units, respectively. The graphs for
k = 1, 2, and 3 are vertical shifts downward
of 1, 2, and 3 units, respectively.
x
10
y = 1 (x 1)2
18.
10.
y = (x 1)2 + 1
f(x) = x 2
x
10
11.
10

k = 1, 2, and 3 are horizontal shifts to the left of
1, 2, and 3 units, respectively. The graphs for
k = 1, 2, and 3 are horizontal shifts to the
right of 1, 2, and 3 units, respectively.
y
f(x) = x
y = x
19.
10
12.
10
f(x) = 1

k = 2 and 3 are vertical stretches away from the
x-axis by factors of 2 and 3, respectively. The
1
graph for k = is a vertical shrinking toward
2
the x-axis.
x
10
y= 1
2x
81
53 2
=
5+ 4 9
( x + 3) 3
x
=
F ( x + 3) =
( x + 3) + 4 x + 7
F (5) =
1. Denominator is 0 when
x2 6 x + 5 = 0
( x 1)( x 5) = 0
x = 1, 5
Domain: all real numbers except 1 and 5.
2. all real numbers
5+ 4
9 3
=
=
5
5
5
h(5) =
3. all real numbers

4. all real numbers
h(4) =
5. For x to be real, x must be nonnegative. For

the denominator x 1 to be different from 0, x
cannot be 1. Both conditions are satisfied by all
nonnegative numbers except 1.
Domain: all nonnegative real numbers except 1.
h( x ) =
4 + 4
0
=
=0
4
4
x+4
x
h(u 4) =
6. s 5 0
s5
Domain: all real numbers s such that s 5.
7.
u+4
u
11. h(u ) =
12. H ( s ) =
f (0) = 3(0) 2 4(0) + 7 = 7
H (7) =
f (3) = 3(3) 2 4(3) + 7 = 27 + 12 + 7 = 46
u4
u
u4
( s 4) 2
3
H (2) =
f ( x) = 3x 2 4 x + 7
(u 4) + 4
(2 4)2 36
=
= 12
3
3
(7 4)2 9
= =3
3
3
( )
2
2
1
49
72
49
1 2 4
=
= 4 =
H =
2
3
3
3
12

f (5) = 3(5) 4(5) + 7 = 75 20 + 7 = 62

f (t ) = 3t 2 4t + 7
( )
H x2 =
8. h(x) = 7; all function values are 7.

Answer: 7, 7, 7, 7
( )
( x 2 4)2 x 4 8 x 2 + 16
=
3
3
13. f(4) = 4 + 16 = 20
f(2) = 3
f(0) = 3
f(1) is not defined.
9. G ( x) = x 3
G (3) = 4 3 3 = 4 0 = 0
G (19) = 4 19 3 = 4 16 = 2
14.
G (t + 1) = 4 (t + 1) 3 = 4 t 2
4
G ( x3 ) = x3 3
1
3
1
1
f = +1 = +1 =
2
2
2
2
f (0) = 02 + 1 = 1
2
1
5
1 1
f = +1 = +1 =
4
4
2 2
x3
10. F ( x) =
x+4
1 3
4
F (1) =
=
1 + 4
3
03
3
F (0) =
=
0+4
4
f (5) = 53 99 = 125 99 = 26
f (6) = 63 99 = 216 99 = 117
15. a.
82
f(x + h) = 3 7(x + h) = 3 7x 7h
b.
16. a.
Chapter 2 Review
f ( x + h) f ( x) (3 7 x 7 h) (3 7 x) 7 h
=
=
= 7
h
h
h
f ( x + h) = 11( x + h) 2 + 4
= 11x 2 + 22 xh + 11h 2 + 4
b.
17. a.
b.
18. a.
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x) (11x 2 + 22 xh + 11h 2 + 4) (11x 2 + 4) 22 xh + 11h 2

=
=
= 22 x + 11h
h
h
h
f ( x + h) = 4( x + h)2 + 2( x + h) 5 = 4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 + 2 x + 2h 5
f ( x + h) f ( x) (4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 + 2 x + 2h 5) (4 x 2 + 2 x 5)
=
h
h
2
8 xh + 4h + 2h
=
h
= 8 x + 4h + 2
f ( x + h) =
7
7
=
( x + h) + 1 x + h + 1
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
h
7
x + h +1
7
x +1
7( x +1)7( x + h +1)
( x + h +1)( x +1)
7 h
7
=
( x + h + 1)( x + 1)h ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)
19. f(x) = 3x 1, g(x) = 2x + 3

a.
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = (3x 1) + (2x + 3) = 5x + 2
b. (f + g)(4) = 5(4) + 2 = 22
20.
c.
(f g)(x) = f(x) g(x) = (3x 1) (2x + 3) = x 4
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = (3 x 1)(2 x + 3) = 6 x 2 + 7 x 3
e.
( fg )(1) = 6(1)2 + 7(1) 3 = 10
f.
f
f ( x) 3 x 1
( x) =
=
g
g ( x) 2 x + 3
g.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (2 x + 3) = 3(2 x + 3) 1 = 6 x + 8
h.
( f D g )(5) = 6(5) + 8 = 38
i.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (3x 1) = 2(3 x 1) + 3 = 6 x + 1
f ( x) = x 2 , g(x) = 3x 2
a.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = x 2 + 3 x 2
b.
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = x 2 (3x 2) = x 2 3x + 2
83
c.
( f g )(3) = (3) 2 3(3) + 2 = 2
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
23. f(x) =
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x3 ) = x3 + 2
= ( x 2 )(3x 2)
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g
= 3 x3 + 2 x 2
e.
f
f ( x)
x2
( x) =
=
g
g ( x) 3x 2
f.
f
(2) 2
(2) =
= 1
g
3(2) 2
g.
x-axis:
y-axis:
= 3 x 2 2
( g D f )(4) = 3(4) 2 2 = 48 2 = 50
origin:
, g(x) = x + 1
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 3a a3 , but
a = 3b b3 is not necessarily true, so

( x + 1)2
1
1 + x2
=
+
=
1
x2
x2
origin
26.
( x) =
x +1
4
x +1
x +1
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g
=
4
4
Answer: (0, 0), 3, 0 ; symmetry about
x +1
, g ( x) = x
4
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f
y = 3( x) ( x)3
y = 3x x3 , which is the original
equation.
1
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g
x2
f ( x) =
y = 3( x) ( x)3
y = 3 x + x3
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x + 1) =
22.
y = 3 x x3
y = 3 x + x3 , which is not the
original equation.
= 3( x 2 ) 2
x2
x(3 x 2 ) = 0, x = 0, 3.
If x = 0, then y = 0.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
f ( x) =
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 3 x x3 ,
= g ( x 2 )
21.
x+2
25. y = 3x x3
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f (3 x 2)
) (
x+2 =
24. f(x) = 2, g(x) = 3

( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (3) = 2
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (2) = 3
= 9 x 2 + 12 x 4
i.
= ( x + 2)3 / 2
= (3x 2)2
h.
x + 2, g ( x) = x3
x +1
2
x2 y2
=4
x2 + y2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 4, which is
impossible; if x = 0, then 0 = 4, which is
impossible.
x 2 ( y ) 2
=4
x-axis:
x 2 + ( y )2 + 1
x2 y2
x2 + y2 + 1
equation.
84
= 4 , which is the original
y-axis:
( x)2 y 2
( x) 2 + y 2 + 1
Chapter 2 Review
10
=4
x2 y2
origin:
= 4 , which is the
x2 + y2 + 1
original equation.
( x)2 ( y )2
=4
( x) 2 + ( y ) 2 + 1
x2 y2
x
10
28. y = 3x 7
= 4, which is the
x2 + y 2 + 1
original equation.

and b 2 =
then
b2 =
4(a 2 + 1)
a2 4
b2 a 2
b2 + a 2 + 1
a 2b2
a 2 + b2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 3x 7, or x =
If x = 0, then y = 7.
x-axis:
y = 3x 7
y = 3x + 7, which is not the original
equation.
y-axis:
y = 3(x) 7
y = 3x 7, which is not the original
equation.
origin:
y = 3(x) 7
y = 3x + 7, which is not the original
equation.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 3a 7 and
1
a = (b + 7) 3b 7 for all b, so
3
7
Answer: (0, 7), , 0 ; no symmetry of the
3
given types
=4
. (b, a) on graph,
= 4 and
4(a 2 + 1)
, so (a, b) and (b, a)

a2 4
are both on the graph.
Answer: no intercepts; symmetry about x-axis,
y-axis, origin, and y = x.
27. y = 9 x 2
0 = 9 x 2 = (3 + x)(3 x ) , or x = 3
If x = 0, then y = 9.
x-axis:
10
y = 9 x2
y = 9 + x 2 , which is not the original
equation.
y-axis:
7
3
x
10
y = 9 ( x)2
y = 9 x 2 , which is the original
equation.
origin:
7
.
3
y = 9 ( x)
29. G (u ) = u + 4
If G(u) = 0, then 0 = u + 4 .
0 = u + 4,
u = 4
If u = 0, then G(u) = 4 = 2 .
Intercepts: (0, 2), (4, 0)
Domain: all real numbers u such that u 4
y = 9 + x , which is not the

original equation.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 9 a 2 and

a = 9 b 9 b 2 for all b, so
Answer: (0, 9), (3, 0); symmetry about y-axis.
85
10
G(u)
32. h(u ) = 5u
If h(u) = 0, then 0 = 5u ,
u = 0.
If u = 0, h(u) = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
Domain: all reals 0
Range: all reals 0
u
10
h(u)
30.
f ( x) = x + 1
If f(x) = 0, then 0 = x + 1.
x = 1 , which has no solution.
If x = 0, then f(x) = 1.
Intercept: (0, 1)
10
u
8
33. Domain: all real numbers.

f(x)
x
10
x
5
31. y = g (t ) =
2
t 4
If y = 0, then 0 =
34.
2
t 4
f(x) = x
2 1
If t = 0, then y = = .
4 2
1
Intercept: 0,
2
Domain: all real numbers t such that t 4
10
x
y = x 2 1
35.
10
y
f(x) = x2
g(t)
x
10
y = 1 x2 + 2
10
36. For 2006, t = 5. Hence

S = 150,000 + 3000(5) = $165,000.
S is a function of t.
86
37. From the vertical-line test, the graphs that

represent functions of x are (a) and (c).
38. a.
a.
b. (1.92, 0), (0, 7)
729
20
44.
b. 359.43
39.
(,)
20
a.
b. all real numbers 9.03
0.67; 0.34, 1.73

40.
9.03
c.
90
5, 2.
45. k = 0, 2, 4
30
1.38, 4.68
41.
k = 1, 3
2
2
5
2
1.50, 0.88, 0.11, 1.09, 1.40

42.
a.
20
0, 2, 4
b. none
1.
f (23, 000) = 1510 + 0.15(23, 000 15,100)

= 2695
The tax on $23,000 is $2695.
2.
f (85, 000) = 8440 + 0.25(85, 000 61,300)

= 14,365
The tax on $85,000 is $14,365.
3.
f (290, 000) = 42,170 + 0.33(290, 000 188, 450)

= 75, 681.5
The tax on $290,000 is $75,681.50.
20
(,)
43.
20
20
87

4.
f (462, 000) = 91, 043 + 0.35(462, 000 336,550)

= 134,950.5
The tax on $462,000 is $134,950.50.
5. Answers may vary.

6. There should be no jump in tax as one moves from one tax bracket to the next, since it would be unfair for two
couples whose incomes differ by only $0.01 to pay substantially different taxes.
7. g ( x) = x f ( x)
if 0 x 15,100
x 0.10 x
x [1510 + 0.15( x 15,100)]
if 15,100 < x 61,300
if 61,300 < x 123, 700

x [8440 + 0.25( x 61,300)]
=
x
x
[24,
040
0.28(
123,
700)]
if
123, 700 < x 188, 450
x [42,170 + 0.33( x 188, 450)] if 188, 450 < x 336,550

x [91, 043 + 0.35( x 336,550)] if x > 336,550
if 0 x 15,100
0.90 x
0.85 x + 755
if 15,100 < x 61,300
if 61,300 < x 123, 700

0.75 x + 6885
=
if 123, 700 < x 188, 450
0.72 x + 10,596
+
x
0.67
20,
018.50
if 188, 450 < x 336,550
0.65 x + 26, 749.50 if x > 336,550

8.
400,000
g(x)
200,000
200,000
x
400,000
88
Chapter 3
F F1 = m ( C C1 )
9
(C 5)
5
9
F 41 = C 9
5
9
F = C + 32
5
1. Let x = the time (in years) and let y = the selling

price. Then,
In 1991: x1 = 1991 and y1 = 32, 000
In 1994: x2 = 1994 and y2 = 26, 000
The slope is
y y
m= 2 1
x2 x1
F 41 =
4. To find the slope and y-intercept, let a = 1000,

then write the equation in slope-intercept form.
1
y=
(t + 1)a
24
1
y=
(t + 1)1000
24
1000 1000
y=
t+
24
24
125 125
y=
t+
3
3
125
Thus the slope, m, is
and the y-intercept, b,
3
125
is
.
3
26, 000 32, 000

1994 1991
6000
=
3
= 2000
The car depreciated $2000 per year.
Price
(in thousands of dollars)
y (price)
40
30
20
10
x (time)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Year
2. An equation relating the growth in enrollment to

the number of years can be found by using the
point-slope form of an equation of a line. If
S = the number of students enrolled, and
T = the number of years, then the point-slope
form can be written as
S S1 = m (T T1 )
5.
Let m = 14, S1 = 50 , and T1 = 3 .

S 50 = 14(T 3)
S 50 = 14T 42
S = 14T + 8
9
C + 32
5
9
5( F ) = 5 C + 32
5
5 F = 9C + 160
0 = 9C 5F + 160
Thus, 9C 5F + 160 = 0 is a general linear form
9
of F = C + 32 .
5
F=
6.
3. A linear function relating Fahrenheit temperature

to Celsius temperature can be found by using the
point-slope form of an equation of a line.
F F
77 41 36 9
=
=
m= 2 1 =
25 5
20 5
C2 C1
F
100
100
100
100
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, locate the

Celsius temperature on the horizontal axis, move
vertically to the line, then move horizontally to
read the Fahrenheit temperature of the vertical
axis.
89
Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems
7. Right angles are formed by perpendicular lines.

The slopes of the sides of the triangle are:
00 0
AB m =
= =0
60 6
9.
70 7
BC m =
= =7
76 1
y 7 = 5[ x (1)]
y 7 = 5( x + 1)
y 7 = 5 x 5
5x + y 2 = 0
10
70 7
AC m =
= =1
70 7
Since none of the slopes are negative reciprocals

of each other, there are no perpendicular lines.
Therefore, the points do not define a right
triangle.
x
5
10.
Problems 3.1
1. m =
10 1 9
= =3
74 3
2. m =
10 3
7
=
= 1
2 5 7
3. m =
3 (2) 1
1
=
=
86
2
2
4. m =
4 (4) 0
= =0
3 2
1
y
100
x
10
11.
5. The difference in the x-coordinates is 5 5 = 0,

so the slope is undefined.
6. m =
0 (6) 6
= =2
30
3
1
y 5 = [ x (2)]
4
4( y 5) = ( x + 2)
4 y 20 = x 2
x + 4 y 18 = 0
10
y
9
2
2 (2) 0
7. m =
=
=0
45
1
8. m =
y 0 = 75( x 0)
y = 75 x
75 x y = 0
x
10
0 (7) 7
=
9 1
8
90
12.
Section 3.1
8 (4) 4
=
= 4
2 (3)
1
y (4) = 4[ x (3)]
y + 4 = 4 x 12
4 x + y + 16 = 0
1 5
x
3 2
5
6( y 5) = 2 x +
2
6 y 30 = 2 x + 5
2 x 6 y + 35 = 0
15. m =
y 5 =
y
20
10
35
6
x
x
10
20
30 3
=
20 2
3
y 0 = ( x 0)
2
3
y= x
2
2 y = 3x
3x 2 y = 0
16. m =
4 1
3
13. m =
=
1 (6) 7
3
( x 1)
7
7( y 4) = 3( x 1)
7 y 28 = 3x 3
3x 7 y + 25 = 0
y4=
10
10
x
10
x
10
17.
2 (4) 6
=
= 6
56
1
y 2 = 6( x 5)
y 2 = 6 x + 30
6 x + y 32 = 0
14. m =
y = 2x + 4
2x y + 4 = 0
10
50
x
10
91
x
10

18.
y = 5x 7
5x y 7 = 0
10
21. A horizontal line has the form y = b. Thus

y = 3, or y + 3 = 0.
x
10
7
5
x
5
19.
22. A vertical line has the form x = a. Thus x = 1,

or x + 1 = 0.
1
x3
2
1
2 y = 2 x 3
2
2 y = x 6
x + 2y + 6 = 0
y=
y
5
x
(1, 1)
x
6
23. A vertical line has the form x = a. Thus x = 2, or

x 2 = 0.
20.
y = 0x
1
2
2 y = 1
2y +1 = 0
1
2
5
(2, 3)
y=
24. A horizontal line has the form y = b. Thus y = 0.
5x
x
(0, 0)
1
2
92
Section 3.1
25. y = 4x 6 has the form y = mx + b, where m = 4

and b = 6.
10
29. x = 5 is a vertical line. Thus the slope is

undefined. There is no y-intercept.
x
10
30. x 9 = 5 y + 3
5 y = x 12
1
12
y = x
5
5
1
12
m= ,b=
5
5
26. x 2 = 6 or x = 8, is a vertical line. Thus the

slope is undefined. There is no y-intercept.
5
x
8
27. 3x + 5 y 9 = 0
5 y = 3 x + 9
3
9
y = x+
5
5
3
9
m= ,b=
5
5
5
20
12
5
31. y = 3x
y = 3x + 0
m = 3, b = 0
9
5
x
x
5
5
28. y + 4 = 7
y=3
y = 0x + 3
m = 0, b = 3
5
32. y 7 = 3( x 4)
y 7 = 3 x 12
y = 3x 5
m = 3, b = 5
3
x
93
33. y = 3
y = 0x + 3
m = 0, b = 3
39.
5
3
x
5
1
x + 8 is in slope-intercept form.
300
1
300 y = 300
x + 8
300
300 y = x + 2400
x 300 y + 2400 = 0 (general form)
40. y =
34. 6 y 24 = 0
y=4
y = 0x + 4
m = 0, b = 4
5
x 2y
3
+
= 4
2 3
4
x 2y
19
12 +
= 12
2 3
4
6 x + 8 y = 57
6 x 8 y 57 = 0 (general form)
8 y = 6 x + 57
3
57
y = x
(slope-intercept form)
4
8
41. The lines y = 7x + 2 and y = 7x 3 have the

same slope, 7. Thus they are parallel.
x
5
42. The lines y = 4x + 3 and y = 5 + 4x (or

y = 4x + 5) have the same slope, 4. Thus they are
parallel.
43. The lines y = 5x + 2 and 5x + y 3 = 0 (or
y = 5x + 3) have the same slope, 5. Thus they are
parallel.
35. 2x = 5 3y, or 2x + 3y 5 = 0 (general form)

2
5
3y = 2x + 5, or y = x + (slope-intercept
3
3
form)
44. The line y = x has slope m1 = 1 and the line

y = x has slope m2 = 1 . m1 =
36. 3x + 2y = 6, or 3x + 2y 6 = 0 (general form)

3
2y = 3x + 6, or y = x + 3 (slope-intercept
2
form)
1
so the
m2
lines are perpendicular.

1
5
45. The line x + 3y + 5 = 0 or y = x has

3
3
1
slope m1 = and the line y = 3x has slope
3
1
m2 = 3. Since m1 m2 and m1
, the
m2
lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
37. 4x + 9y 5 = 0 is a general form.

4
5
9y = 4x + 5, or y = x + (slope-intercept
9
9
form)
38. 3( x 4) 7( y + 1) = 2
3x 12 7 y 7 = 2
3x 7 y 21 = 0 (general form)
46. The line x + 3y = 0 or y = x has slope

3
1
m1 = and the line x + 6y 4 = 0 (or
3
1
1
2
y = x + has slope m2 = . Since
6
6
3
3
7y = 3x + 21, or y = x 3 (slope-intercept
7
form)
94
Section 3.1
56. y = 4 is a horizontal line. The perpendicular line
must be vertical and has an equation of the form
x = a. Since that line passes through (1, 1), its
equation is x = 1.
1
, the lines are neither
m2
parallel nor perpendicular.
m1 m2 and m1
47. The line y = 3 is horizontal and the line x =
1
3
57. y = 3 is a horizontal line, so the perpendicular

line must be vertical with equation of the form
x = a. Since that line passes through (5, 2), its
equation is x = 5.
is vertical, so the lines are perpendicular.

48. Both lines are vertical and thus parallel.
58. The line 3 y =
49. The line 3x + y = 4 (or y = 3x + 4) has slope

m1 = 3, and the line x 3y + 1 = 0
1
1
1
or y = 3 x + 3 has slope m2 = 3 . Since
m2 =
2x
2x
+ 1 has
+ 3 or y =
5
15
2
, so the slope of a line perpendicular
15
15
. An equation of the
to it must have slope
2
15
desired line is y (5) = ( x 4) or
2
15
y = x 35.
2
slope
1
, the lines are perpendicular.
m1
50. The line x 2 = 3 (or x = 5) is vertical and the

line y = 2 is horizontal, so the lines are
perpendicular.
2
59. The line 2x + 3y + 6 = 0 has slope , so the
3
2
slope of a line parallel to it must also be . An
3
equation of the desired line is
2
2
29
y (5) = [ x (7)], or y = x .
3
3
3
x
1
51. The slope of y = 2 is , so the slope of
4
4
1
a line parallel to it must also be . An
4
1
equation of the desired line is y 1 = ( x 1)
4
1
5
or y = x + .
4
4
60. The y-axis is vertical. A parallel line is also

vertical and has an equation of the form x = a.
Since it passes through (4, 10), its equation is
x = 4.
52. x = 4 is a vertical line. A line parallel to x = 4

has the form x = a. Since the line must pass
through (2, 8), its equation is x = 2.
61. (1, 2), (3, 8)

82
6
3
=
=
m=
3 1 4
2
53. y = 2 is a horizontal line. A line parallel to it has

the form y = b. Since the line must pass through
(2, 1) its equation is y = 1.
3
Point-slope form: y 2 = ( x 1) . When the
2
x-coordinate is 5,
3
y 2 = (5 1)
2
3
y 2 = (4)
2
y 2 = 6
y = 4
Thus the point is (5, 4).
54. The slope of y = 3 + 2x is 2, so the slope of a line

parallel to it must also be 2. An equation of the
desired line is y (4) = 2(x 3), or y = 2x 10.
55. The slope of y = 3x 5 is 3, so the slope of a line
1
perpendicular to it must have slope . An
3
1
equation of the desired line is y 4 = ( x 3),
3
1
or y = x + 5.
3
95

Using the point-slope form with m = 28,000 and
( x1 , y1 ) = (0, 100, 000) gives
62. m = 3, b = 1
Slope-intercept form: y = 3x + 1. The point
(1, 2) lies on the line if its coordinates satisfy
the equation. If x = 1 and y = 2, then
2 = 3(1) + 1 or 2 = 2, which is true. Thus
(1, 2) lies on the line.
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y (100, 000) = 28, 000( x 0)
y + 100, 000 = 28, 000 x
y = 28, 000 x 100, 000
Price per share (dollars)
63. Let x = the time (in years) and

y = the price per share. Then,
In 1988: x1 = 1988 and y1 = 37
In 1998: x2 = 1998 and y2 = 8
The slope is
29
8 37
=
= 2.9
m=
10
1998 1988
The stock price dropped an average of $2.90 per
year.
66. Solve the equation for t.

L = 1.53t 6.7
L + 6.7 = 1.53t
( L + 6.7)
=t
1.53
0.65L + 4.38 = t
The slope is approximately 0.65 and the
y-intercept is approximately 4.38.
40
67. A general linear form of d = 184 + t is

t + d 184 = 0.
30
68. a.
y (price)
20
10
x (time)
1988
1993
Year
1998
64. The number of home runs hit increased as a

function of time (in months). The given points
are ( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 14) and ( x2 , y2 ) = (5, 20) .
b. Using the points (0.5, 0.5) and (1, 2.5)

2.5 0.5
3
=
= 2.
gives a slope of m =
1 0.5
1.5
An equation is y 0.5 = 2(x 0.5) or
1
y = 2x .
2
y y
20 14 6
= =3
m= 2 1 =
53
2
x2 x1
Using the point-slope form with m = 3 and
( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 14) gives
These two paths are not perpendicular to each

other because the slopes are not negative
reciprocals of each other.
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 14 = 3( x 3)
y 14 = 3x 9
y = 3x + 5
69. The slopes of the sides of the figure are:

40 4
AB m =
= = undefined (vertical)
0 0
0
65. The owners profits increased as a function of

time. Let x = the time (in years) and let
y = the profit (in dollars). The given points are
( x1 , y1 ) = (0, 100, 000) and
( x2 ,
Using the points (3.5, 1.5) and (0.5, 0.5)

2
1.5 0.5
= .
gives a slope of m =
3.5 0.5
3
2
An equation is y 0.5 = ( x 0.5) or
3
2
5
y = x+ .
3
6
73 4
CD m =
= = undefined (vertical)
2 0
2
y2 ) = (5, 40, 000) .
30 3
AC m =
=
20 2
y y
40, 000 (100, 000) 140, 000
=
m= 2 1 =
50
5
x2 x1
= 28,000
74 3
BD m =
=
20 2
Since AB is parallel to CD and AC is parallel

to BC , ABCD is a parallelogram.
96
Section 3.2
70. Let x = the distance traveled and let

y = the altitude. The path of descent is a straight
line with a slope of 1 and y-intercept of 3600.
Therefore, using the slope-intercept form with
m = 1 and b = 3600 gives
y = mx + b
y = (1)x + 3600
y = x + 3600
10
76.
10
10
10
10
4000
15
1000
10
If the airport is located 3800 feet from where the

plane begins its landing approach, the plane will
crash 200 feet short of the airport.
The slope of the first line is

0.1875
= 0.625 , and the slope of the
m1 =
0.3
0.32
second line is m2 =
= 1.6 . Since
0.2
1
m1 =
, the lines are perpendicular.
m2
71. The line has slope 59.82 and passes through

(6, 1128.50). Thus C 1128.50 = 59.82(T 6)
or
C = 59.82T + 769.58.
72. The line has slope 50,000 and passes through
(5, 330,000). Thus R 330,000 = 50,000(T 5)
or R = 50,000T + 80,000.

1. Let x = the number of skis that are produced and
let y = the number of boots that are produced.
Then, the equation 8x + 14y = 1000 describes all
possible production levels of the two products.
10
73.
10
10
2. The quantity and price are linearly related such

that p = 575 when q = 1200, and p = 725 when
q = 800. Thus ( q1 , p1 ) = (1200, 575) and
10
( q2 ,
The graph of the equation y = 0.9x 7.3 shows

that when x = 0, y = 7.3. Thus, the y-intercept is
7.3.
p2 ) = (800, 725) . The slope is
725 575
3
= .
800 1200
8
An equation of the line is
m=
10
74.
15
4000
500
p p1 = m ( q q1 )
3
p 575 = (q 1200)
8
3
p 575 = q + 450
8
3
p = q + 1025
8
10
10
10
The lines are parallel, which is expected because

they have the same slope, 1.5.
75. The slope is 7.1.
97
3. Answers may vary, but two possible points are

(0, 60) and (2, 140).
f(x) = 40x + 60
x
f(x)
60
140
1000
Problems 3.2
1. y = f(x) = 4x = 4x + 0 has the form
f(x) = ax + b where a = 4 (the slope) and b = 0
(the vertical-axis intercept).
5
f(x)
500
2. y = f(x) = x + 1 has the form f(x) = ax + b where

a = 1 (the slope) and b = 1 (the vertical-axis
intercept).
x
20
4. If t = the age of the child, then f(t) = the height

of the child at any age t. The height and age are
linearly related such that f(8) = 50.6. Since f(t) is
a linear function it has the form f(t) = at + b.
Since the height changes by 2.3 inches per year,
a = 2.3. Then,
f(t) = at + b
f(8) = 2.3(8) + b
50.6 = 18.4 + b
32.2 = b
Thus, f(t) = 2.3t + 32.2 is a function that
describes the height of the child at age t.
x
5
3. h(t) = 5t 7 has the form h(t) = at + b with a = 5

(the slope) and b = 7 (the vertical-axis intercept).
10
h(t)
5. Let y = f(x) = a linear function that describes the

value of the necklace after x years. The problem
states that f(3) = 360 and f(7) = 640. Thus,
( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 360) and ( x2 , y2 ) = (7, 640) . The
t
10
y2 y1 640 360 280

=
=
= 70
x2 x1
73
4
Using the point-slope form with m = 70 and
( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 360) gives
slope is m =
4. f(s) = 3(5 2s) = 15 6s has the form

f(s) = as + b where a = 6 (slope) and b = 15 (the
vertical-axis intercept).
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 360 = 70(x 3)
y = f(x) = 70x + 150
f(s)
16
s
5
98
Section 3.2
2q 2 1
= q has the form
7
7 7
1
h(q) = aq + b where a = (the slope) and
7
2
b = (the vertical-axis intercept).
7
2
7 = 2 + b
5
4
31
b = 7 + =
5
5
31
so f ( x) = 2 x .
5
5. h(q) =
h(q)
11.
2
7
f ( x) = ax + b =
2
2
2
x + b . Since f = ,
3
3
3
we have
2
2 2
= +b
3
3 3
q
5
2 4
10
= ,
3 9
9
2
10
so f ( x) = x
.
3
9
b=
6. h(q) = 0.5q + 0.25 has the form h(q) = aq + b

with a = 0.5 (the slope) and b = 0.25 (the
vertical-axis intercept).
1
h(q)
0.25
0.5
12. Let y = f(x). The points (1, 1) and (2, 2) lie on

2 1
=1.
the graph of f. m =
2 1
Thus y 1 = 1(x 1) y = x, so f(x) = x.
q
1
13. Let y = f(x). The points (2, 1) and (4, 3) lie

3 + 1
= 1 . Thus
on the graph of f. m =
4 + 2
y + 1 = 1(x + 2), so y = x + 1 f(x) = x + 1.
7. f(x) = ax + b = 4x + b. Since f(2) = 8, 8 = 4(2) + b,

8 = 8 + b, b = 0 f(x) = 4x.
14. f(x) = ax + b = 0.01x + b. Since f(0.1) = 0.01, we

have 0.01 = (0.01)(0.1) + b b = 0.009
f(x) = 0.01x + 0.009.

5 3
= 2 . Thus
the graph of f. m =
40
y 3 = 2(x 0), so
y = 2x + 3 f ( x) = 2x + 3.
15. The points (40, 12.75) and (25, 18.75) lie on the
graph of the equation, which is a line.
18.75 12.75
2
= . Hence an equation of
m=
25 40
5
2
the line is p 12.75 = (q 40) , which can be
5
2
written p = q + 28.75. When q = 37, then
5
2
p = (37) + 28.75 = $13.95.
5

82
= 2 . Thus
the graph of f. m =
2 1
y 2 = 2(x 1), so
y = 2x + 4 f ( x) = 2x + 4.
10. f(x) = ax + b = 2x + b.
2
Since f = 7, we have
5
16. The line passes through (26,000, 12) and

(10,000, 18), so
18 12
= 0.000375. Then
m=
10, 000 26, 000
p 18 = 0.000375(q 10,000) or
p = 0.000375q + 21.75.
99
17. The line passes through (3000, 940) and

740 940
= 0.25. Then
(2200, 740), so m =
2200 3000
p 740 = 0.25(q 2200) or p = 0.25q + 190.
20
18. The points (50, 35) and (35, 30) lie on the graph
of the equation, which is a line.
30 35 5 1
=
= . Hence an equation of
m=
35 50 15 3
the line is
1
p 35 = (q 50)
3
1
55
p = q+
3
3
d
0
20
23. Each year the value decreases by 0.10(1800).

After t years the total decrease is 0.10(1800)t.
Thus
v = 1800 0.10(1800)t
v = 180t + 1800
The slope is 180.
v
19. The line passing through (10, 40) and (20, 70)
70 40
= 3 , so an equation for the
has slope
20 10
line is
c 40 = 3(q 10)
c = 3q + 10
If q = 35, then c = 3(35) + 10 = 105 + 10 = $115.
1800
20. The line passing through (100, 79) and (400, 88)
88 79
= 0.03, so an equation for
has slope
400 100
the line is
c 79 = 0.03(x 100)
c = 0.03x + 76
t
10
24. The line has slope 120 and passes through

(4, 340). Thus y 340 = 120(x 4) or
y = f(x) = 120x + 820.
25. The line has slope 45,000 and passes through
(5, 960,000). Thus
y 960,000 = 45,000(x 5) or
y = f(x) = 45,000x + 735,000.
21. If x = the number of kilowatt hours used in a

month, then f ( x) = the total monthly charges
for x kilowatt hours of electricity. If f ( x) is a
linear function it has the form f ( x) = ax + b.
The problem states that f(380) = 51.65. Since
12.5 cents are charged per kilowatt hour used,
a = 0.125.
f(x) = ax + b
51.65 = 0.125(380) + b
51.65 = 47.5 + b
4.15 = b
Hence, f ( x) = 0.125x + 4.15 is a linear function
that describes the total monthly charges for any
number of kilowatt hours x.
245, 000 49, 000

=
and
15
3
y-intercept 245,000. So
49, 000
y = f ( x) =
x + 245, 000.
3
26. The line has slope
27. If x = the number of hours of service, then

f(x) = the price of x hours of service. Let y = f(x).
f(1) = 159 and f(3) = 287, so (1, 159) and
(3, 287) lie on the graph of f which has slope
287 159
= 64. Using (1, 159), we get
a=
3 1
y 159 = 64(x 1) or y = 64x + 95, so
f(x) = 64x + 95.
22. The number of curative units from d cubic

centimeters of the drug is 210d, and the number
of curative units from r minutes of radiation is
305r. Thus
210d + 305r = 2410
42d + 61r = 482
100

28. a.
Section 3.2
Suppose r = respiratory rate,

l = wool length, and (l, r) lies on the graph,
which is a line. The points (2, 160) and
(4, 125) are on the line, so its slope is
125 160
35
= . Thus
42
2
35
r 160 = (l 2)
2
35
r = l + 195
2
b. If l = 1, then r =
100 65 35
=
100 56 44
35
y 100 =
( x 100)
44
35
3500
y=
x
+ 100
44
44
35
225
y=
x+
44
11
m=
31. a.
35
225
x+
44
11
35
225
x = 62
44
11
1828
x=
52.2
35
52.2 is the lowest passing score on original
scale.
62 =
b.
35
(1) + 195 = 177.5
2
29. At $200/ton, x tons cost 200x, and at $2000/acre,

y acres cost 2000y. Hence the required equation
is 200x + 2000y = 20,000, which can be written
as x + 10y = 100.
32. R = 38N + 397 is a linear equation. Slope = 38.
30. P = 4x + 6y where x, y 0.
a. 240 = 4x + 6y
100
587
549
511
473
40
435
0
60
x
100
33. p = f(t) = at + b, f(5) = 0.32, a = slope = 0.059.
b. Since the equation can be written

2
2
y = x + 40 , slope = .
3
3
c.
N
5
a.
p = f(t) = 0.059t + b. Since f(5) = 0.32,

0.32 = 0.059(5) + b, 0.32 = 0.295 + b, so
b = 0.025. Thus p = 0.059t + 0.025.
b. When t = 9, then
p = 0.059(9) + 0.025 = 0.556.
600 = 4x + 6y. Since the equation can be

2
written y = x + 100,
3
2
slope = .
3
34. w = f(d) = ad + b, f(0) = 21,

6.3
= 0.63. Thus
a = slope =
10
w = f(d) = 0.63d + b. Since f(0) = 21, we have
20 = 0.63(0) + b, so b = 21. Hence
w = 0.63d + 21.
When d = 55, then
w = 0.63(55) + 21 = 34.65 + 21 = 55.65 kg.
d. Solving P = 4x + 6y for y gives

2
P
y = x + . Thus any isoprofit line has
3
6
2
slope , and lines with the same slope are
3
parallel. Hence isoprofit lines are parallel.
101
35. a.
( )
t t
80 68
12 1
=
= .
m= 2 1 =
c2 c1 172 124 48 4
h(1) = 16 12 + 32(1) + 8 = 24 . Thus, the vertex
is (1, 24). Since c = 8, the y-intercept is (0, 8).

To find the x-intercepts we set y = h(t) = 0.
1
1
t 68 = (c 124) , t 68 = c 31 , or
4
4
1
t = c + 37 .
4
0 = 16t 2 + 32t + 8
t=
b. Since c is the number of chirps per minute,

1
1
then c is the number of chirps in
4
4
minute or 15 seconds. Thus from part (a), to
estimate temperature add 37 to the number
of chirps in 15 seconds.
32 322 4(16)(8)
b b 2 4ac
=
2a
2(16)
32 1536 32 16 6
6
=
= 1
32
32
2
6
Thus, the x-intercepts are 1 +
, 0 and
6
, 0 .
1

1. In the quadratic function
y = P ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 399 , a = 1, b = 2,
c = 399. Since a < 0, the parabola opens
downward. The x-coordinate of the vertex is
b
2
=
=1.
2a
2(1)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is
30
( )
P (1) = 12 + 2(1) + 399 = 400 . Thus, the vertex
20
is (1, 400). Since c = 399, the y-intercept is

(0, 399). To find the x-intercepts we set
y = p(x) = 0.
0 = x 2 + 2 x + 399
0 = x 2 2 x 399
3. If we express the revenue r as a function of the

quantity produced q, we obtain
r = pq
r = (6 0.003q)q
r = 6q 0.003q 2
We note that this is a quadratic function with
a = 0.003, b = 6, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the
graph of the function is a parabola that opens
downward, and r is maximum at the vertex
(q, r).
b
6
=
= 1000
q=
2a
2(0.003)
0 = (x + 19)(x 21)
Thus, the x-intercepts are (19, 0) and (21, 0).
y
400
100
25
25
r = 6(1000) 0.003(1000)2 = 3000

Thus, the maximum revenue that the
manufacturer can receive is $3000, which occurs
at a production level of 1000 units.
If the model is correct, this is not a good

business, since it will lose money if more than
21 minivans are sold.
Problems 3.3
2. In the quadratic function h(t ) = 16t + 32t + 8 ,

a = 16, b = 32, and c = 8. Since a < 0, the
parabola opens downward. The x -coordinate of
b
32
=
= 1 . The
the vertex is
2a
2(16)
y-coordinate of the vertex is
1.
f ( x) = 5 x 2 has the form f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
where a = 5, b = 0, and c = 0 quadratic.
102
2. g ( x) =
2 x2 4
Section 3.3
10. y = f ( x) = 8 x 2 + 4 x 1
a = 8, b = 4, c = 1
cannot be put in the form
g ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c where
a.
a 0 not quadratic.
g ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c where
3
1
Vertex: ,
2
4
a 0 not quadratic.
4. k (v) = 3v 2 (v 2 + 2) = 3v 4 + 6v 2 cannot be put in
b. a = 8 > 0, so the vertex corresponds to the

lowest point.
the form k (v) = av 2 + bv + c where

a 0 not quadratic.
11. y = x 2 + x 6
5. h(q) = (3 q ) = 9 6q + q has form
a = 1, b = 1, c = 6
a. c = 6. Thus the y-intercept is 6.
h(q) = aq + bq + c where a = 1, b = 6, and
c = 9 quadratic.
6.
b.
f (t ) = 2t (3 t ) + 4t = 2t 2 + 10t has the form
x 2 + x 6 = ( x 2)( x + 3) = 0, so x = 2, 3.
x-intercepts: 2, 3
f (t ) = at + bt + c where a = 2, b = 10, and
c.
c = 0 quadratic.
b
1
=
2a
2
2
1
25
1 1
f = 6 =
2
4
2 2
s2 9 1 2 9
= s has the form
7. f ( s ) =
2
2
2
1
2
f ( s ) = as + bs + c where a = , b = 0, and
2
9
c = quadratic.
2
8. g (t ) = t 2 1
b
4
1
=
=
2a
2 8
4
3
1
1
1
f = 8 + 4 1 =
4
4
4
2
3. g(x) = 7 6x cannot be put in the form
25
1
Vertex: ,
4
2
12. y = f ( x) = 5 x 3x 2
a = 3, b = 1, c = 5
a. c = 5. Thus the y-intercept is 5.
= t 4 2t 2 + 1 cannot be put in
the form g (t ) = at 2 + bt + c where

a 0 not quadratic.
b.
Vertex occurs when x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
(1) (1)2 4(3)(5)

2(3)
1 61
=
6
1 61
=
6
1 + 61 1 61
x-intercepts:
,
6
6
9. y = f ( x) = 4 x 2 + 8 x + 7
a = 4, b = 8, c = 7
a.
x=
=
b
8
=
=1.
2a
2(4)
When x = 1, then
y = f (1) = 4(1)2 + 8(1) + 7 = 11 .
Vertex: (1, 11)
b. a = 4 < 0, so the vertex corresponds to the

highest point.
103
c.
b
1
1
=
=
2a
2(3)
6
15. y = g ( x) = 2 x 2 6 x
a = 2, b = 6, c = 0
b
6
6
3
=
= =
Vertex:
2a
2(2)
4
2
61
1
1 1
f = 5 3 =
12
6
6 6
9
3
3
3 9
f = 2 6 =
+9 =
2
2
2
2
2
1 61
Vertex: ,
6 12
3 9
Vertex: ,
2 2
y-intercept: c = 0
13. y = f ( x) = x 6 x + 5
a = 1, b = 6, c = 5
b
6
=
=3
Vertex:
2a
2 1
x-intercepts: 2 x 2 6 x = 2 x( x + 3) = 0 , so
x = 0, 3.
9
Range: all y
2
f (3) = 32 6(3) + 5 = 4
Vertex = (3, 4)
y-intercept: c = 5
x-intercepts: x 6 x + 5 = (x 1)(x 5) = 0, so
x = 1, 5.
Range: all y 4
9
2
3
2
y
5
16. y = f ( x) = x 2 4
a = 1, b = 0, c = 4
b
0
=
=0
Vertex:
2a
2 1
x
1
(3, 4)
f (0) = 02 4 = 4
Vertex = (0, 4)
y-intercept: c = 4
14. y = f ( x) = 4 x 2
a = 4, b = 0, c = 0
b
0
=
=0
Vertex:
2a
2(4)
x-intercepts: x 2 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) = 0 , so
x = 2, 2.
Range: all y 4
f (0) = 4(0) 2 = 0
Vertex = (0, 0)
y-intercept: c = 0
x-intercepts: 4 x 2 = 0 , so x = 0.
Range: all y 0
5
x
2
2
4
x
5
104
Section 3.3
17. s = h(t ) = t 2 + 6t + 9
a = 1, b = 6, c = 9
b
6
=
= 3
Vertex:
2a
2 1
19. y = f ( x) = 9 + 8 x 2 x 2
a = 2, b = 8, c = 9
b
8
=
=2
Vertex:
2a
2(2)
h(3) = (3) 2 + 6(3) + 9 = 0

Vertex = (3, 0)
s-intercept: c = 9
f (2) = 9 + 8(2) 2(2)2 = 1

Vertex = (2, 1)
y-intercept: c = 9
x-intercepts: Because the parabola opens
downward (a < 0) and the vertex is below the
x-axis, there is no x-intercept.
Range: y 1
t-intercepts: t 2 + 6t + 9 = (t + 3)2 = 0 , so t = 3.
Range: all s 0
10
x
(2, 1)
t
3
18. s = h(t ) = 2t 2 + 3t 2
a = 2, b = 3, c = 2
b
3
3
=
=
Vertex:
2a
22
4
20. y = H ( x) = 1 x x 2
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
b
1
1
=
=
Vertex:
2a
2(1)
2
3
3
3
h = 2 + 3 2
4
4
4
9 9
25
= 2 =
8 4
8
25
3
Vertex = ,
8
4
s-intercept: c = 2
5
1
1 1
f = 1 =
4
2
2 2
1 5
Vertex = ,
2 4
y-intercept: c = 1
x-intercepts: Solving 1 x x 2 = 0 by the

quadratic formula gives
t-intercepts: 2t 2 + 3t 2 = (2t 1)(t + 2) = 0 , so

1
t = , 2.
2
x=
Range: all s
5
25
8
2(1)
1 5
2
Range: all y
1
2
( 34 , 258)
(1) (1) 2 4(1)(1)
x
5
( 12 , 54 )
1 5
2
105
5
4
1 + 5
2
x
5
1 5
2
21. t = f ( s ) = s 2 8s + 14
a = 1, b = 8, c = 14
b
8
Vertex:
=
=4
2a
2 1
23.
f (4) = 42 8(4) + 14 = 2
Vertex = (4, 2)
t-intercept: c = 14
808
5
5
5
f = 49 10 + 17 =
.
49
49
49
49

s-intercepts: Solving s 2 8s + 14 = 0 by the

quadratic formula:
s=
f ( x) = 49 x 2 10 x + 17
Since a = 49 > 0, the parabola opens upward and
f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when
5
b
10
. The minimum value is
x=
=
=
2a
2 49 49
24.
(8) (8)2 4(1)(14)

2(1)
8 8 8 2 2
=
= 4 2
2
2
Range: all t 2
=
f ( x) = 3 x 2 18 x + 7
Since a = 3 < 0, the parabola opens downward
and f(x) has a maximum value that occurs when
b
18
=
= 3
x=
2a
2(3)
The maximum value is
f (3) = 3(3)2 18(3) + 7 = 34.
25.
14
4+
f (20) = 4(20) 50 0.1(20)2 = 10 .
(4, 2)
26.
22. t = f ( s ) = s 2 + 6s + 11
a = 1, b = 6, c = 11
6
b
Vertex:
=
= 3
2a
2 1
f (3) = (3)2 + 6(3) + 11 = 2
Vertex: (3, 2)
t-intercept: c = 11
s-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward
(a > 0) and the vertex is above the s-axis, there is
no s-intercept.
Range: all t 2
16
f ( x) = 4 x 50 0.1x 2
Since a = 0.1 < 0, the parabola opens
downward and f(x) has a maximum value that
4
b
occurs when x =
=
= 20 . The
2a
2(0.1)
maximum value is
f ( x) = x( x + 3) 12 = x 2 + 3 x 12
Because a = 1 > 0, the parabola opens upward
and f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when
b
3
3
=
= . The minimum value is
x=
2a
2 1
2
2
57
3 3
3
f = + 3 12 =
4
2 2
2
27.
f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 4
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
b
2
=
=1
v=
2a
2(1)
The restricted function is g ( x) = x 2 2 x + 4,
11
x 1. From the quadratic formula applied to

(3, 2)
x 2 2 x + 4 y = 0, we get
s
x=
10
2 4 4(1)(4 y )
= 1 1 (4 y )
2(1)
So the inverse of g(x) is g 1 ( x) = 1 + x 3,

x 3.
106
Section 3.3

r = pq
r = (0.85 0.00045q)q
g(x)
g 1(x)
r = 0.85q 0.00045q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 0.00045,

b = 0.85, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
function is a parabola that opens downward, and
r is a maximum at the vertex (q, r).
b
0.85
8500
q=
=
=
944
2a
2(0.00045)
9
x
8
28.
f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 3
a = 1, b = 4, c = 3
b
4
v=
=
=2
2a
2(1)
r = 0.85(944) 0.00045(944) 2 = 401.39

manufacturer can receive is $401.39, which
occurs at a production level of 944 units.
The restricted function is g ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 3,

x 2. From the quadratic formula applied to
x 2 + 4 x 3 y = 0, we get

r = pq
r = (2400 6q)q
4 16 4(1)(3 y )
2(1)
= 2 (1) 4 + (3 y )
x=
r = 2400q 6q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 6,
b = 2400, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
r is maximum at the vertex (q, r).
b
2400
q=
=
= 200
2a
2(6)
So the inverse of g(x) is g 1 ( x) = 2 + 1 x ,

x 1.
5
g 1(x)
x
r = 2400(200) 6(200)2 = 240, 000

manufacturer can receive is $240,000, which
occurs at a production level of 200 units.
g(x)

r = pq
r = (200 5q)q
32.
r = 200q 5q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 5,
b = 200, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
r is maximum at the vertex (q, r).
b
200
q=
=
= 20
2a
2(5)
10
40
10
n(12 n) =
n n 2 , where
9
3
9
10
0 n 12. Since a = < 0 , f(n) has a
9
maximum value that occurs at the vertex.
f ( n) =
40
b
3
=
=6
2a
2 10
9
( )
The maximum value of f(n) is

40
10
f (6) =
(6) (6) 2 = 80 40 = 40 , which
3
9
corresponds to 40,000 households.
r = 200(20) 5(20)2 = 2000

manufacturer can receive is $2000, which occurs
at a production level of 20 units.
33. In the quadratic function

P ( x ) = x 2 + 18 x + 144,
downward. The x-coordinate of the vertex
107
is

f(P) is
18
b
=
= 9 . The y-coordinate of the
2a
2(1)
f (50) =
( )
vertex is P (9) = 92 + 18(9) + 144 = 225 .
36. s = 4.9t 2 + 62.3t + 1.8

Since a = 4.9 < 0, s has a maximum value that
occurs at the vertex where
b
62.3
62.3 89
t=
=
=
=
6.36 sec.
2a
2(4.9) 9.8 14
Thus, the vertex is (9, 225). Since c = 144, the

y-intercept is (0, 144). To find the x-intercepts,
let y = P(x) = 0.
0 = x 2 + 18 x + 144
0 = x 2 18 x 144
1
(50)2 + 2(50) + 20 = 70 grams.
50
When t =
0 = (x 24)(x + 6)
Thus, the x-intercepts are (24, 0) and (6, 0).
89
, then
14
2
89
89
s = 4.9 + 62.3 + 1.8
14
14
= 199.825 meters.
P(x)
400
37. h(t ) = 16t 2 + 85t + 22

20
Since a = 16 < 0, h(t) has a maximum value

that occurs at the vertex where
b
85
t=
=
2.7 sec. When t = 2.7,
2a
2(16)
then
30
34. If k = 2, then
y = kx 2
h(t ) = 16(2.7) 2 + 85(2.7) + 22 = 134.86 feet.
y = 2 x2
This is a quadratic equation with a = 2, b = 0 and
c = 0. Since a > 0, the graph of the function is a
parabola that opens upward. The x-coordinate of
b
0
=
=0.
the vertex is
2a
2(2)
The y-coordinate is
38. h(t ) = 16t 2 + 16t + 4

Since a = 16 < 0, h(t) has a maximum value
that occurs at the vertex where
b
16
1
1
t=
=
= sec. When t = ,
2a
2(16) 2
2
2
1
1
then, h(t ) = 16 + 16 + 4 = 8 feet.
2
2
y = 2(0) 2 = 0
Thus, the vertex is (0, 0).
8
39. In the quadratic function h(t ) = 16t 2 + 80t + 16 ,

downward. The x-coordinate of the vertex is
b
80
5
=
= .
2a
2(16) 2
The y-coordinate of the vertex is
x
5
5
5
5
h = 16 + 80 + 16 = 116
2
2
2
1
35. f ( P ) = P 2 + 2 P + 20 , where 0 P 100.
50
1
Because a =
< 0 , f(P) has a maximum
50
value that occurs at the vertex.
2
b
=
= 50 . The maximum value of
2a
2 1
50
Thus, the vertex is , 116 . Since c = 16, the

2
y-intercept is (0, 16). To find the x-intercepts, we

let y = h(t) = 0.
0 = 16t 2 + 80t + 16
108
t=
=
Section 3.4
y = 78 x = 78 39 = 39. Thus, two numbers
whose sum is 78 and whose product is a
maximum are 39 and 39.
b b 2 4ac
2a
80 802 4(16)(16)
43. (1.11, 2.88)
2(16)
80 7424 5 29
=
=
32
2
5 + 29
Thus, the x-intercepts are
, 0 and
44. 1.61, 3.73

45. a.
none
b. one
5 29
, 0 .
c.
two
46. 14.18
h(t)
47. 4.89
160
10
10
1. Let x = the number invested at 9% and let

y = the amount invested at 8%. Then, the
problem states
x + y = 200, 000,
0.09 x + 0.08 y = 17, 200.

We eliminate x by multiplying the first equation
by 0.09 and then adding
0.09 x 0.09 y = 18, 000,
0.09 x + 0.08 y = 17, 200.

0.01 y = 800,
y = 80, 000.
Therefore,
x = 120, 000,
y = 80, 000.
Thus, $120,000 is invested at 9% and $80,000 is
invested at 8%.
40. A = x(11 x) = 11x x 2 , so A is a quadratic

function of x where a = 1 < 0. A has maximum
value at the vertex where
b
11
11
x=
=
= .
2a
2(1) 2
41. Since the total length of fencing is 500, the side
opposite the highway has length 500 2x. The
area A is given by
A = x(500 2 x) = 500 x 2 x 2 ,
which is quadratic with a = 2 < 0. Thus A is
500
maximum when x =
= 125. Then the
2(2)
side opposite the highway is
500 2x = 500 2(125) = 250. Thus the
2. Let A = the number of deer of species A, and let

B = the number of deer of species B. Then, the
number of pounds of food pellets that will be
consumed is 4A + 2B = 4000. The number of
pounds of hay that will be consumed is
5A + 7B = 9500. Then, we have
4 A + 2 B = 4000,
5 A + 7 B = 9500.
If we solve the first equation for B, we obtain
B = 2000 2 A
5 A + 7 B = 9500.
Substituting 2000 2A for B in the second

equation gives
5A + 7(2000 2A) = 9500
A = 500
Highway
x
x
500 2x
42. Let x, y be two numbers whose sum is 78. Thus

x + y = 78 and y = 78 x. Their product is then
p( x) = x(78 x) = 78 x x 2 . Since a = 1 < 0,
p(x) has a maximum value that occurs at the
b
78
vertex where x =
=
= 39 and
2a
2(1)
109
Thus
B = 2000 2 A,
A = 500.
and
B = 1000,
A = 500.
The food will support 500 of species A and 1000
of species B.
A = 6 ,
C = ,
2
B = 3 .
Thus, the final mixture will consist of
3. Let A = the number of fish of species A, and let

B = the number of fish of species B. Then, the
number of milligrams of the first supplement
that will be consumed is 15A + 20B = 100,000.
The number of milligrams of the second
supplement that will be consumed is 30A + 40B
= 200,000.
15 A + 20 B = 100, 000,
30 A + 40 B = 200, 000.
A,
1
lb of
6
1
1
lb of B, and
lb of C.
3
2
Problems 3.4
x + 4 y = 3,
1.
3 x 2 y = 5.
(1)
(2)
From Eq. (1), x = 3 4y. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
3(3 4y) 2y = 5
9 12y 2y = 5
14y = 14,
or y = 1 x = 3 4y = 3 4(1) = 1.
Thus x = 1, y = 1.
1
We multiply the second equation by and
2
then add.
15 A + 20 B = 100, 000,
15 A 20 B = 100, 000,
0=0
Thus, there are infinitely many solutions of the
20, 000 4
r , B = r, where
form A =
3
3
0 r 5000.
4 x + 2 y = 9, (1)
2.
5 y 4 x = 5. (2)
Rewriting the system gives

4 x + 2 y = 9,
4 x + 5 y = 5.
Adding the equations gives
7y = 14
y=2
From Eq. (1) we have
4x + 2(2) = 9
4x = 5
5
x=
4
5
Thus x = , y = 2.
4
4. Let A = the amount of type A used, let

B = the amount of type B used, and let
C = the amount of type C used. If the final blend
will sell for $8.50 per pound, then
12A + 9B + 7C = 8.50, and A + B + C = 1.
Furthermore, since the amount of type B is to be
twice the amount of type A, B = 2A. Thus, the
system of equations is
12 A + 9 B + 7C = 8.50,
A + B + C = 1,
B = 2 A.
Simplifying gives
30 A + 7C = 8.50,
3 A + C = 1,
B = 2 A.
3x 4 y = 13,
3.
2 x + 3 y = 3.
(1)
(2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 3 and Eq. (2) by 4 gives

9 x 12 y = 39,
8 x + 12 y = 12.
110
Section 3.4
Adding gives
17x = 51
x=3
From Eq. (2) we have
2(3) + 3y = 3
3y = 3
y = 1
Thus x = 3, y = 1.
2 x y = 1,
4.
x + 2 y = 7.
3x + 5 y = 7,
8.
5 x + 9 y = 7.

15 x + 25 y = 35,
15 x 27 y = 21.
Adding gives 2y = 14, or y = 7. From Eq. (2)
we have
5x + 9(7) = 7
5x = 70
x = 14
Thus x = 14, y = 7.
(1)
(2)
From Eq. (1), y = 2x 1. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
x + 2(2x 1) = 7
3x = 9
x = 3 y = 2x 1 = 2(3) 1 = 5.
Thus x = 3, y = 5.
4 x 3 y 2 = 3 x 7 y,
9.
x + 5 y 2 = y + 4.
Simplifying, we have
x + 4 y = 2,
x + 4 y = 6.
Subtracting the second equation from the first
gives 0 = 4, which is never true. Thus there is
no solution.
u + v = 5
5.
u v = 7
From the first equation, v = 5 u. Substituting in
the second equation gives
u (5 u ) = 7
2u 5 = 7
2u = 12
or u = 6 so v = 5 u = 5 6 = 1.
Thus, u = 6, v = 1.
2 p + q = 16,
6.
3 p + 3q = 33.
5 x + 7 y + 2 = 9 y 4 x + 6,
10. 21
4
11 3
2
5
2 x 3 y 4 = 2 x+ 3 y+ 4.
(1)
(2)
By simplifying, we have
9 x 2 y = 4,
9 x 2 y = 4.
Both equations represent the same line, so we
have infinitely many solutions. Let y = r. Then
2
4
9 x 2r = 4 x = r + . Thus a parametric
9
9
2
4
solution is x = r + , y = r, where r is any real
9
9
number.
From Eq. (1), q = 16 2p. Substituting in Eq.

(2) gives
3 p + 3(16 2 p ) = 33
3 p = 15
p = 5 q = 16 2p = 16 10 = 6.
Thus, p = 5, q = 6.
x 2 y = 7,
7.
5 x + 3 y = 9.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
1
2
3 x + 2 y = 2,
11.
3 x + 5 y = 11 .
8
6
2
From Eq. (1), x = 2y 7. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
5(2y 7) + 3y = 9
13y = 26
y = 2 x = 2y 7 = 2(2) 7 = 3.
Thus x = 3, y = 2.
Clearing fractions gives the system

4 x + 3 y = 12,
9 x + 20 y = 132.
Multiplying the first equation by 9 and the
second equation by 4 gives
111

Multiplying the first equation by 5 and the
second equation by 3 gives
15 x + 50 z = 20,
15 x 18 z = 12.
36 x + 27 y = 108,
36 x 80 y = 528.
Adding gives
53y = 636
y = 12
From 4x + 3y = 12, we have
4x + 3(12) = 12
4x = 48 x = 12. Thus x = 12, y = 12.
Adding gives 32z = 8, or z =

3x + 10z = 4, we have
1
3x + 10 = 4
4
1 z 1 w = 1
4
6
12. 12
1w= 1
z
+
2
4
6
Multiplying both equations by 12 gives
6 z 3w = 2
6 z + 3w = 2
3
2
1
x=
2
From 2x + y + 6z = 3, we have
1
1
2 + y + 6 = 3
2

4
3x =
1
Adding gives 12z = 4 and so z = .
3
1
From the first equation we have 6 3w = 2,
3
1
from which w = 0. Thus z = , w = 0.
3
5 p + 11q = 7,
13.
10 p + 22q = 33.
y=
1
1
1
, y= , z= .
2
2
4
x + y + z = 1,
16. 3x + y + z = 1,
4 x 2 y + 2 z = 0.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1) gives 2x = 2,

or x = 1. Substituting x = 1 in Eqs. (2) and (3)
and simplifying gives
y + z = 2,
2 y + 2 z = 4.
Multiplying the first equation by 2 gives
2 y + 2 z = 4,
2 y + 2 z = 4.
By adding, we have
4z = 8
z = 2
From y + z = 2, we have
y + (2) = 2
y=0
Thus x = 1, y = 0, z = 2.
(1)
(2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 gives

10 x 6 y = 4,
10 x + 6 y = 4.
Adding gives 0 = 8, which is never true, so the
system has no solution.
2 x + y + 6 z = 3,
15. x y + 4 z = 1,
3x + 2 y 2 z = 2.
1
2
Therefore x =

10 p 22q = 14,
10 p + 22q = 33.
Adding gives 0 = 19, which is never true, so the
system has no solution.
5 x 3 y = 2,
14.
10 x + 6 y = 4.
1
. From
4
(1)
(2)
(3)
x + 4 y + 3 z = 10
17. 4 x + 2 y 2 z = 2
3x y + z = 11
From the third equation, y = 3x + z 11.
Substituting in the first two equations gives
x + 4(3 x + z 11) + 3 z = 10
4 x + 2(3 x + z 11) 2 z = 2
Adding Eq. (1) and (2), and adding 2 times Eq.

(2) to Eq. (3) gives
3 x + 10 z = 4,
5 x + 6 z = 4.
112
Section 3.4
or
13x + 7 z = 54
10 x = 20
From the last equation we have x = 2.

Thus 13(2) + 7z = 54, and 7z = 28, hence z = 4.
Substitute these two values to solve for y:
y = 3(2) + 4 11 = 1
Therefore, x = 2, y = 1, z = 4.
(1)
x y + 2 z = 0,
21. 2 x + y z = 0
(2)
x + 2 y 3z = 0
(3)
Adding Eq. (1) to Eq. (3) gives

x y + 2 z = 0,
2 x + y z = 0
2 x + y z = 0
We can ignore the third equation because the

second equation can be used to reduce it to
0 = 0. We have
x y + 2 z = 0,
2 x + y z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
3x + z = 0
1
x= z
3
Substituting in the first equation we have
1
z y + 2z = 0
3
5
y= z
3
Letting z = r gives the parametric solution
1
5
x = r , y = r , z = r, where r is any real
3
3
number.
x + y + z = 18 (1)
18. x y z = 12 (2)
3x + y + 4 z = 4 (3)
Adding Eq. (2) to both Eq. (1) and Eq. (3) gives
2 x = 30
4 x + 3 z = 16
From the first equation, x = 15. Substituting in

the second equation gives
4(15) + 3 z = 16
3 z = 44
44
z=
3
From x + y + z = 18
44
= 18
15 + y
3
53
y=
3
53
44
Thus, x = 15, y = , z = .
3
3
(1)
x 2 y z = 0,
22. 2 x 4 y 2 z = 0
(2)
x + 2 y + z = 0
(3)
Adding Eq. (1) to Eq. (3) gives

x 2 y z = 0,
2 x 4 y 2 z = 0
0 = 0
We can ignore the third equation, so we have

x 2 y z = 0,
2 x 4 y 2 z = 0.
2 x + 4 y + 2 z = 0,
2 x 4 y 2 z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second, we have
2 x + 4 y + 2 z = 0,
0 = 0.
From the first equation, x = 2y + z. Setting y = r
and z = s gives the parametric solution x = 2r + s,
y = r, z = s, where r and s are any real numbers.
(1)
x 2 z = 1,
19.
(2)
y + z = 3.
From Eq. (1), x = 1 + 2z; from Eq. (2), y = 3 z.
Setting z = r gives the parametric solution
x = 1 + 2r, y = 3 r, z = r, where r is any real
number.
2 y + 3 z = 1,
20.
3x 4 z = 0.
From Eq. (1), y =
(1)
(2)
1 3
z ; from Eq. (2),
2 2
4
z . Setting z = r gives the parametric
3
4
1 3
solution x = r , y = r , z = r, where r is
3
2 2
any real number.
x=
113

2 x + 2 y z = 3,
23.
4 x + 4 y 2 z = 6.

0.03 x + 0.11 y = 1.8,
y = 20 x.
By substituting 20 x for y in the first equation,
and then simplifying, we obtain
x = 5,
y = 15.
Thus, the final mixture should contain 5 lb of
3% nitrogen fertilizer, and 15 lb of 11% nitrogen
fertilizer.
(1)
(2)
Multiplying Eq. (2) by
1
gives
2
2 x + 2 y z = 3,
2 x 2 y + z = 3.
Adding the first equation to the second equation
gives
2 x + 2 y z = 3,
0 = 0.
Solving the first equation for x, we have
3
1
x = y + z . Letting y = r and z = s gives the
2
2
3
1
parametric solution x = r + s , y = r, z = s,
2
2
where r and s are any real numbers.
27. Let C = the number of pounds of cotton, let

P = the number of pounds of polyester, and let
N = the number of pounds of nylon. If the final
blend will cost $3.25 per pound to make, then
4C + 3P + 2N = 3.25. Furthermore, if we use the
same amount of nylon as polyester to prepare,
say, 1 pound of fabric, then N = P and
C + P + N = 1. Thus, the system of equations is
4C + 3P + 2 N = 3.25,
C + P + N = 1,
N = P.
Simplifying gives
4C + 5 N = 3.25,
C + 2 N = 1,
N = P.
5 x + y + z = 17
24.
4 x + y + z = 14
gives x = 3.
From the first equation we have
y + z = 17 5x = 17 5(3) = 2
Letting z = r we have the parametric solution
x = 3, y = 2 r, z = r, where r is any real
number.
N = 0.25,
C = 0.5,
P = 0.25.
Thus, each pound of the final fabric will contain

0.25 lb each of nylon and polyester, and 0.5 lb of
cotton.
25. Let x = number of gallons of 20% solution and

y = number of gallons of 35% solution. Then
(1)
x + y = 800,
(2)
0.20 x + 0.35 y = 0.25(800).
From Eq. (1), y = 800 x. Substituting in Eq. (2)
gives
0.20x + 0.35(800 x) = 0.25(800)
0.15x + 280 = 200
0.15x = 80
1600
x=
533.3
3
1600 800
y = 800 x = 800
=
266.7. Thus
3
3
533.3 gal of 20% solution and 266.7 gal of 35%
solution must be mixed.
28. Let F = federal tax and S = state tax. Now solve

the system
F = 0.25(312, 000 S ),
S = 0.10(312, 000 F ),
which is equivalent to
4 F + S = 312, 000
F + 10 S = 312, 000,
and has solution

F = 72, 000,
S = 24, 000.
Federal tax is $72,000 and state tax is $24,000.
26. Let x = the number of pounds of 3% nitrogen

fertilizer, and let y = the number of pounds of
11% nitrogen fertilizer. Then
0.03 x + 0.11 y = 0.09(20),
x + y = 20.
29. Let p = speed of airplane in still air and w = wind

speed. Now convert the time into minutes and
solve the system
114
Section 3.4
(1)
x = 1.20 y,
+
=
250
x
350
y
130,
000.
(2)
Substituting 1.20y for x in Eq. (2) gives

250(1.20y) + 350y = 130,000
300y + 350y = 130,000
650y = 130,000
y = 200
Thus x = 1.20y = 1.20(200) = 240. Therefore
240 units of early American and 200 units of
Contemporary must be sold.
900
p + w = 175
p w = 900 ,
206
900 900 36 450
+
=
+
Thus 2 p =
175 206 7 103
3429
miles per minute
p=
721
279
miles per minute
w=
721
Multiplying by 60 to get miles per hour we have
p 285 and w 23.2
Plane speed in still air is about 285 mph and
wind speed is about 23.2 mph.
32. Let x = number of favorable comments,

y = number of unfavorable comments, and
z = number of no comments. Then
(1)
x + y + z = 250,
(2)
x = 1.625 y,
z = 0.16(250).
(3)
From Eq. (3), z = 40. Substituting for x and z in

Eq. (1), we obtain
(1.625y) + y + (40) = 250
2.625y = 210
y = 80
Thus x = 1.625y = 1.625(80) = 130. Therefore
130 liked, 80 disliked, and 40 had no comment.
30. Let r = speed of raft in still water and c = speed

of current. Then rate of raft downstream is r + c,
and rate upstream is r c. Since
(rate)(time) = distance, we have
1
(r + c) = 10,
(r c) 3 = 10,
4

or, more simply,
r + c = 20,
40
r c = 3 .

100
2r =
3
50
r=
3
10
Since r + c = 20, we have c = . Thus the
3
2
speed of the raft in still water is 16 mi/h;
3
1
speed of the current is 3 mi/h.
3
33. Let x = number of calculators produced at Exton,

and y = number of calculators produced at
Whyton. The total cost of Exton is 7.50x + 7000,
and the total cost at Whyton is 6.00y + 8800.
Thus 7.50x + 7000 = 6.00y + 8800. Also,
x + y = 1500. This gives the system
(1)
x + y = 1500,
(2)
7.50 x + 7000 = 6.00 y + 8800.
From Eq. (1), y = 1500 x. Substituting in Eq.
(2) gives
7.50x + 7000 = 6.00(1500 x) + 8800
7.50x + 7000 = 9000 6x + 8800
13.5x = 10,800
x = 800
Thus y = 1500 x = 1500 800 = 700.
Therefore 800 calculators must be made at the
Exton plant and 700 calculators at the Whyton
plant.
31. Let x = number of early American units and

y = number of Contemporary units. The fact that
20% more of early American styles are sold than
Contemporary styles means that
x = y + 0.20y
x = 1.20y
An analysis of profit gives
250x + 350y = 130,000. Thus we have the
system
34. Let x, y, and z be the amounts of 2.20, 2.30, and

2.60 dollars/lb coffee, respectively. Then
(1)
x + y + z = 100,
(2)
2.20 x + 2.30 y + 2.60 z = 2.40(100),
y = z.
(3)
From Eq. (3), y = z. Substituting for y in Eqs. (1)

and (2) gives
115

20 x + 17.6 x = 3600
37.6 x = 3600
x 95.74
y = x 95.74
Thus, 95 boxes will be loose-filled and
8(95) = 760 clam-shells will be used, for a total
of 190 boxes.
x + z + z = 100,
2.20 x + 2.30 z + 2.60 z = 240.

or, by simplifying,
x + 2 z = 100,
2.20 x + 4.90 z = 240.

From the first equation, x = 100 2z.
Substituting in the second equation gives
2.20(100 2z) + 4.90z = 240
0.50z = 20
z = 40
From x = 100 2z, x = 100 2(40) = 20. From
y = z, y = 40. Thus, 20, 40, and 40 lb of $2.20,
$2.30, and $2.60 per lb coffee must be used,
respectively.
38. Let p1 and p2 be the amounts of the two

investments, respectively. Then the total amount
invested was p1 + p2 , and from the statement of
the problem we can write
3
( p1 + p2 ) + 600 = p1 . The return on the
10
second investment was 1120 384 = 736. Since
the percentage return on each was the same, and
interest
, we can write
since rate =
amt. invested
384 736
=
. This can also be written as
p1
p2
35. Let x = rate on first $100,000 and

y = rate on sales over $100,000. Then
(1)
100, 000 x + 75, 000 y = 8500,
(2)
100, 000 x + 180, 000 y = 14,800.
Subtracting Eq. (1) from Eq. (2) gives
105,000y = 6300
y = 0.06
Substituting in Eq. (1) gives
100,000x + 75,000(0.06) = 8500
100,000x + 4500 = 8500, 100,000x = 4000, or
x = 0.04. Thus the rate is 4% on the first
$100,000 and 6% on the remainder.
p1
p
= 2 . Hence we have the system
384 736
3
10 ( p1 + p2 ) + 600 = p1 ,
p1 = p2 .
384 736
Simplifying, we have
3
7
10 p1 + 10 p2 = 600,
p = 12 p .
1 23 2
12
Substituting p1 =
p2 in first equation gives
23
7 12
3

p2 +
p2 = 600
10 23 10
36. A system that describes the situation is

T = L + 25, 000, 000
T = L + 0.30 L
We can rewrite this as

T = L + 25, 000, 000
T = 1.30 L
Thus T = 1.3L and we can substitute this in the

first equation:
1.3L = L + 25, 000, 000. Solving for L
0.3L = 25, 000, 000
L = 83,333,333
T = 1.3L = 1.3(83,333,333) = 108,333,333 thus
T = $108,333,333 and L = $83,333,333.
3
p2 = 600
46
p2 = 9200
12
12
p2 =
(9200) = 4800 . The total
23
23
amount invested was
p1 + p2 = 4800 + 9200 = $14, 000 .
37. Let x = number of loose-filled boxes and

y = number of boxes of clam-shells that will be
filled. Then 8y clam-shells will be used. This
will take 20x + 2.2(8y) pounds of peaches.
(1)
x = y
20 x + 17.6 y = 3600 (2)
Substitute x = y in Eq. (2).
Thus p1 =
39. Let c = number of chairs company makes,

r = number of rockers, and l = number of chaise
lounges.
Wood used: (1)c + (1)r + (1)l = 400
Plastic used: (1)c + (1)r + (2)l = 600
116
Section 3.4
Aluminum used: (2)c + (3)r + (5)l = 1500

Thus we have the system
(1)
c + r + l = 400,
(2)
c + r + 2l = 600,
2c + 3r + 5l = 1500.
(3)
Subtracting Eq. (1) from Eq. (2) gives l = 200.

Adding 2 times Eq. (1) to Eq. (3) gives
r + 3l = 700, from which
r + 3(200) = 700,
r = 100
From Eq. (1) we have c + 100 + 200 = 400, or
c = 100. Thus 100 chairs, 100 rockers and
200 chaise lounges should be made.
second gives:
5 x = 25
x=5
So y = 2x = 10
z = 70 3x = 70 15 = 55
The company should hire 5 skilled workers, 10
semiskilled workers, and 55 shipping clerks.
42. Method 1. Let a = number of minutes that pump
for tank A operates, and b = number of minutes
that pump for tank B operates. Then b = a + 5.
25a gallons are pumped from tank A and 35b
from tank B.
(1)
b = a + 5,
(2)
25a + 35b = 10, 000.
Since b = a + 5, substituting in Eq. (2) gives
25a + 35(a + 5) = 10,000
60a = 9825
a = 163.75
b = a + 5, b = 163.75 + 5 = 168.75. Thus
25(163.75) = 4093.75 gallons are pumped from
A, and 35(168.75) = 5906.25 gallons are pumped
from B.
Method 2. Let a = number of gallons from A,
and let b = number of gallons from B. Then
a + b = 10,000. The number of minutes the
a
. For the pump on B,
pump on A operates is
25
b
it is
. Thus
35
b
a
(1)
+5 =
35
25
a + b = 10, 000.
(2)
40. Let x, y, and z, be the amounts originally

invested at 7%, 8%, and 9%, respectively. Then
(1)
x + y + z = 35, 000,
(2)
0.07 x + 0.08 y + 0.09 z = 2830,
0.07 x + 0.08 y + 0.10 z = 2960.
(3)

0.01z = 130
z = 13,000
Subtracting 0.07 times Eq. (1) from Eq. (2)
gives
0.01y + 0.02z = 380. Letting z = 13,000, we
have 0.01y + 0.02(13,000) = 380
0.01y = 120
y = 12,000
From Eq. (1),
x + 12,000 + 13,000 = 35,000
x = 10,000
The investments are $10,000 at 7%, $12,000 at
8%, $13,000 at 9% (later 10%).
41. Let x = number of skilled workers employed,
y = number of semiskilled workers employed,
z = number of shipping clerks employed.
Then we have the system
(1)
number of workers: x + y + z = 70,
wages:
16
x
+
9.5
y
+
10
z
=
725
(2)
semiskilled:
y = 2x
(3)
From the last equation, y = 2x so substitute into

the first two equations:
x + 2 x + z = 70
16 x + 9.5(2 x) + 10 z = 725
or
3x + z = 70
35 x + 10 z = 725
Adding 10 times the first equation to the
117
From Eq. (2), a = 10,000 b. Substituting in

Eq. (1) gives
10, 000 b
b
+5 =
25
35
b
b
400 + 5 =
25
35
12b
405 =
175
5906.25 = b
Thus
a = 10,000 b = 10,000 5906.25 = 4093.75.
45. x = 3, y = 2
46. x = 1.33, y = 0.67
47. x = 8.3, y = 14.0
Problems 3.5
4. From Eq. (2), y = x 14. Substituting in Eq. (1)

gives
In the following solutions, any reference to Eq. (1) or

Eq. (2) refers to the first or second equation,
respectively, in the given system.
( x 14)2 x 2 = 28
28x + 196 = 28
28x = 168
x=6
If x = 6, then y = x 14 = 6 14 = 8. The only
solution is x = 6, y = 8.
1. From Eq. (2), y = 3 2x. Substituting in Eq. (1)

gives
3 2x = x2 9
0 = x 2 + 2 x 12
5. Substituting y = x 2 into x = y 2 gives x = x 4 ,
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
x4 x = 0
x x3 1 = 0
2 22 4(1)(12)
2(1)
2 52
=
2
= 1 13
=
Thus x = 0, 1. From y = x 2 , if x = 0, then

y = 02 = 0 ; x = 1, then y = 12 = 1 . There are
two solutions: x = 0, y = 0; x = 1, y = 1.
From y = 3 2x, if x = 1 + 13, then
2
6. p q + 1 = 0
5q 3 p 2 = 0
y = 5 2 13; if x = 1 13, then

y = 5 + 2 13.
There are two solutions:
x = 1 + 13, y = 5 2 13;
From the first equation q = p 2 + 1. Substituting

into the second equation gives
5( p 2 + 1) 3 p 2 = 0
x = 1 13, y = 5 + 2 13.
5 p2 3 p + 3 = 0
2. From Eq. (2), y = x. Substituting in Eq. (1) gives
p=
x = x3
x x3 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
3 (3) 2 4(5)(3)
2(5)
3 51
=
10
Since 51 is not a real number, there are no
real solutions.
x 1 x2 = 0
x(1 + x)(1 x) = 0. Thus x = 0, 1. From y = x, if

x = 0, then y = 0; if x = 1, then y = 1; if x = 1,
then y = 1. There are three solutions: x = 0,
y = 0; x = 1, y = 1; x = 1, y = 1.
3. From Eq. (2), q = p 1. Substituting in Eq. (1)
gives
7. Substituting y = x 2 2 x in Eq. (1) gives

x2 2 x = 4 x x2 + 8
p 2 = 5 ( p 1)
2 x2 6 x 8 = 0
p2 + p 6 = 0
(p + 3)(p 2) = 0
Thus p = 3, 2. From q = p 1, if p = 3, we
have q = 3 1 = 4; if p = 2, then q = 2 1 = 1.
There are two solutions: p = 3, q = 4;
p = 2, q = 1.
x2 3x 4 = 0
(x 4)(x + 1) = 0
Thus x = 4, 1. From y = x 2 2 x , if x = 4, then

we have y = 42 2(4) = 8 ; if x = 1, then
y = (1)2 2(1) = 3 . There are two solutions:
x = 4, y = 8; x = 1, y = 3.
118
Section 3.5
12. From Eq. (2), y = 3x 5. Substituting in Eq. (1)
gives
8. From Eq. (1), y = x 2 + 4 x + 4. Substituting in

Eq. (2) gives
x 2 + (3 x 5) 2 2 x(3 x 5) = 1
x2 + 4 x + 4 x2 4 x + 3 = 0
7=0
Since this is never true, the system has no
solution.
9. Substituting p = q in Eq. (2) gives

Squaring both sides gives
4 x 2 20 x + 24 = 0
x2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 3)(x 2) = 0
Thus x = 3, 2. From y = 3x 5, if x = 3, then
y = 3(3) 5 = 4; if x = 2, then y = 3(2) 5 = 1.
Thus there are two solutions: x = 3, y = 4; x = 2,
y = 1.
q = q2 .
q = q4
13. From Eq. (1), y = x 1. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
x 1 = 2 x + 2
q4 q = 0
q q3 1 = 0
( x 1) 2 = 4( x + 2)
Thus q = 0, 1. From p = q , if q = 0, then
x2 2 x + 1 = 4 x + 8
p = 0 = 0 ; if q = 1, then p = 1 = 1 . There are

two solutions: p = 0, q = 0; p = 1, q = 1.
10. Substituting z =
x2 6 x 7 = 0
( x + 1)( x 7) = 0
4
in Eq. (2) gives
w
Thus x = 1 or 7.
From y = x 1, if x = 1, then y = 2; if
x = 7, then y = 6. However, from Eq. (2), y 0.
The only solution is x = 7, y = 6.
4
3 = 2w + 2
w
12 = 2w2 + 2 w
14. Substituting y =
w + w6 = 0
(w + 3)(w 2) = 0
x2
1
=
+1
x 1 x 1
4
, if w = 3, then
w
4
4
z = ; if w = 2, then z = = 2 . There are two
3
2
4
solutions: w = 3, z = ; w = 2, z = 2.
3
Thus w = 3, 2. From z =
1 = x 2 + ( x 1)
x2 + x 2 = 0
(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
Thus x = 2, 1. But x cannot equal 1 in either of
the original equations (division by zero). From
1
1
1
, if x = 2, then y =
y=
= . The
x 1
2 1
3
1
solution is x = 2, y = .
3
11. Replacing x 2 by y 2 + 13 in Eq. (2) gives
1
in Eq. (1) gives
x 1
y = y 2 + 13 15
2
y y2 = 0
(y 2)(y + 1) = 0
Thus y = 2, 1. If y = 2, then
15. We can write the following system of equations.

y = 0.01x 2 + 0.01x + 7,
y = 0.01x + 8.0.
By substituting 0.01x + 8.0 for y in the first
equation and simplifying, we obtain
x 2 = y 2 + 13 = 22 + 13 = 17 , so x = 17 .
If y = 1, then x 2 = y 2 + 13 = (1)2 + 13 = 14 ,
so x = 14 . The system has four solutions:
x = 17 , y = 2; x = 17 , y = 2; x = 14 ,
0.01x + 8.0 = 0.01x 2 + 0.01x + 7

0 = 0.01x 2 1
0 = (0.1x + 1)(0.1x 1)
x = 10 or x = 10
If x = 10 then y = 7.9, and if x = 10 then y = 8.1.
y = 1; x = 14 , y = 1.
119
The rope touches the streamer twice,

10 feet away from center on each side at
(10, 7.9) and (10, 8.1).
20
16. We can write the following system of equations.

y = 0.06 x 2 + 0.012 x + 8,
y = 0.912 x + 5.
By substituting 0.912x + 5 for y in the first
equation and then simplifying, we obtain
(100, 7)
q
0
0.912 x + 5 = 0.06 x 2 + 0.012 x + 8
0 = 0.06 x 2 15 x + 50
200
2. Equating p-values gives

1
1
q+4=
q+9
1500
2000
7
q=5
6000
30, 000
5
= 4285 4285.71
q=
7
7
5
When q = 4285 , then
7
1
1
5
6
p=
q+4=
4285 + 4 = 6 6.86
1500
1500
7
7
5 6
The equilibrium point is 4285 , 6 .

7
7
0 = 0.06 x 0.9 x + 3
0 = 0.06(x 10)(x 5)
x = 10 or x = 5
If x = 10 then y = 14.12, and if x = 5 then
y = 9.56. The two holes are located at (10, 14.12)
and (5, 9.56).
17. The system has 3 solutions.
18. x = 2, y = 4
19. x = 1.3, y = 5.1
p
10
20. x = 1.9, y = 3.6; x = 0.3, y = 1.2;

x = 2.1, y = 8.3
6 6
4285 , 6
7 7
21. x = 1.76
22. x = 2.81
23. x = 1.46
5000
Problems 3.6
q
10,000
35q 2 p + 250 = 0,
3.
65q + p 537.5 = 0.

4
6
+ 13
q+3=
100
100
10
q = 10
100
q = 100
(1)
(2)
Multiplying Eq. (2) by 2 and adding equations

gives
165q 825 = 0
q=5
From Eq. (2),
65(5) + p 537.5 = 0
p = 212.50
Thus the equilibrium point is (5, 212.50).
4
(100) + 3 = 7
100
Thus, the equilibrium point is (100, 7).
p=
120
Section 3.6
(1)
246 p 3.25q 2460 = 0,
4.
410
p
+
3
q
14,
452.5
=
0.
(2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 3 and Eq. (2) by 3.25

gives
738 p 9.75q 7380 = 0,
1332.5 p + 9.75q 46,970.625 = 0.

Adding gives
2070.5p 54,350.625 = 0
54,350.625
p=
= 26.25
2070.5
From Eq. (2) in original system,
14, 452.5 410 p 14, 452.5 410(26.25)
q=
=
3
3
14, 452.5 10, 762.5 3690
=
=
= 1230
3
3
The equilibrium point is (1230, 26.25).

q
2240
+6 =
4
q+2
(q + 24)(q + 2) = 2240(4)
5. Equating p-values:
9. Letting yTR = yTC gives 4q = 2q + 5000, or

q = 2500 units.
2q + 20 = 200 2q
q 2 + 26q + 48 = 8960
q 2 + 26q 8912 = 0
q=
=
b b 2 4ac
2a
26 (26) 2 4(1)(8912)
2(1)
q 82.29 or 108.29
q 0 so choose q 82.29.
82.29
+ 6 26.57.
Then p
4
The equilibrium point is (82.29, 26.57).
TR
2q 2 + 2q 180 = 0
TC
15,000
q 2 + q 90 = 0
(q + 10)(q 9) = 0
Thus q = 10, 9. Since q 0, choose q = 9.
Then p = 2q + 20 = 2(9) + 20 = 38. The
equilibrium point is (9, 38).
(2500, 10,000)
5000
(q + 10)2 = 388 16q q 2
10. Letting yTR = yTC gives
2q 2 + 36q 288 = 0
14q =
q 2 + 18q 144 = 0
(q + 24) (q 6) = 0
Thus q = 24, 6. Since q 0, choose q = 6. Then
40
q + 1200
3
2
q = 1200
3
q = 1800 units
p = (q + 10)2 = (6 + 10)2 = 162 = 256 . The

equilibrium point is (6, 256).
30,000
(1800, 25,200)
7. Equating p-values gives 20 q = q + 10 .

Squaring both sides gives
1800 units
400 40q + q 2 = q + 10
TC
q 2 41q + 390 = 0
(q 26)(q 15) = 0
Thus q = 26, 15. If q = 26, then
p = 20 q = 20 26 = 6. But p cannot be
negative. If q = 15, then p = 20 q = 20 15 = 5.
The equilibrium point is (15, 5).
TR
0
q
1000
2000

0.05q = 0.85q + 600
0.80q = 600
q = 750, which is negative. Thus one cannot
break even at any level of production.
121

0.25q = 0.16q + 360
0.09q = 360
q = 4000 units
3
q + 9 + 0.27
200
3
p=
q + 9.27
200
This equation can be written
3q + 200p 1854 = 0, and the new system
to solve is
3q + 200 p 1854 = 0,
3q + 100 p 1800 = 0.
Adding gives
3654
300 p 3654 = 0 p =
= $12.18 .
300
p=
900
= 1.1q + 37.3
q+3
90(q + 3) 900 = (1.1q + 37.3)(q + 3)
13. Letting yTR = yTC gives 90
90q + 270 900 = 1.1q 2 + 40.6q + 111.9

1.1q 2 49.4q + 741.9 = 0
q=
=
b b 2 4ac
2a
49.4 (49.4) 2 4(1.1)(741.9)
16. a.
2(1.1)
49.4 824
2.2
There are no real solutions, therefore one cannot
break even at any level of production.
Letting yTR = yTC gives 7q = 6q + 800, or

q = 800 units.
6000
3000
(800, 5600)
TC
TR
0.1q + 9q = 3q + 400
2
0.1q + 6q 400 = 0
q 2 + 60q 4000 = 0
(q + 100)(q 40) = 0
Thus q = 100, 40. Since q 0, choose
q = 40 units.
3q 200 p + 1800 = 0,
15.
3q + 100 p 1800 = 0.
a.
(1)
(2)
17. Since profit = total revenue total cost, then

4600 = 8.35q (2116 + 7.20q). Solving gives
4600 = 1.15q 2116
1.15q = 6716
6716
q=
= 5840 units
1.15
For a loss (negative profit) of $1150, we solve
1150 = 8.35q (2116 + 7.20q). Thus
1150 = 1.15q 2116
1.15q = 966
q = 840 units
To break even, we have yTR = yTC , or
8.35q = 2116 + 7.20q
1.15q = 2116
q = 1840 units
10
D
0
500
q
1000
b. The new total cost equation is

yTC = 1.05(6q + 800)
yTC = 6.3q + 840
Letting yTR = yTC gives
7q = 6.3q + 840
0.7q = 840
q = 1200 units

300p + 3600 = 0
p = $12
20
500
q
1000
b. Before the tax, the supply equation is

3q 200p + 1800 = 0
200p = 3q 1800
3
p=
q+9
200
After the tax, the supply equation is
122
Section 3.6
18. For the supply equation we fit the points (0, 1)

and (13,500, 4.50) to a straight line. We have
2500
1250
q+
3
3
1300
1,562,500
q2 +
q+
=0
3
9
Using the quadratic formula,
400q = q 2 +
4.50 1
3.5
7
,
=
= 2 =
13,500 0 13,500 13,500 27, 000
so the line is
7
p 1 =
(q 0)
27, 000
27,000(p 1) = 7q
7q 27,000p + 27,000 = 0
For the demand equation, we fit the points
(0, 20) and (13,500, 4.50) to a straight line. We
have
m=
1300
1300
1,562,500

4(1)
3
9
3
q=
,
2
which is not real. Thus total cost always exceeds
total revenue; there is no break-even point.
22. p =
31
4.50 20
15.5
m=
=
= 2
13,500 0
13,500
13,500
31
, so the line is
=
27, 000
31
p 20 =
(q 0)
27, 000
27,000(p 20) = 31q
31q + 27,000p 540,000 = 0
19. Let q = break-even quantity. Since total revenue

is 5q, we have 5q = 200,000, which yields
q = 40,000. Let c be the variable cost per unit.
Then at the break even point,
Tot. Rev. = Tot. Cost
= Variable Cost + Fixed Cost.
Thus
200,000 = 40,000c + 40,000
160,000 = 40,000c
c = $4.
1000
q
a.
4=
1000
1000
= 250 units
gives q =
q
4
b.
2=
1000
1000
= 500 units
gives q =
q
2
c.
0.50 =
1000
1000
= 2000 units
gives q =
0.50
q
1000
The revenue is qp = q
= 1000 , so
q
revenue of $1000 is received regardless of price.
23. After the subsidy the supply equation is

8
p=
q + 50 1.50
100
8
q + 48.50
100
The system to consider is
8
p = 100 q + 48.50,
p = 7 q + 65.
100
Equating p-values gives
8
7
q + 48.50 =
q + 65
100
100
15
q = 16.5
100
q = 110
When q = 110, then
8
8
p=
q + 48.50 =
(110) + 48.50
100
100
= 8.8 + 48.50 = 57.30 .
Thus the original equilibrium price decreases by
$0.70.
p=
20. Let q = number of pairs sold.

Total Revenue = 2.63q
Total Cost = 0.85q + 0.96q + 0.32q + 70,500
At the break-even point,
Total Revenue = Total cost, or
2.63q = 0.85q + 0.96q + 0.32q + 70,500
Solving for q gives
2.63q = 2.13q + 70,500 or 0.5q = 70,500
q = 141,000
21. yTC = 3q + 1250 : yTR = 60 q . Letting
yTR = yTC gives
60 q = 3q + 1250
1250
3
Squaring gives
20 q = q +
123

24. a.

= 280,000(2.00) [110,000 + 280,000(1.75)]
= 560,000 600,000 = 40,000.
There is a net loss of $40,000.
1
( x 10)
2
1
y 4 = x5
2
1
y = x 1 , which is slope-intercept form.
2
Clearing fractions, we have
1
2 y = 2 x 1
2
2y = x 2
x 2y 2 = 0, which is a general form.
5. y 4 =
b. Let q = unit sales volume. Then

40,000 = 2.00q [110,000 + 1.75q]
150,000 = 0.25q
q = 600,000 units
25. Equating qA -values gives
7 pA + pB = 3 + 4 pA 2 pB
10 = 5 pA 3 pB
Equating qB -values gives
21 + pA pB = 5 2 pA + 4 pB
26 = 3 pA + 5 pB
Now we solve
10 = 5 pA 3 pB
26 = 3 p + 5 p
A
B
Adding 3 times the first equation to 5 times the

second equation gives
160 = 16 pB
pB = 10
From 5 pA 3 pB = 10, 5 pA 3(10) = 10 or
pA = 8.
Thus pA = 8 and pB = 10.
6. Slope of a vertical line is undefined, so slopeintercept form does not exist. An equation of the
vertical line is x = 3. General form: x 3 = 0.
7. Slope of a horizontal line is 0. Thus
y 4 = 0[x (2)]
y 4 = 0,
so slope-intercept form is y = 4. A general form
is y 4 = 0.
5
5
7
8. 3y + 5x = 7 or y = x has slope .
3
3
3
Thus the line perpendicular to it has slope
3
and its equation is y 2 = ( x 1) , or
5
3
13
y = x + . A general form is 3x + 5y 13 =
5
5
0.
26. $17.80; 2.6 thousand units

27. 2.4 and 11.3
1. Solving
9. The line 2y + 5x = 2 or y = x + 1 has slope

2
2
5
, so the line perpendicular to it has slope .
5
2
Since the y-intercept is 3, the equation is
2
y = x 3. A general form is 2x 5y 15 = 0.
5
k 5
= 4 gives k 5 = 4, k = 9.
3 2
2. The equation
3
5
44
= 0 is true for any real
5k
number k 5.
3. (2, 3) and (0, 1) lie on the line, so
1 3
m=
= 2. Slope-intercept form:
0 (2)
82
6
= = 3, so an
1 (1) 2
equation of the line is y 8 = 3(x 1). If x = 3,
then
y 8 = 3(3 1)
y8=6
y = 14
Thus (3, 13) does not lie on the line.
10. The line has slope
y = mx + b y = 2x 1. A general form:
2x + y + 1 = 0.
4. Slope of y = 3x 4 is m = 3, so slope of parallel
line is also m = 3. Thus
y (1) = 3[x (1)]
y + 1 = 3x + 3,
Slope-intercept form: y = 3x + 2. General form:
3x y + 2 = 0.
124
Chapter 3 Review
In Problems 1116, m1 = slope of first line, and

m2 = slope of second line.
1
1
11. x + 4y + 2 = 0 or y = x has slope

4
2
1
m1 = and 8x 2y 2 = 0 (or y = 4x 1) has
4
1
slope m2 = 4 . Since m1 =
, the lines are
m2
perpendicular to each other.
12. y 2 = 2(x 1) (or y = 2x) has slope m1 = 2 , and
x
4
3
18. x = 3y + 4
3y = x + 4
1
4
y = x+
3
3
1
m=
3
1
3
2x + 4y 3 = 0 or y = x + has slope
2
4
1
1
, the lines are
m2 = . Since m1 =
m2
2
perpendicular.
y
4
3
1
11
13. x 3 = 2(y + 4) or y = x has slope

2
2
x
4
1
, and y = 4x + 2 has slope m2 = 4 . Since
2
1
m1 m2 and m1
, the lines are neither
m2
parallel nor perpendicular to each other.
2
4
14. 2x + 7y 4 = 0 or y = x + has slope

7
7
2
m1 = , and 6x + 21y = 90
7
2
2
30
or y = x + has slope m2 = . Since

7
7
7
m1 = m2 , the lines are parallel.

m1 =
19. 4 3y = 0
3y = 4
4
y=
3
m=0
5
4
3
x
5
15. y = 3x + 5 has slope 3, and 6x 2y = 7

7
or y = 3x 2 has slope 3. Since m1 = m2 , the
lines are parallel.

16. y = 7x has slope m1 = 7 , and y = 7 has slope
20. y = 2x
m=2
5
1
, the
m2
lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
17. 3x 2y = 4
2y = 3x + 4
3
y = x2
2
3
m=
2
m2 = 0 . Since m1 m2 and m1
x
5
125
21. y = f(x) = 17 5x has the linear form

f(x) = ax + b, where a = 5 and b = 17.
Slope = 5; y-intercept (0, 17).
10
y
(0, 9)
y
25
24. y = f(x) = 3x 7 has the linear form f(x) = ax + b,

where a = 3, b = 7.
Slope = 3; y-intercept (0, 7)
22. s = g (t ) = 5 3t + t 2 has the quadratic form
g (t ) = at 2 + bt + c , where a = 1, b = 3, c = 5.
Vertex:
b
3 3
=
=
2a
2(1) 2
2
11
3
3 3
g = 5 3 + =
2
2
2
4

3 11
Vertex = ,
2 4
s-intercept: c = 5
t-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward
(a > 0) and the vertex is above the t-axis, there is
no t-intercept.
s
25. y = h(t ) = t 2 4t 5 has the quadratic form

h(t ) = at 2 + bt + c , where a = 1, b = 4, and
c = 5.
b
4
=
=2
Vertex:
2a
2 1
h(2) = 22 4(2) 5 = 9
Vertex = (2, 9)
y-intercept: c = 5
t -intercepts: t 2 4t 5 = (t 5)(t + 1) = 0
t = 5, 1
23. y = f ( x) = 9 x 2 has the quadratic form
f ( x) = ax + bx + c , where a = 1, b = 0 and
c = 9.
b
0
=
=0
Vertex:
2a
2(1)
5
9
f (0) = 9 02 = 9
Vertex = (0, 9)
y-intercept: c = 9
x-intercepts: 9 x 2 = (3 x)(3 + x) = 0 , so
x = 3, 3.
126
Chapter 3 Review
26. y = k(t) = 3 3t has the linear form

k(t) = at + b, where a = 3, b = 3.
Slope = 3, y-intercept (0, 3)
5
29. y = F ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 3 = x 2 2 x 3 has
the quadratic form F ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where
a = 1, b = 2, and c = 3
b
2
=
= 1
Vertex:
2a
2(1)
F (1) = (1)2 + 2(1) + 3 = 2
Vertex = (1, 2)
y-intercept: c = 3
x-intercepts: Because the parabola opens
downward (a < 0) and the vertex is below the
x-axis, there is no x-intercept.
27. p = g(t) = 7t has the linear form g(t) = at + b,

where a = 7 and b = 0.
Slope = 7; p-intercept (0, 0)
10
2
3
t
5
x
1
2 = x 2 has the linear form
3
3
1
f(x) = ax + b, where a = , b = 2.
3
1
Slope = ; y-intercept (0, 2)
3
30. y = f ( x) =
28. y = F ( x) = (2 x 1) 2 = 4 x 2 4 x + 1 has the
quadratic form F ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where
a = 4, b = 4, c = 1.
b
4 1
=
=
Vertex:
2a
24 2
1 1
F = 2 1 = 0
2 2
1
Vertex = , 0
2
y-intercept: c = 1
x-intercepts: (2 x 1)2 = 0 , so x =
y
1
1
2
1
2
2 x y = 6,
31.
3x + 2 y = 5.
(1)
(2)
From Eq. (1), y = 2x 6. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
3x + 2(2x 6) = 5
7x 12 = 5, 7x = 17
17
17
8
y = 2x 6 = 2 6 = .
x=
7
7
7
17
8
Thus x =
, y= .
7
7
x
5
127

8 x 4 y = 7,
32.
y = 2 x 4.
(1)
1
1
1
3 x 4 y = 12 ,
36.
4 x + 3y = 5 .
3
3
(2)
Replacing y by 2x 4 in Eq. (1) gives

8x 4(2x 4) = 7
16 = 7, which is never true.
There is no solution.
(2)

1
4
3 x + y = 3 ,
4 x + 3y = 5 .
3
3
4
1
Adding gives 4 y = y = . From Eq. (2),
3
3
4
1 5
x + 3 =
3
3 3
7 x + 5 y = 5
33.
6 x + 5 y = 3
equation gives x = 2. Then 7(2) + 5y = 5, or
9
9
5y = 9, so y = . Thus x = 2, y = .
5
5
2 x + 4 y = 8 (1)
34.
3x + 6 y = 12 (2)
6 x + 12 y = 24
6 x 12 y = 24.
Adding gives 0 = 0. Thus, the equations are

equivalent. From EQ. (1), x = 2y + 4. Letting
y = r gives the parametric solution x = 2r + 4,
y = r, where r is any real number.
3
1
4 x 2 y = 4,
35.
3 x + 1 y = 8.
4
2
(1)
4
2
x=
3
3
1
x=
2
Thus x =
1
1
, y= .
3
2
3x 2 y + z = 2,
37. 2 x + y + z = 1,
x + 3 y z = 3.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1) and adding Eq.

(2) to Eq. (3) gives
x 3 y = 3,
3 x + 4 y = 4.
3x + 9 y = 9,
3 x + 4 y = 4.
13y = 13
y=1
From the equation x 3y = 3, we get
x 3(1) = 3
x=0
From 3x 2y + z = 2, we get
3(0) 2(1) + z = 2
z=0
Thus x = 0, y = 1, z = 0.

3
1
4 x 2 y = 4,
9 x + 3 y = 24.
4
2
5
x = 20
2
x=8
From Eq. (1),
1
3
(8) y = 4
4
2
3
y = 6
2
y=4
Thus
x = 8, y = 4.
128
Chapter 3 Review
2 x + 3 y + x = 9
3
38.
5x+2 y
y + 4 = 7
simplifies to
7 x + 3 y = 27 (1)
5 x + 6 y = 28 (2)
x=
5 65
21 5 65
, y=
.
4
8
(1)
(2)
From Eq. (2), y = x + 7. Substituting in Eq. (1)

we have
18
x+7 =
x+4
(x + 7)(x + 4) = 18
x 2 + 11x + 28 = 18
x 2 + 11x + 10 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 10) = 0
Thus x = 1, 10. From y = x + 7, if x = 1, then
y = 1 + 7 = 6; if x = 10, then y = 10 + 7 = 3.
Thus the two solutions are x = 1, y = 6, and
x = 10, y = 3.
(1)
x + 2 z = 2,
41.
(2)
x + y + z = 5.
From Eq. (1) we have x = 2 2z. Substituting
in Eq. (2) gives 2 2z + y + z = 5, so y = 7 + z.
Letting z = r gives the parametric solution
x = 2 2r, y = 7 + r, z = r, where r is any real
number.
(1)
(2)
From Eq. (2), y = 3 x 2 . Substituting in Eq. (1)

gives
x 2 (3 x 2 ) + 5 x = 2
x + y + z = 0,
42. x y + z = 0,
x + z = 0.
2 x + 5x 5 = 0
x=
5 + 65
21 + 5 65
, y=
, and
4
8
18
,
y =
40.
x+4
x y + 7 = 0.

14 x 6 y = 54
5 x + 6 y = 28

9 x = 26
26
x=
9
35 x 15 y = 135
35 x + 42 y = 196

27 y = 61
61
y=
27
26
61
, y=
.
Thus, x =
9
27
x 2 y + 5 x = 2,
39.
2
x + y = 3.
x=
b b 4ac
2a
(1)
(2)
(3)
Subtracting Eq. (3) from both Eqs. (1) and (2)

gives
y = 0,
y = 0,
x + z = 0.
The first two equations state that y = 0, and the

third implies that x = z. Letting z = r gives the
parametric solution x = r, y = 0, z = r, where r
is any real number.
5 52 4(2)(5)
=
2(2)
5 65
=
4
5 + 65
, then
4
21 + 5 65
5 65
y=
; if x =
, then
8
4
Since y = 3 x 2 , if x =
21 5 65
.
8
Thus, the two solutions are
y=
129

x y z = 0,
43.
2 x 2 y + 3 z = 0.
(1)
47. Slope is
(2)
f(1) = 5,
4
5 = (1) + b
3
19
b=
3

2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 0,
2 x 2 y + 3 z = 0.
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 0,
5 z = 0.
From the second equation, z = 0. Substituting in
Eq. (1) gives x y 0 = 0, so x = y. Letting y = r
gives the parametric solution x = r, y = r, z = 0,
where r is any real number.
2 x 5 y + 6 z = 1,
44.
4 x 10 y + 12 z = 2.
Thus f ( x) =
4
19
x+
.
3
3
58
3
=
= 1 . Thus
2 (1)
3
f(x) = ax + b = x + b. Since f(2) = 5,
5 = 2 + b
b=7
Thus f(x) = x + 7.
48. The slope of f is
(1)
(2)
49. r = pq = (200 2q )q = 200q 2q 2 , which is a

quadratic function with a = 2, b = 200, c = 0.
Since a < 0, r has a maximum value when
b
200
q=
=
= 50 units. If q = 50, then
2a
4
r = [200 2(50)](50) = $5000.

4 x + 10 y 12 z = 2,
4 x 10 y + 12 z = 2.
4 x + 10 y 12 z = 2,
0 = 0.
Solving the first equation for x, we have
1 5
x = + y 3 z . Letting y = r and z = s gives
2 2
1 5
the parametric solution x = + r 3s , y = r,
2 2
z = s, where r and s are any real numbers.
50. Let p1 and p2 be the prices (in dollars) of the

two items, respectively, before the tax. At the
time the difference in prices is p1 p2 = 3.5.
After the tax, the prices are 1.05 p1 and 1.05 p2 ,
so their difference is 1.05 p1 1.05 p2 , or 4.1.
This gives the system
p1 p2 = 3.5
1.05 p 1.05 p = 4.1

1
2
45. a = 1 when b = 2; a = 5 when b = 3, so

a a
5 1 4
m= 2 1 =
= = 4.
b2 b1 3 2 1
Thus an equation relating a and b is
a 1 = 4(b 2)
a 1 = 4b 8
a 4b = 7
When b = 5, then a = 4b 7 = 4(5) 7 = 13.
46. a.
4
4
f ( x) = ax + b = x + b . Since
3
3
Adding 1.05 times the first equation to the

second equation gives 0 = 0.425, which indicates
that the system does not have a solution. Thus
this scenario is not possible.
120 p q 240 = 0,
51.
100 p + q 1200 = 0.
r = 206 when T = 36; r = 122 when T = 30.

r r
122 206 84
=
= 14
Thus m = 2 1 =
T2 T1
30 36
6
r 206 = 14(T 36)
r = 14T 298
Adding gives 220p 1440 = 0, or

1440
p=
6.55.
220
b. If T = 27, then
r = 14T 298 = 14(27) 298 = 80.
130

52. a.
R = aL + b. If L = 0, then R = 1310. Thus we

have 1310 = 0 L + b, or b = 1310. So
R = aL + 1310. Since R = 1460 when L = 2,
1460 = a(2) + 1310
150 = 2a
a = 75
Thus R = 75L + 1310.
58. x = 3.02, y = 0.14

59. x = 0.75, y = 1.43
60. x = 2.68
1. P1 (6000) = 39.99 + 0.45(6000 450)
= 2537.49
P6 (6000) = 199.99
b. If L = 1, then
R = 75(1) + 1310 = 1385 milliseconds.
c.
He loses $2537.49 $199.99 = $2337.50 by

using P1.
Since R = 75L + 1310, the slope is 75. The

slope gives the change in R for each 1-unit
increase in L. Thus the time necessary to
travel from one level to the next level is 75
milliseconds.
2. The graph shows that P2 and P3 intersect when

the second branch of P2 crosses the first branch
of P3 . Thus
59.99 + 0.40(t 900) = 79.99
t = 950
P2 is best for usage between 494.44 and 950
minutes.
53. yTR = 16q ; yTC = 8q + 10, 000 . Letting

yTR = yTC gives
16q = 8q + 10,000
8q = 10,000
q = 1250
If q = 1250, then yTR = 16(1250) = 20, 000 .
Thus the break-even point is (1250, 20,000) or
1250 units, $20,000.

of P4 Thus
79.99 + 0.35(t 1350) = 99.99
t 1407.14
P3 is best for usage between 950 and
1407.14 minutes.
54. C = aF + b. The points (32, 0) and (212, 100) lie

on the graph of the function. Thus its slope is
100 0 100 5
5
=
= , so C = F + b . Since
212 32 180 9
9
5
C = 0 when F = 32, 0 = (32) + b , so
9
160
5
160
. Thus C = F
or
b=
9
9
9
5
C = ( F 32) . When
9
5
5
F = 50, then C = (50 32) = (18) = 10 .
9
9

of P5 Thus
99.99 + 0.25(t 2000) = 149.99
t = 2200
P4 is best for usage between 1407.14 and
2200 minutes.
of P6 Thus
149.99 + 0.25(t 4000) = 199.99
t = 4200
P5 is best for usage between 2200 and 4200
minutes.
55. Equating L-values gives

0.0042
0.0378
= 0.0005 +
0.0183
p
p
0.042
0.0178 =
p
0.0178 p = 0.042
p 2.36
The equilibrium pollution level is about 2.36
tons per square kilometer.
6. P6 is best for usage of greater than

4200 minutes.
56. x = 12, y = 4
7. No; answers may vary.
57. x = 7.29, y = 0.78

131
Chapter 4
second year is (1 r )2 = (1 0.15)2 = 0.72 . This

pattern will continue as shown in the table.
1. The shapes of the graphs are the same. The value

of A scales the value of any point by A.
Year
Multiplicative
Decrease
Expression
0.850
0.85
0.851
0.72
0.852
0.61
0.853
2. If P = the amount of money invested and

r = the annual rate at which P increases, then
after 1 year, the investment has grown from P to
P + Pr = P(1 + r). Since r = 0.10, the factor by
which P increases for the first year is
1 + r = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1. Similarly, during the
second year the investment grows from P(1 + r)
to P (1 + r ) + r[ P (1 + r )] = P (1 + r )2 . Again, since
r = 0.10, the multiplicative increase for the
second year is (1 + 0.10)2 = (1.1) 2 = 1.21. This
Year
Thus, the depreciation is exponential with a

base of 1 r = 1 0.15 = 0.85. If we graph the
multiplicative decrease as a function of years, we
obtain the following.
Multiplicative
Increase
Expression
1.10
1.1
1.11
1.21
1.12
1.33
1.13
1.46
1 2 3 4 5
4. Let t = the time at which Georges sister began

saving, then since George is 3 years behind,
t 3 = the time when George began saving.
1.1
Therefore, if y = 1.08t represents the

multiplicative increase in Georges sisters
Thus, the growth of the initial investment is

exponential with a base of 1 + r = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1.
If we graph the multiplicative increase as a
function of years we obtain the following.
account y = 1.08t 3 represents the multiplicative

increase in Georges account. A graph showing
the projected increase in Georges money will
have the same shape as the graph of the
projected increase in his sisters account, but will
be shifted 3 units to the right.
y
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
x
years
5. S = P(1 + r ) n
x
years
S = 2000(1 + 0.13)5 = 2000(1.13)5 3684.87

The value of the investment after 5 years will be
$3684.87. The interest earned over the first 5
years is 3684.87 2000 = $1684.87.
3. If V = the value of the car and

r = the annual rate at which V depreciates, then
after 1 year the value of the car is
V rV = V(1 r). Since r = 0.15, the factor by
which V decreases for the first year is
1 r = 1 0.15 = 0.85. Similarly, after the
second year the value of the car is
6. Let N(t) = the number of employees at time t,

where t is in years. Then,
N (4) = 5(1 + 1.2) 4 = 5(2.2) 4 = 117.128
Thus, there will be 117 employees at the end of
4 years.
V (1 r ) r[V (1 r )] = V (1 r ) 2 . Again, since

r = 0.15, the multiplicative decrease for the
132
Section 4.1
3.
0.06t
1
7. P = e0.06t =
e
1
Since 0 < < 1 , the graph is that of an
e
exponential function falling from left to right.
0.89
0.79
0.70
0.62
10
0.55
x
5
4.
y
60
x
10
5.
10
20
t
years
x
5
Problems 4.1
1.
6.
2.
7.
y
9
133
Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

8.
14. y = 0.4 x has base b = 0.4 and 0 < b < 1, so its

graph falls from left to right. Thus the graph is
A.
15. For 2015 we have t = 20, so
20
P = 125, 000(1.11) 20 = 125, 000(1.11)1

= 138, 750 .
x
5
9.
16. a.
For 1999, t = 1 and

P = 1,527, 000(1.015)1 = 1,549,905
b. For 2000, t = 2 and

P = 1,527, 000(1.015) 2 1,573,154
x
5
10.
1
11
17. With c = , P = 1
22
2
n 1
1 1
1
n = 1: P = 1 = 1 =
2
2 2

2
1 3
1
n = 2: P = 1 = 1 =
4 4
2
3
1 7
1
n = 3: P = 1 = 1 =
8 8
2
11.
( )
18. y = 23 x = 23
19. a.
20. a.
8
= 8 x . Thus y = 8 x .
4000(1.06)7 $6014.52
b. 6014.52 4000 = $2014.52
12.
5000(1.05)20 $13, 266.49
b. 13,266.49 5000 = $8266.49

21. a.
700(1.035)30 $1964.76
b. 1964.76 700 = $1264.76

x
10
22. a.
4000(1.0375)24 $9677.75
b. 9677.75 4000 = $5677.75
13. For the curves, the bases involved are 0.4, 2, and
5. For base 5, the curve rises from left to right,
and in the first quadrant it rises faster than the
23. a.
curve for base 2. Thus the graph of y = 5 x is B.
0.0875
3000 1 +
4
64
11,983.37
b. 11,983.37 3000 = $8983.37

134
1
= 1 .
2
24. a.
0.07
2000 1 +
Section 4.1
48
$4599.20
b. 4599.20 2000 = $2599.20

25. a.
Hours
Bacteria
Expression
100,000
9
100, 000
10
90,000
9
100, 000
10
81,000
9
100, 000
10
72,900
9
100, 000
10
65,610
9
100, 000
10
5000(1.0075)30 $6256.36
b. 6256.36 5000 = $1256.36

10
26. a.
0.11
500 1 +
2
$854.07
b. 854.07 500 = $354.07

27. a.
0.0625
8000 1 +
365
3(365)
$9649.69
b. 9649.69 8000 = $1649.69

28. a.
b.
10
900(1.0225)
30. a.
$1124.28
900(1.045)5 $1121.56
0.04
29. 6500 1 +
9
after t hours is given by N (t ) = 100, 000 .
10
24
$8253.28
33. Let P = the amount of plastic recycled and let

r = the rate at which P increases each year. Then
after the first year, the amount of plastic
recycled, increases from P to P + rP = P(1 + r),
since r = 0.3, the factor by which P increases for
the first year, is 1 + r = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3. Similarly,
during the second year, the amount of plastic
recycled increases from P(1 + r) to
P = 5000(1.03)t
N = 400(1.05)t
b. When t = 1, then N = 400(1.05)1 = 420.

c.
Thus, in general, the number of bacteria present
b. When t = 3, then P = 5000(1.03)3 5464.

31. a.
9
100, 000
10
P(1 + r) + r[ P (1 + r )] = P (1 + r )2 . Again, since

r = 0.3, the multiplicative increase for the second
When t = 4, then N = 400(1.05)4 486.
year is (1 + r ) 2 = (1 + 0.3)2 = (1.3) 2 = 1.69 . This

32. If N = N(t) = the number of bacteria present at

any time t, where t is in hours, and if
r = the rate at which the bacteria are reduced,
then, after the first hour, the number of bacteria
remaining is
N rN = N(1 r) = 100,000(1 0.1)
= 100,000(0.9) = 90,000.
Similarly, after the second hour, the number of
bacteria remaining is
N(1 r) r[N(1 r)] = N (1 r )
= 100, 000(1 0.1) 2 = 100, 000(0.9)2 = 81, 000

This pattern will continue as shown in the table.
135
Year
Multiplicative
Increase
Expression
1.30
1.3
1.31
1.69
1.32
2.20
1.33
Thus, the increase in recycling is exponential

with a base = 1 + r = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3. If we graph
the multiplicative increase as function of years,
we obtaining the following.
42.
x
5
y
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
x
years
43. For x = 3, P =
From the graph it appears that recycling will

triple after about 4 years.
44. f(0) 0.399; f(1) = f(1) 0.242
( )
34. Population of city A after 5 years:
45. e kt = e k
70, 000(1.04) .
Population of city B after 5 years:
60, 000(1.05)5 .
Difference in populations:
46.
70, 000(1.05)5 60, 000(1.05)5 8589 .
= bt , where b = e k
1
1
= = b x , where b =
x
e
e
e
1
47. a.
35. P = 350, 000(1 0.015)t = 350, 000(0.985)t ,

where P is the population after t years.
When t = 0, N = 12e 0.031(0) = 12 1 = 12.
b. When t = 10,
N = 12e 0.031(10) = 12e0.31 = 8.8.
When t = 3, P = 350, 000(0.985)3 334, 485.
c.
When t = 44,
N = 12e 0.031(44) = 12e1.364 3.1.
36. E = 14, 000(1 0.03)t = 14, 000(0.97)t , where E

is the enrollment after t years. When t = 12,
1
of the
4
initial amount remains. Because
1 1 1
=
, 44 hours corresponds to 2
4 2 2
half-lives. Thus the half-life is
approximately 22 hours.
d. After 44 hours, approximately
E = 14, 000(0.97)12 9714.
37. 4.4817
38. 29.9641
39. 0.4966
40. 0.5134
41.
e3 33
0.2240
3!
48. N = 75e 0.045(10) 48

y
49. After one half-life,
x
5
1
gram remains. After two
2
2
1 1 1
1
= = gram remains.
2 2 2
4
Continuing in this manner, after n half-lives,
half-lives,
n
1 1
1
2 gram remains. Because 16 = 2 , after

1
4 half-lives,
gram remains. This corresponds
16
to 4 8 = 32 years.
136
50.
51.
f ( x) =
e 0.5 (0.5) x
x!
f (2) =
e0.5 (0.5) 2
0.0758
2!
f ( x) =
e 4 4 x
x!
f (2) =
e 4 42
0.1465
2!
Section 4.2
58. a.
When p = 10, then

q = 10, 000(0.95123)10 6065 .
b. Using a graphics calculator, 0.95123 = e x

when x 0.05. Thus, 0.95123 e 0.05 .
p
q = 10, 000(0.95123) p 10, 000 e0.05 .
= 10, 000e0.05 p
q = 10, 000e 0.05(10) 6065 .
c.
52.
59. The first integer t for which the graph of

P = 2500(1.043)t lies on or above the horizontal
line P = 5000 is 17.

5
The intersection point is (0, 1).

53.
1. If 16 = 2t is the exponential form then

t = log 2 16 is the logarithmic form, where t
represents the number of times the bacteria have
doubled.
I
2. If 8.3 = log10 is the logarithmic form, then
I0
I
= 108.3 is the exponential form.
I0
5
2
If f ( x) = 2 x , then
3. Let R = the amount of material recycled every

year. If the amount being recycled increases by
50% every year, then the amount recycled at the
end of y years is
y = 2a 2 x = 2 x + a = f ( x + a). Thus, the graph
of y = 2a 2 x is the graph of y = 2 x shifted

a units to the left.
54. 0.71
R (1 + r ) y = R (1 + 0.5) y = R (1.5) y Thus, the

multiplicative increase in recycling at the end of
55. 3.17
y years is (1.5) y . If we let
56. The first integer t for which the graph of
x = the multiplicative increase, then x = (1.5) y

and, in logarithmic form, log1.5 x = y .
P = 1000(1.07)t lies on or above the horizontal

line P = 3000 is 17.
4
57. 300
3
y
6
4.1
976
y = log1.5x
4.2
4
300 1004
3
4.2 minutes
137
10
x
multiplicative
increase
4. Let V = the value of the boat. If the value

depreciates by 20% every year, then at the end of
y years the value of the boat is
4. log8 4 =
V (1 r ) y = V (1.02) y = V (0.8) y . Thus, the

multiplicative decrease in value at the end of y
2
3
5. ln 20.0855 = 3
years is (0.8) y . If we let
6. ln 1.4 = 0.33647
x = the multiplicative decrease, then x = (0.8) y

and, in logarithmic form, log 0.8 x = y
7. e1.09861 = 3
8. 100.6990 = 5
9.
8
4
y = log0.8x
x
1
x
multiplicative
decrease
5. The equation t (r ) =
ln 4
can be rewritten as
r
10.
ln 4
. When this equation is graphed we find
t (r )
that the annual rate r needed to quadruple the
investment in 10 years is approximately 13.9%.
Alternatively, we can solve for r by setting
t(r) = 10.
ln(4)
r=
t (r )
r=
r=
5x
11.
ln(4)
0.139 or 13.9%
10
6. Since m = e rt , then ln m = rt.

ln m = rt
ln m
=r
t
Let m = 3 and t = 12.
ln 3
=r
12
0.092 = r
Thus, to triple your investment in 12 years,
invest at an annual percentage rate of 9.2%.
x
5
12.
5x
Problems 4.2
1. log 10,000 = 4
2. (12)2 = 144
3. 26 = 64
138

13.
Section 4.2
23. Because 102 = 0.01, log 0.01 = 2
1
24. Because 21/ 3 = 3 2, log 2 3 2 = .
3
x
8
25. Because 50 = 1, log5 1 = 0
14.
26. Because 52 =
1
1
27. Because 23 = , log 2 = 3
8
8
x
5
15.
1
1
= 2
, log5
25
25
1
28. Because 41/ 5 = 5 4, log 4 5 4 = .
5
29. 34 = x
x = 81
30. 28 = x
x = 256
x
5
31. 53 = x
x = 125
16.
32. 40 = x
x=1
33. 101 = x
1
x=
10
x
5
34. e1 = x
x=e
17. Because 62 = 36 , log 6 36 = 2
35. e 3 = x
18. Because 26 = 64, log 2 64 = 6.
36. x 2 = 25
Since x > 0, we choose x = 5.
19. Because 33 = 27, log3 27 = 3
37. x3 = 8
x=2
1
20. Because 161/ 2 = 4, log16 4 =
2
21. Because 71 = 7, log 7 7 = 1
38. x1/ 2 = 3
x=9
22. Because 104 = 10, 000, log10, 000 = 4
39. x 1 =
x=6
139
1
6
40. y = x1
x=y
49. e3 x = 2
3x = ln 2
ln 2
x=
3
41. 33 = x
1
x=
27
50. 0.1e0.1x = 0.5

e0.1x = 5
0.1x = ln 5
x = 10 ln 5
42. x = 2 x 3
x=3
43. x 2 = 6 x
51. e2 x 5 + 1 = 4
e 2 x 5 = 3
2x 5 = ln 3
5 + ln 3
x=
2
x + x6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
The roots of this equation are 3 and 2. But since
x > 0, we choose x = 2.
44. log8 64 = x 1
52. 6e2 x 1 =
8 x 1 = 64
x1=2
x=3
6e 2 x =
45. 2 + log 2 4 = 3x 1
2 + 2 = 3x 1
5 = 3x
5
x=
3
e2 x =
1
2
3
2
1
4
1
4
1 1
x = ln
2 4
2 x = ln
46. 32 = x + 2
1
= x+2
9
17
x=
9
53. 1.60944
54. 1.45161
55. 2.00013
56. 2.30058
47. x 2 = 2 x + 8
57. If V = the value of the antique. If the value

appreciates by 10% every year, then at the end of
y years the value of the antique is
x2 2 x 8 = 0
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
The roots of this equation are 4 and 2. But since
V (1 + r ) y = V (1 + 0.10) y = V (1.10) y . Thus, the

multiplicative increase in value at the end of
48. x 2 = 6 + 4 x x 2
y years is (1.10) y . If we let
2x 4x 6 = 0
x = the multiplicative increase, then x = (1.10) y ,

and, in logarithm form, log1.10 x = y .
x2 2x 3 = 0
( x 3)( x + 1) = 0
The roots of the equation are 3 and 1. But since
140
Section 4.2
Years
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
63. T =
ln 2
36.1 minutes
0.01920
64. T =
ln 2
21.7 years
0.03194
x
0
1
2
Multiplicative increase
65. From log y x = 3 , y 3 = x ; from log z x = 2 ,

3
z 2 = x . Thus z 2 = y 3 or z = y 2 .
58. c = 3(6) ln 6 + 12 44.25
66. x + 3e2 y 8 = 0
1980
59. p = log 10 +
= log[10 + 990] = log1000
2
=3
E
60. 1.5M = log
11
2.5 10
E
101.5M =
2.5 1011
)(
E = 2.5 1011 101.5M
3e2 y = 8 x
8 x
e2 y =
3
8 x
ln[e2 y ] = ln
3
8 x
2 y = ln
3
1 8 x
y = ln
2 3
E = 2.5 1011+1.5 M
61. a.
( ) = 2N
1
If t = k, then N = N 0 2
67.
b. From part (a), N = 2 N 0 when t = k. Thus k

is the time it takes for the population to
double.
c.
N1 = N 0 2 k
a.
t
N1
= 2k
N0
b. [0.37, )
N
t
= log 2 1
k
N0
t = k log 2
68.
x22
2
x1 = e
4
1
x2
u0 2 = A ln ( x1 )
2
ln ( x1 ) =
N1
N0
62. u0 = A ln ( x1 ) +
u0
(0, 1)
(1, 0)
x22
2
( )
u0 x 2 2
2
A
141

R1 R2 = log(900, 000) log 9000
69. For y = e x , if y = 3, then 3 = e x or x = ln 3.

10
= log
10
=2
Thus, the two earthquakes differ by 2 on the
Richter scale.
10
2. The magnitude (Richter Scale) of an earthquake

I
is given by R = log where I is the intensity
I0
10
From the graph of y = e x , when y = 3, then

x = ln 3 1.10.
of the earthquake and I 0 is the intensity of a

I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zeroI
= 10, 000 , then
level earthquake. Thus, if
I0
70. For y = ln x, when y = 2, then 2 = ln x or x = e2 .
zero-level reference earthquake.
900, 000
= log 100 = log102 = 2 log 10
9000
10
R = log 10,000 = log104 = 4 log 10 = 4

The earthquake measures 4 on the Richter scale.
5
From the graph of y = ln x, when y = 2, then
Problems 4.3
x = e 7.39 .
71.
1. log 30 = log(2 3 5)
= log 2 + log 3 + log 5
= a+b+c
2. log16 = log 24 = 4 log 2 = 4a

0
3. log
2
= log 2 log 3 = a b
3
4. log
5
= log 5 log 2 = c a
2
1.41, 3.06
8
= log 8 log 3 = log 23 log 3
3
= 3 log 2 log 3 = 3a b

I
I0
5. log
6. log
I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zeroI
= 900, 000,
level earthquake. Thus, when
I0
7. log 36 = log(2 3)2 = 2 log(2 3)

= 2(log 2 + log 3) = 2(a + b)
R1 = log(900, 000)
When
I
= 9000
I0
R2 = log(9000)
142
6
23
= log
25
52
= log 2 + log 3 2 log 5
= a + b 2c
Section 4.3
8. log 0.00003 = log(3 105 )
24. ln[ x( x + 1)]3 = 3ln[ x( x + 1)] = 3[ln x + ln( x + 1)]
= log 3 + log105
= log 3 5log10
= log 3 5log(2 5)
= log 3 5(log 2 + log 5)
= b 5(a + c)
= 5a + b 5c
9. log 2 3 =
log10 3 log 3 b
=
=
log10 2 log 2 a
10. log3 5 =
log10 5 log 5 c
=
=
log10 3 log 3 b
11. log 7 7
48
x +1
x +1
25. ln
= 4[ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)]
= 4 ln
x
+
2
x
+2
26. ln x( x + 1)( x + 2) = ln[ x( x + 1)( x + 2)]1/ 2

1
= [ln x( x + 1)( x + 2)]
2
1
= [ln x + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)]
2
27. ln
= ln x [ln( x + 1) + ln( x + 2)]

= ln x ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
= 48
( )
12. log5 5 5
15
15
3
= log5 5 2 = log5 5 2 =
2

28. ln
14. 10log 3.4 = 10log10 3.4 = 3.4
= ln e2 = log e e2 = 2
18. log3 81 = log3 34 = 4

19. log
30. ln
1
1
+ ln e3 = log10 + log e e3 = 1 + 3 = 2
10
10
21. ln x( x + 1)2 = ln x + ln( x + 1) 2
= ln x + 2 ln( x + 1)
= ln
x5
1
( x + 2)( x + 1) 5
2
1
= ln x 5 ln ( x + 2)( x + 1) 5
1
2
= ln x ln( x + 2) + ln( x + 1) 5
5
2
1
= ln x ln( x + 2) ln( x + 1)
5
5
1
x
1
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1) = ln x ln( x + 1)
x +1
2
x2
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1)3
( x + 1)3
= 2 ln x 3ln( x + 1)
23. ln
x
= ln x [ln( x + 1) + ln( x + 2)]
( x + 1)( x + 2)
= ln x ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
1
2
x2 5
x
1
31. ln
5
= ln
x + 2 x + 1
x + 2 x +1
20. eln = elog e =
22. ln
= ln x 2 ln ( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)3
( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)3
1
= ln x ln( x + 1) 2 + ln( x + 2)3
2
1
= ln x [2 ln( x + 1) + 3ln( x + 2)]
2
1
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1) 3ln( x + 2)
2
16. ln e = log e e = 1
29. ln
15. ln e5.01 = log e e5.01 = 5.01
x 2 ( x + 1)
= ln x 2 ( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
x+2
= ln x 2 + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
= 2 ln x + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
13. log 0.0000001 = log107 = 7
17. ln
x
= ln x ln[( x + 1)( x + 2)]
( x + 1)( x + 2)
143
32. ln 3
x3 ( x + 2)2
42. log 2 ln 5 + e2 + 5 + ln 5 + e2 5
2
2
= log 2 ln 5 + e + 5 5 + e 5

2
= log 2 [ln(5 + e 5)]
1 x3 ( x + 2) 2
= ln
3
( x + 1)3
1
= ln[ x3 ( x + 2)2 ] ln( x + 1)3
3
1
= [ln x3 + ln( x + 2)2 ln( x + 1)3 ]
3
1
= [3ln x + 2 ln( x + 2) 3ln( x + 1)]
3
2
= ln x + ln( x + 2) ln( x + 1)
3
( x + 1)3
= log 2 [ln e2 ]
= log 2 (2)
=1
43. log 6 54 log 6 9 = log 6
33. log (6 4) = log 24
44. log3 3 + log 2 3 2 log5 4 5
10
34. log3 = log3 2
5
35. log 2
= log3 31/ 2 + log 2 21/ 3 log5 51/ 4

1 1 1
= +
2 3 4
7
=
12
2x
x +1
36. log x 2 log x 2 = log
x2
45. eln(2 x ) = 5
2x = 5
5
x=
2
x2
37. 5log 2 10 + 2 log 2 13 = log 2 105 + log 2 132

= log 2 (105 132 )
46. 4log 4 ( x ) + log 4 (2) = 3
38. 5(log x 2 + log y 3 log z 2 )

x2 y3
= 5log
z2
2 3 5
x y
= log

z 2

4log 4 (2 x ) = 3
2x = 3
3
x=
2
2
47. 10log x = 4
x2 = 4
x=2
39. log100 + log(1.05)10 = log 100(1.05)10
48. e3ln x = 8
( )
215 68
1
1
8
3
40.
log 215 + log 6 log169 = log
2
2
1693
= log
41. e
eln x = 8
x3 = 8
x=2
215(6)8
49. From the change of base formula with b = 2,

m = 2x + 1, and a = e, we have
log e (2 x + 1) ln(2 x + 1)
log 2 (2 x + 1) =
=
log e 2
ln 2
1693
4 ln 33ln 4
=e
54
= log 6 6 = 1
9
ln 34 ln 43
4
ln 33
4
=e
34
3
81
64
144
Section 4.3
b. Given M1 = log ( A1 ) + 3 , let

m = x 2 + 2 x + 2 and a = e,
M = log (10 A1 ) + 3
log e ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
log3 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) =
log e 3
=
M = log10 + log ( A1 ) + 3
M = 1 + log ( A1 ) + 3
ln( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
ln 3
M = 1 + M1
57. y = log 6 x =
m = x 2 + 1 , and a = e, we have
log3 x 2 + 1 =
) = ln ( x + 1) .
log e x 2 + 1
log e 3
ln 3
ln x
ln 6
10

m = 9 x 2 , and a = e, we have
log5 9 x
)=
log e 9 x 2
log3 5
) = ln (9 x )
ln 5
58. y = log 4 ( x + 2) =
53. eln z = 7e y
ln( x + 2)
ln 4
z = 7e y
z
= ey
7
z
y = ln
7
10
54. y = ab x so
ln x
.
ln10
ln x
Thus the graphs of y = log x and y =
are
ln10
identical.
59. By the change of base formula, log x =
log y = log(ab )
= log a + log b x
= log a + x log b.
This is a linear expression because it is in the
form Ax + B, where A = log b and B = log a.
60.
55. C = B + E
E
C = B 1 +
B
E
ln C = ln B 1 +
B

0
1
E
ln C = ln B + ln 1 +
B
y = ln(4x) = ln 4 + ln x. If f(x) = ln x, then

y = ln(4x) = f(x) + ln 4. Thus the graph of
y = ln(4x) is the graph of y = ln x shifted
ln 4 units upward.
56. M = log(A) + 3
a.
M = log(10) + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4
145
61.

I
I0
I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zerolevel earthquake.
R1 = log(675, 000)
ln(6x) = ln(3 2x) = ln 3 + ln(2x).

If f(x) = ln(2x), then y = ln(6x) = f(x) + ln 3.
Thus, the graph of y = ln(6x) is the graph of
y = ln(2x) shifted ln 3 units upward.
I
R2 = log
I0
Since R1 4 = R2

1. Let x = the number and let
y = the unknown exponent. Then
I
log(675, 000) 4 = log
I0
I
log 6.75 105 4 = log
I0
I
log 6.75 + 5log10 4 = log
I0
I
1.829 = log
I0
I
101.829 =
I0
x 32 y = x 4(3 y 9)
32 y = 4(3 y 9)
log 32 y = log 4(3 y 9)

y log 32 = (3y 9) log 4
y log 32 = 3y log 4 9 log 4
y(log 32 3 log 4) = 9 log 4
9 log 4 18log 2 18log 2
y=
=
=
log 2
log 1
log 323
2
y = 18
Thus, Greg used 32 to the power of 18.
2. Let S = 450.
4
S = 800
3
450 4
=
800 3
log
I
I0
Thus, the other earthquake is 67.5 times as
intense as a zero-level earthquake.
67.5 =
0.1d
4
450 = 800
3
0.1d
Problems 4.4
0.1d
1. log(3x + 2) = log(2 x + 5)
3x + 2 = 2 x + 5
x=3
450
4
= 0.1d log
800
3
450
log 800
( )
0.1log 43
2. log x log 5 = log 7

log x = log 5 + log 7
log x = log 35
x = 35
=d
20 = d
Thus, he should start the new campaign 20 days
after the last one ends.
146
Section 4.4
3. log 7 log(x 1) = log 4

7
log
= log 4
x 1
7
=4
x 1
7 = 4x 4
4x = 11
11
x=
= 2.75
4
4. log 2 x + log 2 23 = log 2
log 2 (8 x) = log 2
8x =
8. (e3 x 2 )3 = e3
e3(3 x 2) = e3
3(3 x 2) = 3
3x 2 = 1
3x = 3
x =1
9. (81) 4 x = 9
(34 ) 4 x = 32
316 x = 32
16 x = 2
2 1
x=
= = 0.125
16 8
2
x
2
x
2
x
10. (27) 2 x +1 = 31
(3 )
3
8x2 = 2
1
x2 =
4
1
x = = 0.5 since x > 0
2
5. ln( x) = ln x 2 6
= 31
36 x +3 = 31
6x + 3 = 1
6x = 4
2
x = 0.667
3
11. e 2 x = 9
x = x2 6
(e x ) 2 = 32
x2 + x 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
However, x = 3 is the only value that satisfies
the original equation.
x = 3
ex = 3
x = ln 3 1.099
12. e4 x =
6. ln(4 x) + ln 2 = 2 ln x
ln[(4 x)2] = ln x
2 x+1
3
4
4 x = ln
(4 x)2 = x 2
x=
x2 + 2 x 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x 2) = 0
x = 4 or x = 2
However, x = 2 is the only value that satisfies the
original equation.
x=2
ln
3
4
( 34 ) 0.072
4
13. 2e5 x + 2 = 17
17
e5 x + 2 =
2
17
5 x + 2 = ln
2
17
5 x = ln 2
2
1 17
x = ln 2 0.028
5 2
7. e 2 x e5 x = e14
e7 x = e14
7x = 14
x=2
147
14. 5e2 x 1 2 = 23
19. 2 x = 5
5e2 x 1 = 25
ln 2 x = ln 5
x ln 2 = ln 5
ln 5
x=
2.322
ln 2
e2 x 1 = 5
2 x 1 = ln 5
1 + ln 5
x=
1.305
2
ln(7 2 x +3 ) = ln 9
(2 x + 3) ln 7 = ln 9
ln 9
2x + 3 =
ln 7
ln 9
2x =
3
ln 7
1 ln 9
3 0.935
x=
2 ln 7
15. 10 x = 6
4
= log 6
x
4
x=
5.140
log 6
16.
4(10)0.2 x
=3
5
15
(10)0.2 x =
4
15
0.2 x = log
4
x=
17.
( ) 2.870
=7
5
7
102 x =
2 x = log
x=
ln 73 x 2 = ln 5
(3x 2) ln 7 = ln 5
ln 5
3x 2 =
ln 7
ln 5
+2
3x =
ln 7
ln 5 + 2
x = ln 7
0.942
3
0.2
102 x
log
73 x 2 = 5
21.
log 15
4
72 x +3 = 9
20.
22. 4 2 = 20
x
5
7
ln 4 2 = ln 20
x
ln 4 = ln 20
2
x ln 20
=
2 ln 4
2 ln 20
x=
4.322
ln 4
( 75 ) 0.073
18. 2(10) x + (10) x +1 = 4

2(10) x + 10(10) x = 4
12(10) x = 4
23. 2
1
3
1
x = log 0.477
3
(10) x =
23x
ln 2
23x
4
5
= ln
4
5
2x
4
ln 2 = ln
3
5
( )
4
2 x ln 5
=
3
ln 2
x=
148
3ln
( 54 ) 0.483
2 ln 2
Section 4.4
29. log 4 (9 x 4) = 2
24. 5 3x 6 = 10
42 = 9 x 4
3x 6 = 2
9 x = 42 + 4
3x = 8
x=
ln 3x = ln 8
x ln 3 = ln 8
ln 8
x=
1.893
ln 3
30. log 4 (2 x + 4) 3 = log 4 3

log 4 (2 x + 4) log 4 3 = 3
2x + 4
=3
3
2x + 4
43 =
3
25. (4)53 x 7 = 2
53 x =
9
4
(3 x) ln 5 = ln
3 x =
x = 3
26.
log 4
9
4
ln 53 x = ln
ln
( 94 )
2 x + 4 = 3 43
9
4
x=
3 43 4 188
=
= 94
2
2
31. log(3x 1) log(x 3) = 2

3x 1
log
=2
x3
3x 1
102 =
x 3
100(x 3) = 3x 1
97x = 299
299
x=
3.082
97
ln 5
ln
42 + 4 20
=
2.222
9
9
( 94 ) 2.496
ln 5
= 13
3x
7
= 3x
13
7
ln = ln(3x )
13
7
ln = x ln 3
13
7
ln 13
x=
0.563
ln 3
32. log( x 3) + log( x 5) = 1

log[( x 3)( x 5)] = 1
x 2 8 x + 15 = 10
x2 8x + 5 = 0
( )
x=
27. log(x 3) = 3
8 (8)2 4(1)(5)
2(1)
= 4 11
However, x = 4 + 11 7.317 is the only value

that satisfies the original equation.
x 7.317
103 = x 3
x = 103 + 3 = 1003
33.
28. log 2 ( x + 1) = 4
24 = x + 1
x = 24 1 = 15
log 2 (5 x + 1) = 4 log 2 (3x 2)

log 2 (5 x + 1) + log 2 (3x 2) = 4
log[(5 x + 1)(3 x 2)] = 4
(5 x + 1)(3x 2) = 24
15 x 2 7 x 2 = 16
15 x 2 7 x 18 = 0
x 1.353 or x 0.887
However, x 1.353 is the only value that
satisfies the original equation.
x 1.353
149
34. log( x + 2)2 = 2

2 log(x + 2) = 2
log(x + 2) = 1
101 = x + 2
x=8
2
35. log 2 = 3 + log 2 x
x
2
log 2 log 2 x = 3
x
log 2
log 2
23 =
2
x
x
2
=3
x2
2
=3
x2
1
x2 =
4
1
x=
2
However, x =
x=
36.
1
is the only value that satisfies the original equation.
2
1
= 0.5
2
ln( x 2) = ln(2 x 1) + 3
ln( x 2) ln(2 x 1) = 3
x2
ln
=3
2x 1
x2
= e3
2x 1
e3 (2 x 1) = x 2
2e3 x e3 = x 2
x(2e3 1) = 2 + e3
x=
2 + e3
0.462
2 e3 1
However, this value does not satisfy the original equation. The equation has no solution.
37. log S = log 12.4 + 0.26 log A

log S = log12.4 + log A0.26
log S = log 12.4 A0.26
S = 12.4 A0.26
150
Section 4.4
38. log T = 1.7 + 0.2068log P 0.1334(log P )2

log T = log 50 + 0.2068 log P 0.1334(log P)(log P)
log T = log 50 + 0.2068 log P + [0.1334 log P] log P
log T = log 50 + log P 0.2068 + log P[ 0.1334 log P ]
log T = log (50) P 0.2068
)( P
0.1334 log P
T = 50 P 0.2068(0.1334 log P )
(logb x)2 = (logb x)(logb x) = logb ( x logb x )
39. a.
When t = 0, Q = 100e 0.035(0) = 100e0 = 100 1 = 100 .
b. If Q = 20, then 20 = 100e 0.035t . Solving for t gives

20
= e 0.035t
100
1
= e0.035t
5
1
ln = 0.035t
5
ln 5 = 0.035t
ln 5
t=
46
0.035
40. 100 = 225e 225

N
225 9
e 225 =
=
100 4
N
9
= ln
225
4
9
N = 225ln 182
4
41. If P = 1,500,000, then 1,500, 000 = 1, 000, 000(1.02)t . Solving for t gives
1,500, 000
= (1.02)t
1, 000, 000
1.5 = (1.02)t
ln1.5 = ln(1.02)t
ln 1.5 = t ln 1.02
ln1.5
t=
20.5
ln1.02
151
42. If F(0) = 0, then 0 =

Thus
q peC ( p + q )
. Thus
q 1 + eC ( p + q )
0.8t =
q peC ( p + q ) = 0
pe
C ( p + q )
e C ( p + q ) =
3 log q
t log(0.8) = log
.
log 2
= q
q
p
t=
q
C ( p + q ) = ln
p
3 log q
log 2
log(0.8)
x
x
log y = log A + a x log b

log y log A = a x log b
log y log A
ax =
log b
log y log A
log a x = log
log b
log y log A
x log a = log
log b
2 p = 80 q
log 2 p = log(80 q )
p log 2 = log(80 q)
log(80 q)
log 2
log 20
When q = 60, then p =
4.32 .
log 2
x=
log
log y log A
log b
log a
The previous solution was the special case y = q,
1
A = 1000, b = , a = 0.8, and x = t.
2
44. The investment doubles when A = 2P.

Thus 2 P = P (1.105)t , or 2 = (1.105)t .
Solving for t gives
ln 2 = ln(1.105)t
ln 2 = t ln1.105
ln 2
7
t=
ln1.105
46. q = 500 1 e0.2t

a.
)
(
If t = 1, then q = 500 1 e0.2 91 .
0.8t
1
log q = log1000 + log
2
1
log q = 3 + 0.8t log
2
log y = log A + log b a
43. q = 80 2 p
1
45. q = 1000
2
log
y = Ab a
1
q
C=
ln .
p+q p
p=
log(q) 3 3 log q
=
log 2
log 2
b. If t = 10, then q = 500 1 e2 432 .

c.
0.8t
We solve the equation
400 = 500 1 e0.2t

4
= 1 e0.2t
5
1
e0.2t =
5
1
0.2t = ln = ln 5
5
ln 5
8
t=
0.2
log q = 3 + 0.8t ( log 2)

log(q) 3 = 0.8t ( log 2)
152
Chapter 4 Review
47. log 2 x = 5 log 2 ( x + 4) is equivalent to

0 = 5 log 2 ( x + 4) log 2 x , or
y=
ln( x + 4) ln x
. Thus the solutions of the
0 = 5
ln 2
ln 2
original equation are the zeros of the function
ln( x + 4) ln x
.
y = 5
ln 2
ln 2
ln
( 4 x3+5 ) .
ln 2
8
2
10
1. log3 243 = 5
2. 54 = 625
From the graph of this function, the only zero is

x = 4. Thus 4 is the only solution of the original
equation.
48.
3. 814 = 3
4. log 100,000 = 5
20
5. ln 54.598 = 4
6. 91 = 9
7. Because 53 = 125 , log5 125 = 3

0
8. Because 42 = 16 , log 4 16 = 2
1.20
49.
9. Because 34 =
10
1
1
= 4
, log3
81
81
1
1
1
10. Because = , log 1
= 3.
4 64
64
4
10
10
1
11. Because
3
10
= 32 = 9 , log 1 9 = 2
3.33
1
12. Because 4 2 = 2 , log 4 2 =
50. (3)2 4 x = 5
(3)2 y = 4 x + 5
4x + 5
2y =
3
4x + 5
y
ln 2 = ln
3
4x + 5
y ln 2 = ln
3
ln 4 x3+5
y=
ln 2
The graph of the original equation is the graph of
13. 5 x = 625
x=4
1
= 4
81
1
x 4 =
81
1
1
=
4
81
x
14. log x
x 4 = 81
x=3
153
1
2
15. 25 = x
1
1
=
x=
5
32
2
25.
1
log 2 x + 2 log 2 x 2 3log 2 ( x + 1) 4 log 2 ( x + 2)
2
1
= e 1
e
x = 1
= log 2
e = 2x + 3
1 = 2x + 3
2 x = 2
x = 1
( x + 1)3 ( x + 2) 4
= log x 4 + log y 2 3log zw

= log x 4 + log y 2 log( zw)3
= log x 4 y 2 log z 3 w3
= log
19. log 8000 = log(2 10)3 = 3log(2 10)

= 3(log 2 + log10) = 3(a + 1)
x2
26. 4 log x + 2 log y 3(log z + log w)
18. Because eln( x + 4) = x + 4 ,

x+4=7
x=3
= log
log 2 ( x + 1)3 + log 2 ( x + 2) 4
17. ln(2 x + 3) = 0
1
= log 2 x 2 x 4 log 2 ( x + 1)3 ( x + 2)4
16. e x =
20. log
( )
= log 2 x 2 + log 2 x 2
32
1
27. ln
x4 y 2
z 3 w3
x3 y 2
= ln x3 y 2 ln z 5
z 5
= ln x3 + ln y 2 ln z 5
= 3ln x + 2 ln y + 5ln z
= log 32 log 2 2
22
1
1
a
= 2 log 3 log 2 = 2b a = 2b
2
2
2
21. 3log 7 2 log 5 = log 73 log 52 = log
28. ln
73
52
= ln( x5 y 2 z )
23. 2 ln x + ln y 3ln z = ln x 2 + ln y ln z 3
x2 y
1
ln x 2(ln y + ln z )
2
z3
= 4 ln x + ln y 3 ln z 2
9
= log 6 2 log 6 4 + log 6 3
( yz )2
xy 3
xy 3
30. ln
= 4 ln
= 4 ln xy 3 ln z 2
2
2
z
z
24. log 6 2 log 6 4 9 log 6 3
= ln x ln( yz )2 = ln x 2 2 ln( yz )
1
1
29. ln 3 xyz = ln( xyz ) 3 = ln( xyz )
3
1
= (ln x + ln y + ln z )
3
22. 5ln x + 2 ln y + ln z = ln x5 + ln y 2 + ln z
= ln x 2 y ln z 3 = ln
= log 6 2 log 6 4 39 = log 6
= 4(ln x + 3ln y 2 ln z )
2
9
43
= log 6
1
39,366
1
31. ln
x
()
y
= ln
y
z
1/ 2
y 2
= ln ln x
z
z
x
1 y
1
= ln ln x = (ln y ln z ) ln x
2 z
2
154
Chapter 4 Review
42.
x 2 x 3
x5

32. ln = ln
= ln x5 ln y 2 z 3
2 3
y z
y
z
y = 3x
y = log 3 x
= ln x5 ln y 2 + ln z 3 = 5ln x 2 ln y 3ln z
33. log3 ( x + 5) =
log e ( x + 5) ln( x + 5)
=
log e 3
ln 3
43.
log10 (7 x3 + 5)
34. log 2 (7 x + 5) =
log10 2
35. log5 19 =
log(7 x3 + 5)
log 2
log 2 19 4.2479
=
1.8295
log 2 5 2.3219
44.
ln 5
1.1610
36. log 4 5 =
ln 4
= 2y +
1
x
2
37. ln 16 3 = ln 42 + ln 3 = 2 ln 4 +
38. log
1
ln 3
2
45. log(5 x + 1) = log(4 x + 6)

5x + 1 = 4 x + 6
x=5
x3 3 x + 1
5 2
x +2
5
= log x3 3 x + 1 log x 2 + 2
46. log 3x + log 3 = 2

log 9 x = 2
= log x3 + log 3 x + 1 log x 2 + 2

1
1
= 3log x + log( x + 1) log( x 2 + 2)
3
5
9 x = 102
9 x = 100
100
x=
9
39. 10log x + log10 x + log10 = x + x + 1 = 2 x + 1
( )
40. log102 + log(1000) 5 = log102 + log 103 5
47. 34 x = 9 x +1
( )
=2+35=0
41. In exponential form, y = e x
34 x = 32
2
+2
x +1
34 x = 32( x +1)
4x = 2(x + 1)
4x = 2x + 2
2x = 2
x=1
155
48. 43 x =
3x
1
16
54. 10 2 = 5
3x
= log 5
2
2
x = log 5 0.466
3
43 x = 42
3 x = 2
x=5
49. log x + log(10x) = 3

log x + log 10 + log x = 3
2 log(x) + 1 = 3
2 log(x) = 2
log x = 1
10 x + 4 3 = 3
10 x + 4 = 6
x + 4 = log 6
x = log(6) 4 3.222
x = 101 = 10
50.
log 2 ( x + 4) = log 2 ( x 2) + 3
x+4
log 2
=3
x2
x+4
= 23 = 8
x2
x + 4 = 8( x 2) = 8 x 16
20 = 7 x
20
x=
7
56. 7e3 x 1 2 = 1
7e3 x 1 = 3
3
e3 x 1 =
7
3x 1 = ln
3x = ln
51. ln(log x 3) = 2
log x 3 = e
x=
xe = 3
2
2
( x e ) e = 3e
52. log 2 x + log 4 x = 3

log 2 x
=3
log 2 4
log 2 x +
log 2 x
=3
2
3
+1
7
ln 73 + 1
3
0.051
ln 4 x +3 = ln 7
(x + 3)ln 4 = ln 7
ln 7
x+3=
ln 4
ln 7
x=
3 1.596
ln 4
2
2
2
x e e = 3 e
log 2 x +
3
7
57. 4 x +3 = 7
x1 = 3e
1
x= 2
3e
55. 3 10 x + 4 3 = 9
58.
3
log 2 x = 3
2
log 2 x = 2
35 / x = 2
5
ln 3 = ln 2
x
5ln 3
x=
7.925
ln 2
59. Quarterly rate =
x = 22
x=4
a.
53. e3 x = 14
3x = ln 14
ln14
x=
0.880
3
0.06
= 0.015
4
1
yr = 26 quarters
2
2600(1.015) 26 $3829.04
b. 3829.04 2600 = $1229.04
156
60. Monthly rate =

5 yr = 60 mo.
0.11
4000 1 +
12
Chapter 4 Review
0.11
12
66. Because
60
for
$6915.66
62. a.
a.
b.
N = 600(1.05)t
t
40
If t = 20, R = 10e
5 = 10e
t
40
20
40
1
=e
2
t
40
= 10e
t
1
= ln = ln 2
40
2
t = 40 ln 2 28.
68. Let d = depth in centimeters.
When t = 5, N = 600(1.05)5 766.
63. a.
(0.9) 20 = 0.0017
P = 6000[1 + (0.005)] or
P = 6000(0.995)
ln(0.9) 20 = ln 0.0017
d
ln 0.9 = ln 0.0017
20
20 ln 0.0017
d=
1210 cm
ln 0.9
b. When t = 10, then

P = 6000(0.995)10 5707.
64. If t = 2, R = 200, 000e 0.4 134, 064
69. Tt Te = (Tt Te )o e at
If t = 3, R = 200, 000e 0.6 109, 762
e at =
65. N = 10e 0.41t

a.
When t = 0, then N = 10e0 = 10 1 = 10 mg
at = ln
b. When t = 2, then N = 10e0.82 4.4 mg

c.
When t = 10, then N = 10e 4.1 0.2 mg
d.
ln 2
1.7
0.41
e.
Tt Te
(Tt Te )o
Tt Te
(Tt Te )o
T T
1
a = ln t e
t (Tt Te )o
1 (Tt Te )o
a = ln
t
Tt Te
If N = 1, then 1 = 10e 0.41t . Solving for t

gives
1
= e0.41t
10
1
0.41t = ln = ln10
10
ln10
t=
5.6
0.41
157
12
. Thus
b. When t = 1, N = 600(1.05)1 = 630.

c.
1
of the initial amount to be present.
8
67. R = 10e
1
61. 12 1 % = 14%
6
1 1
, it will take 3 10 = 30 days
=
8 2
6.
70. For double-declining balance depreciation, the
73.
10
equation is V = C 1 .
N
2
700 = 1800 1
48
n
700 46
=
1800 48
7 23
=
18 24
10
10
10
2.53
20
74.
n
7
23
ln = ln
18
24
7
23
ln = n ln
8
24
7
ln 18
n=
22
23
ln 24
( )
( )
0.37
The value drops below $700 at about 22 months.
71.
75. y = log 2 x + 1 =
10
ln x 2 + 1
ln 2
10
(, 0.37]
72.
76. (6)5 y + x = 2
10
2 x
6
2 x
ln 5 y = ln
6
2 x
y ln 5 = ln
6
5y =
10
10
10
10
y=
10
ln 26 x
ln 5
1
10
10
10
(1.96, 3.17), (2.93, 1.60)

3
158

77.

2. From the text, the half-life H is given by
ln 2
ln 2
or, equivalently, k =
. If H = I,
H=
k
H
ln 2
then k =
. Thus
I
d lnI 2 I
P 1 e
P 1 e dkI
T=
= ln 2
kI
I
e 1
e I 1
y=
3x 3x
=
= 3x 2 .
9 32
x
If f ( x) = 3 , then we have y = 3
x 2
P 1 eln 2 P 1 2 d
=
=
ln 2
2 1
e 1
1
= P 1 2 d = 1
P .
2d
= f ( x 2) .
3
is the graph of y = 3x
9
shifted 2 units to the right.
Thus the graph of y =
1. T =
a.
(
T (e
T e
kI
kI
1 e
b.
e kI 1
a.
) (
)
1)
T (e
= P or P =
1 = P 1 e
dkI
dkI
kI
1 e
b.
4.
e
32
ln 2 4
8
3
100 1 2 2
=
156
1
2
2 1
. Thus
kI
1 P T e 1
d = ln
kI
P
1
P
d = ln
kI
kI
P T e 1
R = P 1 e dkI . From part (a),
P T ekI 1
dkI = ln
P 1 e dkI = 100 1 2 2
32
R = 100 1 2 65.
P T e kI 1
P
kI
ln 2 ln 2
=
H
8
3 ln 2 4
100 1 e 8
eln 2 2 1
Pe dkI = P T e kI 1
e dkI =
P 1 e
dkI
T ekI 1 = P Pe dkI
T=
dkI
100 1 eln 2

3. P = 100, I = 4, d = 3, H = 8, k =

P 1 e dkI
10
As d changes, some of the coefficients need to

change from P to Y1 or vice versa.
159
Chapter 5
By graphing re as a function of r, we find that,

when the nominal rate r = 0.077208 or 7.7208%,
the effective rate re = 0.08 or 8%.
1. Let P = 518 and let n = 3(365) = 1095.

S = P(1 + r ) n
0.1
1095
S = 518 1 +
365
By graphing S as a function of the nominal rate
r, we find that when r = 0.049, S = 600. Thus, at
the nominal rate of 4.9% compounded daily, the
initial amount of $518 will grow to $600 after
3 years.
1000
0.1
4. The respective effective rates of interest are

n
r
found using the formula re = 1 + 1 .
n
Let n = 12 when r = 0.11:
12
0.11
re = 1 +
1 0.1157 . Hence, when the
12
nominal rate r = 11% is compounded monthly,

the effective rate is re = 11.57% . When
0.2
400
2. Let P = 520 and let r = 0.052.

S = P(1 + r ) n
0.052
S = 520 1 +
365
0.1125
r = 0.1125: re = 1 +
1 0.1173 .
4
Hence in the second case when the nominal rate

r = 11.25% is compounded quarterly, the
effective rate is re = 11.73% . This is the better
effective rate of interest. To find the better
investment, compare the compound amounts, S
at the end of n years. With P = 10,000 and
re = 0.1157 ,
365.052
S = 520
365
By graphing S as a function of n, we find that
when n = 2571, S = 750. Thus, it will take
2571
7.044 years, or 7 years and 16 days for
365
$520 to grow to $750 at the nominal rate of
5.2% compounded daily.
S1 = P (1 + r )n = 10, 000(1 + 0.1157)n , and, in the

second case, when P = 9700 and re = 0.1173
800
S2 = P (1 + r )n = 9700(1 + 0.1173)n .
S1 (20) = 10, 000(1.1157)20 89,319.99
S2 (20) = 9700(1.1173)20 89,159.52

The $10,000 investment is slightly better over
20 years.
3000
500
Problems 5.1
3. Let n = 12.
1. a.
r
re = 1 + 1
n
b. 11,105.58 6000 = $5105.58
12
re = 1 +
12
6000(1.08)8 $11,105.58
1
160

2. a.
Section 5.1
750(1.07) = $802.50
c.
b. 802.5 750 = $52.50
0.07
(i) 1000 1 +
52
0.07
(ii) 1 +
52
3. (1.015) 2 1 0.030225 or 3.023%
52(5)
1000 $418.73
52
1 0.07246 or 7.246%
0.05
4
4. 1 +
1 = (1.0125) 1 0.05095 or
4
5.095%
0.04
5. 1 +
365
365
0.06
6. 1 +
365
365
7. a.
0.07
d. (i) 1000 1 +
365
0.07
(ii) 1 +
365
1 0.04081 or 4.081%
365(5)
1000 $419.02
365
1 0.07250 or 7.250%
9. Let re be the effective rate. Then

2000 (1 + re ) = 2950
5
1 0.06183 or 6.183%
(1 + re )5 =
A nominal rate compounded yearly is the

same as the effective rate, so the effective
rate is 10%.
1 + re = 5
b.
0.10
1 + 2 1 = 0.1025 or 10.25%
c.
0.10
1 + 4 1 0.10381 or 10.381%
2950
2000
2950
2000
2950
1
2000
re 0.0808 or 8.08%.
re = 5
10. Let r be the monthly rate. Then

(1 + r )84 = 1835
1835
(1 + r )84 =
1000
1835
1 + r = 84
1000
1835
1
r = 84
1000
r = 0.0072529
This gives a nominal rate of approximately
12(0.0072529) = 0.0870 8.70% compounded
monthly.
12
d.
0.10
1 + 12
e.
0.10
1 + 365
8. a.
1 0.10471 or 10.471%
365
1 0.10516 or 10.516%
0.07
(i) 1000 1 +
4
4(5)
1000 $414.78
0.07
(ii) 1 +
1 0.07186 or 7.186%
4
11. From Example 6, the number of years, n, is

ln 2
8.0 years.
given by n =
ln(1.09)
12(5)
0.07
b. (i) 1000 1 +
12
1000 $417.63
12. From Example 6, the number of years, n, is

ln 2
given by n =
14.2 years.
ln(1.05)
12
0.07
(ii) 1 +
12
1 0.07229 or 7.229%
13. 6000(1.08)7 $10, 282.95
161
Chapter 5: Mathematics of Finance

22. Let r be the required nominal rate.
14. 3P = P (1 + r ) n
12
1 + 12
3 = (1 + r )n
ln 3 = n ln(1 + r)
ln 3
n=
ln(1 + r )
10
15. 21,500(1.06)
17. a.
b.
12
1 + 12
1+
$38,503.23
0.02
16. 21,500 1 +
4
1 = 0.045
40
$26, 247.08
= 1.045
r 12
= 1.045
12
r 12
= 1.045 1
12
r = 12 12 1.045 1 0.0441
or 4.41%.
(0.015)(12) = 0.18 or 18%

(1.015)12 1 0.1956 or 19.56%
18. 2 P = P (1.01)n
2 = (1.01)n
ln 2 = n ln(1.01)
ln 2
n=
70 months
ln(1.01)
0.0475
1 + 360
365
23. a.
0.0475
1 + 365
365
b.
1 0.0493 or 4.93%
1 0.0486 or 4.86%
24. Let r be the nominal rate.

8
r
801.06 = 700 1 +
4
19. The compound amount after the first four years
1+
is 2000(1.06)4 . After the next four years the

compound amount is
2000(1.06) 4 (1.03)8 $3198.54 .
r 8 801.06
=
4
700
801.06
r = 4 8
1 0.0680 or 6.80%
700
20. 700 = 500(1.02) n
25. Let re = effective rate.

300, 000 = 100, 000 (1 + re )
1.4 = (1.02)
ln(1.4) = n ln(1.02)
ln(1.4)
n=
17 quarters or 4 years, 3 months
ln(1.02)
n
10
(1 + re )10 = 3
1 + re = 10 3
re = 10 3 1 0.1161 or 11.61%.
21. 7.8% compounded semiannually is equivalent to

an effective rate of (1.039)2 1 = 0.079521 or
7.9521%. Thus 8% compounded annually,
which is the effective rate, is the better rate.
162
Section 5.2
26. Let P = average price of such a good,

n = number of days.
0.0725
2 P = P 1 +
365
0.0725
2 = 1 +
365
0.0875
8. 500 1 +
4
0.135
10. 1250 1 +
52
0.071
12. 12, 000 1 +
2
r
1 + 2
1+
28
= 1000
12
$11,381.89
$11,191.31
15. Let x be the payment 2 years from now. The

equation of value at year 2 is
50
r = 2 28
1 0.0629 or 6.29%
21
x = 600(1.04) 2 + 800(1.04)4
x $1238.58
28. 1000(1 0.01)20 = 1000(0.99) 20 $817.91

Problems 5.2
1. 6000(1.05) 20 $2261.34
2. 3500(1.06)8 $2195.94
3. 4000(1.035)24 $1751.83
4. 1740(1.015) 24 = $1217.21
0.10
7. 8000 1 +
12
$1021.13
14. 550(1.025) 16 + 550(1.025)20 $706.14
r 28 50
=
2
21
22
$5821.55
0.10
6. 6000 1 +
2
$6838.95
13. 27, 000(1.03) 22 $14, 091.10
1000 50
=
420 21
0.08
5. 9000 1 +
4
4(365)
78
0.053
11. 12, 000 1 +
12
27. Let r = the required nominal rate.
28
$385.65
0.095
9. 10, 000 1 +
365
0.0725
ln 2 = n ln 1 +
365
ln 2
n=
3489.98 days
0.0725
ln 1 +
365
or 9.56 years
r
420 1 +
2
12
13
$3181.93
60
$4862.31
163
16. Let x be the payment at the end of 5 years. The equation of value at year 5 is
0.08
3000 1 +
12
60
+ x = 7000
0.08
x = 7000 3000 1 +
12
x $2530.46
60
17. Let x be the payment at the end of 6 years. The equation of value at year 6 is
2000(1.025) 4 + 4000(1.025) 2 + x = 5000(1.025) + 5000(1.025) 4
x = 5000(1.025) + 5000(1.025)4 2000(1.025) 4 4000(1.025) 2
x $3244.63.
18. Let x be the amount of each of the equal payments. The equation of value at year 3 is
1500(1.07)3 + x(1.07) 2 + x(1.07) + x = 3500(1.07) 1 + 5000(1.07) 3
x[(1.07)2 + 1.07 + 1] = 3500(1.07)1 + 5000(1.07)3 1500(1.07)3
x=
3500(1.07)1 + 5000(1.07)3 1500(1.07)3

(1.07)2 + 2.07
x $1715.44
19. a.
NPV = 8000(1.025) 6 + 10, 000(1.025) 8 + 14, 000(1.025)12 25, 000 $515.62
b. Since NPV > 0, the investment is profitable.

20. a.
NPV = 8000(1.03) 6 + 10, 000(1.03) 8 + 14, 000(1.03) 12 25, 000 $586.72
b. Since NPV < 0, the investment is not profitable.

21. We consider the value of each investment at the end of eight years. The savings account has a value of
10, 000(1.03)16 $16, 047.06.
The business investment has a value of $16,000. Thus the better choice is the savings account.
22. The payments due B are 1000(1.07)5 at year 5 and 2000(1.04)14 at year 7. Let x be the payment at the end of 6
years. The equation of value at year 6 is x = 1000(1.07)5 (1.015)4 + 2000(1.04)14 (1.015) 4 x $4751.73
0.075
23. 1000 1 +
4
80
0.058
24. 6500 1 +
360
$226.25
1460
$5137.67
164
Section 5.3
25. Let r be the nominal discount rate, compounded

quarterly. Then
r
4700 = 10, 000 1 +
4
10, 000
4700 =
32
1 + 4r
r
1 + 4
1+
b.
32
14. With option (a), after 18 months they have

50, 000(1 + 0.0125)6 $53,869.16
with option (b), they have
32
P = 59, 081e (0.045)(25) $19,181
50, 000e(0.045)(1.5) $53, 491.51 .
15. Effective rate = e r 1 . Thus 0.05 = e r 1 ,
10, 000 100

=
4700
47
e r = 1.05 , r = ln 1.05 0.0488.

Answer: 4.88%
r 32 100
=
4
47
16. If r is the annual rate compounded continuously,

then at the end of 1 year the compound amount
100
1 0.0955 or 9.55%
r = 4 32
47
of a principal of P dollars is Per (1) = Per . This

amount must equal the compound amount of P
dollars at a nominal rate of 6% compounded
Problems 5.3
semiannually, which is P (1.03)2 . Thus
1. S = 4000e0.0625(6) $5819.97
5819.97 4000 = $1819.97
Per = P (1.03) 2
e r = (1.03)2
r = ln(1.03) 2
r = 2 ln 1.03 0.0591
Answer: 5.91%
2. S = 4000e0.09(6) $6864.03
6864.03 4000 = $2864.03
3. P = 2500e0.0675(8) $1456.87
17. 3P = Pe0.07t
4. P = 2500e0.08(8) $1318.23
3 = e0.07t
0.07t = ln 3
ln 3
16
t=
0.07
Answer: 16 years
5. e0.04 1 0.0408
Answer: 4.08%
6. e0.08 1 0.0833
Answer: 8.33%
18.
4 P = Per (30)
4 = e30r
30r = ln 4
ln 4
r=
0.046
30
Answer: 5%
7. e0.03 1 0.0305
Answer: 3.05%
8. e0.11 1 = 0.1163
Answer: 11.63%
19. The accumulated amounts under each option are:

9. S = 100e0.045(2) $109.42
10. S = 1000e0.03(8) $1271.25
11. P = 1, 000, 000e 0.05(5) $778,800.78
12. P = 50, 000e 0.06(30) $8264.94
13. a.
25, 000(1 + 0.035) 25 = $59, 081

165
a.
1000e(0.035)(2) $1072.51
b.
1020(1.0175) 4 $1093.30
c.
500e(0.035)(2) + 500(1.0175) 4
536.25 + 535.93 = $1072.18

20. a.

4. The amount of profit earned in the first two
years is the sum of the monthly profits.
Let a = 2000,
r = 1.1, and n = 24.
On Nov. 1, 2006 the accumulated amount is

10, 000e
$14,918.25 .
On Nov. 1, 2011 the accumulated amount is
(0.04)(10)
14,918.25(1.05)5 $19, 039.89 .
b.
21. a.
s=
2000 1 (1.1) 24
) 176,994.65
1 1.1
Thus, the company earned $176,994.65 in the
first two years.
10, 000(1.045)15 $19,352.82 , which is

$312.93 more than the amount in part (a).
9000(1.0125) 4 $9458.51
5. Let R = 500 and let n = 72. Then, the present

value A of the annuity is given by
1 (1 + r ) n
1 (1 + r ) 72
A = R
= 500
r
r
By graphing A as a function of r, we find that

when r 0.005167, A = 30,000. Thus, if the
present value of the annuity is $30,000, the
monthly interest rate is 0.5167%, and the
nominal rate is 12(0.005167) = 0.062 or 6.2%.
b. After one year the accumulated amount of

the investment is
10, 000e0.055 $10,565.41 . The payoff
for the loan (including interest) is
1000 + 1000(0.08) = $1080. The net return
is 10,565.41 1080 = $9485.41.
Thus, this strategy is better by
9485.41 9458.51 = $26.90.
50,000

1. Let a = 64 and let r =
3
. Then, the next five
4
2
3
3
heights of the ball are 64 , 64 ,
4

4
3
0
10,000
3
3
3
64 , 64 , 64 , or 48 ft, 36 ft,
4
4
4
3
1
27 ft, 20 ft, and 15
ft.
16
4
6. Since the man pays $2000 for 6 years and $3500

for 8 years, we can consider the payments to be
an annuity of $3500 for 14 years minus an
annuity of $1500 for 6 years so that the first 24
payments are $2000 each. Thus, the present
value is
3500a56 0.015 1500a24 0.015
2. Let a = 500 and let r = 1.5. Then, the number of

bacteria at the end of each minute for the first six
minutes is 500(1.5), 500(1.5)2 , 500(1.5)3 ,
4
3500(37.705879) 1500(20.030405)
= 101,924.97
Thus, the present value of the payments is
$101,925. Since the man made an initial down
payment of $20,000, list price was
101,925 + 20,000 = $121,925.
500(1.5) , 500(1.5) , 500(1.5) , or 750, 1125,

1688, 2531, 3797, 5695.
3. The total vertical distance traveled in the air after

n bounces is equal to 2 times the sum of heights.
2
If a = 6 and r = , then when the ball hits the
3
ground for the twelfth time, n = 12 and the
distance traveled in the air is
12

2
a 1 rn
6 1 3
= 2
2s = 2
1 r
1 23
35.72 meters
0.05
0.048
= 0.012, and n = 24.
4
1 (1 + r ) n
A = R
1 (1 + 0.012) 24
1 (1.012)24
A = R
= R
0.012
0.012
By Graphing A as a function of R, we find that

when R = 723.03, A = 15,000. Thus the monthly
payment is $723.03 if the present value of the
7. Let r =
( )
166
Section 5.4
annuity is $15,000.
Problems 5.4
20,000
1. 64
1
64 = 32
2
2
1
64 = 16
2
1000
1
64 = 8
2
8. Find the annuity due. The man makes an initial

payment of $1200 followed by an ordinary
annuity of $1200 for 11 months. Thus, let
0.068
. The present
R = 1200, n = 11, and r =
12
value of the annuity due is
1200 1 + a 0.068 1200(1 + 10.635005)

11
12
13,962.01
Thus, he should pay $13,962.01.
1
64 = 4
2
2. 2
2(3) = 6
2(3) 2 = 18
2(3)3 = 54
3. 100
100(1.02) = 102
9. Let R = 2000 and let r = 0.057. Then, the value

of the IRA at the end of 15 years, when n = 15,
is given by
(1 + r )n 1
S = R
(1 + 0.057)15 1
S = 2000
45,502.06
0.057
Thus, at the end of 15 years the IRA will be

worth $45,502.06.
100(1.02) 2 = 104.04
4. 81
1
81 = 27
3
2
1
81 = 9
3
3
1
81 = 3
3
10. Let R = 2000 and let r = 0.057. Since the

deposits are made at the beginning of each year,
the value of the IRA at the end of 15 years is
given by
(1 + r )n +1 1
S = R
R.
Let n = 15.
(1 + 0.057)16 1
S = 2000
2000 48, 095.67
0.057
Thus, the IRA is worth $48,095.67 at the end of

15 years.
5. s =
4
7
( )
4
1 7
1 74
4 15,783
7 16,807
3
7
21, 044
16,807
()
1 1 15
=
6. s =
1 15
167
78,124
78,125
4
5
19,531
15, 625
23. 1200 s13
1 1 (0.1)6
= 1.11111
7. s =
1 0.1
8. Observe that (1.1) 1 =
( )
10 1 10
11
11
1 10
11
9. a35
0.04
10. a15
0.07
25. 175a
= 10 1 10 4.355

11
32
1 1200(21.495297 1)
$24,594.36
0.025
1 600(46.000271 1)
$27, 000.16
0.04
12
25a 0.04
8
12
175(30.304595) 25(7.881321)
$5106.27
18.664613
26. 1500 + 1500a5
0.0075
12. s11
0.0125
11.713937
0.06
14. 1000a8
27. R =
8.213180
0.0075
0.05
1500 + 1500(4.889440)
$8834.16
9.107914
11. s8
13. 600a6
24. 600 s31
10
.
11
and r =
s=
1 10
10
=
. Thus a =
1.1 11
11
0.08
5000
5000
$458.40
a12 0.015 10.907505
28. 3000 + 250a12
0.04
3000 + 250(9.385074)
$5346.27
600(4.917324) $2950.39
29. a.
1000(6.463213) 6463.21
24
50s48 0.005 (1.005)
50(54.097832)(1.005)24
15. 2000a18
16. 1500a15
0.02
2000(14.992031) $29,984.06
0.0075
17. 800 + 800a11
$3048.85
b. 3048.85 48(50) = $648.85
1500(14.136995) $21, 205.49
0.035
30. Let R be the yearly payment.

275, 000 = R + Ra9 0.035
800 + 800(9.001551)
275, 000 = R 1 + a9 0.035
275,000 R(8.607687),
R $31,948.19
$8001.24
18. 150 + 150a
59
19. 2000s36
0.07
12
0.0125
150 + 150(49.796588)
$7619.49
31. R =
2000(45.115505)
$90, 231.01
20. 600s16
0.02
600(18.639285) $11,183.57
21. 5000s20
0.07
22. 2000s20
0.03
5000(40.995492) $204,977.46
2000(26.870374) 53, 740.75
168
48, 000
48, 000
$3474.12
s10 0.07 13.816448
Section 5.4
32. Let x be the purchase price. In the same manner

as in Example 12,
[50, 000 0.08x] s10 0.06 = x
50, 000 0.08 x =
50, 000 = 0.08 x +
x = (1.08)6 5000 1000a5
(1.08)6 [5000 1000(3.992710)] $1598.44
x
s10
35. s60
0.06
0.017
x
s10
36. a9
0.06
50, 000 = x 0.08 +
s10 0.06
50, 000
50, 000
x=
$320,800 .
1
0.08 + s 1
0.08 + 13.180795
0.052
37. 750a480
25, 000
. After
s10 0.06
six years the value of the fund is

25, 000
s
.
s10 0.06 6 0.06
39. R =
This accumulates to
25, 000 s
(1.07) 4 .
6 0.06
s
10 0.06
Let x be the amount of the new payment.
25, 000
4
xs4 0.07 = 25, 000

s6 0.06 (1.07)
s
10 0.06
40. R =
42. a.
b.
0.01375
3000(0.01375)
(1.01375)20 1
$131.34
( 0.1 )
)
25, 000 12
25, 000
=
$531.18
a60 0.1 1 1 + 0.1 60
12
12
0.10
$650(12)(15) = $117,000
650a
180
0.055
12
0.055
1 1 + 12
= 650
0.055
12
$79,551.24
180
43. For the first situation, the compound amount is
30
2000 s11 0.07 1 (1.07)
34. Let x be the final payment.
0.08
1 (1.10) 19
= 200, 000 + 200, 000
0.10
$1,872,984.02
25,000
25, 000 13.180795
(6.975319)(1.07)4
x
4.439943
x $1725
5000 1000a5
3000
s20
1 (1.0135) 480
= 750
0.0135
55, 466.57
41. 200, 000 + 200, 000a19
25, 000 s25,000 s6 0.06 (1.07)4

10 0.06
x=
s4 0.07
0.08
1 (1.052) 9
7.04494
0.052
(1.01)120 1
=
1000
0.01
0.01
230, 038.69
38. 1000 s120

33. The original annual payment is
(1.017)60 1
102.91305
0.017
0.0135
10 0.06
5000 = 1000a5
0.08
+ x(1.08) 6
(1.07)11 1
= 2000
1 (1.07)30
0.07
$225,073,
so the net earnings are
225,073 20,000 = $205,073.
= x(1.08)6
Thus
169
For the second situation, the compound amount is

(1.07)31 1
2000 s31 0.07 1 = 2000

1
0.07
$202,146,
so the net earnings are 202,146 60,000 = $142,146.
44. 100
1 e0.05(20)
$1264
0.05
45. 40, 000
1 e0.04(5)
$181, 269.25
0.04
Problems 5.5
1. R =
8000
8000
$273.42
a36 0.14 29.258904
12
2. A = 50a36
3. R =
0.01
50(30.107505) $1505.38
8000
8000
$236.19
a36 0.04 33.870766
12
Finance charge = 36(236.19) 8000 = $502.84

4. a.
R=
500
a12
0.0125
500
$45.13
11.079312
b. 12(45.13) 500 = $41.56

5. a.
R=
7500
7500
$221.43
a36 0.04 33.870766
12
b. 7500
c.
6. a.
0.04
= $25
12
221.43 25 = $196.43
R=
35, 000
35, 000
$851.17
a48 0.078 41.119856
12
0.078
= $227.50
12
b.
35, 000
c.
851.17 227.50 = $623.67
170
7. R =
Section 5.5
5000
5000
$1476.14
a4 0.07 3.387211
The interest for the first period is (0.07)(5000) = $350, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
1476.14 350 = $1126.14. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 5000 1126.14 = $3873.86.
The interest for period 2 is (0.07)(3873.86) = $271.17, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
1476.14 271.17 = $1204.97. The principal outstanding at beginning of period 3 is
3873.86 1204.97 = $2668.89. Continuing in this manner, we construct the following amortization schedule.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Prin. Repaid
at End
5000.00
350.00
1476.14
1126.14
3873.86
271.17
1476.14
1204.97
2668.89
186.82
1476.14
1289.32
1379.57
96.57
1476.14
1379.57
904.56
5904.56
5000.00
Total
8. R =
Pmt. at
End
9000
a8
0.0475
9000
$1378.46
6.529036
The interest for the first period is (0.0475)(9000) = $427.50, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
1378.46 427.50 = $950.96. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 9000 950.96 = $8049.04.
1378.46 382.33 = $996.13. The principal outstanding at beginning of period 3 is 8049.04 996.13 = $7052.91.
Continuing in this manner, we construct the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final
payment.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Pmt. at
End
Prin. Repaid
at End
9000.00
427.50
1378.46
950.96
8049.04
382.33
1378.46
996.13
7052.91
335.01
1378.46
1043.45
6009.46
285.45
1378.46
1093.01
4916.45
233.53
1378.46
1144.93
3771.52
179.15
1378.46
1199.31
2572.21
122.18
1378.46
1256.28
1315.93
62.51
1378.44
1315.93
2027.66
11,027.66
9000.00
Total
171
9. R =
900
900
$193.72
a5 0.025 4.645828
The interest for period 1 is (0.025)(900) = $22.50, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
193.72 22.50 = $171.22. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 900 171.22 = $728.78. The
interest for that period is (0.025)(728.78) = $18.22, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
193.72 18.22 = $175.50. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is 728.78 175.50 = $553.28.
Continuing in this manner, we obtain the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final
payment.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Prin. Repaid
at End
900.00
22.50
193.72
171.22
728.78
18.22
193.72
175.50
553.28
13.83
193.72
179.89
313.39
9.33
193.72
184.39
189.00
4.73
193.73
189.00
68.61
968.61
900.00
Total
10. R =
Pmt. at
End
10, 000
10, 000
$2045.22
a5 0.0075 4.889440
The interest for period 1 is (0.0075)(10,000) = $75, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
2045.22 75 = $1970.22. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 10,000 1970.22 = $8029.78.
2045.22 60.22 = $1985. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is 8029.78 1985 = $6044.78.
Continuing in this manner, we construct the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final
payment.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Pmt. at
End
10,000.00
75.00
2045.22
1970.22
8029.78
60.22
2045.22
1985.00
6044.78
45.34
2045.22
1999.88
4044.90
30.34
2045.22
2014.88
2030.02
15.23
2045.25
2030.02
226.13
10,226.13
10,000.00
Total
11. From Eq. (1),
100
ln 1001000(0.02)
11.268 .
n=
ln(1.02)
Thus the number of full payments is 11.
12. a.
Prin. Repaid
at End
2000
2000
$52.67
a48 0.01 37.973959
172

b.
52.67 a13
0.01
Section 5.5
52.67(12.133740)
b. 48(228.88) 8500 = $2486.24
$639.08
c.
100
ln 100 2000(0.015)
23.956. Thus the

17. n =
ln1.015
number of full payments is 23.
(639.08)(0.01) $6.39
d. 52.67 6.39 = $46.28

e.
48(52.67) 2000 = $528.16
18. R =
18, 000
13. Each of the original payments is
.
a15 0.035
9500
a60
0.0077
0.0077
= 9500
60
1 (1.0077)
$198.31
After two years the value of the remaining
18, 000
a
. Thus the new
payments is
a
11 0.035
15
0.035
semi-annual payment is
18, 000a11 0.035
1
a15 0.035
a11 0.04
19. Present value of mortgage payments is

360
0.076
1 1 + 12
600a360 0.076 = 600
0.076
12
12
$84,976.84
This amount is 75% of the purchase price x.
0.75x = 84,976.84
x = $113,302.45 $113,302
18, 000(9.001551)
1
11.517411
8.760477
$1606.
20. For the 15-year mortgage, the monthly payment

is
240, 000
0.005
= 240, 000
1 (1 + 0.005 )180
a180 0.005
14. R =
15. a.
2000
2000(0.014)
=
$49.49
a60 0.014 1 (1.014) 60
Monthly interest rate is

Monthly payment is
$2025.26
The finance charge is
180(2025.26) 240,000 = $124,546.80
For the 25-year mortgage, the monthly payment
is
240, 000
0.005
= 240, 000
300
a300 0.005
1 (1 + 0.005)
0.092
.
12
0.092
245, 000
12
= 245, 000
a300 0.092
0.092
1 1 + 12
12
$2089.69
300
$1546.32
The finance charge is
300(1546.32) 240,000 = 223,896.00
Thus the savings is
223,896.00 124,546.80 = $99,349.20
0.092
b. 245,000
= $1878.33
12
c.
21.
2089.69 1878.33 = $211.36
d. 300(2089.69) 245,000 = $381,907

16. a.
Monthly interest rate is
25, 000
a60
0.0125
25, 000
a60 0.01
1
1
= 25, 000
a
60 0.01
60 0.0125
0.0125
0.01
= 25, 000
60
1 (1.01) 60
1 (1.0125)
$38.64
0.132
= 0.011 .
12
Monthly payment is
8500
0.011
= 8500
48
a48 0.011
1 (1.011)
$228.88
173
22. The governments payment is

( y x)a60 0.0925
7. a.
A = 200a13
0.04
$1997.13
12
5000
5000
=
a 0.0925 a 0.04
60 12
60 12
a 0.0925
60 12
= 5000 1
a60 0.04
12
a
60
b.
0.0925
12
S = 200s13
0.04
200(16.626838)
$3325.37
8. 150 s14
0.04
150 = 150(18.291911) 150

2593.79
1(1+ 0.0925 )60

12
0.0925
12
= 5000 1
60
1(1+ 0.04
12 )
0.04
12
9. 200 s13
10. 250a20
60
0.0925
0.04
1 1 + 12
= 5000 1
60
0.0925
1 1 + 0.04
12
$589.89
200(9.985648)
11.
200 200(13.532926) 200
0.025
$2506.59
250(15.589162) $3897.29
5000
5000
$886.98
s5 0.06 5.637093
12. a.
0.08
12
7000
7000
$206.67
a36 0.04 33.870766
12
2
2
1. s = 3 + 2 + 2 + " + 3
3
3
6
3 1 23 3 665
= 729 = 665
=
2
1
81
1 3
3
b. 36(206.67) 7000 = $440.12
( )
13. Let x be the first payment. The equation of value

now is
x + 2 x(1.07) 3 = 500(1.05) 3 + 500(1.03) 8
x 1 + 2(1.07) 3 = 500(1.05)3 + 500(1.03) 8
12
0.05
2. 1 +
12
1 0.0512 or 5.12%
x=
1 + 2(1.07)3
x $314.00
3. 8.2% compounded semiannually corresponds to

an effective rate of (1.041)2 1 = 0.083681 or
8.37%. Thus the better choice is 8.5%
compounded annually.
0.01375
= 3500
3
a3 0.01375
14.
1 (1.01375)
$1198.90
The interest for the first period is
(0.01375)(3500) = $48.13, so the principal
repaid at the end of that period is
1198.90 48.13 = $1150.77. The principal
outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is
3500 1150.77 = $2349.23. The interest for that
period is (0.01375)(2349.23) = $32.30. The
principal repaid at the end of that period is
1198.90 32.30 = $1166.60. The principal
outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is
2349.23 1166.60 = $1182.63. Continuing, we
R=
4. NPV = 3400(1.035) 4 + 3500(1.035) 8 7000

$1379.16
5. Let x be the payment at the end of 2 years. The
equation of value at the end of year 2 is
1000(1.04) 4 + x = 1200(1.04) 4 + 1000(1.04) 8
x = 1200(1.04)4 + 1000(1.04)8 1000(1.04)4

$586.60
6. 250a48
0.005
500(1.05)3 + 500(1.03) 8
250(42.580318) $10, 645.08
174
3500
Chapter 5 Review
obtain the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final payment.
Period
Int. for
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Prin. Repaid
at End
3500.00
48.13
1198.90
1150.77
2349.23
32.30
1198.90
1166.60
1182.63
16.26
1198.89
1182.63
96.69
3596.69
3500.00
Total
15. R =
Pmt. at
End
15, 000
15, 000
$3067.84
a5 0.0075 4.889440
The interest for period 1 is (0.0075)(15,000) = $112.50, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
3067.84 112.50 = $2955.34. The principal outstanding at beginning of period 2 is
15,000 2955.34 = $12,044.66. The interest for period 2 is 0.0075(12,044.66) = $90.33, so the principal repaid at
the end of that period is 3067.84 90.33 = $2977.51. Principal outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is
12,044.66 2977.51 = $9067.15. Continuing, we obtain the following amortization schedule. Note the
adjustment in the final payment.
Period
Int. for
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Pmt. at
End
Prin. Repaid
at End
15,000
112.50
3067.84
2955.34
12,044.66
90.33
3067.84
2977.51
9067.15
68.00
3067.84
2999.84
6067.31
45.50
3067.84
3022.34
3044.97
22.84
3067.81
3044.97
339.17
15,339.17
15,000.00
Total
16. 540a84
0.10
12
84
0.10
1 1 + 12
= 540
$32,527.80
0.10
12
17. The monthly payment is
0.055
11, 000
12
= 11, 000
$255.82
48
a48 0.055
0.055
+
1
1
12
12
The finance charge is 48(255.82) 11,000 = $1279.36
175

1.
0.085
= 0.0425, thus R = 0.0425(25,000) = 1062.50.
2
1 (1.0825) 25
P = 25, 000(1.0825)25 + 1062.50
1.0825 1
$26,102.13
2.
0.065
= 0.0325 , thus R = 0.0325(10,000) = 325.
2
On a graphics calculator, let Y1 = 10,389 and Y2 = 10,000(1 + x)^ 7 + 325(1 (1 + x)^ 7)/
(1 + x) 1 .
The curves intersect at 0.0590. The yield is 5.9%.

3. The normal yield curve assumes a stable economic climate. By contrast, if investors are expecting a drop in
interest rates, and with it a drop in yields from future investments, they will gladly give up liquidity for long-term
investment at current, more favorable, interest rates. T-bills, which force the investor to find a new investment in
a short time, are correspondingly less attractive, and so prices drop and yields rise.
176
Chapter 6
1. There are 3 rows, one for each source. There are two columns, one for each raw material. Thus, the size of the
matrix is 3 2. Alternatively, she could use a 2 3 matrix.
2. The first column consists of 1s each representing the 1 hour needed for each phase of project 1. The second
column consists of 2s for each phase of project 2 and so on. In general the nth column will consist of 2n s, each
representing the 2n hours needed for each phase of project n. The time-analysis matrix is as follows.
1 2 4 8 16
1 2 4 8 16
1 2 4 8 16
Problems 6.1
1. a.
The size is the number of rows by the columns. Thus A is 2 3, B is 3 3, C is 3 2, D is 2 2, E is 4 4,

F is 1 2, G is 3 1, H is 3 3, and J is 1 1.
b. A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns. Thus the square matrices are B, D, E, H, and J.
c.
An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix where all entries below the main diagonal are zeros. Thus H
and J are upper triangular. A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix where all entries above the main
diagonal are zeros. Thus D and J are lower triangular.
d. A row vector (or row matrix) has only one row. Thus F and J are row vectors.
e.
A column vector (or column matrix) has only one column. Thus G and J are column vectors.
2. A has 4 rows and 4 columns. Thus the order of A is 4.

3. a21 is the entry in the 2nd row and 1st column, namely 6.
4. a14 is the entry in the 1st row and 4th column, namely 6.
5. a32 is the entry in the 3rd row and 2nd column, namely 4.
6. a34 is the entry in the 3rd row and 4th column, namely 0.
7. a44 is the entry in the 4th row and 4th column, namely 0.
8. a55 is the entry in the 5th row and 5th column. But A has only 4 rows and 4 columns. Thus a55 does not exist.
9. The main diagonal entries are the entries on the diagonal extending from the upper left corner to the lower right
corner. Thus the main diagonal entries are 7, 2, 1, 0.
10. 2
0
3 4 5
4 5 6
0 6 7
0 0 8
177
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
11. 2 1 + 3 1 2 1 + 3 2 2 1 + 3 3 2 1 + 3 4 2 1 + 3 5 1 4 7 10 13
2 2 + 3 1 2 2 + 3 2 2 2 + 3 3 2 2 + 3 4 2 2 + 3 5 = 1 2 5 8 11
2 3 + 3 1 2 3 + 3 2 2 3 + 3 3 2 3 + 3 4 2 3 + 3 5 3 0 3 6 9
(
(
1+1 2
1 + 12
12. (1)
2 +1 2
2 + 12
(1)
)
)
(
(
)
)
(1)1+ 2 12 + 22 2 5
=
2+ 2 2
2 5
8
(1)
2 +2
13. 12 10 = 120, so A has 120 entries. For a33 , i = 3 = j, so a33 = 1. Since 5 2, a52 = 0. For a10, 10 , i = 10 = j,
so a10, 10 = 1. Since 12 10, a12, 10 = 0.
14. The main diagonal is the diagonal extending from the upper left corner to the lower right corner.
a.
1, 0, 5, 2
b. x, y, z
15. A zero matrix is a matrix in which all entries are zeros.
a.
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
b.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16. If A is 7 9, then A T is 9 7.
T
6 3
6 2
=
17. A T =
2 4
3 4
18. A T = [ 2 4 6 8]
2
4
=
6

8
3 4
T 1
1 3 7 3
3 2
5
19. A T = 3 2 2 0 =
7 2 0
4 5 0 1
1
3 0
178
Section 6.1
b. From F, the entry in row 2 (deluxe) and
column 3 (blue) is 3. Thus in February,
3 blue deluxe models were sold.
2 1 0
2 1 0
T
20. A = 1 5 1 = 1 5 1
0 1 3
0 1 3
21. a.
c.
A and C are diagonal matrices.
b. All are them are triangular matrices.

T
2 1 0
2 1 0
22. A = 1 5 1 = 1 5 1
0 1 3
0 1 3
d. In both January and February, the deluxe

blue models (row 2, column 3) sold the
same number of units (3).
Since A T = A, the matrix of Problem 20 is

symmetric.
e.
In January a total of 0 + 1 + 3 + 5 = 9
deluxe models were sold. In February a total
of
2 + 3 + 3 + 2 = 10 deluxe models were sold.
Thus more deluxe models were sold in
February.
f.
In January a total of 2 + 0 + 2 = 4 red

widgets were sold, while in February a total
of 0 + 2 + 4 = 6 red widgets were sold. Thus
more red widgets were sold in February.
g.
Adding all entries in matrix J yields that a

total of 38 widgets were sold in January.
1 7
T
1 0 1
0 0
23. A T =
=
7 0 9
1 9
T
1 7
1 0 1
(A ) = 0 0 =
=A
7 0 9
1 9
T T
24. Equating corresponding entries gives 2x = 4,

y = 6, z = 0, and 3w = 7. Thus x = 2, y = 6, z = 0,
7
w= .
3
30. The sums of the entries in the columns are 680,

710, 1510, and 6690. The sum of the entries in
the rows are 680, 710, 1510, and 6690. The
amount an industry consumes is equal to the
amount of its output. Industry B has to increase
output by (0.20)(90) = 18 units and industry C
has to increase output by (0.20)(120) = 24 units.
All other producers have to increase it by
(0.20)(420) = 84 units.
25. Equating corresponding entries gives 6 = 6,

2 = 2, x = 6, 7 = 7, 3y = 2, and 2z = 7. Thus
2
7
x = 6, y = , z = .
3
2
26. Equating entries in the 3rd row and 3rd column
gives 7 = 8, which is never true, so there is no
solution.
31. By equating entries we find that x must satisfy

x 2 + 2000 x = 2001 and x 2 = x .
The second equation implies that x < 0. From the
27. Equating corresponding entries gives 2x = y,

7 = 7, 7 = 7, and 2y = y. Now 2y = y yields y = 0.
Thus from 2x = y we get 2x = 0, so x = 0. The
solution is x = 0, y = 0.
28. [125 275
0.95
1.03
1.25
29. a.
The entries in row 1 (regular) and column

4 (purple) give the number of purple regular
models sold. For J the entry is 2 and for F
the entry is 4. Thus more purple regular
models were sold in February.
first equation, x 2 + 2000 x 2001 = 0 ,

(x + 2001)(x 1) = 0, so x = 2001.
400]
3 2
32.
1
4
5 6
3
33.
1
4
From J, the entry in row 3 (super-duper)

and column 2 (white) is 7. Thus in January,
7 white super-duper models were sold.
179
1
7
3
6
1
4
1

120 80 110 140
1. T = J + F =
+
105 130 85 125

120 + 110 80 + 140 230 220
=
=
105 + 85 130 + 125 190 255

x1 40
248
2. 0.8 x2 30 = 2 319
x3 60
532
0.8 x1 40 496
0.8 x 30 = 638
2
0.8 x3 60 1064
0.8 x1 40 496
0.8 x 30 = 638
2
0.8 x3 60 1064
Solve 0.8 x1 40 = 496 to get x1 = 670 .
Solve 0.8 x2 30 = 638 to get x2 = 835 .
Solve 0.8 x3 60 = 1064 to get x3 = 1405 .
Problems 6.2
3 + 4 4 3 1
2 + 2 0 + (3)
2 0 3 2 3 4
4+6
0 + 5 = 2 10 5
1. 1 4 0 + 1 6 5 = 1 + (1)
1 6 5 9 11 2
1 + 9 6 + 11 5 + (2) 10 5 3
2 + 7 + 2 7 + (4) + 7 11 4
2 7 7 4 2 7
2.
=
+ 2
+ 7 2 = 6 + (2) + 7
6
4
1
4 + 1 + 2 1 7

1 4 6 1 1 6 4 (1) 5 5
7 2 = 9 5
3. 2 7 7 2 = 2 7
6 9 1 0 6 1
9 0 5 9
1
6 2 4
4 2
1
4.
2 10 12 = 12 2
2
0 0
8 1 0
2
1 (2)
2
1 10
2
1 0
2
2 1 3
1 ( 12) = 1
5 6
2

0 4
1 8 0
2
1 6
2
5. 2[2 1 3] + 4[2 0 1] 0[2 3 1]

= [4 2 6] + [8 0 4] [0 0 0]
= [4 8 0 2 + 0 0 6 + 4 0]
= [4 2 10]
6.
[7
7 ] is a matrix and 66 is a number, so the sum is not defined.
180
1 2
7.
has size 2 2, and
3 4
Section 6.2
7
2 has size 2 1. Thus the sum is not defined.

2 1
0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1
8.
+ 3
=
+
=
7 4
0 0 7 4 0 0 7 4
1 6 2 6(6) 6 7
6 1 12 36 42 6
2 6 7
9. 6
=
=
1 6 2 6 7
6 1 6 6 6(2) 42 6 36 12
7
1 1
6 9 1 1 18
2 0

3 2 6 = 2 0 6
10.
3 6
1 2 3 6 3

4 9
4 5 4 9 12
27 19 28
18 4 18
=
6 0
0

15 8 6
1 5 0
10 0 30 1 5 0 2 0 6 3 5 6
1
11. 2 7 0 + 0 5 0 = 2 7 0 + 0 1 0 = 2 8 0
5
4 6 10
5 20 25 4 6 10 1 4 5 5 10 15
1 0 0 1 2 0 4 2 2 3
12. 3 0 1 0 3 0 2 1 3 21 9 = 0

1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3
= 0
0
= 12
9
0 0
3
3 0 3 3
0 3
0
0 0 9
3 0 9

0 3 0
6
12
72 30
3
0
4 2
23 10
1 1
12 6
69 30
3 3
6 5
6 5 1(6) 1(5) 6 5
= (1)
13. B =
=
=
2 3
2 3 1(2) 1(3) 2 3
1 (5)
2 (6)
8 6 8 6
14. ( A B) =
= 1 0 = 1 0
3
3)
0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
15. 2O = 2
=
=
=O
0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
2 (6) + (2) 1 (5) + (1) 6 5
16. A B + C =
=
3 2 + (3) 3 (3) + 3 2 3
4 2 18 15
1
6 5
22 17 66 51
2
17. 3(2A 3B) = 3 2
3 2 3 = 3 6 6 6 9 = 3 0 3 = 0 9
3
3

4 4 0 0
18. 0(A + B) = 0
=
=O
5 6 0 0
181
19. 3(A C) is a 2 2 matrix and 6 is a number. Therefore 3(A C) + 6 is not defined.

1 2 + (6) 1 + (5) 2 + (8) 1 + (6) 6 5
2
=
=
20. A + (C + B) =
+ 3 + 2
3
3
3 + (3) 3 + (1) 3 + 0 2 3

1
6 5
2
2 1
3
+ 2
21. 2B 3A + 2C = 2
2 3
3 3
3 3
3 4 2
12 10 6
=
4 6 9 9 6 6
18 13 4 2 22 15
=
+
=
3 6 6 11
9
5
6 3 12 10 6 7
22. 3C 2B =
9 9 4 6 13 15
23.
6 5
1
2 1
1
1 2
A 2(B + 2C) =
2 2 3 + 2 3 3
3
3
2
2

1
1
6 5 4 2
2
=
2
+
3
3
2 3 6 6
2 2
29
1
1
21
1
10 7 1
2
2 20 14
2
=
2
=
=
3
8
19
3
15
3 3
4
3
2 2
2 2
2
2
24.
1
1
41 61
1
8 6 1
1
2
2 40 30
2
5
=
+
=
A 5(B + C) =
3
5 0 13
3
1
0
3 3
2 2
2 32
2
2
4 4 12 12
25. 3( A + B) = 3
=
5 6 15 18
3 18 15 12 12
6
3A + 3B =
+
=
9 9 6 9 15 18
Thus 3(A + B) = 3A + 3B.
5
10
26. (2 + 3) A = 5A =
15 15
3 10
5
4 2 6
2A + 3A =
+ 9 9 = 15 15
6
6
Thus (2 + 3)A = 2A + 3A.

2k
27. k1 ( k2 A ) = k1 2
3k2
2k k
( k1k2 ) A = 3k1k2
k2 2k1k2
=
3k2 3k1k2
k1k2
3k1k2
k1k2
3k1k2
1 2
Thus k1 ( k2 A ) = ( k1k2 ) A.
182
Section 6.2
2
1 12 10 2 1
12 10 12k 10k
+
28. k ( A 2B + C) = k
= k
4 6 4 k 6 k
3 3 4 6 3 3
k 12k 10k 2k k 12k 10k
2k
kA 2kB + kC =
+
=
6k 3k 3k 4k 6k
3k 3k 4k
Thus k(A 2B + C) = kA 2kB + kC.
1 2 1 1 3 6 1 1 4 7
29. 3A + D = 3 0 1 + 2 0 = 0 3 + 2 0 = 2 3
7 0 1 2 21 0 1 2 20 2
T
0 3
0 3
1 3 1 0
30. (B C) =
1 2 = 3 3 = 3 3
4
1

1 4
1 1 2 8 3 3 1 5
31. 2BT 3CT = 2
3
=
3 1
0 2 6 2 0 6 6 8
1 3 1 4 2 6 1 4 3 10
32. 2B + BT = 2
+
=
+
=
4 1 3 1 8 2 3 1 11 3
T
1 0
1 2 1
33. C D =
is impossible because CT and D are not of the same size.
1 2
1 0 2
T
34.
D 2AT
1 2 1
1 0 7
=
2
2 1 0
1 0 2
T
1 2 1 2 0 14
1 2 15
=
4 2 0 = 3 2
1
0
2
2

1 3
= 2 2
15 2
3
4
2
35. x y = 3
2
7
4
3x 4 y 6 3 x + 4 y 6
2 x 7 y = 12 = 2 x 7 y = 12

Equating corresponding entries gives
3x + 4 y = 6
2 x 7 y = 12
Multiply the first equation by 2 and the second equation by 3 to get

6 x + 8 y = 12
6 x + 21y = 36
Now add the two equations to get
183
29 y = 24
24
y=
29
Therefore
24 270
3x = 6 4 =
29 29
90
x=
29
90
24
The solution is x =
, y= .
29
29
10
2
1
0
6
40. x 0 + 2 0 + y 2 =
2
6
5 2 x + 12 5 y
10
2x 2
=
2
6
y
2 x + 12 5 y 2 x + 12 5 y
2x 2 = 10, 2x = 12, or x = 6.
2y = 6 or y = 3.
2x + 12 5y = 2x + 12 5y, which is true for all
values of x and y. Thus x = 6, y = 3.
2 x 4 y 16
36.
=
5 x + 7 y 3
2 x 4 y 16
5 x + 7 y = 3

30 50 15 25
41. X + Y = 800 720 + 960 800
25 30 10
5
50 + 25 45
75
30 + 15
= 800 + 960 720 + 800 = 1760 1520

25 + 10
30 + 5 35
35
2
4 16
x + y =
5

7 3
x
2
6
37. 3 3 = 4
y
4
2
3x + 6 24
3 y 12 = 8

3x + 6 = 24, 3x = 18, or x = 6.
4
3y 12 = 8, 3y = 4, or y = .
3
4
Thus x = 6, y = .
3
380 330 220 400 350 150

42. 2B A = 2
460 320 750 450 280 850

2 380 2 330 2 220 400 350 150
=
2 460 2 320 2 750 450 280 850

760
=
920
360
=
470
x
7 x
38. 3 4 =
2
y 2 y
3x 28 x
6 + 4 y = 2 y

3x 28 = x, 4x = 28, or x = 7.
6 + 4y = 2y, 2y = 6, or y = 3.
Thus x = 7, y = 3.
660 440 400 350 150
640 1500 450 280 850

310 290
360 650
43. P + 0.1P = [ p1 p2 p3 ] + [0.1 p1 0.1 p2 0.1 p3 ]

= [1.1 p1 1.1 p2 1.1 p3 ] = 1.1P
Thus P must be multiplied by 1.1.
44. ( A B)T = [ A + (1)B]T [definition of subtraction]
= A T + [(1)B]T [transpose of a sum]
= A T + (1)BT [transpose of a scalar multiple]
2
x 10
39. 4 + 2 y = 24
6
4 z 14
= A T BT [definition of subtraction]
15 4 26
45.
4 7 30
2 + 2 x 10
4 + 2 y = 24
6 + 8 z 14
2 + 2x = 10, 2x = 12, or x = 6.
4 + 2y = 24, 2y = 28, or y = 14.
6 + 8z = 14, 8z = 8, or z = 1.
Thus x = 6, y = 14, z = 1.
16 11 24
46.
16 3 36
184
Section 6.3
5. c31 = 0(0) + 4(2) + 3(3) = 1
10 22 12
47.
24 36 44
6. c12 = 1(2) + 3(4) + (2)(1) = 8
7. A is 2 3 and E is 3 2, so AE is 2 2;
2 2 = 4 entries.
1. Represent the value of each book by

[ 28 22 16] and the number of each book by
8. D is 4 3 and E is 3 2, so DE is 4 2;
4 2 = 8 entries.
100
70 .

90
9. E is 3 2 and C is 2 5, so EC is 3 5;
3 5 = 15 entries.
The total value is given by the following matrix

product.
100
[ 28 22 16] 70 = [2800 + 1540 + 1440]
90
= [5780]
The total value is $5780.
10. D is 4 3 and B is 3 1, so DB is 4 1;
4 1 = 4 entries.
11. F is 2 3 and B is 3 1, so FB is 2 1;
2 1 = 2 entries.
12. B is 3 1 and C is 2 5. Because the number of
columns of B does not equal the number of rows
of C, BC is not defined.
2. The total cost is given by the matrix product PQ.

250
PQ = [ 26.25 34.75 28.50] 325
175
13. E is 3 2, ET is 2 3, and B is 3 1, so
EET B is 3 1; 3 1 = 3 entries.
= [ 6562.5 + 11, 293.75 + 4987.5] = [22,843.75]

The total cost is $22,843.75.
14. A is 2 3 and E is 3 2, so AE is 2 2. Thus

E(AE) is 3 2; 3 2 = 6 entries.
15. E is 3 2. F is 2 3 and B is 3 1, so FB is
2 1. Thus E(FB) is 3 1; 3 1 = 3 entries.
3. First, write the equations with the variable terms

on the left-hand side.
8
8
y + 5 x = 5
y + 1 x = 5
3
3
8
1 8
y
5
5
Let A =
, X = , and B = .
5
1 1
x

3
3
Then the pair of lines is equivalent to the matrix
1 8 y 8
5
5
equation AX = B or
= .
1 1 x 5
3
3
16. Both F and A are 2 3, so F + A is 2 3.

Because B is 3 1, (F + A)B is 2 1; 2 1 = 2
entries.
17. An identity matrix is a square matrix (in this
case 4 4) with 1's on the main diagonal and all
other entries 0's.
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
I4 =
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Problems 6.3
1
0
0
18. I 6 =
0
0
1. c11 = 1(0) + 3(2) + (2)(3) = 12

2. c23 = 2(3) + 1(2) + (1)(1) = 7
3. c32 = 0(2) + 4(4) + 3(1) = 19
4. c33 = 0(3) + 4(2) + 3(1) = 11
185
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
2 4 4 0 2(4) + (4)(1) 2(0) + (4)(3) 12 12

19.
=
=
3(0) + 2(3) 10
6
3 2 1 3 3(4) + 2(1)
1 1
1(1) + 1(3) 1(2) + 1(4) 2 6
1 2
20. 0 4
= 0(1) + 4(3) 0(2) + 4(4) = 12 16
3 4
2(1) + 1(3) 2(2) + 1(4) 5 0

2 1
1
2 0 3 2(1) + 0(4) + 3(7) 23
21.
4 =
=
1 4 5 7 1(1) + 4(4) + 5(7) 50

0
1
22. [1 0 6 2] = [1(0) + 0(1) + 6(2) + 2(3)] = [18]
2

3
1 4 1 2 1
23. 0 0 2 0 1
2 1 1 1 1
1(2) + 4(0) + (1)1
= 0(2) + 0(0) + 2(1)
2(2) + 1(0) + 1(1)
0
1
2
1(1) + 4(1) + (1)(1) 1(0) + 4(1) + (1)(2) 1 4 2
0(1) + 0(1) + 2(1)
0(0) + 0(1) + 2(2) = 2 2 4
2(1) + 1(1) + 1(1)
2(0) + 1(1) + 1(2) 3 2 3
4 2 2 3 1 1
24. 3 10 0 0 0 0
1 0 2 0 1 0
4(3) + 2(0) + (2)(0)
= 3(3) + 10(0) + 0(0)

1(3) + 0(0) + 2(0)
12 2 4 2
= 9 3 3 0
3 3 1 2
0
0
1
4(1) + 2(0) + (2)(1) 4(1) + 2(0) + (2)(0) 4(0) + 2(0) + (2)(1)

3(1) + 10(0) + 0(1)
3(1) + 10(0) + 0(0)
3(0) + 10(0) + 0(1)
1(1) + 0(0) + 2(0)
1(0) + 0(0) + 2(1)
1(1) + 0(0) + 2(1)
1 5 2 1
1
25. [1 2 5] 0 0 2
1 3
1 0
= [1 + 0 5 5 + 0 + 0 2 4 + 5 1 2 15]
= [4 5 1 18]
26. The first matrix is 1 2 and the second is 3 2, so the product is not defined.
186
Section 6.3
6 4
6
2
2(2) 2(3) 2(2) 2(3) 4
3
3(2)
6
9
6
9
3(3)
3(
2)
3(3)
=
27. [ 2 3 2 3] =
4
4(2) 4(3) 4(2) 4(3) 8 12 8 12

3 2
3
1(3)
1(2)
1(3) 2
1
1(2)
0 1 1 0
28.

2 3 1 1
0(1) + 1(1)
=
2(1) + 3(1)
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
+
=
0 0 0 1 2 3 1 1 1
0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 1 1 1
=
2(1) + 3(1) 2(1) + 3(1) 5 5 5
1
1 0 2
2 0 2
29. 3
+ 2 1 1 2 3
3 1 1
1
2 0 2 2 0 4
= 3
+

3
3 1 1 2 2 4 5
1
2
4 0 6
= 12 0
= 3
3
4

5 1 3 5 6 15 3
2
4
6
2
4
6
1 2
18
3 4
9
5 6
12(1) + 0(3) + 18(5) 12(2) + 0(4) + 18(6) 78 84
=
=
15(1) + 3(3) + (9)(5) 15(2) + 3(4) + (9)(6) 21 12
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
30.
0 3 2 1 2 1 1
1(1) + (1)(2) 1(0) + (1)(1) 1(1) + (1)(2) 1(0) + (1)(1) 1(0) + (1)(1)
=
0(0) + 3(1)
0(1) + 3(2)
0(0) + 3(1)
0(0) + 3(1)
0(1) + 3(2)
= 3 1 3 1 1
6 3 6 3 3
1 2
1
1 2 2 0
1 2 2 + 0 + 3 4 + 0 + 0
1 =
31.
1 0 2 2

3
4

3 0 3 4 1 + 0 6 2 + 0 + 0
1 2 5 4 5 10 4 4 5 8
=
=
=
3 4 5 2 15 20 12 8 5 20
1 0 2 4 3 6
2 4
1 2
32. 3
4
4 I
=
0 1 6 1 3 12
6 1
1 4
2 4 3 6 8 16 11 10
3 6
=
4
=
8
3 12
6 1 3 12 24 4 27
187
0 0 1 x 0 x + 0 y + 1 z z
33. 0 1 0 y = 0 x + 1 y + 0 z = y
1 0 0 z 1 x + 0 y + 0 z x
a x a x + a x
a
34. 11 12 1 = 11 1 12 2
a21 a22 x2 a21 x1 + a22 x2
x1
2 1 3 2 x1 + x2 + 3x3
35.
x2 =
4 9 7 x 4 x1 + 9 x2 + 7 x3
3
2 3
2 x1 3 x2
x1
1 = x2
36. 0
x2
2
2 x1 + x2
1
1 0 0
3 0 0
1
1
1
37. D EI = D E = 0 1 1 0 6 0
3
3
3
0 0 3
1 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 1 0 2 0
1 2 1 0 0 1
0 0 0
= 0 1 1
1 2 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 1 0 0
38. DD = 0 1 1 0 1 1 = 0 + 0 + 1 0 + 1 + 2 0 + 1 + 1 = 1 3 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 + 0 + 1 0 + 2 + 2 0 + 2 + 1 2 4 3
1 1
3 0
1 2
2
39. 3A 2BC = 3
2 1 4 1 0 3
0
3
2 4
3 6
2 + 0 + 0 2 + 9 + 0
=
2
0 9
1 + 0 + 2 1 12 + 4
3 6 4 14 1 20
=
=
23
0 9 2 14 2
4 0 0
3 0
2
8 + 0 + 0 0 + 21 + 0 0 + 3 + 0
0 7 1 =
40. B(D + E) =
1 4 1 1 2 4 4 + 0 + 1 0 28 + 2 0 4 + 4
21 3
8
=
5
26
0
188
Section 6.3
1 0 0
3
3 0 0
2
2
41. 3I FE = 3I 0 16 0 0 6 0
3
3
0 0 1 0 0 3
3
1
3+ 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0
3
2
1 6 + 0
0+0+0
0
0
0
= 3I
+
+
6
3
0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 1 3
3
2 0 0 7
1 0 0 3 0 0 3
3
2
= 3I 0 1 0 = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0

3
0 0 1 0 0 3
0 0 23 0

1
3
42. FE(D I ) = 0
0
1
= 0
0
= 0
0
0 0 3
1 0 0
0 13 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0
0 1
2 0
0
7
3
7
3
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
6 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 3 1 2 1 0 0 1
0 0
0 1
2 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 + 0 + 0
43. (DC) A = 0 1 1 0 3 A = 0 + 0 + 2
1 2 1 2 4
1 + 0 + 2
2 + 3 1
1 1
1 + 0
1 2
= 2 7
= 2 + 0 4 + 21 = 2
0
3
1 11
1 + 0 2 + 33 1
1 + 0 + 0
0 + 3 + 4 A
1 + 6 + 4
5
17
31
1 1
3 0
2 + 0 + 0 2 + 9 + 0 1 2 2 7
2
44. A(BC) = A
0 3 = A
3 1 7
1 + 0 + 2 1 12 + 4 0
1 4 1 2 4
2 2 7 + 14 0 21
=
=
0 + 3 0 21 3 21
45. Impossible: A is not a square matrix, so A 2 is not defined.

1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
46. A A = 1 1
= 1 2 1
0
1
1
0 1 1
0 1
189
0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
3
2
47. B = B B = 2 1 0 B = 2 1 0 2 1 0 B
0 0 2
0 0 2 0 0 2
0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 4
= 2 1 2 2 1 0 = 2 1 2
0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0
8
( )
0 2 0 0 2 0
48. A(B ) C = A 0 1 0 0 1 0 C
1 0 2 1 0 2
0 2 0
= A 0
1 0 C
2 2 4
0 2 0
1 1 0
0
1 0 C
=
0 1 1 2 2 4
T 2
1 0
0 3 0
=
2 1
2 1 4 0 1
6 3
=
4 5
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0
0 1 0 2 1
49. ( AIC)T =
0 1 1

0 0 1 0 1
1
=
0
1
=
2
1
=
1
50. A
( 2C )
T
1 0
1 0
2 1
1 1

0 1
T
1
0
2
0
1 0
2 4 0
2 4 0
= 1 1
= 2 6 2
0 2 2
0 1
0 2 2
T
51.
( BA )
T
0 0 1 1 0
0 1
0 3 0
= 2 1 0 1 1 = 3 1 =
1 1 2
0 0 2 0 1
0
2
190
Section 6.3
0 0 1
0 0 2
0 4 0
T
(2
)
2
2
1
0
4
2
0
52.
B =
=
= 0 2 0
0 0 2
0 0 4
2 0 4
2 0 0 2
2
2
2
53. (2I ) 2I = (2I ) 2I = 0 2 0 0
0 0 2 0
2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4
= 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 = 0
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0
0 0
2 0
0 2
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
4 0 0 2 0 = 0 2 0
0 4 0 0 2 0 0 2
1 0 0
54. A T is 3 2, CT is 2 3, and B is 3 3, so A T CT B is 3 3 and ( A T CT B)0 = I = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
1 1 0
55. A(I O) = A(I) = AI. Since I is 3 3 and A has three columns, AI = A. Thus A(I O) = A =
.
0 1 1
0 0 0
56. I O = IO = O = 0 0 0
0 0 0
T
0 0 1
1 1 0
2 1 1
T
2 1 0 ( AB)T =
57. ( AB)( AB) =
( AB)
0
1
1
2
1
2
0 0 2
2 2
2 1 1
6 7
=
1 1 =
9
2 1 2 1 2 7
58. B 2 3B + 2I
0 0 1 0 0 1
0
= 2 1 0 2 1 0 3 2
0 0 2 0 0 2
0
0 0 2 0 0 3 2
= 2 1 2 6 3 0 + 0
0 0 4 0 0 6 0
0 1
1 0 0
1 0 + 2 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 2
0 0
2 0
0 2
1
1 2 0 0 2 0
0 0
= 8 4 2 + 0 2 0 = 8 6 2
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0
59. AX = B
1
3
A=
2
9
191
x
X=
y
6
B=
5
1 x 6
3
The system is represented by
= .
2 9 y 5
60. AX = B
3 1 1
A = 1 1 1
5 1 2
x
X = y
z
2
B = 4
12
3 1 1 x 2
The system is represented by 1 1 1 y = 4 .

5 1 2 z 12
61. AX = B
2 1 3
A = 5 1 2
3 2 2
r
X = s
t
9
B = 5
11
2 1 3 r 9
The system is represented by 5 1 2 s = 5 .
3 2 2 t 11
62. the/falcon/has/landed converted to corresponding numbers and slashes is 20, 8, 5/ 6, 1, 12, 3, 15, 14/ 8, 1, 19/
12, 1, 14, 4, 5, 4. Taking the numbers two at a time as 2 1 matrices and multiplying them by E gives:
1 3 20 1 20 + 3 8 20 + 24 44
2 4 8 = 2 20 + 4 8 = 40 + 32 = 72

1 3 5 1 5 + 3 6 5 + 18 23
2 4 6 = 2 5 + 4 6 = 10 + 24 = 34
192
1
2
1
2
3 1 1 1 + 3 12 1 + 36 37
=
=
=
4 12 2 1 + 4 12 2 + 48 50
1
2
1
2
3 14 1 14 + 3 8 14 + 24 38
=
=
=
4 8 2 14 + 4 8 28 + 32 60
1
2
1
2
3 12 1 12 + 3 1 12 + 3 15
=
=
=
4 1 2 12 + 4 1 24 + 4 28
Section 6.3
3 3 1 3 + 3 15 3 + 45 48
=
=
=
4 15 2 3 + 4 15 6 + 60 66
3 1 1 1 + 3 19 1 + 57 58
=
=
=
4 19 2 1 + 4 19 2 + 76 78
3 14 1 14 + 3 4 14 + 12 26
=
=
=
4 4 2 14 + 4 4 28 + 16 44
1 3 5 1 5 + 3 4 5 + 12 17
2 4 4 = 2 5 + 4 4 = 10 + 16 = 26

The encoded message is
44, 72, 23/ 34, 37, 50, 48, 66, 38/ 60, 58, 78/ 15, 28, 26, 44, 17, 26.
55
63. [ 6 10 7 ] 150 = [6 55 + 10 150 + 7 35]
35
= [330 + 1500 + 245]
= [2075]
The value of the inventory is $2075.
100
150
= [240, 000]
64. [ 200 300 500 250]
200
300
The total cost of the stocks is $240,000.
65. Q = [5
5
R = 7
6
2 4]
20 16 7 17
18 12 9 21
25 8 5 13
2500
1200
C = 800
150
1500
193
5 2500 + 20 1200 + 16 800 + 7 150 + 17 1500

QRC = Q(RC) = Q 7 2500 + 18 1200 + 12 800 + 9 150 + 21 1500
6 2500 + 25 1200 + 8 800 + 5 150 + 13 1500
75,850
= [5 2 4] 81,550
71, 650
= [5(75,850) + 2(81,550) + 4(71, 650)]
= [828,950]
The total cost of raw materials is $828,950.
66. a.
b.
3500 50
5 20 16 7 17 1500 50
RC = 7 18 12 9 21 1000 100
6 25 8 5 13 250 10
3500
0
17,500 + 30, 000 + 16, 000 + 1750 + 59,500 250 + 1000 + 1600 + 70 + 0
= 24,500 + 27, 000 + 12, 000 + 2250 + 73,500 350 + 900 + 1200 + 90 + 0
21, 000 + 37,500 + 8000 + 1250 + 45,500
300 + 1250 + 800 + 50 + 0
124, 750 2920
= 139, 250 2540
113, 250 2400
124, 750 2920
QRC = Q(RC) = [5 7 12] 139, 250 2540
113, 250 2400
= [ 623, 750 + 974, 750 + 1,359, 000 14, 600 + 17, 780 + 28,800]
= [ 2,957,500 61,180]
c.
67. a.
1
QRCZ = (QRC)Z = [ 2,957,500 61,180]
1
= [2,957,500 + 61,180] = [3,018,680]
Amount spent on goods:

10, 000
coal industry: DC P = [ 0 1 4] 20, 000 = [180, 000]
40, 000
10, 000
elec. industry: DE P = [ 20 0 8] 20, 000 = [520, 000]
40, 000
10, 000
steel industry: DS P = [30 5 0] 20, 000 = [400, 000]
40, 000
The coal industry spends $180,000, the electric industry spends $520,000, and the steel industry spends
194
Section 6.3
$400,000.
10, 000
consumer 1: D1P = [3 2 5] 20, 000 = [270, 000]
40, 000
10, 000
consumer 2: D2 P = [ 0 17 1] 20, 000 = [380, 000]
40, 000
10, 000
consumer 3: D3 P = [ 4 6 12] 20, 000 = [640, 000]
40, 000
Consumer 1 pays $270,000, consumer 2 pays $380,000, and consumer 3 pays $640,000.
b. From Example 3 of Sec. 6.2, the number of units sold of coal, electricity, and steel are 57, 31, and 30,
respectively. Thus the profit for coal is 10,000(57) 180,000 = $390,000, the profit for elec. is
20,000(31) 520,000 = $100,000, and the profit for steel is 40,000(30) 400,000 = $800,000.
c.
From (a), the total amount of money that is paid out by all the industries and consumers is
180,000 + 520,000 + 400,000 + 270,000 + 380,000 + 640,000 = $2,390,000.
d. The proportion of the total amount in (c) paid out by the industries is
180, 000 + 520, 000 + 400, 000 110
.
=
2,390, 000
239
The proportion of the total amount in (c) paid by consumers is
270, 000 + 380, 000 + 640, 000 129
.
=
2,390, 000
239
68. (A + B)(A B) = A(A B) + B(A B) [dist. prop.]
= A 2 AB + BA B 2 [dist prop.]
= A 2 BA + BA B 2 [AB = BA, given]
= A2 B2
1 2 2 3 1(2) + (2)(1) 1(3) + 2

=
69.
3
1 2 1 2 1(2) + 2(1) 1(3) + 2
a 0 0
d 0
70. Let D1 = 0 b 0 and D2 = 0 e

0 0 c
0 0
a.
a
D1D2 = 0
0
d
D2 D1 = 0
0
Both D1D2
0 0 d
b 0 0
0 c 0
0 0 a
e 0 0
0 f 0
and D2 D1
( 32 ) = 0
( 32 ) 0
0
0 .
f
0 ad 0 0
0 = 0 be 0
0 f 0 0 cf
0 0 ad 0 0
b 0 = 0 be 0
0 c 0 0 cf
are diagonal matrices.
0
e
195
0
0
b. From part (a), D1D2 = D2 D1 . Thus D1 and
1 0 0 5
9 R +R
13
3
1
> 0 1 0 2
6 R +R
13
3
2
0 0 1 1
Thus there should be 5 blocks of A, 2 blocks of
B, and 1 block of C suggested.
D2 commute. [In fact, all n n diagonal

matrices commute.]
9.8
72.82
71.
51.32 36.32
2. Let x be the number of tablets of X, y be the

number of tablets of Y, and z be the number of
tablets of Z. The system is
40x + 10y + 10z = 180
20x + 10y + 50z = 200
10x + 30y + 20z = 190
Reduce the augmented coefficient matrix of the
system.
40 10 10 180
20 10 50 200
10 30 20 190
23.994 20.832 12.648

72.
7.44 168.64
26.164
64.08
15.606
73.
739.428 373.056
54.06
11.952
74.
86.496 278.648
10 30 20 190
R1 R3
> 20 10 50 200
40 10 10 180
1 3 2 19
1 R
10 1
> 2 1 5 20
1 R
10 2
4 1 1 18
1 R
3
10
1. The corresponding system is

6 A + B + 3C = 35
3 A + 2 B + 3C = 22
A + 5 B + 3C = 18
system.
6 1 3 35
3 2 3 22
1 5 3 18
3 2 19
1
2R1 + R 2
> 0 5
1 18
4R1 + R3
0 11 7 58
3
2 19
1
15 R 2
18
1
1 5
> 0
5
0
11
7
58
13
41
1 0
5
5
3R 2 + R1
18
1
> 0 1 5
5
11R 2 + R3
0 0 46 92
5
5
13
41
1 0
5
5
5 R
46
3
> 0 1 15 18
5
0 0
1 2
1 5 3 18
R1 R3
> 3 2 3 22
6 1 3 35
5
3 18
1
3R1 + R 2
> 0 13 6 32
6R1 + R3
0 29 15 73
5
3 18
1
1 R
13
2
6
32
> 0
1
13
13
0 29 15 73
9
74
1 0
13
13
5R 2 + R1
6
32
> 0 1 13
13
29R 2 + R 3
0 0 21 21
13
13
1 0 9 74
13 13
13
21 R3
6
32
> 0 1 13
13
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 3
13
R + R1
5 3
> 0 1 0 4
1R +R
2
5 3
0 0 1 2
She should take 3 tablets of X, 4 tablets of Y,
and 2 tablets of Z.
196
Section 6.4
3. Let a, b, c, and d be the number of bags of foods

A, B, C, and D, respectively. The corresponding
system is
5a + 5b + 10c + 5d = 10, 000
10a + 5b + 30c + 10d = 20, 000

5a + 15b + 10c + 25d = 20, 000
Problems 6.4
1. The first nonzero entry in row 2 is not to the
right of the first nonzero entry in row 1, hence
not reduced.
2. Reduced.

system.
5 5 10 5 10, 000
10 5 30 10 20, 000
5 15 10 25 20, 000
3. Reduced.
4. In row 2, the first nonzero entry is in column 2,
but not all other entries in column 2 are zeros,
hence not reduced.
2000
1 1 2 1
> 10 5 30 10 20, 000

5 15 10 25 20, 000
1R
5 1
5. The first row consists entirely of zeros and is not

below each row containing a nonzero entry,
hence not reduced.
1
2000
1 1 2
10R1 + R 2
> 0 5 10 0
0
5R1 + R 3
0 10 0 20 10, 000
6. The first nonzero entry of row 2 is to the left of

the first nonzero entry of row 1, hence not
reduced.
1 1
> 0 1
0 10
1
R 2 + R1
> 0
10R 2 + R 3
0
3
1 3 4R1 + R 2 1
>
7.
4
0
0
12
15 R 2
2
1
2000
2 0
0
0 20 10, 000
1 R
12
2
1
>
0
3R 2 + R1
>
0 4
1
2000
1 2 0
0
0 20 20 10, 000
0 0 4 0 2000
R3
> 0 1 2 0
0
1 1 500
0 0
0
1 0 0 3
4R 3 + R1
> 0 1 0 2 1000
2R 3 + R 2
0 0 1 1 500
1
20
3
1
1 0
0 1
0 3 0 2 R1 R 2 1 5 0 2
8.

1 5 0 2
0 3 0 2
1
R2 1 5 0
2
3
0 1 0 2
3
16
5R 2 + R1 1 0 0
3
0 1 0 23
This reduced matrix corresponds to the system

a 3d = 0
b + 2d = 1000
c + d = 500
2 4 6
1 2 3
R1 R3
9. 1 2 3
> 1 2 3
1 2 3
2 4 6
1 2 3
R1 + R 2
> 0 0 0
2R1 + R 3
0 0 0
Letting d = r, we get the general solution of the

system:
a = 3r
b = 2r + 1000
c = r + 500
d=r
Note that a, b, c, and d cannot be negative, given
the context, hence 0 r 500. One specific
solution is when r = 250, then a = 750, b = 500,
c = 250, and d = 250.
197
3
2
1 6
R1 R 2>
10.
4 8
1 7
2
1
11.
1
1 6 2R1 + R 2
3 4R1 + R 3
2
>
4 8 R1 + R 4
1 7
2
3
1
1
2
1
4
1 4 2 2
1
2R1 + R 2 0 8 1 3 8 R 2
>
>
0 7 3 6
R1 + R3
0 2 1 0
0
0
0
4
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
2 R1 R 2
>
4
1
4R 2 + R1
7 R 2 + R3 0
>
2 R 2 + R 4 0
1
8 R3 + R 2 0
>
34 R3 + R 4 0
23 R3 + R1
0
17
R
33 4
>
0
0
0 0
2 0
12.
0 1
0 4
0
1
0
0
3
2
1
8
17
8
3
4
1
2
3 8
8 17
27
8
34
4
0
3
2
R3 0
>
0
32 32
0 0 17
R + R1
17 4
3
3
R + R2
1 0
17 17 4
27 27 R 4 + R 3
0 1
17 17
0 0
1
3
2
2 0
0 0
0 1
0 4
1 6 6R 2 + R1
1 32R 2 + R 3
0
>
0 32 13R 2 + R 4
0 13
0
0
4 2 2
1 18 83
7 3 6
2 1 0
0
1
3
2
1
8
3
4
1
2
3
8
27
17
34
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1 0 3
3
2
2 12 R1 0 0 2 R 2 R3
>
>
0
0 1 0
1
0 4 1
1 0 4R 2 + R 4 0
>
0 2
0
0
4 1
6
1 R
15 15
2
>
32
13
32
0 0 17
3
1 0
17
27
0 1
17
33
0 0 17
2
3 R1 R 2
>
0
R 2 0
>
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
2
1 0
0 2
0 1
1R
2 3> 0
0
0
198
3
2
1 0 3
2
0 1 0
0 0 2
0 4 1
1
+ R1 0
1 0
>
0
0 1 R 3 + R 4
0 1
0
0
3R
2 3
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
Section 6.4
2 7 50 1 3 10
13.
1 3 10 2 7 50
10
1 3
3 10
1
30
0 13 30
0 1 13
1 0 220
13
30
0 1 13
220
30
Thus x =
and y = .
13
13
1 3 11 1 0 52
1 3 11 1 3 11
14.
53
53
0
1 15
9 0 15 53
4 3
0 1 15
2
53
Thus x = , y =
.
5
15
4
1 1 4 1 1
1 1
4
3 1 4 3 1
3
3
3 3
3
15.
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 14
12 4 2 0 0 14
The last row indicates 0 = 1, which is never true, so there is no solution.
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
16.
2 4 6 1 0 0 0 1
The last row indicates that 0 = 1, which is never true. There is no solution.
1 2 1
1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
17.
1
0 1 6
3 0 2 5 0 6 1 7
1 0
4
7
0 1
2
3
1
6
5
3
7
6
x + 2 z = 5
3
3
which gives
.
1z= 7
+
y
6
6
2
5
1
7
Thus, x = r + , y = r + , z = r, where r is any real number.
3
3
6
6
1 0 13
2
1
1 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 3
2
18.
3
9
0
1
0 1 3
1 1 5 10 0 2 3 9
2
2
2
Thus x =
29
2
92
13
29
3
9
r + , y = r , z = r, where r is any real number.
2
2
2
2
9
1 0
1 3 0
8
1 3 0 1 3 0
3
3
19. 2 2 3 0 8 3 0
1 8 0 1
8
0 0 17
5 1 1 0 14 1
0 14 1
From the third row, 0 =
17
, which is never true, so there is no solution.
4
199
4
9
1 4 9 1
20. 3 1 6 0 13 21
1 1 2 0 5 7
1 0 33
1 4 9
13
21 0 1 21
0
1 13
13
14
0 5 7
0 0 13
1 0 33
13
1 0 0
21
0 1 13 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
The last row indicates that 0 = 1, which is never true. There is no solution.
1 1 3 5 1 1
21. 2 1 4 8 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 2
1 0 1 3 1 0
0 1 2 2 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
Thus, x = 3, y = 2, z = 0.
3 5 1 0 1 3
2 2 0 1 2 2
2 4 0 0 2 0
0 3
0 2
1 0
7 1
1 1 1 7 1 1 1
22. 2 3 2 4 0 5 0 10 0
1 1 5 23 0 2 4 16 0
1 0 1 5 1 0 1 5 1
0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0
0 0 4 20 0 0 1 5 0
Thus x = 0, y = 2, z = 5.
1 1 7
1 0 2
2 4 16
0 0 0
1 0 2
0 1 5
2 0 4 8 1 0 2 4 1 0
1 2 2 14 1 2 2 14 0 2
23.
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 0
1

1 1 0 3
1 1 0 0
1
3
4 1 0 2
4
1
1 0 2
0
0
1 0 5 0 1 0 5
0 2 0 10 0 0 0
0
0
1 7 12 0 0 7 7
0
0
Thus x = 2, y = 5, z = 1.
2
4
0 10
0 5
7 12
0 2 4 1
1 0 5 0
0
1 1 0

0 0 0 0
1 0 3 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 3 1 1
3 2 11 1 0 2 2 4 0
1 1 2 0
24.
1 1 4
1 0
1 1 2 0
1 1 2 0

2 3 3 8 0 3 3 6 0 3 3 6 0
Thus x = 3r 1, y = r + 2, z = r, where r is any real number.
200
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 2
0 5
1 1
0 0
3 1
1 2
0 0
0 0
Section 6.4
1 1
1 1
25.
1 1
1 1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
Thus, x1 = r , x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 = 0, and x5 = r , where r is any number.
1 1
1 1
26.
1 1
1 1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
1
1
1
1
1
0 1
0 0
0 0

0 0
0
1
0
0 0
0
0 0
1 0
0
1 1 0 1
2 2 0 0
2 0 0 0

2 2 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1 1
1 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
0 0
0 0

0 0
1
1
0
0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
Thus x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 = 0.
27. Let x = federal tax and y = state tax. Then x = 0.25(312,000 y) and y = 0.10(312,000 x). Equivalently,
x + 0.25 y = 78, 000
0.10 x + y = 31, 200.

0.25 78, 000 1 0.25 78, 000
1
1 0.25 78, 000 1 0 72, 000
0.10
1
31, 200 0 0.975 23, 400
1
24, 000 0 1 24, 000
0
Thus x = 72,000 and y = 24,000, so the federal tax is $72,000 and the state tax is $24,000.
28. x = no. of units of A to be sold and y = no. of units of B to be sold. Then x = 1.25y and 8x + 11y = 42,000.
Equivalently,
x 1.25 y = 0,
8 x + 11y = 42, 000.

0 1 1.25
0
0 1 0 2500
1 1.25
1 1.25
.
11
42, 000 0
21
42, 000
1
2000 0 1 2000
0
Thus x = 2500 and y = 2000, so 2500 units of A and 2000 units of B must be sold.
29. Let x = number of units of A produced, y = number of units of B produced, and z = number of units of C
produced. Then
no. of units: x + y + z = 11,000
total cost: 4x + 5y + 7z + 17,000 = 80,000
201
total profit: x + 2y + 3z = 25,000

Equivalently,
x + y + z = 11, 000
4 x + 5 y + 7 z = 63, 000
x + 2 y + 3z = 25, 000
1 1 1 11, 000 1 1 1 11, 000

4 5 7 63, 000 0 1 3 19, 000
1 2 3 25, 000 0 1 2 14, 000

1 0 0 2000
1 0 2 8, 000 1 0 2 8, 000
0 1 3 19, 000 0 1 3 19, 000 0 1 0 4000

0 0 1 5000
0 0 1 5, 000 0 0
1 5, 000
Thus x = 2000, y = 4000, and z = 5000, so 2000 units of A, 4000 units of B and 5000 units of C should be
produced.
30. Let x = number of desks to be produced at the East Coast plant and y = number of desks to be produced at the
West Coast plant. Then x + y = 800 and 90x +20,000 = 95y + 18,000.
Equivalently,
x + y = 800
90 x 95 y = 2000.
1
800 1
1
800 1 1 800 1 0 400
1
90 95 2000 0 185 74, 000 0 1 400 0 1 400
x = 400 and y = 400

Thus the production order is 400 units at the East Coast plant and 400 units at the West Coast plant.
31. Let x = number of brand X pills, y = number of brand Y pills, and z = number of brand Z pills. Considering the
unit requirements gives the system
2 x + 1y + 1z = 10 (vitamin A)
3x + 3 y + 0 z = 9 (vitamin D)
5 x + 4 y + 1z = 19 (vitamin E)
1
2 1 1 10 1 2
3 3 0 9 3 3
5 4 1 19 5 4
5 1

0 9 0

1 19 0

1
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
32
32
1
1 1
5 1 0 1 7
2
2
0 1 1 4 0 1 1 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x = 7 r
Thus y = r 4 where r = 4, 5, 6, 7.
z = r
The only solutions for the problem are z = 4, x = 3, and y = 0; z = 5, x = 2, and y = 1; z = 6, x = 1, and y = 2; z = 7,
x = 0, and y = 3. Their respective costs (in cents) are 15, 23, 31, and 39.
a.
The possible combinations are 3 of X, 4 of Z; 2 of X, 1 of Y, 5 of Z; 1 of X, 2 of Y, 6 of Z; 3 of Y, 7 of Z.
b. The combination 3 of X, 4 of Z costs 15 cents a day.

202

c.
Section 6.4
The least expensive combination is 3 of X, 4 of Z; the most expensive is 3 of Y, 7 of Z.
32. Let x, y, and z be the numbers of units of A, B, and C, respectively.

3x + 1 y + 2 z = 490 (machine I)
1x + 2 y + 1z = 310 (machine (II)

2 x + 4 y + 1z = 560 (machine III)
3 1 2 490 1 2 1
1 2 1 310 3 1 2

2 4 1 560 2 4 1
1 2 1 310 1
0 5 1 440 0

0 0 1 60 0
1
1
0
0
1
3
5
1
5
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
310
490
560
2 1 310
1 15
88
0 1 60
134 1 0 53 134

88 0 1 15 88

60 0 0 1 60

98
76
60
x = 98, y = 76, z = 60
Thus, 98 units of A, 76 units of B, and 60 units of C should be produced.
33. a.
Let s, d, and g represent the number of units of S, D, and G, respectively. Then

12s + 20d + 32 g = 220 (stock A)
16s + 12d + 28 g = 176 (stock B)

8s + 28d + 36 g = 264 (stock C)
12 20 32 220
16 12 28 176
8 28 36 264
( 14 ) R1>
( 14 ) R2
( 18 ) R3
3 5
4 3
7
1 2
8 55
7 44
9 33
1 7 9 33
2 2
R1 R3
> 4 3 7 44
3 5 8 55
7
9
1
33
2
2
4R1 + R 2
> 0 11 11 88
3R1 + R3
11
11
0 2 2 44
1 R
11
2
7
9
1
33
2
2
> 0
1
1
8
11
11
0 2 2 44
203
1 0 1 5
27 R 2 + R1
> 0 1 1 8
11 R + R
3
2 2
0 0 0 0
Thus s = 5 r, d = 8 r, and g = r, where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
The six possible combinations are given by
COMBINATION
r
b. Computing the cost of each combination, we find that they are 4700, 4600, 4500, 4400, 4300, and 4200
dollars, respectively. Buying 3 units of Deluxe and 5 units of Gold Star (s = 0, d = 3, g = 5) minimizes the
cost.
1. Write the coefficients matrix and reduce.
1 3 4
5 3 4 1
5 5
6 8 7 5 R1> 6 8 7 6R1 + R 2>
3R1 + R 3
3 1 2
3 1 2
3
1
5
0 22
5
0 4
5
4
5
11
5
52
3
4
1
1 0 1
5
5 3
2
5 R 2 + R1
1
1
1
> 0
> 0 1 2
2 4 R + R
2
3
0 4 2 5
0 0 0
5
5
The system has infinitely many solutions since there are two nonzero rows in the reduced coefficient matrix.
1
x+ z =0
2
1
y+ z =0
2
1
1
Let z = r, so x = r and y = r , where r is any real number.
2
2
5 R
22 2
Problems 6.5
1 9 3
1 1 1 9 3
1 1 1 9 3
1 1 1 9 3
2 15 12 0 1 4 33 18 0 1 4 33 18 0 1 4 33 18
0 1 4 23 14
0 0 8 56 32
0 0 1 7 4
2 5 8
1 0 2 1
1 0 0 7 1
1 0 5 2 0 1 0
5 2
0 0 1 7 4
0 1 7 4
Thus w = 1 + 7r, x = 2 5r, y = 4 7r, z = r (where r is any real number).
1 1
1. 2 3
2 1
1
0
0
204
Section 6.5
1 10 15 5
2
1 5 2 15 10
2. 1 5 2 15 10 2
1 10 15 5
9
9
1 1 6 12
1 1 6 12
15 10
1 5 2
1 5 2 15 10
6
15
1 11 15
0 11 6 15 15 0
11
11
0 6 4 3 19
0 6 4 3 19
90 35
90 35
1 0 52
1 0 52
11
11
11
11
11
11
15
6 15
15 0 1 6 15
0 1 11
11
11
11
11
11
57
119
8
57
119
0 0 11
0 0 1
8
8
11
11
51
147
1 0 0
2
2
27
0 1 0 21
4
4
57
119
0 0 1
8
8
57
119
51 147
21
27
, z = r (where r is any real number).
, x= r , y= r+
Thus, w = r
8
8
2
2
4
4
1 1 1 1 2
3 1 3 1 2
3
3
3
2 2 6 6 4
2
2
6
6
4
3.
2 1 3 2 2
2 1 3 2 2
1 3 7 2
3
3
1 3
7
2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2
3
3
3
1 0 0 1 0
3
3
3
0 1 3 4 2
16
8
4
0
4 3 3
0
1 3
4
2
3
1 1 4 2
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 1 4 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
0 0 0 0 0
2 6
8
4
0
2 6
8
4
0
Thus, w = s, x = 3r 4s + 2, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
5 1
5 1
5 1
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1
1 0 1 2 1
0 1 1 3 0
0
1
1
3
0

0
4.
1 3 4 7 1
0 4 4 12 0
0 4 4 12 0
0
1 1 3 0
1 1
3 0
1 1
3 0
0
0
0
0
Thus, w = r 2s + 1, x = r 3s, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
0 1 2 1
1 1 3 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
2
1 1 3 1 2
1 1 3 1
1 1 3 1
1
2 1 5 2 0
0 1 1 0 4
0
0
1 1 0
4
5. 2 1 3 2 8 0 3 3 0 12 0 3 3 0 12 0
3 2 8 3 2
0 1 1 0 4
0 1 1 0 4
0
1 0 2 1 2
0 1 1 0 4
0 1 1 0 4
0
Thus, w = 2r + s 2, x = r + 4, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
205
0 2 1 2
1 1 0 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
4
2
4
1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
2
0
1 2 2 7 0 1 0 2 1
1 0
2
1
6. 1 2 1 4 5 0
1 0
2
1 0
1 0
2
1 0
3 2 3 4 7 0 5 0 10 5
0 5 0 10 5
0
4 3 4 6 9 0 7 0 14 7
0 7 0 14 7
0
Thus, w = r + 3, x = 2s + 1, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
0
1
0
0
0
1 0 3
0 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
4 3 5 10 11 8
0 5 5 10 5 20
7.
1 5
0 3 6
1 5
0 3
6
2
2
1 5
0 3
6
2
2 1 5 0 3 6
0 5 5 10 5 20
0 1 1 2 1 4
2 0 4 2 4 2 1 0 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 4 0 1 1 2 1 4
Thus, x1 = 2r + s 2t + 1, x2 = r 2 s + t + 4, x3 = r , x4 = s, x5 = t (where r, s, and t are any real numbers).

1 0
0
1
8.
2 2
1 2
1 1 0
0 0
1
3 10 15 10 0 2

3 2 2 2 0 2
1
1
4
1
1 0 3
0 1 1 2
0
0
0
0 0 1 4 7 8
0
0 0 0 7 16 19
0
72 33
18 17
Thus x1 = + r , x2 = r ,
7
7
7 7
3
1 2
1 2
0 3 2
0 3 0
1 1 0
0
1 0
0 0
x3 =
12
7
32
7
15
7
16
7
20 15
r,
7 7
1
3
1 0
0 1 1
0
0 0 1
8
3
0 0 2
12
7 1 0 0

38
0 1 0
7
20
0 0 1
7
0 0 0
19
7
19 16
x4 = r , and
7 7
1
0
4 7 8
1 2 3
72
0 33
7
7
17
18
0
7
7
15
20
0
7
7
16
19
1
7
7
1
x5 = r , where r is any real number.
9. The system is homogeneous with fewer equations than unknowns (2 < 3), so there are infinitely many solutions.
10. The system is homogeneous with fewer equations than unknowns (2 < 4), so there are infinitely many solutions.
5
5
3 4
1 5
1
1
1 0
1 0 1 = A
11. 1 5 3 4 0 19 0
4 1
4 1
0 21
0 21
0 0
A has k = 2 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 2. Thus k = n, so the system has the trivial solution only.
3
3
6
1 3
6 1 0 3
3 12 1 2 6 1
2
2
2
0
0 1 2 = A
12. 3 2 5 3 2 5 0 13
1
2
13

1 14 4
1 14 0 5 10
4
0 5 10 0 0 0
A has k = 2 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 3. Thus k < n, so the system has infinitely many solutions.
206
Section 6.5
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 2 0 1 2 = A
13. 1 0 1 0 1 2 0
1 2 5
0 3 6
0 3 6
0 0 0
A has k = 2 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 3. Thus k < n, so the system has infinitely many solutions.
1 2 2
1 2 2
3
3
3 2 2
1 0 0
1 0 0
3
3
14. 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 23 23 0 1 1 0 1 0 = A
5
5
0 4
0 0 1
5
0 4
0 0 1
0 4
A has k = 3 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 3. Thus k = n, so the system has the trivial solution only.
1 1
1 1
1
15.
3 4
0 7
0
The solution is x = 0, y = 0.
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 5
2 5
2 5
2
16.
0 0
8
20
0
5
The solution is x = r , y = r.
2
6
1 0
5
0 1 8
15
6 2 1 6 2
1 6 2 1
17.
8
2 3 4 0 15 8 0 1 15
6
8
The solution is x = r , y = r , z = r.
5
15
7
1 7 1 0
4 7 1 74 1
4
4
18.
0 1 0 1
2 3 2 3 0 12
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 0
1 0 1
19. 3 4 0 7 0
5 8
0 13 0 13
0 0
3 1 0
3
2 3 1 0 5 1
1 1 1
1 0
1 0 1
1 2 0
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0
20. 1 2 1 0
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 5 1
0 0 11 0 0
0 0 1
The solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
0 7 14 0
1
2 0
21.
0 2 4 0 2 4 0

0 5 10 0 5 10 0
The solution is x = r, y = 2r, z = r.
0 1
1 2
0 0
0 0
207
7
7 1
1 1 7
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
0 2 8
0
1
4 0
22.
2 3 6
0 5 20
0 5 20 0

3 1 13
0 2 8
0 2 8 0
The solution is x = 3r, y = 4r, z = r.
1 1
1 1
23.
2
1
1
3
0 3
1 4
0 0
0 0
4
4
4
1 1 1
1 1 1
5
0 0 1
1
0 1 1 4
0 1 1 4
0 0 1
3 4
1
2 9
0 4 1 13
0 4 1 13
1
0
4 1 0 2 0 1
1 1 1
0
1 1
4 0 1 1 4 0
0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0

0 4 1 13 0 0 3 3 0
The solution is w = 2r, x = 3r, y = r, z = r.
0
1
0
4
0
0
1 1
0 3 3
0
0 2
1 1
7 1 1 2
7
1 1 2 7
1 1 2
1
1 2 1 1
0 3 3 6 0
0
1 1
2
24.
1 2 3 9
0
0
1 1
2 0
1 1
2
2 3 1 4
0 5 5 10 0 5 5 10
0
The solution is w = r 5s, x = r 2s, y = r, z = s.

1 3 2 1.5 1 0
1.
2 4 1 0.5 0 1
Yes, they are inverses.
2 1.5 28 13 M
2.
= =
1 0.5 46 5 E
2 1.5 65 5 E
1 0.5 90 = 20 = T

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1.5 61 1 A
=
=
0.5 82 20 T
1.5 59 14 N
=
=
0.5 88 15 O
1.5 57 15 O
=
=
0.5 86 14 N
1.5 60 6 F
=
=
0.5 84 18 R
1.5 21 9 I
=
=
0.5 34 4 D
2 1.5 76 1 A
1 0.5 102 = 25 = Y

The message is MEET AT NOON FRIDAY.
208
2
3
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1 5
1 1 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 1 2 1
3. E I = 2 2 2 0
2 1 3 0
2 2 2
R1 R 2
> 3 1 2
2 1 3
Section 6.6
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
2
2
> 3 2 3 0 1 0
4 3 4 0 0 1
1R
2 1
3R1 + R 2
> 0
4R1 + R3
0
1 1 1 0
0
> 3 1 2 1 0 0
2 1 3 0 0 1
1
2
1R
2 1
1 0
1 1 1 0
2
R 2 R3
> 0 1 1 0 1 1
3
0 2 1 1 2 0
1 0 2 0 1
1
2
R 2 + R1
> 0 1 1 0
1 1
2R 2 + R 3
1 2
0 0 3 1
2
1 0 2
0 12
1
13 R3
> 0 1 1
0
1 1
1
1
2
0 0 1 3 6
3
2
3
E1 = 13
1
3
2
F I = 3
4
16
5
6
16
1
2
3
16
5
6
1
6
1 0
0 0
1 0
2 0 1
1
2
32
4. Let x be the number of shares of A, y be the

number of shares of B, and z be the number of
shares of C. We get the following equations
from the given conditions.
50x + 20y + 80z = 500,000
x = 2z
0.13(50x) + 0.15(20y) + 0.10(80z)
= 0.12(50x + 20y + 80z)
Simplify the first equation.
5x + 2y + 8z = 50,000
Simplify the second equation.
x 2z = 0
Simplify the third equation.
6.5x + 3y + 8z = 6x + 2.4y + 9.6z
0.5x + 0.6y 1.6z = 0
5x + 6y 16z = 0
Thus, we solve the following system of
equations.
x 2z = 0
5x + 6y 16z = 0
5x + 2y + 8z = 50,000
1 0 2
The coefficient matrix is A = 5 6 16 .
5 2
8
1
1 1 1 0
0
2
> 0
1 1 0
1 1
3
0
0 2 1 1 2
2
1 0 0
3
2R 3 + R1
> 0 1 0 13
R3 + R 2
0 0 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 0 0
2
2
2R 2
> 0 1 0 3 2 0
0 1 0 2 0 1
1 0 1 2 1 0
12 R 2 + R1
> 0 1 0 3 2 0
R 2 + R3
0 0 0
1 2 1
F does not reduce to I so F is not invertible.
1 0
1 1 1 0
2
3R1 + R 2
> 0 2 1 1 32 0
2R1 + R3
0 1 1 0 1 1
R 2
1
2
1
2
13
13
2
3
13
13
2
3
2 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
4 0 0 1
1 0 2 1 0 0
A I = 5 6 16 0 1 0
5 2
8 0 0 1
1 0 0
1 0 2
5R1 + R 2
> 0 6 6 5 1 0
5
R1 + R3
0 2 18 5 0 1
209

1 0 2
> 0 1 1
0 2 18
1 0
2 R 2 + R 3
> 0 1
0 0
1 0 2
1 R
20 3
> 0 1 1
0 0
1
1R
6 2
1 0 0
1 0
5 0 1
56
56
20 10
3
1
56
16
1
6
1
60
2 1
1 0 0
3
30
2R3 + R1
3
> 0 1 0 1
20
R3 + R 2
0 0 1 1 1
6
60
2 1
30
3
1
3
A = 1
20
1 1
60
6
0 0
1 0
6
13 1
1
20
1
10
1
20
1
20
1
10
1
20
1
20
1
2 1
30 10 0 5000
x 3

3
1 0 = 2500
y = 1

20 20
z 1
50, 000 2500
1
1
60 20
6
They should buy 5000 shares of Company A, 2500 shares of Company B, and 2500 shares of Company C.
Problems 6.6
6 1 1 0 1 16
1.
7 1 0 1 7 1
1
0 1
6
0 1 0 6
1
6
1
6
7
6
0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1
1
0 6 76 1 0 1 7 6
1 1
The inverse is
.
7 6
1
1
1 2
2 4 1 0 1 2 2 0
2
2.
3 6 0 1 1 2 0 13
0 0 12
The given matrix is not invertible.
2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 12 0
3.
2 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
210
3
1
4
8
4.
0 1
6
Section 6.6
1 0 1 3 4 0
1 0 4 9
2
0 1 0 1 0 6
0 1 0 6
4 9
The inverse is
.
0 6
0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
5. 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 13
0 0 4 0 0 1
0
0 0 1 0
1
0
The inverse is 0 3
0
0
1
4
0 .
1
4
2 0 8 1 0 0 1 0 4
6. 1 4 0 0 1 0 1 4 0
2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
1 0 4 1 0 0
1 0 4 1
2
2
0 4 4 2 1 0 0 1 1 18
0 1 8 1 0 1
0 1 8 1
0 9
0 0
1 0
0
0 0 1 0 4

1 0 0 1 1
4

1
4 1 0 0 1
1
2
1
8
9
8
0 19
2
0
9
1 18
1
36
0 1
9
The inverse is 0
9
1
1
8 36
1
2
1
8
1
8
0 0
1 0
4
0 1
0
1
4
1
36
19
4
9
1
9
19
4
9
1
9
1
9
211
1 2 3 1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0 0
7. 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 14 0
0 0 5 0 0 1
0 0 5 0 0 1
1 2 0 1 3 0
4
0 0 1 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 5 1
4

1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0
8. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 14
0 1
0
1
2
9. The matrix is not square, so it is not invertible.

0 0 0 0 0 0
10. For any 3 3 matrix B, B 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 I.
0 0 0 0 0 0
Thus the matrix is not invertible.
1 2 3 1
11. 0 1 2 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0 1 0 1 1 2 0
0 0 1 2 0
1 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 1
2
1
1 2
0
1
1
1 2
The inverse is 0
1 2 .
1
0 0
1 2 1 1 0 0
1 2 1 1 0 0
1 4 0 1 0
12. 0 1 4 0 1 0 0
1 1 2 0 0 1
0 3 3 1 0 1
2
1 0 0
1 2 0
5
1 0 9 1 2 0 1 0 9
4
0 1 4 0
1 0 0 1 4
0
1 0 0 1 0
15
1
1
1
0 0 15 1 3 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
1 15
5 15
15
2
5
4
The inverse is 15
1
15
15
1
5
1
5
3
5
4 .
15
1
15
212
15
1
5
1
5
3
5
4
15
1
15
Section 6.6
1 0 2
7 0 2 1 0 0
7
0
13. 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
3 0
1 0 0 1
1
3 0
1 0 2
7
0 1
0
1
0 0
7
1
The inverse is 0
3
1
7
0
3
7
0 0 1 0

1 0 0 1

0 1 0 0

0 2
1 0 .
0 7
2 3 1 1 0 0 1 2
14. 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 3 0 0 1 2 3
1 0
1 0 1
1 2
0 1 4 0
1 1 0
0 1 3 1 2 0 0
0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
7
1 0 2
1 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 1
0 0 1 3 0 7
0
0
1
7
1 0
3 0 0
1 1 0
2 1 0
1 4 0
0
1 1
0 1 2
1 0 1
0 0 1
1 0
1 2
1 1 0 1
0 0
1 1
1 0
4 0
3 1 2
0 1 2
0 4
1
1 1
0
1
0
1 1 0 0 7 8 5
3 0 1 0 4 5 3
1 0 0 1 1 1 1
7 8 5
The inverse is 4 5 3 .
1 1 1
2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
15. 4 1 5 0 1 0 4 1
1 1 2 0 0 1 2 1
1 1
1 1 2 0 0
0 3 3 0 1 4 0
0 3 4 1 0 2 0
1
1 0
0 1 0 0
1 2 0 0
2 0 0
5 0
1 1 0
3 4
1
3
1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0
3
3
0 1 1 0 13 43 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
2
1
3
1
3
43
2
5
1 0 0 1 2
13
3
3
10
4
4
3 0 1 0 1
3 .
3
0 0 1 1
2
1 2
5
1 2
3
3
10
4
The inverse is 1
3 .
3
1
1 2
213
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3
1 0 0 1 0 2
1 0
16. 2
4
2
5
0
0
1
4
2
5
3 1 0 0
1 2
1
0 5 6 2 1 0 0
0
6
7
4
0
1
0 6
3
1
2
1 0
1 0
5
0
5
5
6
2
1
0 1 5
0 0 1
5
5
8 6 1
1
0 0
0 0
5
5
5
1 0 0 5 4 3
0 1 0 10 7 6
0 0 1 8 6 5
1
0
0
3
6
5
0 0
1 0
0 1
1 0 0
2 1 0
5 5
7 4 0 1
3
5
65
8 6 5
15
2
5
2
5
1
5
5 4 3
The inverse is 10 7 6 .
8 6 5
1 2 3 1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0 0
17. 1 3 5 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0
1 5 12 0 0 1
0 3 9 1 0 1
1
1 0 0 11 3
1 0 1 3 2 0
3
3
1 0 1 3 2 0
7
2
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 3
3 3
2
1
2 1
1
0 0 1
0 0 3 2 3 1
0 0 1 3 1 3
3
3
1
11 3
3
3
The inverse is 73
3 23 .
1
2 1
3
3
2 1 3 1 0 0 2 1
18. 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2
2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2
3
1 0 0
1 1
1
2
2
2
0
1 0 0 12 0 0
0
0
2 2 1 0 1
1 0 3
2
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
0
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
1 0 0
1 0
2 1 0 1
3
1 0 0
0
0 2 1 1 1
3
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
0 1 0 0 14 12

1
0 0 1 0
0
2

1
1
1
0 0 1
2
2
2

1 1
2
4
1
The inverse is 0
2
1
1
2
2
3
4
12
3
4
0 .
12
214
Section 6.6
x
1 2 2 10
19. X = 1 = A 1B =
= x1 = 10, x2 = 20
8 1 4 20
x2
1 0 1 10 9
x1
1
20. X = = A B = 0 3 0 2 = 6 x1 = 9, x2 = 6, x3 = 16
x2
2 0 4 1 16
1
6 5 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 5
21.
6 5 1 0 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 6
1
1
0
1
x
1
5
2
17

1
y = A B = 1 6 3 = 20 x = 17, y = 20

1 2
2 4 1 0 1 2 12 0
22.
0 5
1 3 0 1 1 3 0 1
3
x
1
10
=
=
A
B
y
1

10
1
2
1
2
1 0 3
0
10
0 1 1
1
10
23
52 5 10
= x = 23 , y = 1
1 2
1
10
10
10
5
1 0
1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
3 1 1 0
3
3
3
3
3
23.
3 1 0 1
0 1
3 1 0 1 0 2 1 1
1
1 0 1
6
6
1
1
0 1 2 2
1
x
1
6
=
=
A
B
y
12
52
1
5
1
6 5
1
2 7
3 2 1 0 1 23
24.
4 3 0 1 4 3
12
2
= x = 2, y = 1
1
0 1 3
0 1 0 13
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
3
4
3
0
3 2
1 0
3 2
1 0

1
4
0
1
0
1
4
3
1
3
3
x
3 2 26 4
1
=
x = 4, y = 7
y = A B = 4
3 37 7

25. The coefficient matrix is not invertible. The method of reduction yields
2 6 2 1 3 1
1 3 1
3 9 3 3 9 3 0 0 0 .
Thus x = 3r + 1, y = r.
2 6 8 1 3 4 1 3 4
.
3 9 7 3 9 7 0 0 5
Second row indicates 0 = 5, which is never true, so there is no solution.
215
1 1 0 0
1 2 1 1 0 0 1 2
27. 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 6 2 3 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1
1
1 0 1 0
0 0
1 2 1 1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1 3 2 6 0 0 1 3 2 6
0 0 1 1 1
0 1
0 3 0 1
2
2
1 0 0 1
6
1
0 1 0
3
1
0 0 1
2
13
0 13
12
1
1
2
1 1
1
2
3 4 0
x
6
y = A 1B = 1
1 2 = 1
0

3
3
z

1 1
1 1 2
2
2
Thus, x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
28. 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1
0 2 2 1 0 1
1
0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
0
1 0 12 12 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 2
0 2 2 1
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 0 0
0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
12
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
12
1
2
1

1
0
2 6 5
x
2
y = A 1B = 1 1
0 1 = 72

2

2
z
1 1 4 5
0
2
2
2
7
5
Thus, x = 5, y = , z = .
2
2
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
29. 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1
0 2 2 1 0 1
1
0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
0
1 0 12 12 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 2
0 2 2 1
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
2
12
216
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
1
2
Section 6.6
1 0 0
0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
12
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
12
1
2
12
1
1

0
2 2 1
x
2
y = A 1B = 1 1
0 1 = 12

2
2

z
1 1 0 1
0
2
2
2
1
1
Thus, x = 1, y = , z = .
2
2
2 0 8 1 0 0 1 4 0
30. 1 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 8
2 1 0 0 0 1 2
1 0
1 4
1 4 0 0 1 0
0 8 8 1 2 0 0
1
0 9 0 0 2 1
0 9
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 18 14 0
0 0 2 1
1
1 0 4
0 0 1 0 4
2

1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1
8
4

0 0 9 9 1 1 0 0 1

8
4
4
0 1
9
9 8 0
x
y A 1B = 0
2
1 36 = 9

9
9

z

1
1
1
9 9 1
8 36
Thus, x = 0, y = 9, z = 1.
1
2
1
8
1
8
0
1
4
1
36
1 0 0
0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
19
0 19
2
0
9
1
8
1
36
7 1 3 3 7
1 3 3 7
1 3 3
1 0 0 1
2 1 1 4 0 5 5 10 0
0 1 1 2 .
1
1
2
1 1 1 4
0 2 2 3 0 2 2 3
0 0 0 1
The third row indicates that 0 = 1, which is never true, so there is no solution.
7 1 3 3 7
1 3 3 7
1 3 3
1 0 0 1
2 1 1 4 0 5 5 10 0
0 1 1 2 .
1
1
2
1 1 1 3
0 2 2 4 0 2 2 4
0 0 0 0
Thus, x = 1, y = r + 2, z = r.
217
4
9
1
9
19
1 0
1 1
33.
2 1
1 2
1
0
2 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 2
0 1 2
0 2 0 1 0 0
0 1 4
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
0 2 1
1 0
0 2 1 1 0 0 0
0 1
1 2 1 1 1 0 0
0 0
0 6 0 3 1 1 0
0 5 2 3 2 0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
0 0
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
14
1
w
4
x
1
= A 1B = 4
y
1

2
z
1
4
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 2 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
2 1 1
0
0 0
2 1 1 1
0 0
1 0 12 16 16 0
5 2 3
2
0 1
1
3
23
16
7
6
1
3
1
3
1
6
56
1 0
0
0 1
0

0 0
0
0 0
1
14
3
4
1
12
16
5
12
12
1
2
0
1
2
1
12
16
7
12
14
1
12
16
7
12
3
4
1
12
16
5
12
0 1
12
4 1
1
2 12 3
=
0 12 2

1 12 7
2
Thus, w = 1, x = 3, y = 2, z = 7.
218
1
2
1
4
1
3
23
16
7
12
1
3
1
3
1
6
5
12
1
2
1 1 1
0 1 1
34.
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
0
1
0
1 0 0 0
1 1 1
0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1
0 2 0
0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 1
0 2 0
0
1 1
1 1
1 0
0 1 1
1
2
1
2
1 0
1 1
1 1 12
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
1
2
1 0
1 1 0
Section 6.6
1
0
1
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0

1
0
0 1
0 0 0
12 0 0
1 1
0
2 2
1
1 12
1
0
0
2
0
1 12
1
1
0
2
2
0
1 1 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0
2 1 0 0 1
1 1 0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1 1
0 1
0 0
1 1 12 1 12 0
1 2 12 1
0 12
1 0
1 0
0
0
1
1
1 0
0 1 2 2
1 0 12 1 1 12
1
1
0 1
0 0
2
2
0 0
0 1 32 12
1 0
1
0 0
0
2
2
1 0 12 1 1 12
1
1
0 1
0 0
2
2
1 0
0 1 3 1
2
2 1 2
w
1
x
1 0
0 0 1
2
= A 1B = 2
=
y
1 1 1 1 1 2
2

2
z
1
1 1 1
0 0
2
2
Thus, w = 2, x = 1, y = 2, z = 1.
1 0 5 2 4 2
35. I A =
0 1 1 2 1 1
4 2 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 4 2 1 0 4 2 1 0 0 6 1 4
1 1 0 1 1 0 16 13
1
2
1 2
0 1 6 3 0 1
6
3
1
Thus, (I A)1 = 16
6
13
.
23
219
1 0
1
2
1
2
1 0
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
2
1 0 3 2 4 2
36. I A =
0 1 4 3 4 2
4 2 1 0 1 12 14 0
4 2 0 1
4 2 0 1
1 1
2
0 4
1
1 1
0
2
4
1
0
1
1 1
4
1
4
1
8
Thus (I A) 1 =
1
4
1
1 0
0
8

1
1
0 1
4
4
18
14
18
14
37. Let x = number of model A and y = number of model B.

a.
The system is
x + y = 100 (painting)
1
2 x + y = 80 (polishing)
1 1
Let A = 1 .
2 1
1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1
1 1 1 0
1 0 2 2
1
1
0 1 1 2
0 1 1 2
2 1 0 1
0 2 2 1
x
1 100 2 2 100 40
y = A 80 = 1 2 80 = 60

Thus 40 of model A and 60 of model B can be produced.
b. The system is
(widgets)
10 x + 7 y = 800
x
y
(shims)
14
+
10
=
1130
10 7
Let A =
.
14 10
7
10 7 1 0 1 10
14 10 0 1
14 10
7
10
1
5
1
10
75
0
1
0
1
0 1
1
10
1 0
0
5 72

0 1 7
5
1 7 5
7
10
1
10
5 7 800 45
x
1 800
2
A
=
=

=
5 1130 50
y
1130 7
Thus 45 of model A and 50 of model B can be produced.
1
a
38. 0
0
1
b
0 a 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 b 0 = 0 1 0 = I
1 0 0 c 0 0 1
c
220
39. a.
(B
1 1
) (AB) = B ( A A ) B = B
1
Section 6.6
IB = B 1B = I
Since an invertible matrix has exactly one inverse, B 1A 1 is the inverse of AB.
b. From Part (a),
1 1 1 2 4 6
( AB)1 = B 1A 1 =
1 2 3 4 7 10
1 1
1 1
2
T 1
.
40. Left side: A T =
A
We
find
that
(
)
.
=
0 1
0 2
2
1 2
1 0
.
Right side: A 1 = 1 1 , so ( A 1 )T =
1
0
2 2
2
Thus ( A T )1 = ( A 1 )T .
3
5
41. P T P =
4
5
42. a.
43
55
3 4
5 5
54 1 0
=
= I, so P T = P 1 . Yes, P is orthogonal.
3 0 1
14 2 9
= 6
1 4
1 0
1
14 2 9
R1A = [33 87 70] 6
1 4 = [10 21 19]
1 0
1
14 2 9
R 2 A 1 = [57 133 20] 6
1 4 = [ 20 19 1]
1 0
1
14 2 9
1
R 3 A = [38 90 33] 6
1 4 = [ 25 14 15]
1 0
1
1
b. Just say no.

43. Let x be the number of shares of D, y be the number of shares of E, and z be the number of shares of F. We get the
following equations.
60x + 80y + 30z = 500,000
0.16(60x) + 0.12(80y) + 0.09(30z) = 0.1368(60x + 80y + 30z)
z = 4y
6x + 8y + 3z = 50,000
9.6x + 9.6y + 2.7z = 8.208x + 10.944y + 4.104z
1.392x 1.344y 1.404z = 0
1392x 1344y 1404z = 0
116x 112y 117z = 0
221

4y z = 0
Thus we solve the following system of equations.
6x + 8y + 3z = 50,000
116x 112y 117z = 0
4y z = 0
8
3
6

0
4
1
6
8
3 1 0 0
A I = 116 112 117 0 1 0

0
1 0 0 1
4
4
1 1 0 0
1
3
2 6
> 116 112 117 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
4
0
1R
6 1
4
1
1 0 0
1
3
2
6
116R1 + R 2
800
58
> 0 3 175 3 1 0
0
4
1
0 0 1
1
3 R
800
2
> 0
14 R3
0
R 2 + R3
> 0
1 4
3
32 R
29 3
> 0 1
0 0
3
1
800
0
1
0
0 14
4
1
1
0
0
3
2
6
29
3
21
1 32
0
400
800
29
29
3
1
0 32 400 800 4
1
1
0
0
2
6
29
3
21
0
32 400
800
3
8
2
725
29
1 25
12 R 3 + R1
>
21 R + R
32
3
2
1 4 0
3
0 1 0
0 0 1
4
3
1
2
21
32
1
4
1 0 0
43 R 2 + R1
> 0 1 0
0 0 1
1
6
29
400
19
150
1
50
2
25
1
10
1
50
2
25
3
1450
3
2900
3
725
1
290
3
2900
3
725
3
1
1
29
290
x 10
50, 000 5000
y = 1 3
= 1000
21 0
50

2900
116
z 2
0 4000
3
8
725 29
25
They should buy 5000 shares of company D, 1000

shares of company E, and 4000 shares of company F.
44. Let x be the number of shares of D, y be the number

of shares of E, and z be the number of shares of F.
We get the following conditions.
60x + 80y + 30z = 500,000
0.16(60x) + 0.12(80y) + 0.09(30z) = 0.1452(60x +
80y + 30z)
z = 2y
6x + 8x + 3z = 50,000
9.6x + 9.6y + 2.7z = 8.712x + 11.616y + 4.356z
0.888x 2.016y 1.656z = 0
888x 2016y 1656z = 0
111x 252y 207z = 0
2y z = 0
Thus we solve the following system of equations.
6x + 8y + 3z = 50,000
111x 252y 207z = 0
2y z = 0
8
3
6

0
2
1
8
3 1 0 0
6
A I = 111 252 207 0 1 0
0
2
1 0 0 1
4
1 1 0 0
1
3
2 6
> 111 252 207 0 1 0
2
1 0 0 1
0
1R
6 1
4
29
21
116
8
29
4
1
1 0 0
1
3
2
6
111R1 + R 2
525
37
> 0 400 2 2 1 0
0
2
0 0 1
1
3
29
21
116
8
29
1 4
3
1 R
400
2
> 0 1
12 R3
0 1
222
1
2
21
32
1
2
1
0
400
0
0 12
1
6
37
800
Section 6.7
1
1
1
1 4
0
0
3
2
6
R 2 + R3
37
21
1
> 0 1 32
0
800
400
0 0 37 37 1 1
32 800
400
2
1
1
1 4
0
0
3
2
6
32 R
37 3
37
21
1
> 0 1 32
0
800
400
16
1
2
0 0
25
925
37
8
1
1 4 0 11
3
75
925
37
1
2 R 3 + R1
1
1
21
> 0 1 0 50
925
74
21 R + R
32
3
2
0 0 1 1 2 16
25
925
37
3
4.7 13 4.78
x 0.9
48. y = 2 0.4
2 4.7 = 1.33
z 1 0.8 0.5 7.2 2.70
x = 4.78, y = 1.33, z = 2.70
1
1 3
2
14
4
2
7 13 14.44
w 5

x 5 2 4 1 7 0.03
9
3
8=
49. =
5 9 0.80
y 0
1 94
6

4 10.33
z 1
1
0
4 3 7
2
w = 14.44, x = 0.03, y = 0.80, z = 10.33
Problems 6.7
7
6
1 0 0 3
37
25
2775
4
3 R 2 + R1
1
1
21
> 0 1 0 50
925
74
0 0 1 1 2 16
25
925
37
3
7
6
37 50, 000
x 25 2775
6000
y = 1 1
= 1000
21 0
50

925
74
z 1
0 2000
16
2
925 37
25
They should buy 6000 shares of company D, 1000

shares of company E, and 2000 shares of company
F.
45. a.
b.
46. a.
b.
200
1200
1. A =
400
1200
600
D=
805
1290
X = (I A)1 D =
1425
The total value of other production costs is
600
800
PA + PB =
(1290) +
(1425) = 1405
1200
1500
2.05 1.28
0.73 1.71
84
41
30
41
40
200
2. A =
120
200
105
82
70
41
a.
18
323
11
646
23
323
120
300
90
300
200
D=
300
812.5
X = (I A)1 D =
1125
0.03 0.06 0.12

0.13 0.02 0.05
0.10 0.07
0.01
11
323
83
646
32
323
500
1500
200
1500
b.
39
323
15
323
4
323
64
D=
64
220
X = (I A) 1 D =
280
2.75 1.59 1.11

47. 0.48 1.43 0.00
1.22 0.32 2.22
223
15
100
25
3. A = 100
50
100
a.
45
180
60
180
60
180
30
120
30
120
40
120
400
1000
200
6. A = 1000
200
1000
1073
X = (I A)1 D = 1016
952
400 200
1000 1000
200
400
7. A = 1000
1000
200 100
1000 1000
300
D = 400
500
10
D = 10
10
68.59
X = (I A) D = 84.50
108.69
1
100
1000
100
4. A = 1000
300
1000
400
800
80
800
160
800
3
1
4
8. A = 31
4 0
300
D=
500
(I A)X = D
2 3 300
4
with a calculator
Reducing 13
1 500
4
1 0 1408.70
.
results in
0 1 852.17
Thus 1408.70 units of agriculture and 852.17
units of milling need to be produced.
1559.81
X = (I A) D = 1112.44
1738.04
1
200
1000
400
1000
100
1000
200
1000
100
1000
300
1000
1382
X = (I A) D = 1344
1301
240
1200
480
1200
240
1200
500
D = 150
700
400
1000
200
5. A = 1000
200
1000
200
1000
100
1000
300
1000
250
D = 300
350
15
D = 10
35
134.29
X = (I A) 1 D = 162.25
234.35
b.
200
1000
400
1000
100
1000
200
1000
100
1000
300
1000
300
D = 350
450
1
1
1
10 3 4
1
1
1
9. A = 10
10
3
1 1 1
10 10 10
300
D = 200
500
1301
X = (I A)1 D = 1215
1188
(I A)X = D
224
Chapter 6 Review
9
13 14 300
1 0 0 736.39
10
9
1
1
200
Reducing 10
with a calculator results in 0 1 0 563.29 .
10
3
9
1
0 0 1 699.96
10 10 10 500
Thus 736.39 units of coal, 563.29 units of steel, and 699.96 units of railroad services need to be produced.

8
3 4
1 0 6 8 3 0 3
3
=
=
1. 2
5 1
2 4 10 2 6 12 16 10
1 2
1 0 8 16 2 0 6 16
2
2. 8
7 0
0 1 56 0 0 2 56 2
5
1 7
1 + 0 0 + 42 2 + 7 1 42
1 0 2
= 2 18 7
=
2
+
0
0
18
3
3. 2 3

0 6
1
1 0
1 + 0 0 + 0 2 + 0 1
0 2
2 3
4. [2 3 7] 0 1 = [2(2) + 3(0) + 7(5)
5 2
2(3) + 3(1) + 7(2)] = [39 17]
2 3 2 3 1 8 2 3 1 5 11 4
5.
=
1 3 7 6 4 4 1 3 3 2 8 11
0 5
2 0
2 0 0 10
6.
+ 2 6 4 = 7 8 + 12 8
7
8

2 10 2 10
=
=
0 19 0
19
2
1 2
5 4 1
3 6
T
1 2] = 2
7. 2
= 2 =
[
1
3
6 5 2
16 32
2
T
2
1 0 1 1
1 0 1 4 1 4
1 3 0 1 0
=
8.
3 6 1 3
1 2 0 3 = 1 2 0 9 = 1 22
3

1 1 3 0
9. (2 A)T 3I 2 = 2A T 3I = 2
1 2 0 3
2 2 3 0 1 2
=
=
1
2 4 0 3 2
2 2
10. A(2I ) AOT = 2( AI ) AO = 2 A O = 2 A =
2 4
225
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 2 0
11. B3 + I 5 =
+ 0 1 = 0 8 + 0 1 = 0 9
0
2
0 0
12. ( ABA)T A T BT A T = A T B T A T A T B T A T = O =
0 0
5 x 15
13. =
7 x y
5x = 15, or x = 3
7x = y, 7 3 = y, or y = 21
2 + x 2 1 + 3 x 3 4
14.
=
4 + xy 2 + 3 y 3 y
2 + 3y = y, 2y = 2, or y = 1
1 + 3x = 4, 3x = 3, or x = 1
For these values of x and y, 2 + x 2 = 3 is true, and 4 + xy = 3 is true. Thus x = 1, y = 1.

4 1 4
1 4
1
1 0
15.
5 8
0 12 0 1
0 1
0 0 7
0 5 9 0 1
16.
0 5 9
0 0 7 0 0
2 4 7
1 2
17. 1 2 4 2 4
5 8 2
5 8
1 2 4
1
0 1 9 0
0 0 1
0
9
5
0 1 0
1 0 0 1
4
4
1 2
1 2
7 0 0 1 0 2
2
0 2 18
0 0
0 14 1 0 14 1
1
9 0 1
9 0

1 0 0
0
1 0
4
18
1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
18. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 5 0
2 5 0 1 52 0 1 0 0
19.
1 0 0 1 0
4 3 0
0 13 0 0
Thus x = 0, y = 0.
3
2 3 1 0
1 1
3
1 1 2 3 1 1 2
4
20.
0 4 5 4 0 1 5 1
5
3
1
1
5
0 1 4
3
5
Thus x = r + 2 , y = r 1 , z = r.
4
4
226
Chapter 6 Review
1
2
1 1 1 2 1
1 1 2
1 1
1 0 0 1
21. 3 2 4 7 0 5 10 10 0
1 2 2 0 1 2 2
2 1 2 2
0 3 6
0 0 0 6
0 0 3 6 0
Row three indicates that 0 = 6, which is never true, so there is no solution.
1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
22. 1 1 2 3 0 2 3 4 0 1 32 2 0 1
0 0
0 2 4 9
2 0 2 7
0 2 4 9
1 1 0 0 32

2 0 1 0 11
2
1 5 0 0 1 5

1
2
3
2
3
11
Thus x = , y = , z = 5.
2
2
1 5
1 0
1 5 1 0
1 5
23.
0 1
3 9 0 1
0 6 3 1
5
5
1 0 3
3
2
6
2
6
A 1 =
1 1
0 1
1 1
2
6
6
1
1
2
16
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1
24.
0 1 1 0 A = 1 0
1
0
0
1
3 2
1 0 0
1 3 2 1 0 0 1
25. 4
1 0 0 1 0 0 11 8 4 1 0
3 2 2 0 0 1 0 11 8 3 0 1
0 0
3 2
1 0 0 1 3 2 1
1
0 11 8 4 1 0 0 1 8 4 1 0

11 11
11
0
0 0
1 1 1 0 0
0
1
1
1
3
2
1
1 0
11
0
11
11
8
4 1 0 no inverse exists
0 1 11
11
11
0 0
0
1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
5
5 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 0
1
1
26. 5 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 12 0
5 1 3 0 0 1
0 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1
1 0 0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
3 1 A 1 = 2
3 1 .
1 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 12 12
2
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
0 0 1 1 1
1 1
0 0 5 1 1 1
2 2
2
5
5
5
5
5
227
3 1 4 1 0 0 1 0
27. 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 1
0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2
1 0
1 0 1 0
1
0 1 1 1 3 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 1
0
1 0 1 0
4 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0
1 1 1 3 0
0 1 2 6 1
1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 2 7 1
0 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 3 1
0 0 1 2 6 1
0 0 1 2 6 1
x
2 7 1 1 0
y = A 1B = 1 3 1 0 = 1

z
2 6 1 2 0
Thus x = 0, y = 1, z = 0.
28. We found A 1 in Exercise 26, so

3
1
0
0 3
x
5
5
y = A 1B = 2
3 1 0 = 4

5
5 5
5
z
2 2 7
1 1
5
5
5
5
0 1 1 0
29. A = AA = 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
A3 = A 2 A = 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
1 1 0
0 1 = 0

0 0 0
1 1 0
0 1 = 0

0 0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 = O
0 0
Since A3 = O, every higher power of A is also O, so A1000 = O.

0 1 1 1 0 0
Looking at 0 0 1 0 1 0 , it is clear that there is no way of transforming the left side into I3 , since there
0 0 0 0 0 1
is no way to get a nonzero entry in the first column. Thus A does not have an inverse.
2 0
30. A T =
0 4
1
1 2 0
T
=
A
0 1
4
1 0
A 1 = 2
0 1
4
1 0
A 1 = 2
0 1
4
( )
( )
Thus ( A T )1 = ( A 1 )T .
228

31. a.
Chapter 6 Review
Let x, y, and z represent the weekly doses of capsules of brand I, II, and III, respectively. Then
(vitamin A)
x + y + 4 z = 13
(vitamin B)
+
2
+
7
=
22
x
y
z
x + 3 y + 10 z = 31 (vitamin C)
1 1 4 13
1 2 7 22 R1 + R 2>
R + R
1
3
1 3 10 31
1 0 1 4
R 2 + R1
> 0 1 3 9
2R 2 + R 3
0 0 0 0
1 1 4 13
0 1 3 9
0 2 6 18
Thus x = 4 r, y = 9 3r, and z = r, where r = 0, 1, 2, 3.

The four possible combinations are
Combination
b. Computing the cost of each combination, we find that they are 83, 77, 71, and 65 cents, respectively. Thus
combination 4, namely x = 1, y = 0, z = 3, minimizes weekly cost.
32. a.
(A )
1
= A 1
( ) (A A) A = (A )
( A A ) A = A IA = A A = I
A 3 = A 1
1
( )
IA 2 = A 1
A2
Thus A3 is invertible.
) (
b. AB = AC. Thus A 1 ( AB) = A 1 ( AC) , A 1A B = A 1A C , IB = IC, B = C.

c.
AA = A A 1AA = A 1A , IA = I, A = I. Thus A = I n .
215 87
33.
89 141
1
x 7.9 4.3 2.7 11.1 1.57

34. y = 3.4 5.8 7.6 10.8 = 0.30
z 4.5 6.2 7.4 15.9 0.95
Thus x = 1.57, y = 0.30, z = 0.95.
10
34
35. A =
15
34
20
39
;
14
39
10
39.7
D = ; X = (I A) 1 D =
5
35.1
229

20 40 30 10
1. A = 30 0 10 10
10 0 30 50
7
10
T=
7

5
9
C = 8
10
7
800
20 40 30 10
10
T
T
T
C ( AT) = C 30 0 10 10
= C 330
10 0 30 50 7
530
5
800
= [9 8 10] 330 = [15,140]
530
The cost is $151.40.

2. To the linear system, add x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 52.
20 40 30 10
30 0 10 10
A=
10 0 30 50
1 1 1 1
1180
580
B=
1500
52
8
10
T = A 1B =
14

20
Guest 1: 8 days; guest 2: 10 days;
guest 3: 14 days; guest 4: 20 days
3. It is not possible. Different combinations of lengths of stays can cost the same. For example, guest 1 staying for
20 days and guest 3 staying for 17 days costs the same as guest 1 staying for 15 days and guest 3 staying for 21
days (each costs $214.50).
230
Chapter 7
2.
1. Let x = the number of type A magnets and

y = the number of type B magnets.
The cost for producing x type A magnets and y
type B magnets is 50 + 0.90x + 0.70y. The
revenue for selling x type A magnets and y type
B magnets is 2.00x + 1.50y.
Revenue is greater than cost when
2x + 1.5y > 50 + 0.9x + 0.7y.
0.8y > 1.1x + 50
y > 1.375x + 62.5
Sketch the dashed line y = 1.375x + 62.5 and
shade the half plane above the line. In order to
make a profit, the number of magnets of types A
and B must correspond to an ordered pair in the
shaded region. Also, to take reality into account,
both x and y must be positive (negative numbers
of magnets are not feasible).
10
x
10
3.
10
x
10
4.
2. Since negative numbers of cameras cannot be

sold, x 0 and y 0. Selling at least 50
cameras per week corresponds to x + y 50.
Selling twice as many of type I as of type II
corresponds to
x 2y. The system of inequalities is
x + y 50,
x 2 y,
x 0,
y 0.
10
x
10
5.
The region consists of points on or above the

x-axis and on or to the right of the y-axis. In
addition, the points must be on or above the line
x + y = 50 and on or below the line x = 2y.
x
4
Problems 7.1
1.
6.
10
x
5
x
10
231
Chapter 7: Linear Programming

7.

12.
8.
13.
x
5
x
5
9.
14.
x
x
10.
10
15.
x
10
x
5
11.
16.
232

17.
Section 7.1
22.
10
10
y
5
18.
23.
10
10
19.
24.
20
x
20
x
5
20.
25. 6x + 4y 20
y
8
21.
10
26. 7x + 3y 25
x
10
233
x
10
27. Let x be the amount purchased from supplier A,

and y the amount purchased from B. The system
of inequalities is
x + y 100,
x 0,
y 0.
100
25
y
P = 112
1
2
47 41
,
3 9
x 3y = 2
x
25
(2, 0)
x
2. The feasible region appears below. The corner

1 1
points are (0, 0), 0, 83 , 62 , 0 .

3 2
Evaluating P at each corner point, we find that P

2
has a maximum value of 416 when x = 0 and
3
1
y = 83 .
3
100
28. Since negative numbers of computers cannot be

produced, x 0 and y 0. Producing at most
650 computers per week corresponds to x + y
650. The system of inequalities is
x + y 650,
x 0,
y 0.
y
x + 2y = 225
100
x + y = 90
0, 83
3
29. Since negative numbers of chairs cannot be

produced, x 0 and y 0. The inequality for
assembly time is 3x + 2y 240. The inequality
1
for painting time is x + y 80 . The system of
2
inequalities is
3x + 2 y 240,
1
x + y 80,
2
x 0,
y 0.
4x + 3y = 250
P = 416
2
3
x
1 100
62 , 0
2

10
points are (2, 3), (0, 5), (0, 7) and , 7 .
3
Evaluating Z at each point, we find that Z has a
maximum value of 10 when x = 2 and y = 3.
The region consists of points on or above the

x-axis and on or to the right of the y-axis. In
addition, the points must be on or below the line
3x + 2y = 240 and on or below the line
1
x + y = 80 (or, equivalently x + 2y = 160).
2
10
y
y=7
3x y = 3
Z = 10
x+y=5
(2, 3)
Problems 7.2
x
10

47 41 45
points are (2, 0), , , , 0 .
3 9 2

1
45
has a maximum value of 112 when x =
2
2
and y = 0.

12 12 99 99
points are (8, 0), (3, 0), , , ,
7 7 20 20
27
and 8, . Evaluating Z at each point, we find
11
that Z has a minimum value of 3 when x = 3 and
y = 0.
234
10
Section 7.2
9x + 11y = 99
xy=0
Z=3
Z = 0.8
x=8
4x + 3y = 12
(3, 0)
9. The feasible region is unbounded with 3 corner

points. The member (see dashed line) of the
family of lines C = 3x + 2y which gives a
minimum value of C, subject to the constraints,
intersects the feasible region at corner point
23
7 1
Thus C has a minimum
, where C =
3
3 3
23
7
1
value of
when x = and y = . [Note:
3
3
3
Here we chose the member of the family
1
y = (3x + C ) whose y-intercept was closest
2
to the origin and which had at least one point in
common with the feasible region.]
y
2x y = 2
x 4y = 4
x
10
6. The feasible region is empty, so there is no

optimum solution.
10
y
2x + y = 10
y
(0, 5)
2x + y = 5
3x + y = 4
23
C=
3
7 1
,
3 3
8x + 7y = 56
3x + 4y = 24
x
10
x + 2y = 3
7. The feasible region is a line segment. The corner

points are (0, 1) and (4, 5). Z has a minimum
value of 3 when x = 0 and y = 1.
5
(3, 0)

points. The member (see dashed line) of the
C
which gives a
family of lines y = x +
2
minimum value of C, subject to the constraints,
intersects the feasible region at corner point
(40, 20) where C = 120. Thus C has a minimum
value of 120 when x = 40 and y = 20.
y
(4, 5)
(0, 1)
Z=3
10
(2, 0)
10

optimum solution.
10
10
100
y
5x + 2y = 200

27 21
points are (2, 0) and ,
.
17 17
Z has a maximum value of 0.8 for x = 2 and
y = 0.
3x + 2y = 160
x + 2y = 80
C = 120
x
100
235

points. The family of lines given by Z = 10x + 2y
has members (see dashed lines for two sample
members) that have arbitrarily large values of Z
and that also intersect the feasible region. Thus
no optimum solution exists.
10
50
3x + y = 50
Maximum Profit Line
(10, 20)
y
5x + y = 70
Z = 70
x 2y = 0
14. Let x and y be the numbers of Vista and Xtreme

models made each day. Then we are to
maximize
P = 50x + 80y, where
x0
y0
x + 3 y 24 (for machine A)
2 x + 2 y 24 (for machine B)
The feasible region is bounded. The corner
points are (0, 0), (0, 8), (6, 6), and (12, 0).
is maximized at corner point (6, 6) where its
value is 780. Thus 6 of each model should be
made each day in order to give a maximum
profit of $780.
x
10
x + 2y = 4

points. The family of lines given by Z = y x has
members (see dashed lines for sample members)
that have arbitrarily small values for Z and also
intersect the feasible region. Thus no optimum
solution exists.
10
y
Z = 1
x 3y = 6
x=3
25
Z = 7
x
x + 3y = 6
x
50
Z = 50
2x 2y = 24
10
(6, 6)
13. Let x and y be the number of trucks and spinning

tops made per week, respectively. Then we are
to maximize P = 7x + 2y where
x0
y0
2 x + y 80 (for machine A)
3 x + y 50 (for machine B)
5 x + y 70 (for finishing)
The feasible region is bounded. The corner

points are (0, 50), (14, 0) and (10, 20).
is maximized at corner point (10, 20), where its
value is 110. Thus10 trucks and 20 spinning tops
should be made each week to give a maximum
profit of $110.
x + 3y = 24
25
15. Let x and y be the numbers of units of Food A

and Food B, respectively, that are purchased.
Then we are to minimize C = 1.20x + 0.80y,
where
x 0,
y 0,
2 x + 2 y 16 (for carbohydrates),
4 x + y 20 (for protein).
The feasible region is unbounded. The corner
points are (8, 0), (4, 4) and (0, 20). C is
minimized at corner point (4, 4) where C = 8
(see the minimum cost line). Thus 4 units of
Food A and 4 units of Food B gives a minimum
cost of $8.
236
30
Section 7.2
50
200x + 50y = 2500

4x + y = 20
Minimum
Cost Line
2x + 2y = 16
100x + 200y = 3000

x
x
30
Minimum
Cost Line
16. Let x and y be the numbers of units of Blend I

and Blend II, respectively, that are bought each
week. Then we are to minimize C = 8x + 10y
where
x 0,
y 0,
2 x + 2 y 80 (for Nutrient A),

6 x + 2 y 120 (for Nutrient B),
4 x + 12 y 240 (for Nutrient C).
The feasible region is unbounded with 4 corner

points. C is minimized at the corner point
(30, 10) where C = 340 (see the minimum cost
line). thus each week the grower should buy 30
bags of Blend I and 10 bags of Blend II.
100
50
18. Let x and y be the number of days Refinery I and

Refinery II are operated, respectively. Then we
are to minimize C = 25,000x + 20,000y where
x 0,
y 0,
2000 x + 1000 y 8000 (for low grade),

3000 x + 2000 y 14, 000 (for medium grade),
1000 x + 1000 y 5000 (for high grade).

points. Evaluating C at each corner point, we
find that C is minimized at corner point (4, 1)
where C = 120,000. Thus, operate Refinery I for
4 days and Refinery II for 1 day for a minimum
cost of $120,000.
10
6x + 2y = 120
2000x + 1000y = 8000
2x + 2y = 80
Minimum
Cost Line
3000x + 2000y = 14,000

1000x + 1000y = 5000
x
4x + 12y = 240
x
100
10
17. Let x and y be the numbers of tons of ores I and

II, respectively, that are processed. Then we are
to minimize C = 50x + 60y, where
x 0,
y 0,
100 x + 200 y 3000 (for mineral A),
200 x + 50 y 2500 (for mineral B).

points. C is minimized at the corner point
(10, 10) where C = 1100 (see the minimum cost
line). Thus 10 tons of ore I and 10 tons of ore II
give a minimum cost of $1100.
19. Let x and y be the number of chambers of type A

and B, respectively. Then we are to minimize
C = 600,000x + 300,000y, where
x 4,
y 4,
10 x + 4 y 100 (for polymer P ),
1
20 x + 30 y 420 (for polymer P2 ).

points. Evaluating C at each corner point, we
find C is minimized at corner point
(6, 10) where C = 6,600,000. Thus the solution
is 6 chambers of type A and 10 chambers of
type B.
237
20

2(300 x) + 8(200 y ) 300,
2200 2 x 8 y 300,
2 x 8 y 1900,
2 x + 8 y 1900.
The fifth constraint reflects the fact that
company A will not build more than 300 km
of highway, since 300 km is the total being
built; the sixth constraint is the
corresponding constraint for the amount of
expressway.
y
x=4
10x + 4y = 100
20x + 30y = 420
y=4
20
20. Let x and y be the number of liters produced by

the old and new processes, respectively. We
want to maximize P = 0.4x + 0.15y, where
x0
y0
25 x + 15 y 12,525 (for carbon dioxide)
50 x + 40 y 20, 000 (for particulate matter)
c.
The feasible region is bounded with three corner

points. Evaluating P at each corner point, we
find that P is maximized at the corner point
(400, 0), where P = 160. Thus daily production
of 400 liters by only the old process maximizes
daily profit at $160.
1000
The feasible region (see below) is bounded.

The corner points are (0, 200), (150, 200),
650 550
,
, (300, 100), (300, 0), and

3
3
(200, 0).
Evaluating D at each corner point, we find
that D is maximized at point (0, 200), where
D = 2100. That is, D is maximized when
x = 0, y = 200.
500
y = 200
2x + 8y = 1900
x + y = 400
x = 300
25x + 15y = 12,525
x + y = 200
50x + 40y = 20,000
x
22. Z = 2.71 when x = 1.14, y = 1.43
1000
21. a.
500
23. Z = 15.54 when x = 2.56, y = 6.74
A builds x km of highway and y km of

expressway, so B builds (300 x) km of
highway and (200 y) km of expressway.
Thus
D = 2x + 6y + 3(300 x) + 5(200 y)
= 1900 x + y.

optimum solution.
25. Z = 75.98 when x = 9.48, y = 16.67
b. The first constraint is company As

construction limit.
The second constraint is company Bs
construction limit, which arises as follows:
(300 x) + (200 y ) 300,
500 x y 300,
x y 200,
x + y 200.
The third constraint is the minimum contract
for A.
The fourth constraint is the minimum
contract for B, which arises as follows:
1. Using the hint, the cost of shipping the TV sets

is Z = 18x + 24(25 x) + 9y + 15(30 y)
= 1050 6x 6y.
Since negative numbers of TV sets cannot be
shipped, x 0, y 0, 25 x 0, and
30 y 0. Since warehouse C has only 45 TV
sets,
x + y 45. Similarly, since warehouse D has
only 40 TV sets, 25 x + 30 y 45 or
x + y 10.
We need to minimize Z = 1050 6x 6y subject
238
Section 7.3
to the constraints
x + y 45,
x + y 10,
x 25,
y 30,
x 0, y 0.

2 16
16 2
points are , and , . At each of
3
3
3 3
these points Z = 12. Thus Z is maximized at both
corner points, as well as at all points on the line
segment. Thus the solution is Z = 12 when
2 14
2 16
x = (1 t ) + t = + t ,
3
3
3 3

50
16 14
16 2
t , and 0 t 1.
x = (1 t ) + t =
3
3
3 3

y = 30 C
x + y = 45
D
x = 25
x + y = 10
F
50
The feasible region shown has corners

A = (0, 10), B = (0, 30), C = (15, 30),
D = (25, 20), E = (25, 0), and F = (10, 0).
Evaluating the cost function at the corners gives
Z(A) = 1050 6(0) 6(10) = 990
Z(B) = 1050 6(0) 6(30) = 870
Z(C) = 1050 6(15) 6(30) = 780
Z(D) = 1050 6(25) 6(20) = 780
Z(E) = 1050 6(25) 6(0) = 900
Z(F) = 1050 6(10) 6(0) = 990
The minimum value of Z is 780 which occurs at
all points on the line segment joining C and D.
This is x = (1 t)(15) + t(25) = 15 + 10t and
y = (1 t)(30) + t(20) = 30 10t for 0 t 1.
Thus, ship 10t + 15 TV sets from C to A,
10t + 30 TV sets from C to B,
25 (10t + 15) = 10t + 10 TV sets from D to A,
and 30 (10t + 30) = 10t TV sets from D to B,
for 0 t 1. The minimum cost is $780.
( 163 , 23 )
5 x

8 36 4
points are (0, 0), 0, , , and (6, 0). Z
5 7 7
36 4
is maximized at , and (6, 0), where its
7 7
value is 84. Thus Z is also maximized at all
36 4
points on the line segment joining , and
7 7
(6, 0). The solution is Z = 84 when
6 36
36
x = (1 t ) + 6t = t + ,
7
7
7
4 4
4
y = (1 t ) + 0t = t and 0 t 1.
7
7
7

Problems 7.3
1. The feasible region is unbounded. Z is
minimized at corner points (2, 3) and (5, 2),
where its value is 33. Z is also minimized at all
points on the line segment joining (2, 3) and
(5, 2), so the solution is Z = 33 when
x = (1 t)(2) + 5t = 2 + 3t
y = (1 t)(3) + 2t = 3 t and 0 t 1.
10
( 23 , 163 )
10
2x + 3y = 12
36 4
,
7 7
y = 3x + 6
x + 5y = 8
y=x3
(2, 3)
4. Using the hint, the cost of delivering the cars is

Z = 60x + 45y + 50(7 x) + 35(4 y)
= 490 + 10x + 10y.
Since negative numbers of cars is not possible,
x 0, y 0, 7 x 0, and 4 y 0. Since
(5, 2)
x
y = 1 x + 11
3
x
10
10
239
the warehouse in Concord has only 6 cars,

x + y 6.
Similarly, since the Dublin warehouse has only 8
cars, 7 x + 4 y 8 or 3 x + y.
We need to minimize Z = 490 + 10x + 10y
subject to the constraints
x + y 6,
x + y 3,
x 7,
y 4,
x 0, y 0.
10
dividing by the greatest common factor of the

numbers involved. Thus, we will use
3x1 + 3 x2 + 4 x3 300
3x1 + 3 x2 + 2 x3 240
2 x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 180
x1 , x2 , x3 0
x1
x2
x3 s1 s2 s3 P b
3
3
4 1 0 0 0 300
s1
3
3
2 0 1 0 0 240
s2
2
2
3 0 0 1 0 180
s3
0
P 150 250 200 0 0 0 1
x1 x2
x3 s1 s2 s3 P
b
s1 0 0
2 1 1 0 0
60
2
1
x2 1 1
0
0 0
80
3
3
5
s3 0 0
0 32 1 0
20
3
P 100 0 100 0 250 0 1 20, 000

3
3
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 P
b
x=7
B
A
y=4
x+y=6
x+y=3
x
E
10
The feasible region shown has corners A = (0, 3),

B = (0, 4), C = (2, 4), D = (6, 0), and E = (3, 0).
Evaluating the cost function at the corners gives
Z(A) = 490 + 10(0) + 10(3) = 520
Z(B) = 490 + 10(0) + 10(4) = 530
Z(C) = 490 + 10(2) + 10(4) = 550
Z(D) = 490 + 10(6) + 10(0) = 550
Z(E) = 490 + 10(3) + 10(0) = 520
The minimum value of Z is 520 which occurs at
all points on the line segment joining A and E.
This is x = (1 t)(0) + t(3) = 3t and
y = (1 t)(3) + t(0) = 3t + 3 for 0 t 1.
Thus have 3t cars delivered from Concord to
Atherton, 3t + 3 delivered from Concord to
Berkeley, 7 3t delivered from Dublin to
Atherton, and 4 (3t + 3) = 3t + 1 delivered
from Dublin to Berkeley, for 0 t 1. The
minimum cost is $520.
36
s1 0 0 0 1 15 65 0
3 2 0
x2 1 1 0 0
72
5
5
3 0
2
12
x3 0 0 1 0 5
5
P 100 0 0 0 70 20 1 20, 400
The maximum value of P is 20,400 when

x1 = 0, x2 = 72, and x3 = 12 . The maximum
profit is $20,400 when 72 Type 2 players and
12 Type 3 players are produced and sold.
Problems 7.4
In these problems, the pivot entry is underlined.
1.
In these problems, the pivot entry is underlined.

1. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be the numbers of Type 1,
Type 2, and Type 3 players, respectively, that
the company produces. The situation is to
maximize the profit
P = 150 x1 + 250 x2 + 200 x3 , subject to the
constraints
300 x1 + 300 x2 + 400 x3 30, 000
15 x1 + 15 x2 + 10 x3 1200
2 x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 180
x1 , x2 , x3 0
The constraint inequalities can be simplified by
x1
s1 2
s2 2
Z 1
x1
4
s1 3
x2 23
1
Z 3
x2 s1 s2 Z
8 8
3 0 1 0 12 4
2 0 0 1 0
x2 s1 s2 Z
0 1 13 0 4
1 0 4
1 0
3
2 1 8
0 0
3
1
1 0 0
The solution is Z = 8 when x1 = 0, x2 = 4 .
240
2.
3.
Section 7.4
x1
x1
x2 s1 s2 Z
s1 1 1 1 0 0 4
1 0 1 0 6 6
s2 1
Z 2 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 Z
s1 0 2 1 1 0 10
x1 1 1 0 1 0 6
Z 0 1 0 2 1 12

x1
x2 s1 s2 Z
s1 3 2
s2 1 3
Z 1 2
x1 x2
5
1 0 0 5 2
0 1 0 3 1
0 0 1 0
s1 s2 Z
s1 11 0 1 2 0 3
3
3
1
1
0 1
x2 3 1 0
3
2 1 2
Z 13 0 0
The solution is Z = 2 when x1 = 0, x2 = 1.
4.
x1 x2 s1
3 1
s1 2
s2 1 5 0
Z 4 7 0
x1 x2 s1
7 0 1
s1 5
x2 15 1 0
0 0
Z 13
5
x1 x2
s1
5
x1 1 0
7
x2 0 1 17
Z 0 0 13
7
x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
5. s2 1 2 0 1 0 0 8 8
s3 1 1 0 0 1 0 5 5
Z 8 2 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
x1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
s2 0 3 1 1 0 0 7 73
s3 0 2 1 0 1 0 4 2
Z 0 10 8 0 0 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 0
1 0
3
x1 1 0
2
2
s2 0 0
1 1 3 0
1
2
2
1 0
1 0
0
1
2
x2
2
2
Z 0 0
3 0
5 1 28
6.
s2 Z
9 3
1 0 10 2
0 1 0
s2 Z
53 0 3 15
7
1 0
2 10
5
7 1 14
5
s2 Z
73 0 15
7
2 0
11
7
7
2 1 137
7
7
137
15
11
The solution is Z =
when x1 = , x2 = .
7
7
7
0 0
x1 x2
s1 1 1
s2 1 1
s3 1 1
Z 2 6
s1
1
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
Z
0
0
0
1
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
x1 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 0 0 1 1 0 0
s3 0 2 1 0 1 0
Z 0 4 2 0 0 1
The solution is Z = 8 when
241
4 4
4
6 6
4
8
2
x1 = 4, x2 = 0
x1
7.
x2

Thus the maximum value of Z is 4, when
x1 = 2, x2 = 0, x3 = 0 .
x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 1 2
0 1 0 0 10 5
s2 2 2
1 0 1 0 10 5
Z 3 4 3 0 0 1 0
2
choosing s2 as departing variable
9. To obtain a standard linear programming

problem, we write the second constraint as
x1 + 2 x2 + x3 2 .
x1
s1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
s2 1 2 1 0 1 0 2
Z 2 1 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
s2 0 3 1 1 1 0 3
Z 0 1 1 2 0 1 2
The solution is Z = 2 when x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = 0 .
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
x2 1 1 12 0 12 0 5
Z 1 0 1 0 2 1 20
2
x1 = 0, x2 = 5, x3 = 0
8. If s1 is the departing variable, then

x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z

problem, we write the third constraint as
x1 + x2 3.
s1 2 1 1 1 0 0 4 2
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 2
Z 2 1 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
1
1
1
0 0 2
x1 1 2 2
2
3
1 1 0 0 0
s2 0 12
2
2
Z 0 2 2 1 0 1 4
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
1 1 0 2
x1 1 2 0
3
3 3
x3
1
1
2 0 0
0
1
3
3 3
8
1
4
1 4
Z 0 3 0
3 3

x1 = 2, x2 = 0, x3 = 0 .
Choosing s2 as the departing variable
x1
s1 2
s2 1
Z 2
x1
s1 0
x1 1
Z 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4
s1 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 1 1 0 1 0 0
s3 1
1 0 0 1 0
s4 1 0 0 0 0 1
Z 2 3 0 0 0 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 2 0 1 1 0 0
s3 2 0 1 0 1 0
s4 1 0 0 0 0 1
Z 5 0 3 0 0 0
x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
1 1
1 1
1 1
x2 x3
1 3
1 1
3 1
x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
11.
1 0 0 4 2
0 1 0 2 2
0 0 1 0
s1 s2 Z
1 2 0 0
0
1 0 2
0 2 1 4
242
Z
0
0
0
0
1
1 1
2
3 3
5
0
Z
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
2
5
3
x1 = 0, x2 = 1 .
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
s1 2
s2 1
s3 5
s4 2
Z 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
2
0 1 0 0 0
3
1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
4 2
6
20 4
10 5
0
Section 7.4
x1 x2 s1
choosing x1 as entering variable
s1 3 0
2
x2 1
1
2
s3 13 0
2
s4 52 0
Z 3 0
2
x1 x2 s1
s1 0 0 1
x2 0 1 0
x1 1 0 0
s4 0 0 0
Z 0 0 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
1
1
x1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2
16
1
s2 0 3
1 0 0 0 8 3
2
2
20
s3 0 11 5 0 1 0 0 10 11
2
2
s4 0 2
1 0 0 1 0 6 3
Z 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 2
2
2
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
3 0
1 0 0 32 32
x1 1 0
11
11
11 3
13 1 3 0 0 58 58
s2 0 0
11
11
11 13
x2 0 1 5 0
2 0 0 20
11
11
11
s4 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 26
11
11
11
3 0 1 52
Z 0 0 2 0
11
11
11
x1 x2 s1 s2
s3 s4 Z
2
22
x1 1 0 0 3
0 0 13
13
13
s1 0 0 1 11 3 0 0 58
13
13
13
5
50
1
x2 0 1 0
0 0 13
13
13
5 1 0 36
1
s4 0 0 0
13
13
13
3
72
2
Z 0 0 0
0
1
13
13
13
72
Thus the maximum value of Z is
, when
13
22
50
, x2 = . If we choose x2 as the
x1 =
13
13
entering variable, then we have:
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
s1 2
s2 1
s3 5
s4 2
Z 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
2
0 1 0 0 0
3
1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
s2
s3 s4 Z
1
2
1
2
3
2
0 0 0
1
0
0
0 12
0
s2
11
13
5
13
3
13
1
13
2
13
The solution is Z =
x2 =
1
2
0 0 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
0 0
s3
s4 Z
3
13
1
13
2
13
5
13
3
13
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0
7 3
22
11 13
7 14
5
14
58
13
50
13
22
13
36
13
72
13
72
22
when x1 = ,
13
13
50
.
13

problem, we write the first constraint as
2 x1 x2 x3 2 .
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 W
s1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 4
s3 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 6 6
W 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 W
x1 1 12 12 12 0 0 0 1
3
s2 0 1
1 1 0 0 3
2
2
2
5
1
0 3
10
0
1
0
5
s3
2
2
2
3
W 0 2 1
1 0 0 1 2
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 W
8
1
1 0 1 0
x1 1 0 3
3
3
3
7
2
1
14
s2 0 0
3 1 3 0 3
3
0 1 5 1 0 2 0 10
3
3
3
3
x2
13
26
1
4
0 3 1 3
W 0 0 3
3
4
6 3
20 20
3
10 10
0
243
The solution is W =
26
8
10
when x1 = , x2 = , x3 = 0 .
3
3
3
13. To obtain a standard linear programming problem, we write the second constraint as x1 x2 + x3 2 and the
third constraint as x1 x2 x3 1 .
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 W
s1 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 1
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 2
s3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
W 1 12 4 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1
3
2 0 1
s1
1 1 1 0
x3
s3 0 2 0 0
W 5 8 0 0
s2 s3 W
1 0 0 3 1
1 0 0 2
1 1 0 3
4 0 1 8
x1 x2
2
x1 1
3
x3 0 1
3
s3
0 2
34
W 0
3
s2 s3 W
x3 s1
1
0 0 3
0 0 1 1 0 3
0 53 17
0 1 13
3
The solution is W = 13 when x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = 3 .

x1
14. s1 1
s2 1
s3 1
W 4
x1
s1 0
s2 0
x1 1
W 0
x1
x2 0
s2 0
x1 1
W 0
1
3
1
3
x2 x3
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
1
3
4
3
s1
1
0
0
0
x2 x3 s1
2 2 1
0 2 0
1 1 0
4 3 0
x2 x3 s1 s2
1 1
1
2
0 2
0 1
0 0
1
2
1 2 0
0 0
s2
0
1
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
s2
0
1
0
0
s3
1
1
1
4
W
0 6 6
0 10 10
0 4 4
1 0
W
0 2 1
0 6
0 4
1 16
s3 W
12 0
1
1 0 6
1 0
5
2
2 1 20
The solution is W = 20 when x1 = 5, x2 = 1, x3 = 0 .
244
x1 x2 x3 x4
2 0
0
s1 1
1
1
0
0
s2
15.
0
1
1
s3 0
0
0
1
2
s4
Z 60 0 90 0
x1 x2
2
s1 1
1
1
s2
0
x3 0
0
s4 0
60
0
Z
x3 x4
0 0
0 0
1 1
0 3
0 90
s1
1
0
0
0
0
s1
1
0
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
0
s2 s3
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 1
0 90
s4
0
0
0
1
0
Section 7.4
Z
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
4 4
7 7
0
s4
0
0
0
1
0
Z
0 2 2
0 5 5
0 4
0 3
1 360
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
x1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
3
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 1
s2 0
0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 4
x3 0
0
0 3 0 0 1 1 0 3
s4 0
Z 0 120 0 90 60 0 90 0 1 480
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
1
2
x1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0
4
3
3
x2 0 1 0 0 1
0
0
0
1
3
3
x3 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
4
s4 0 0 0 3
0 0 1 1 0
3
Z 0 0 0 90 20 40 90 0 1 600
The solution is Z = 600 for x1 = 4, x2 = 1, x3 = 4, x4 = 0 .

x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3
16. s 1
0 1 1 1 0 0
1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0
s2
s3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
Z 3 2 2 1 0 0 0
Z
0 3 3
0 6 6
0 5 5
1 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 1 1 0 0 0 3
x1 1 0
0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 3
s2
s3 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 2 2
Z 0 2 5 2 3 0 0 1 9
choosing x2 as the entering variable.
245
x1
x1 1
s2 0
x2 0
Z 0
x2 x3 x4
0
1 1
0 3
1 2
0
x1 x2 s1 s2 R
x2 2 1 1 0 0
2400
s2 7 0 5 1 0 24,800
1200
R 14 0 12 0 1
Thus 0 boxes from A and 2400 from B give a

maximum revenue of $1200.
s1 s2 s3 Z
1 0 0 0
3
4 2 1 1 0 5
2 1 0 1 0 2
2
1 0 2 1 13
Choosing x4 as the entering variable in the

second table, we have:
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 1 1 0 0 0 3
x1 1 0
3
0 1 1
2 1 1 0 0 3 2
s2
1 2 2 1 0 1 0 2 1
s3 0
5 2 3 0 0 1 9
Z 0 2
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1
1 0
1 0
x1 1
0 0
4 8
2
2
2
s2 0 2 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
x4 0 12 1 1 12 0 12 0 1 2
2 0 1 1 11
Z 0 1 3 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 1 1 0 0 0 3
x1 1 0
0 0 3 4 2 1 1 0 5
s2
x2 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 2
1 2
1 0 2 1 13
Z 0 0

x1 = 3, x2 = 2, x3 = 0, x4 = 0.
18. Let x, y, and z denote the numbers of units of X,

Y, and Z produced, respectively. We want to
maximize P = 6x + 8y + 12z subject to
x + 2 y + 3z 900,
4 x + 4 y + 8 z 5000,
x, y, z 0.
x y
z s1 s2 P
s1 1 2
3 1 0 0 900 300
s2 4 4
8 0 1 0 5000 625
P 6 8 12 0 0 1
0
x
y z s1 s2 P
2
z 1
1 13 0 0 300 900
3
3
8
4
4
s2 3 3 0 3 1 0 2600 1950
P 2 0 0 4 0 1 3600
x y
z s1 s2 P
x 1 2 3
1 0 0 900
s2 0 4 4 4 1 0 1400
P 0 4 6 6 0 1 5400
P is maximum when x = 900, y = 0, z = 0.

This maximum profit is $5400.
17. Let x1 and x2 denote the numbers of boxes

transported from A and B, respectively. The
revenue received is R = 0.75 x1 + 0.50 x2 . We
want to maximize R subject to
2 x1 + x2 2400 (volume),
3x1 + 5 x2 36,800 (weight),
x1 , x2 0.
x1 x2 s1 s2 R
s1 2
1 1 0 0 2400 1200
s2 3
5 0 1 0 36,800 12, 266 23
R 3 1 0 0 1
0
2
4
x1 x2 s1 s2 R
1
1
0 0
1200 2400
x1 1 2
2
0 7 3 1 0 33, 200 9485 5

s2
2
2
7
900
R 0 18 83 0 1
19. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 denote the numbers of chairs,

rockers, and chaise lounges produced,
respectively. We want to maximize
R = 21x1 + 24 x2 + 36 x3 subject to
x1 + x2 + x3 400,
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 500,
2 x1 + 3x2 + 5 x3 1450,
x1 , x2 , x3 0.
x1
x2
x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
1 1 0 0 0 400 400
s1 1
1
1
2 0 1 0 0 500 250
s2
3
5 0 0 1 0 1450 290
s3 2
0
R 21 24 36 0 0 0 1
246
Section 7.5
so we check for multiple solutions. Treating x2
as an entering variable, the following table is
obtained:
x1 x2 x3
s1
s2
s3 P
b
1
0
0.39
0.73
0
0.67
0
28.18
x1
0 0 1.00 1.00 1 2.00 0 40.00
s2
6.36
x2 0 1 0.79 0.55 0 0.67 0
0
1 1727.27
P 0 0 9.09 9.09 0
Another optimum solution is

x1 = 28, x2 = 6, x3 = 0, and P = 1727.
Thus, the optimum solution is for the company
to produce (1 t)35 + 28t = 35 7t of device 1,
(1 t)0 + 6t = 6t of device 2, and none of device
3, for 0 t 1.
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
1
0 1 12 0 0 150 300
s1 2
2
1
1
1
1 0 2 0 0 250 500
x3 2
2
5
1
1
s3
2 2 0 0 2 1 0 200 400
R 3 6 0 0 18 0 1 9000
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
300
x2 1 1 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
100
x3
50
s3 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
R 3 0 0 12 12 0 1 10,800
The production of 0 chairs, 300 rockers, and
100 chaise lounges gives the maximum revenue
of $10,800.
Problems 7.5
1. Yes; for the table, x2 is the entering variable
1. Let x1 , x2 , x3 be the numbers of device 1,

device 2, and device 3, respectively, that the
company produces. The situation is to maximize
the profit P = 50 x1 + 50 x2 + 50 x3 subject to the
constraints
5.5 x1 + 5.5 x2 + 6.5 x3 190,
3.5 x1 + 6.5 x2 + 7.5 x3 180,
4.5 x1 + 6.0 x2 + 6.5 x3 165,
and the quotients

smallest.
6
3
and
tie for being the
2
1
2. Yes; the B.F.S. corresponding to the given table

has the basic variable x2 equal to 0.
x1 x2 s1
3. s 4 3 1
1
s2 3 1 0
s3 5 0 0
Z 2 7 0
s2 s3 Z
0 0 0 4
1 0 0 6
0 1 0 8
0 0 1 0
The entering variable is x2 . Since no quotients

exist, the problem has an unbounded solution.
Thus, no optimum solution (unbounded).
and x1 , x2 , x3 0 .
The matrices are shown rounded to 2 decimal
places, although the exact values are used in the
row operations.
Since the indicators are equal, we choose the
first column as the pivot column.
x1
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 P b
s1 5.5 5.5 6.5 1 0 0 0 190
s2 3.5 6.5 7.5 0 1 0 0 180

s3 4.5 6.0 6.5 0 0 1 0 165
0
P 50 50 50 0 0 0 1
x1
x2 x2
s1 s2 s3 P
b
1
1
1.18
0.18
0
0
0
34.55
x1
0
3 3.36 0.64 1 0 0
59.09
s2
9.55
s3 0 1.50 1.18 0.82 0 1 0
0 9.09 9.09 0 0 1 1727.27

P 0
An optimum solution is
x1 = 35, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, and P = 1727. However,
x2 is a nonbasic variable and its indicator is 0,
4.
247
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4
s1 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 1 1 0 1 0 0
s3 8 5 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
s4 2
Z 2 1 0 0 0 0
Z
0
0
0
0
1
7 7
5
40 5
6 3
0

Since x1 is nonbasic for the last table and its
indicator is 0, there may be multiple optimum
solutions. Treating x1 as an entering variable,
we have
x1 x2 s1
s2 s3 Z
8 2 0 48
s1 0 0 1
7
7
7
3
1 0 18
x2 0 1 0
7
7
7
8
2 0
x1 1 0 0 1
7
7
7
Z 0 0 0
4
0 1 16
8
18
Here Z = 16 when x1 = , x2 = . Thus
7
7
multiple optimum solutions exist. Hence Z is
8
8
maximum when x1 = (1 t )(0) + t = t ,
7
7
18
4
x2 = (1 t )(2) + t = 2 + t , and 0 t 1. For
7
7
the last table s3 is nonbasic and its indicator is 0.
If we continue the process for determining other
optimum solutions, we return to the second
table.
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
s1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 4
2
2
3 0 1 0
1 0
16
s2 0
8
2
2
3
s3 0
1 0 0 1 4 0 16 16
1 0 0 0
1 0
6
x1 1
3
2
2
Z 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 6
The maximum value of Z is 6 when x1 = 3 and

x2 = 0. Since x2 is nonbasic for the last table
and its indicator is 0, there may be multiple
optimum solutions. Treating x2 as an entering
variable and continuing, we have
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
s1 0 0 1
1 0
0 0 12
2 0
1 0 16
x2 0 1 0
3
3
3
13
32
2
s3 0 0 0
1
0
3
3
3
1
1
x1 1 0 0
0
0 13
3
3
Z 0 0 0
0 0
1 1 6
1
16
Here Z = 6 when x1 = and x2 = . Thus
3
3
multiple optimum solutions exist. Hence Z is a
1
8
maximum when x1 = (1 t )(3) + t = 3 t ,
3
3
16
16
x2 = (1 t )(0) + t = t , and 0 t 1. For the
3
3
last table, s2 is nonbasic and its indicator is 0. If
we continue the process for determining other
optimum solutions, we return to the second
table.

x1 + x2 + x3 4.
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 Z
s1 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 6 6
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 4
s3 1 6 1 0 0 1 0 8 8
Z 8 2 4 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 Z
x1 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 6
0 5 1 1 0 0 10
s2 0
s3 0 5 3 1 0 1 0 2
Z 0 10 28 8 0 0 1 48
For the last table, x2 is the entering variable.
Since no quotients exist, the problem has an
unbounded solution.
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
5. s1 2 2 1 0 0 0 4
s2 1 2 0 1 0 0 4 2
1 0 0 1 0 6 6
s3 3
Z 4 8 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s1 1 0 1 1 0 0 8 8
x2 12 1 0 12 0 0 2
s3 72 0 0 12 1 0 4 87
Z 0 0 0 4 0 1 16
Z has a maximum of 16 when x1 = 0, x2 = 2.

248
x1
7. s1 9
s2 4
s3 1
Z 5
x1
3
s1
x2 2
s3 9
Z 7
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
3 2 1 0 0
2 1 0 1 0
4 1 0 0 1
6 1 0 0 0
x2 x3 s1
0
0
x1
x2 2
s2 3
4
s3
Z 0
5 5
3
2 1
3
s2 s3 Z
0 0 2
1 0 0 1
2
2 1 0 7
3 0 1 6
1 32
0 12
1
Z
0
0
0
1
Section 7.5
1
2
1 0
4 0
x2 x3
3 3
1 1
1 2
1 4
s1
1
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
9 9 1 6 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 2 1
3 6 0 2 0
x2 x3 s1
1 1
s3 Z
23
1
3
0 0
19
43
1 0
1
3
0 1
Z has a maximum value of
0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
0 0
10
3
13
3
46
3
10
3
4 26
4 10
x2 = (1 t ) + t = + t ,
9 9
9 3
x3 = (1 t )(0) + 0t = 0,
and 0 t 1. For the last table, x1 is nonbasic
and its indicator is 0. if we continue the process
for determining other optimum solutions, we
return to the third table.

4 x1 + x 2 6 .
Z
0 4 4
9
0 1
0 10 10
1 2
s2
10
10
when x1 = 0, x2 = , x3 = 0.
3
3
Thus multiple optimum solutions exist. Hence Z
is maximum when
13 13
13
t,
x1 = (1 t ) + 0t =
9
9 9

Z
0 10 53
0 1 1
0 12 6
1 0
1
9
1
9
1 1
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
Here Z =

unbounded solution.
x1
8. s 6
1
s2 1
s3 2
Z 2
x1
s1 0
x1 1
s3 0
Z 0
x1
x2 0
x1 1
s3 0
Z 0
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
x1
x2
x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 2 1 1 1 0 0 7 72
s2 4 1 0 0 1 0 6 3
2
Z 6 2 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 0 1
1 1 12 0 4 4
2
3
1
1
x1 1
0 0 4 0 2
4
3
1
Z 0 2 1 0 2 1 9
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x3
0 12 1 1 12 0 4 8
x1 1 14 0 0 14 0 32 6
Z 0 0 0 1 1 1 13
Z has a maximum value of 13 when

3
x1 = , x2 = 0, x3 = 4. Since x2 is nonbasic for
2
the last table and its indicator is 0, there may be
multiple optimum solutions. Treating x2 as an
entering variable, we have
4
9
13
9 13
3
86
9
10
3
10
when
3
13
4
, x2 = , x3 = 0. Since s2 is nonbasic
9
9
for the last table and its indicator is 0, there may
be multiple optimum solutions. Treating s2 as
an entering variable, we have
x1 =
249

choosing s3 as departing variable
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x3 2 0 1 1 1 0 1
x2 4 1 0 0 1 0 6
Z 0 0 0 1 1 1 13
Here Z = 13 when x1 = 0, x2 = 6, x3 = 1. Thus

maximum when
3 3
3
x1 = (1 t ) + 0t = t ,
2 2
2
x1
x2
x3 s1 s2
s3 R
0 1 0 15 0
100 500
s1
3
2 0
0
0
0
1
0
s2
5
3
1
1 0 0 5 0
300
x3 5
5
750
24
16
48
R
5 0 0 0 5 1 14, 400
5
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
100 100
s1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
1 1 0 0 5 2 0
0 0
x1
300 300
x3 0 1 1 0 2 1 0
R 0 8 0 0 24 0 1 14, 400
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
100
x2 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
1 0 0 1 2 1 0
100 50
x1
200 200
x3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
R 0 0 0 8 0 8 1 15, 200
The maximum value of R is 15,200 when
x1 = 100, x2 = 100, x3 = 200. Since s2 is
nonbasic for the last table and its indicator is 0,
there may be multiple optimum solutions.
Treating s2 as an entering variable, we have
3
5
1
5
x2 = (1 t )(0) + 6t = 6t ,
x3 = (1 t )(4) + (1)t = 4 3t , and 0 t 1. For
the last table, x1 is nonbasic and its indicator is
0. If we continue the process for determining
other optimum solutions, we return to the third
table.
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 P
10. s 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
1
s2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 3
1 3
1 0 0 1 0 4 4
s3 0
P 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 P
s1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 5
x2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
1 0 1 1 0 1
s3 0 0 2
P 1 0 3 2 0 2 0 1 6
Now x3 is the entering variable but no quotients
exist. Thus, the feasible region is unbounded
and, hence, there is no optimum solution.
2
5
15
x1 x2 x3
s1 s2
5
1 0
x2
2
0
0
s2
2
0 1 32
x3
8
R 0 0 0
3
2
1
2
1
2
s3 R
250
0
50
1 0
150
2
8 1 15, 200
0 12
1 12
0
0
Here R = 15,200 when

x1 = 0, x2 = 250, x3 = 150.
Thus multiple optimum solutions exist.
Hence R is maximum when
x1 = (1 t )(100) + 0t = 100 100t ,
x2 = (1 t )(100) + 250t = 100 + 150t
x3 = (1 t )(200) + 150t = 200 50t , and
0 t 1. For the last table, x1 is nonbasic and
its indicator is 0. If we continue the process for
determining other optimum solutions, we return
to the fourth table. If we were to initially choose
s2 as the departing variable, then
11. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 denote the numbers of chairs,

rockers, and chaise lounges produced,
respectively. We want to maximize
R = 24 x1 + 32 x2 + 48 x3 subject to
x1 + x2 + x3 400,
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 600,
2 x1 + 3x2 + 5 x3 1500,
x1 , x2 , x3 0.
x1 x2
x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
1 1 0 0 0 400 400
s1 1
1
1
2 0 1 0 0 600 300
s2
3
5 0 0 1 0 1500 300
s3 2
0
R 24 32 48 0 0 0 1
250
x1
x2 x3
1
1
s1 1
1
1
2
s2
2
3
5
s3
R 24 32 48
Section 7.6
s1 s2 s3 R
1 0 0 0
400 400
0 1 0 0 600 300
0 0 1 0 1500 300
0 0 0 1
0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
s1 12
0 1 12 0 0
100 200
2
1
1
600
x3 1
1
0
0
0
300
2
2
2
s3 1 1 0 0 5 1 0
0 0
2
2 2
R 0 8 0 0 24 0 1 14, 400
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
s3 R
100 50
s1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
1 0 1 0 3 1 0
300 100
x3
0
x2 1 1 0 0 5 2 0
R 8 0 0 0 16 16 1 14, 400
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
1
1
50 100
s2 2 0 0 2 1 2 0
1 0 1 3 0 1 0
150
x3 2
2
2
3
5
1
x2 2 1 0 2 0 2 0
250 500
3
R 0 0 0 8 0 8 1 15, 200
the maximum value of R is 15,200 when x1 = 0, x2 = 250, x3 = 150. For the last table, x1 is nonbasic and its
indicator is 0. Treating x1 as an entering variable, we have

x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
100
x1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
200
x3
100
x2 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
R 0 0 0 8 0 8 1 15, 200
Here R = 15,200 when x1 = 100, x2 = 100, x3 = 200. For the last table, s2 is nonbasic and its indicator is 0. If we
continue the process of determining other optimum solutions, we return to the table corresponding to the solution
x1 = 0, x2 = 250, x3 = 150.
Thus, the maximum revenue is $15,200 when x1 = 100 100t , x2 = 100 + 150t ,
x3 = 200 50t , and 0 t 1
1. Using the hint, 1000 x1 standard and 800 x2 deluxe snowboards must be manufactured at plant II. The
constraints for plant I are x1 + x2 1200 and x2 x1 200. The constraints for plant II are
(1000 x1 ) + (800 x2 ) 1000 or x1 + x2 800. The quantity to be maximized is the profit
P = 40 x1 + 60 x2 + 45(1000 x1 ) + 50(800 x2 )
= 5 x1 + 10 x2 + 85, 000 subject to the constraints
251
x1 + x2 1200,
x1 + x2 200,
x1 + x2 800,
and x1 , x2 0 .
Note that maximizing Z = 5 x1 + 10 x2 also maximizes the profit. The corresponding equations are:
x1 + x2 + s1 = 1200,
x1 + x2 + s2 = 200,
x1 + x2 s3 + t = 800.
The artificial objective equation is
W = 5 x1 + 10 x2 Mt.
The augmented coefficient matrix is:
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 t W
1 1 0 0 0 0 1200
1
1
1 0 1 0 0 0 200
1
1 0 0 1 1 0 800
0
5 10 0 0 0 M 1
The simplex tables follow.

x1
x2
s1 s2 s3 t W
1
1
1 0 0 0 0 1200
s1
1
1
0 1 0 0 0
200
s2
1
0 0 1 1 0
800
t 1
W 5 M 10 M 0 0 M 0 1 800M
x1
x2 s1
s2
s3 t W
2
0 1
0 0 0
1000
1
s1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
200
x2
1 1 0
2
0 0
1
600
t
W 5 2M 0 0 10 + M M 0 1 2000 600 M
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t W
1 0 400
0
1
s1 0 0 1
1
1
1 0
x2 0 1 0
2
500
2
2
1 0
x1 1 0 0 1 1
300
2
2
2
52 52 + M 1 3500
W 0 0 0 15
2
Delete the t-column since t = 0 and return to Z.

x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s 0 0 1
0 1 0 400
3
1 0 0
700
x2 0 1 12
2
1
1
x1 1 0 2 2 0 0 500
5
15 0 0 4500
Z 0 0 2
2
Thus, x1 = 500, x2 = 700, and Z = 4500. Plant I should manufacture 500 standard and 700 deluxe snowboards.
Plant II should manufacture 1000 500 = 500 standard and 800 700 = 100 deluxe snowboards. The maximum
profit is P = 5(500) + 10(700) + 85,000 = $89,500.
252
Section 7.6
Problems 7.6
x1 x2 s1 s2 t2 W
1.
1 1 1 0 0 0 6
1 1 0 1 1 0 4
2 1 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t2 W
1
1 0 0 0
6 6
s1 1
1
0 1 1 0
4 4
t2 1
W 2 + M 1 M 0 M 0 1 4M
x1 x2 s1 s2
t2
W
1 0 2 1
s1 2 0 1 1
1
0 4
x2 1 1 0 1
W 3 0 0 1 M + 1 1 4
x1 x2 s1 s2 Z
1 0 1
x1 1 0 1
2
2
x2 0 1 1 1 0 5
2
2
3
1
1 7
Z 0 0 2
2
The maximum is Z = 7 when x1 = 1, x2 = 5 .

x1 x2 s1 s2 t2 W
2.
1 2 1 0 0 0 8
1 6 0 1 1 0 12
3 4 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t2 W
2
1 0 0 0
8 4
s1 1
6
0 1 1 0
12 2
t2 1
W 3 M 4 6 M 0 M 0 1 12 M
x1 x2 s1 s2
t2 W
13
0 4 6
s1 23 0 1 13
1 1 0 1
1
0 2 12
x2 6
6
6
7
2 2
W 3 0 0 3 3 + M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 Z
3
1 0
x1 1 0
6
2
2
x2 0 1 1 1 0
1
4
4
7
1 1 22
0
0
Z
2
2

253
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t2 W
3.
1 2 1 1 0 0 0 5
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
2 1 1 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1 s2 t2 W
s1
1
2
1
1 0 0 0 5 52
t2 1
1
1
0 1 1 0 1 1
W 2 + M 1 M 1 M 0 M 0 1 M
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t2 W
s1 3 0 1 1 2
2
0 3 1
x2 1 1 1 0 1
1
0 1
W 3 0 2 0 1 1 + M 1 1
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
2 0 1
x1 1 0 1 1
3 3
3
2 1 1 0 2
x2 0 1
3 3
3
Z 0 0
1 1
1 1 4
The maximum is Z = 4 when x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 0 .

x1 x2 x3 s1
s2 t2 W
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 9
4.
1 0 1 1 0 6
1 2
1 1 4 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1
s1 1
1
1
1
t2 1
2
1
0
W 1 M 1 + 2M 4 M 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t2 W
s1 0 3 0 1 1
1
0
x3 1 2 1 0 1
1
0
W 3 7 0 0 4 4 + M 1
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x2 0 1 0
x3
1 0 1
Z 3 0 0
1
3
1
3
2
3
7
3
13
53
s2 t2 W
0 0 0
9 9
1 1 0
6 6
M 0 1 6 M
3 1
6
24
1 3
0 8
1 31
254
Section 7.6
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s2 0 3 0 1 1 0 3
x3 1 1 1 1 0 0 9
Z 3 5 0 4 0 1 36
The maximum is Z = 36 when x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 9 .

x1 x2 x3 s1 t2 W
5.
1 1 1 1 0 0 10
1 0 6
1 1 1 0
3 2 1 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3 s1 t2 W
s1
1
1
1 1 0 0
10 10
1
1 0 1 0
t2
1
6 6
W 3 M 2 + M 1 + M 0 0 1 6M
x1 x2 x3 s1
t2 W
s1 0 2
2 1
1 0 4 2
x1 1 1 1 0
1 0 6
W 0 5 4 0 3 + M 1 18
x1 x2 x3 s1 W
x2 0 1 1 1 0 2
2
x1 1 0 0 12 0 8
Z 0 0 1 5 1 28
2
The maximum is Z = 28 when x1 = 8, x2 = 2, and x3 = 0.
x1
x2 x3
s1
t1
t2 W
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 5
6.
1 0 7
1 1 1 0 0
2 1 3 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1 t1 t2 W
t1 0
t2 1
W 2 M
x1
x2 0
t2 1
W 2 M
1
1
1 2 M
x2
2
1
3 + M
x3
1
2
0
3
0 5 3M
s1
1 1 0 0
5 5
0 0 1 0
7 7
M 0 0 1 12 M
t1
t2 W
1
1
1
1
1 M 1 + 2 M
0 0
5
1 0
2 23
0 1 5 2M
255
x1 x2 x3
x2 23
x3 13
1
W 3
s1
t1
1 0 13
0 1
1
3
1
3
1
3
0 0
2
3
23 + M
x1 x2 x3
s1
t2 W
2
3
1
3
5
3
+M
19 19
3 2
2 6
1 25
3
x2 0 1 2 1 0 5
x1 1 0 3 1 0 2
W 0 0 1 1 1 9
The maximum is Z = 9 when x1 = 2, x2 = 5, x3 = 0.

x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 t3 W
7. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 2 0 1 0 0 0 8
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 5
1 10 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 t3 W
1
1
1 0 0 0 0
1 1
s1
1
2
0 1 0 0 0
8 8
s2
1
0 0 1 1 0
5 5
t3 1
W 1 M 10 M 0 0 M 0 1 5M
x1
x2
s1
s2 s3 t3 W
1
1
0 0 0 0
1
x1 1
0
7
3
1
1
0
0
0
7
s2
3
2
1 0 1 1 0
4 2
t3 0
W 0 9 2M 1 + M 0 M 0 1 1 4M
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t3 W
1 0 1
1 0
3
x1 1 0
2
2
2
3
3 0
1 1
s2 0 0
1
2
2
2
1 0
x2 0 1 1 0 1
2
2
2
2
9 9 + M 1 17
0
W 0 0 11
2
2
2
For the above table, t3 = 0. Thus W = Z.

256
x1 x2 x3 s1
8. 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 4 1 0
x1
x2
t1 1
s2 1
t3 1
W 1 2M
x1
s2
t1
s1
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 0
4 1 M
x2
t3 W
0
1 0
1 0 0
0 0
1
0 M M
x3
x3
Section 7.6
0
0
0
1
s2 t1
0
1
0
0
s1
1
0
0
0
5
3
7
t3 W
0
0
1
0
0
5 5
0
3 3
0
7 7
1 12M
s2 t1 t3 W
0
2 1
1 1
t1 0
1
1
1 0
1 0
x1
0
2
0
0
1
0
t3
W 0 3 + 2 M 2 + 2M M 1 + 2 M 0
There is no solution (empty feasible region).
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
4
1 3 6M
9. We write the third constraint as x1 + x2 + x3 6.

x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 t2 t3 W
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 2
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 6
3 2 1 0 0 0 M M 1 0
x1 x2
x3
s1 s2 s3 t2 t3 W
1
1
1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
s1
1 1
1
0 1 0 1 0 0
2 2
t2
1
0 0 1 0 1 0
6 6
t3 1 1
W 3 2 1 2 M 0 M M 0 0 1 8M
x1
x2 x3
s1 s2 s3 t2 t3 W
1
1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1
x3
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
t2
2
0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
5
t3
W 2 + 2 M 3 + 2 M 0 1 + 2 M M M 0 0 1 1 6 M
There is no solution (empty feasible region).
257
x1 x2
10. 1 2
1 6
0
1
1 4
x1
1
s1
1
t2
t3 0
W 1 M
s1 s2 s3 t2 t3
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0
0 0 1 0
1
0 0 0 M M
W
0
0
0
1
x2
s1 s2 s3
2
1 0 0
6
0 1 0
1
0 0 1
4 7 M 0 M M
8
12
2
t2
0
1
0
0
t3
0
0
1
0
W
0
8 4
0
12 2
0
2 2
1 14 M
Here we choose t3 as the departing variable.

x1
x2 s1 s2
s3
t2
t3
W
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0 4 2
s1
1
0 0 1
6
1
6
0 0 0
t2
1 0 0
1
0
1
0 2
x2 0
W 1 M 0 0 M 4 6M 0 4 + 7 M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t2
t3 W
2
1
1
3
0 0 4 12
s1 3 0 1 3 0
s3 1 0 0 1 1
1
1
0
0
6
6
6
1 0
1
1
0
0
0
2
x2 6
6
6
1
2
2
W 3 0 0 3 0 3 + M M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
2 0 3 1 0 0 12
s2
1
1
s3 2 0 2 0 1 0 2
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
2
2
Z 1 0 2 0 0 1 16
Thus the maximum value of Z is 16, when x1 = 0, x2 = 4.

If we choose t2 as the original departing variable, then
x1
x2
s1 s2 s3 t2 t3 W
1
2
1 0 0 0 0 0
8 4
s1
1
6
0 1 0 1 0 0
12 2
t2
1
0 0 1 0 1 0
2 2
t3 0
W 1 M 4 7 M 0 M M 0 0 1 14 M
258
Section 7.6
x1
x2 s1
s2
s3
t2
t3
2
1
1
0 1
0
3
0
s1
3
3
1
1
x2
1 0
16
0
0
6
6
1
1
0 0
1
16
1
6
6
t3
W 1 + 1 M 0 0 2 1 M M 2 + 7 M 0
3 6
3 6
3 6
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 t2
t3
W
2
0 4 2
s1 1 0 1 0 2 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
1
0
2
x2
6
0 0
s2 1 0 0 1 6 1
W 1 0 0 0 4 M 4 + M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s3 1 0 1 0 1 0 2
2
2
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
2
2
s2 2 0 3 1 0 0 12
Z 1 0 2 0 0 1 16
W
0 4 12
0 2
0 0
0
1 8
x1 x2 s1 s3 t2 t3 W
11. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 4
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 6
3 2 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2 s1 s3 t2 t3 W
1
1
1 0 0 0 0
4
s1
1
1
0 0 1 0 0
4 4
t2
0
0 1 0 1 0
6
t3 1
W 3 2 M 0 M 0 0 1 10 M
x1
x2 s1 s3
t2
t3 W
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
8
s1
1 1 0 0
1
0 0
4
x2
0 0 1
0
1 0
6 6
t3 1
W 1 M 0 0 M 2 + M 0 1 8 6M
x1 x2 s1 s3
t2
t3 W
1
0 0 8
s1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1
1 0 10
x2
0
1 0 6
x1 1 0 0 1
W 0 0 0 1 2 + M 1 + M 1 2
For the above table, t2 = t3 = 0. Thus W = Z.

259
12. We write the first constraint as x1 + 2 x2 12.

x1
1
1
x2 s1
2
1
1
8
s2
s3
t2
t3 W
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0
0 0 1 0
1
0 0 0 M M
x1
x2 s1
2
s1 1
1
1
t2
1
1
t3
W 2 8 2M
x1 x2
1
s1
x2
2
t3
W 6 2M
x1 x2 s1
0
1
0
0
s2 s3
0 12
0 2
0 10
1 0
t2 t3 W
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 M M
0
1
0
0
s1
s3
s2
0
0
1
0
0
12 6
0
2 2
0
10 10
1 12 M
t2 t3 W
1
2 0
2
0
1
1 0
0
1 1
1
0 8 M M 8 + 2M
s2
s3
t2
0
0
1
0
0
8 8
0
2
0
8 4
1 16 8M
t3 W
s1 0 0 1
12 0
4
1 0
x2 0 1 0
6
2
1 0
x1 1 0 0
4
2
W 0 0 0
5
3 5 + M 3 + M 1 40
For the above table, t2 = t3 = 0. Thus W = Z. The maximum is Z = 40 when x1 = 4 and x2 = 6.

3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
32
1
2
1
2
13. Let x1 and x2 denote the numbers of Standard and Executive bookcases produced, respectively, each week. We
want to maximize the profit function P = 35 x1 + 40 x2 subject to
2 x1 + 3x2 400,
3x1 + 4 x2 500,
3x1 + 4 x2 250,
x1 , x2 0.
The artificial objective function is W = P Mt3 .
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 t3 W
3 1 0 0 0 0 400
2
3
4 0 1 0 0 0 500
3
4 0 0 1 1 0 250
35 40 0 0 0 M 1
0
x1
2
s1
3
s2
3
t3
W 35 3M
x2
s1 s2 s3
1 0
4
4
40 4 M
t3 W
400 400
3
0 1 0 0 0
500 125
0 0 1 1 0
250 125
2
0 0 M 0 1 250M
0 0
260
x1 x2 s1
s1 1 0 1
4
s2 0 0 0
x2 3 1 0
4
W 5 0 0
x1 x2 s1
s2 s3
t3
3
4
3
4
1
4
1
4
0 10 10 + M
Section 7.6
W
850
3
0 250 250
0 125
2
1 2500
425
2
s2 s3 P
s1 1 0 1 3 0 0 25
4
4
s3 0 0 0 1 1 0 250
x2 34 1 0 14 0 0 125 500
3
P 5 0 0 10 0 1 5000
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 P
200
s1 0 1 1 2 0 0
3
3
3
s3 0 0 0
1 1 0
250
500
1 0 0
x1 1 4 0
3
3
3
P 0 20
0 35
0 1 17,500
3
3
3
500
2
= 166 Standard and 0 Executive
3
3
bookcases. Since an integer answer is preferable, note that x1 = 167, x2 = 0 does not satisfy the constraint
3x1 + 4 x2 500, while x1 = 166, x2 = 0 satisfies all of the constraints. Thus the company should produce
166 Standard and 0 Executive bookcases each week.
This table indicates that, to maximize profit, the company should produce
14. Let x, y and z denote the numbers of units of products X, Y, and Z produced each week, respectively. We want to
maximize the profit function P = 50x + 60y + 75z subject to
x + 2 y + 2 z 40,
x + y + 2 z 30,
z 5,
x, y, z 0.
The artificial objective function is W = P Mt3 .
x
y
z s1 s2 s3 t3 W
2
2 1 0 0 0 0 40
1
1
1
2 0 1 0 0 0 30
0
0
1 0 0 1 1 0 5
50 60 75 0 0 0 M 1 0
x
y
z
s1
2
2
1
s1 1
1
1
2
0
s2
0
0
1
0
t3
W 50 60 75 M 0
s2 s3 t3 W
0 0 0 0
40 20
1 0 0 0 30 15
0 1 1 0
5 5
0 M 0 1 5M
261
x
y
2
s1 1
1
1
s2
0
0
z
W 50 60
z s1 s2
0 1 0
s3
2
t3
2
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0 0 75 75 + M
W
0
30 15
0 20 10
0 5
1 375
x
y
z s1 s2 s3 P
1
0 1 1 0 0 10 10
0
s1
1
1
0 0 12 1 0 10 20
2
s3 2
1
1
1 0 12 0 0 15 30
z 2
2
P 25 45 0 0 75 0 1 1125
2
2
2
x
y z s1 s2 s3 P
0
1 0 1 1 0 0 10
y
1
0 0 12 1 1 0
5 10
s3 2
1
z 1
20
0
1
1
0
0
10
2
2
25
45
P 2 0 0 2 15 0 1 1350
x y z s1 s2 s3 P
0
1 0 1 1 0 0
10
y
1 0 0 1 2 2 0
10
x
5
z 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
P 0 0 0 10 40 25 1 1475
The production order should be 10 units of X, 10 units of Y, and 5 units of Z for a maximum profit of $1475
15. Suppose I is the total investment. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be the proportions invested in A, AA, and AAA bonds,
respectively. If Z is the total annual yield expressed as a proportion of I, then ZI = 0.08 x1I + 0.07 x2 I + 0.06 x3 I ,
or equivalently, Z = 0.08 x1 + 0.07 x2 + 0.06 x3 . We want to maximize Z subject to
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x2 + x3 0.50,
x1 + x2 0.30,
x1 , x2 , x3 0.
The artificial objective function is W = Z Mt1 Mt2 .
x1
x2
x3 s2 s3 t1 t2 W
1
1
0 0 1 0 0 1
1
0
1
1
1 0 0 1 0 0.5
1
1
0
0 1 0 0 0 0.3
0.08 0.07 0.06 0 0 M M 1 0

x1
x2
x3
s2 s3 t1 t2 W
1
1
1
0 0 1 0 0
1 1
t1
0
1
1
1 0 0 1 0
0.5 0.5
t2
1
1
0
0 1 0 0 0
0.3 0.3
s3
W 0.08 M 0.07 2M 0.06 2 M M 0 0 0 1 1.5M

262
Section 7.7
x1
x2
x3
s2
s3
t1
0
0
1
0
1
1
t1
1
0
1
1
1
0
t2
1
1
0
0
1
0
x2
W 0.01 + M 0 0.06 2 M M 0.07 + 2 M 0

x1
1
t1
1
x3
1
x2
0.07
M
W
x2 x3
0 0
0 1
1 0
0 0
x1
x2
x3
0
1
0
t1
1
1
x3 0
1
0
x1 1
W 0 0.07 + M 0
x1
x2 x3 s2
s2
1
s3 t1
0 1
t2 W
0 0
0.7
W
0
0.5
0.7
1 0
0.2
0.2
0 0
0.3
0 1 0.021 0.9 M
t2
1
0.5
1
1 0
1
0
0.2
0.3
0
1
0
0
0
0.3
0.06 M 0.01 0 0.06 + 2 M 1 0.033 0.5M
s2
s3
t1
t2
W
1
1
1
1
0
0.2
0.2
1
0
0
1
0
0.5
0
1
0
0
0
0.3
0.06 M 0.08 + M 0 0.06 + 2M 1 0.054 0.2 M
s3
t1 t2 W
1 0 1
1
1 1 0
0.2
s2 0
0
0 1 0
1
1 0 0
0.7
x3
1 0 0
1
0 0 0
0.3
x1 1
W 0 0.01 0 0 0.02 0.06 + M M 1 0.066

For the above table, t1 = t2 = 0. Thus W = Z.
The fund should put 30% in A bonds, 0% in AA, and 70% in AAA for a yield of 6.6%.
Problems 7.7
x1 x2 s1 s2 t1
t2 W
1.
1 1 1 0
1 0 0
1 0
2 1 0 1 0
2 5 0 0 M M 1
x1
x2 s1 s2 t1
t1
1
1 1 0 1
t2 2
1 0 1 0
W 2 3M 5 M M 0
x1
x2
s1
s2
3
1
t1 0
2
1
2
1
x1 1
0
12
2
W 0 4 + 3 M M 1 1 M
2
2
9
0
t2 W
1 0
9 92
0 1 16M
t1
t2
W
0 0
12
1
2
1 + 32
9
0
2
1 9 52 M
5
2
263
x1 x2 s1 s2
t1
s2 0 3 2 1
2
x1 1 1 1 0
1
W 0 7 2 0 2 + M
The minimum is Z = 14 when
t2 W
0 0
7
M 1 14
x1 = 7, x2 = 0.
1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 t1
t2 W
2.
2 2 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 2
1 3 0 1 0
8 12 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
x3 s2 s3 t1 t2
W
1
t1 2
2
1 0 1 0 0
1 2
t2 1
3
0 1 0 1 0
2 23
W 8 3M 12 5M M M 0 0 1 3M
x1
x2
s1
s2
t1
t2 W
1
x2
t2 2
W
4 + 2M
x1 x2 s1
1 0
x2
s1
0 1
W 4 0 0
1
3
4
3
12
3
2
0 6 32 M
s2
t1
13
23
0
1
1
2
23
6 + 52 M
t2 W
1
3
2
3
0
0
1
1 0
3
0 1 6 12 M
1
2
1
2
0 0
2
3
1
3
1 8
2
The minimum is Z = 8 when x1 = 0, x2 = .
3
3.
4 M
4 + M
x1 x2
x3 s
t W
1
1
1
1
1
0 18
12 6 3 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s t W
1
1
1
1
1 0
18 18
t
12 M 6 + M 3 + M M 0 1 18M
W
x1 x2 x3 s
t W
1 0
18
x1 1 1 1 1
0 18 15 12 12 + M 1 216
W
The minimum is Z = 216 when x1 = 18, x2 = 0, x3 = 0 .
264
Section 7.7
x1 x2 x3 s t W
4. 1 2 1 1 1 0 4
1 1 2 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s t W
2
1
1 1 0
4 2
t 1
1 M 1 2M 2 + M M 0 1 4 M
W
1 0
x2 1 1 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
5
1 1 + M 1 2
1 0
2
2
2
W 2
5. We write the second constraint as x1 + x3 4.

x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 t2 W
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 4
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 5
2 3 1 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1 x2
x3 s1 s2 s3 t2 W
1
1
1
1 0 0 0 0
6 6
s1
1
0
1
0 1 0 1 0
4 4
t2
1
1
0 0 1 0 0
5 5
s3 0
W 2 + M 3 1 M 0 M 0 0 1 4 M
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
t2 W
1 0 2
s1 2 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 4
x3
1 0
1
s3 1 1 0 0 1 1
W 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 + M 1 4
6.
x1
3
0
x2 x3 s1 s2
1 1 1 0
2
1
1
t3 W
0 0 4
2 0 1 0 0 0 5
1 0 0 1 1 0 2
3 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1
3
x2
1
s3
0
x3 s1 s2 s3 t3 W
1 1 0 0 0 0
4 4
s1
0
2
2 0 1 0 0 0
5 52
s2
1
1
1 0 0 1 1 0
2 2
t3
W 5 M 1 M 3 M 0 0 M 0 1 2M
265
x1
s1 2
s2 2
x2 1
W 4
x2 x3 s1 s2
0 2 1 0
s3
1
t3 W
1 0
2
2 0
0 0 1 2
1
1 0 0 1
1 0 2
2 0 0 1 1 + M 1 2
0
1
0
The minimum is Z = 2 when x1 = 0, x2 = 2, and x3 = 0.

7.
x1 x2 x3
1
1 2
0 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 3
s3
0
x1
1
t1
0
t2
s3 1
W 1 M
x1
t1 1
x2 0
s3 1
W 1 M
x1 x2
x1 1 0
x2 0 1
s3 0 0
W 0 0
x2
2
x1
x1 1
x3 0
s3 0
Z 0
t1 t2 W
1 0 0 4
0 0
1 0 1
1 0 0 0 6
0 M M 1 0
x3
1
s3 t1 t2 W
0 1 0 0
4 2
1
1
0 0 1 0
1 1
1
0
1 0 0 0
6 6
1 3M 3 2M 0 0 0 1 5M
x2
x3
s3 t1
t2
W
0
1
0 1
2
0
2 2
1
1
0 0
1
0
1
0
1
1 0
1
0
5 5
0 2 + M 0 0 1 + 3M 1 1 2 M
x3 s3
t1
t2
W
1 0
1
2
0 2
1 0
0
1
0 1 1
0 1
1
1
0 3
1 0 1 + M 3 + M 1 1
x2 x3 s3 Z
1 0 0 0 3
1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 3
1 0 0 1 0
266
8.
x1
x2
s1
t1
t2
Section 7.7
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 M M 1
x1
x2
s1 t1
1
0
t2 W
1 1 0 0
t1 1
1
4 4
t2 1
1
0 0 1 0
1 1
W 1 1 2 M M 0 0 1 5M
x1
x2 s1 t1
t2
W
t1 2
x2 1
W 2 + 2M
1 0 0
1
0
1
0 M 0 1 + 2M 1 1 3M
Since all of the indicators in the last table are positive, but the artificial variable t1 is 3, the feasible region is
empty. (This can also be seen graphically.)
9.
0 1 1
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t1
1 1 1 1 0
1
1 2 1 0 1 0
1 8 5 0 0 M
x1
x2
x3
1
1
t1 1
t2 1
2
1
W 1 8 3M 5 2 M
x1
x2
x3
t2 W
0 0 8
1 0 2
M 1 0
s1 s2 t1 t2 W
1 0 1 0 0
0
M
s1
1 0 1 0
2 1
M 0 0 1 10M
s2
t1
t2
W
8
1
1
14
t1 3
0
1
1
12
0
7
2
2
2
3
1
1
x2 12
1
0
12
0
0
1
2
2
W 5 3 M 0 1 1 M M 4 1 M 0 4 + 3 M 1 8 7 M
2
2
2
2
x1 x2 x3
s1
s2
t1
t2
W
x1
1
2
1
2
13
0 14
1 0 3 3 3
3
3 14
1
1
x2 0 1 23 13 13
0 10
5
3
3
3
10
7
2
10
+ M 73 + M 1 94
W 0 0 3
3
3
3
3
x1 x2 x3 s1
s2
t1
t2 W
x1
1
1
1 12 0 12
12 0
3
2
2
3 1 1 1
1
1 0
x3 0
5
2
2
2
2
2
W 0
1 0
3
2 3 + M 2 + M 1 28
267
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t2 W
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
10.
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 3
4 4 6 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1 s2 t2 W
s1
1
1
1
1 0 0 0
3 3
1
1
0 1 1 0
3 3
t2 1
W 4 M 4 + M 6 M 0 M 0 1 3M
Here we choose t2 as the departing variable.

x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t2 W
s1 0 0 2 1 1
1 0
0
x1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0
3
W 0 8 2 0 4 4 + M 1 12
Thus Z has a minimum value of 12 when x1 = 3, x2 = 0, x3 = 0.
If we choose s1 as the departing variable, then

x1
s1
1
t2 1
W 4 M
x1 x2
x1 1 1
t2 0 0
W 0 8
x1 x2
x1 1 1
x3 0 0
W 0 8
x2
x3
s1 s2
t2 W
3 3
1
1
0 1 1 0
3 3
4 + M 6 M 0 M 0 1 3M
x3
s1
s2 t2 W
1
1
0 0 0 3
2
1
1 1 0 0 0
10 2 M 4 + M M 0 1 12
x3 s1 s2
t2 W
1 1
1 0
0
3
2
2
2
1 0
1 12 12
0
2
0
1
5 5 + M 1 12

1
0 0
268
Section 7.7
11. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 denote the annual numbers of barrels of cement produced in kilns that use device A, device B,
and no device, respectively. We want to minimize the annual emission control cost C (C in dollars) where
1
2
C = x1 + x2 + 0 x3 subject to
4
5
x1 + x2 + x3 = 3,300, 000,
1
1
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 1, 000, 000,
2
4
x1 , x2 , x3 0.
x1 x2 x3 s2
1
1
2
1
4
t1 W
1 0 3,300, 000
2 1 0 0 1, 000, 000
0 0 M 1
0
x2
x3 s2 t1 W
1 1 0
1
4
2
5
x1
1
1 0 1 0
3,300, 000 3,300, 000
t1 1
1
s2 12
2 1 0 0
1, 000, 000 500, 000
4
W 1 M 2 M M 0 0 1 3,300, 000M
4
5
x1
x2
x3 s2 t1 W
7
3
0 12 1 0
2,800, 000 3, 200, 000
8
t1 4
1
1
x3 14
1
0
0
500,
000
4, 000, 000
8
2
W 1 3 M 2 7 M 0 1 M 0 1 2,800, 000 M
4 4
5 8
2
x1
x2 x3 s2
t1
W
6
8
1 0 74
0 3, 200, 000 11,200,000
x2 7
7
3
x3 17
0 1 74
17
0
100, 000 700, 000
W 13
8
16 + M 1 1, 280, 000
0
0
35
35
140
x1 x2 x3 s2 C
x2 0 1 6 4 0 2, 600, 000
700, 000
x1 1 0 7 4 0
3 1 1, 215, 000
C 0 0 13
20
5
Thus the minimum value of C is 1,215,000 when x1 = 700, 000, x2 = 2, 600, 000, x3 = 0.
The plant should install device A on kilns producing 700,000 barrels annually, and device B on kilns producing
2,600,000 barrels annually.
269
12. Let x1 = number of type A trucks rented,

x2 = number of type B trucks rented.
We want to minimize C = 0.40 x1 + 0.60 x2 subject to
2 x1 + 2 x2 12,
x1 + 3 x2 12,
x1 , x2 0.
x1
x2
s1
s2
t1
t2 W
2
2 1 0
1 0 0 12
3 0 1 0
1 0 12
1
0.40 0.60 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t1 t2 W
t1 2
2
1 0 1 0 0
12 6
t2 1
3
0 1 0 1 0
12 4
W 2 3M 3 5M M M 0 0 1 24 M
5
5
x1
x2 s1
s2
t1
t2
W
2
2
4
3
0 1
1
0
4
3
3
t1 3
1
1
1
1 0
0
0
4
x2 3
3
12
3
W 1 4 M 0 M 1 2 M 0 1 + 5 M 1 12 4 M
5 3
5 3
5 3
5
x1 x2 s1
s2
t1
t2 W
3
3
1
12 0 3
x1 1 0 4
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
0 3
x2 0 1
4
2
W 0 0
3
3 + M 1 + M 1 3
1
20
20
10
10
The minimum value of C is 3 when x1 = 3 and x2 = 3. They should rent 3 of type A and 3 of type B. The cost per
mile is $3.00.
13. Let x1 = number of DVD players shipped from Akron to Columbus,

x2 = number of DVD players shipped from Springfield to Columbus,
x3 = number of DVD players shipped from Akron to Dayton,
x4 = number of DVD players shipped from Springfield to Dayton.
We want to minimize C = 5 x1 + 3x2 + 7 x3 + 2 x4 subject to
x1 + x2
x3 + x4
x1 + x3
x2 + x4
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4
= 150,
= 150,
200,
150,
0.
270
x1
1
0
0
5
x2 x3 x4 s3 s4
1 0 0 0 0
0
1 1 0 0
1 0
1 0
t1
1
t2 W
0 0 150
0
1 0 150
0 0 0 200
0 0 0 150
M M 1
0
x3
x4 s3 s4 t1 t2 W
0
0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0
1 0
3 7 2 0 0
x1
x2
t1
1
1
t2
0
0
1
1
s3
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
s4
W 5 M 3 M 7 M 2 M
x1
x2
t1
1
1
0
0
x4
1
0
s3
0
1
s4
W 5 M 3 M
x1
t1
1
0
x4
s3
1
0
x2
W 5 M
Section 7.7
0 0 0
1 0
1 0 0 0 0
0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
x3 x4 s3 s4 t1
0 0 0 0 1
t2 W
0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 0
1 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 0
1 0
1 0
5 0 0 0 0 2 + M
x2
0
x3 x4 s3
1 0 0
s4 t1
1 1
t2 W
1 0
0
0
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 0 0
0 8 M
1 0 1 0
0 0 3 + M
1 1
150
150 150
200
150 150
300M
150 150
150
200
0 0
300 150 M
150 150
150
200 200
0
300 150 M
x1 x2 x3 x4 s3 s4
t1
t2 W
x1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1
1 0
150
x4 0 0 1 1 0 0
0
1 0
150
s3 0 0 0 0 1 1
1
1 0
50
x2 0 1 1 0 0 1
0
1 0
0
W 0 0 3 0 0 2 5 + M 4 + M 1 1050
The retailer should ship as follows: to Columbus, 150 from Akron and 0 from Springfield; to Dayton, 0 from
Akron and 150 from Springfield. The transportation cost is $1050.
If s4 is chosen as the departing variable in the second table, the result is the same, although the final table is
different:
x1 x2 x3 x4 s3 s4
t1
t2 W
x1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1
0 0
150
x3 0 1 1 0 0 1
0
1 0
0
s3 0 0 0 0 1 1
1
1 0
50
x4 0 1 0 1 0 1
0
0 0
150
W 0 3 0 0 0 5 5 + M 7 + M 1 1050
271

14. Let x A
xB
yA
yB
= number of alternators from supplier X to plant A

= number of alternators from supplier X to plant B
= number of alternators from supplier Y to plant A
= number of alternators from supplier Y to plant B
We want to minimize C = 300 x A + 320 xB + 340 y A + 280 yB

x A + y A = 7000
xB + y B = 5000
x A + xB 3000
x A + xB 5000
y A + yB 7000
x A , xB , y A , y B 0
x A xB y A y B s3 s4 s5 t1 t2 t3 t5 W
0
1
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1
0
1
0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1 0 0
1
0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
0
0
1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0
300 320 340 280 0 0 0 M M M M 1
xA
xB
yA
yB s3
1
0
1
0 0
t1
0
1
0
1
0
t2
1
1
0
0 1
t3
1
1
0
0 0
s4
0
0
1
1 0
t5
W 300 2M 320 2 M 340 2 M 280 2M M

xA
1
t1
0
yB
1
t3
1
s4
0
t5
W 300 2 M
xB
yA
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
40 340 2 M
yB s3
0 0
1 1
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 M
s4 s5
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 M
xA
xB
y A yB
s3 s4
1
1 0
1 0
t1 0
1
0 1
0 0
yB 0
1 0
1
0 0
xA 1
0
0 0
1 1
s4 0
1
1 0
0 0
t5 0
W 0 260 + 2M 340 2 M 0 300 M 0

x A xB
t1 0 0
yB 0 1
xA 1 1
s4 0 0
y A 0 1
W 0 80
yA
0
0
0
0
1
0
yB
s3
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0 300 M
s4
s5
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0 340 M
s5
0
0
0
0
1
M
subject to
7000
5000
3000
5000
7000
0
s4 s5
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 M
t1
t2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 280 + 2 M
t1
1
0
0
0
0
0
t3
0
0
1
0
0
0
t2
0
1
0
0
0
0
t5
0
0
0
0
1
0
t3
0
0
1
0
0
0
t5
0
0
0
0
1
0
W
0
7000
0
5000 5000
0
3000
0
5000
0
7000 7000
1 22, 000 M
W
0
7000 7000
0
5000
0
3000 3000
0
5000 5000
0
2000
1 1, 400, 000 12, 000M
t1
t2
t3 t5 W
1 0 0
1
0
4000 4000
0
1
0 0 0
5000
0
0
1 0 0
3000
1 0 0
0
0
2000
1
0
0 1 0
2000 2000
0 280 + 2M 300 + 2 M 0 1 2,300, 000 6000M
t1 t2
t3
t5 W
1 1
2000 2000
1
1 0
0 1
0
0 0
5000
0 0
1
0 0
3000
0 0
0 0
2000 2000
1
0 1
0
1 0
2000
0 60 300 + 2 M 340 + 2M 1 2,980, 000 2000 M
We choose t1 as the departing variable.

272
Section 7.7
x A xB y A yB s3 s4 s5
t1
t2 t3
t5 W
1
1
1 1
2000
1 0
s3 0 0 0 0 1 0
0
1 0
0 0
5000
yB 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1
1
1 0
5000
1 0
xA 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0
0
1
1 0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0
0
1 0
2000
y A 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
W 0 80 0 0 0 0 40 300 + M 240 + M M 40 + M 1 3,580, 000

The manufacturer should order 5000 alternators from X to be shipped to A, 2000 from Y to A, and 5000 from Y to
B. The minimum cost is $3,580,000. (Note that the same result is obtained if s4 is chosen as the departing
variable in the fifth table.)
15. a.
Roll width
15" 3 2 1 0
10"
0 1 3 4
Trim loss 3 8 3 8
b. We want to minimize L = 3x1 + 8 x2 + 3x3 + 8 x4 subject to

3x1 + 2 x2 + x3 50,
x2 + 3x3 + 4 x4 60,
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0.
x1
3
0
3
x2 x3 x4 s1
s2
t1
t2 W
0 0 50
1 3 4 0 1 0
1 0 60
8 3 8 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
x4
s1
2 1 0 1
t1 3
2
1
0
t2 0
1
3
4
W 3 3M 8 3M 3 4 M 8 4 M
x1
x2
x3
x4
s1
3
5
0
43
1
t1
3
1
4
1
0
x3 0
3
3
W 3 3M 7 5 M 0 4 + 4 M M
3
3
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1
s2
t1
1 5 0 4 1
1
1
x1
9
9
3
9
3
1
4
1
0 3
0
x3 0 3 1
3
W 0 16 0 16
2 1 + M
1
3
3
3
x1 = 10, x2 = 0, x3 = 20, x4 = 0.
c.
s2
t1 t2 W
50
0 1 0 1 0
60 20
M M 0 0 1 110 M
s2
t1
t2
W
1
1 0 0
1
3
13
1 13 M
13
1
3
1 + 43
t2 W
1
9
1
3
23 + M
90 in.
273
10
0 20
1 90
50
10
0
20
1 60 30M
30

1. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be the numbers respectively, of Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 gadgets produced. The original
problem is to maximize
P = 300 x1 + 200 x2 + 200 x3 , subject to
300 x1 + 220 x2 + 180 x3 60, 000,
20 x1 + 40 x2 + 20 x3 2000,
3 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 120,
and x1 , x2 , x3 0.
The dual problem is to minimize
W = 60, 000 y1 + 2000 y2 + 120 y3 ,
subject to
300 y1 + 20 y2 + 3 y3 300,
220 y1 + 40 y2 + y3 200,
180 y1 + 20 y2 + 2 y3 200,
and y1 , y2 , y3 0.
2. Let x1 and x2 be the amounts, respectively of supplement 1 and supplement 2. The original problem is to
minimize C = 6 x1 + 2 x2 , subject to
20 x1 + 6 x2 98,
8 x1 + 16 x2 80,
and x1 , x2 0.
The dual problem is to maximize
W = 98 y1 + 80 y2 , subject to
20 y1 + 8 y2 6,
6 y1 + 16 y2 2,
and y1 , y2 0.
3. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be the numbers, respectively, of devices 1, 2, and 3 produced.

The original problem is to maximize P = 30 x1 + 20 x2 + 20 x3 , subject to
30 x1 + 15 x2 + 10 x3 300, 20 x1 + 30 x2 + 20 x3 400, 40 x1 + 30 x2 + 25 x3 600, and x1 , x2 , x3 0.
The dual problem is to minimize W = 300 y1 + 400 y2 + 600 y3 , subject to
30 y1 + 20 y2 + 40 y3 30, 15 y1 + 30 y2 + 30 y3 20,
10 y1 + 20 y2 + 25 y3 20,
and y1 , y2 , y3 0.
The tablex to maximize Z = W = 300 y1 400 y2 600 y3 follow.
y1 y2
y3 s1 s2 s3
t1 t2 t3 Z
1 0 0 0 30
30 20 40 1 0 0
15 30 30 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 20
10 20 25 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 20
300 400 600 0 0 0 M M M 1 0
274
y1
30
t1
15
t2
10
t3
Z 300 55M
Section 7.8
y2
20
y3
40
s1 s2 s3 t1 t2 t3 Z
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
30
30
20
25
400 70 M
600 95M
30
1 0 0 1 0 0
20
0 1 0 0 1 0
20
M M 0 0 0 1 70M
y1
y2
y3 s1
s2
s3 t1
t2
t3 Z
10
4
4
10
20
3
0 1
0 1
0 0
3
3
t1
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
y3 2
30
30
3
5
5
10
t3 5
5
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
6
6
3
Z 15
13
19
20
M 200 + 25M 0 M 20 6 M M 0 20 + 6 M 0 1 400 3 M
2
y1
y2
y3 s1
s2
s3
t1
t2
t3 Z
1
2
1
2
1
y1 1
2
15
0 10
0
0 0
15
10
3
1
1
1
1
1
10
2
1 20
0 20
0 0
y3
10
2
7
7
25
1
1
t3 0
10
0
1
1
0
4
6
4
6
6
7M M
3 M 20 + 13 M 0 1 400 25 M
1
+
M
M
0
200
10
0
20
Z
4
6
4
6
6
y1
y2
y3
s1
s2 s3
t1
t2 t3 Z
15
3
3
5
s2
15
4
1 0 0
0
1 0
2
4
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
40
40
4
y3
15
5
5
5
35
0
0
1
0
1
0
t3
4
2
8
8
4
35
15
5
13
5
Z 150 + 4 M 100 2 M 0 15 8 M 0 M 15 + 8 M M 0 1 450 4 M
y1 y2 y3 s1 s2
s3
t1
t2
t3
Z
1
1
s2 10 0 0
2
1
1 2
2
0
5
2
1 0
1
1
1
2
4
0
1
0
0
15
15
15
15
3
y3 3
1
2
1
2
1
y2 7 1 0
12
0 15
0
0
6
12
15
6
20
+ M M 40
+ M 1 1400
0 0 20
0 40
Z 100
3
3
3
3
3
3
The t1 , t2 , and t3 columns are no longer needed.

y1 y2 y3
s1 s2
s3 Z
15
0 1 32 0
10
s2 0 0 2
1
1
y1 1 0 3 1 0
0
4
20
20
2
7
3
3
1
y2 0 1
0 40 0
8
40
4
Z 0 0 25
5 0
15 1 450
From this table, the maximum profit of $450 corresponds to x1 = 5, x2 = 0, and x3 = 15.
The company should produce 5 of device 1 and 15 of device 3.
275
1. Minimize W = 5 y1 + 3 y2
subject to y1 y2 1
y1 + y2 2
y1 , y2 0
8. The second constraint can be written as

8 x1 + 10 x2 80.
Maximize W = 10 y1 80 y2
subject to 4 y1 8 y2 5
3 y1 + 10 y2 4
y1 , y2 0
2. Minimize W = 3 y1 + 5 y2 subject to
9. The dual is: Maximize W = 2 y1 + 3 y2 subject to
Problems 7.8
2 y1 y2
2 y1 + 4 y2
2 y2
y1 , y2
2,
1,
1,
0.
y1 y2 2,
y1 + 2 y2 2,
2 y1 + y2 5,
y1 , y2 0.
y1 y2 s1
s1 1 1 1
s2 1 2 0
s3 2 1 0
W 2 3 0
y1 y2 s1
s1 1 0 1
2
y2 1 1 0
2
s3 52 0 0
W 72 0 0
y1 y2 s1
3. Maximize W = 8 y1 + 2 y2 subject to
y1 y2
y1 + 2 y2
y1 + y2
y1 , y2
1,
8,
5,
0.
4. Maximize W = y1 + 2 y2 subject to
2 y1 + y2 8,
2 y1 + 3 y2 12,
y1 , y2 0.
5. The second and third constraints can be written

as x1 x2 3 and x1 x2 11. Minimize
W = 13 y1 3 y2 11 y3 subject to
s1 0
y2 0
y1 1
W 0
y1 + y2 y3 1,
2 y1 y2 y3 1,
y1 , y2 , y3 0.
6. The second constraint can be written as

x1 + 2 x2 x3 6. Minimize W = 9 y1 6 y2
subject to
y1 y2 1,
y1 + 2 y2 1,
y1 y2 4,
y1 , y2 0.
0 1
1 0
0 0
0 0
s2
0
1
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
W
0
0
0
1
2
2 1
5 5
s2 s3 W
0 0 3 6
0 0 1
1 0 4 85
0 1 3
s3 W
1
2
1
2
12
3
2
s2
3
5
2
5
15
4
5
15
1
5
2
5
7
5
The minimum is Z =
0
1
11
5
9
5
8
5
43
5
43
4
when x1 = 0, x2 = ,
5
5
7
x3 = .
5
10. The dual is: Maximize W = 28 y1 + 2 y2 + 16 y3

subject to
y1 + 2 y2 3 y3 2,
4 y1 y2 + 8 y3 2,
y1 , y2 , y3 0.
7. The first constraint can be written as

x1 + x2 + x3 3. Maximize W = 3 y1 + 3 y2
subject to
y1 + y2 4,
y1 y2 4,
y1 + y2 6,
y1 , y2 0.
y1 y2 y3
2 3
s1 1
1 8
s2 4
W 28 2 16
276
s1 s2 W
1 0 0 2 2
0 1 0 2 12
0 0 1 0
Section 7.8
y1 y2 y3 s1 s2 W
s1
0 94 5 1 14 0 23 2
1
1
1
y1 1 4 2 0 4 0 2
W 0 9 40 0 7 1 14
y1 y2
y3 s1 s2 W
y2
20
0 1 9 94 91 0 32
13 1
2 0
2
y1 1 0
9
9
9
3
W 0 0
20 4
6 1 20
The minimum is Z = 20 when x1 = 4, x2 = 6 .
11. The dual is: Minimize W = 8 y1 + 12 y2 subject to

y1 + y2 3,
2 y1 + 6 y2 8,
y1 , y2 0.
y1 y2 s1 s2 t1 t2 U
1 1 1 0
1 0 0 3
1 0 8
2 6 0 1 0
8 12 0 0 M M 1 0
y1
y2
s1 s2 t1 t2 U
1
1 0 1 0 0
3 3
t1 1
6
0 1 0 1 0
8 43
t2 2
U 8 3M 12 7 M M M 0 0 1 11M
y1 y2 s1
s2
t1
t2
U
5
1
2
5
0 1
1
16
0
6
3
t1 3
2
4
1
4
y2 13
1 0
16
0
0
6
3
U 4 2 M 0 M 2 1 M 0 2 + 7 M 1 16 5 M
3
6
6
3
y1 y2 s1
s2
t1
t2 U
y1
3
5
1
1 0 32
14 0
4
2
2
1 1
1
1 0
1
y2 0 1
2
4
2
4
2
U 0 0
6
1 6 + M 1 + M 1 26
277
12. The dual is: Minimize W = 12 y1 + 8 y2 subject to

3 y1 + y2 2,
y1 + y2 6,
y1 , y2 0.
y1
3
1
12
y2 s1
s2
t1
t2 U
1 1 0
1 0 0 2
1 0 1 0
1 0 6
8 0 0 M M 1 0
y1
y2
s1 s2 t1 t2 U
2
t1 3
1
1 0 1 0 0
2 3
t2 1
1
0 1 0 1 0
6 6
U 12 4M 8 2M M M 0 0 1 8M
y1
y2
s1
s2
t1
t2 U
1
1
2
y1 1
2
13
0
0 0
3
3
3
16
2
1
1
t2 0
1
3
1 0
8
3
3
3
U 0 4 2 M 4 1 M M 4 + 4 M 0 1 8 16 M
3
3
3
3
y1
y2
s1
s2
t1
t2 U
3
1
1
0
1
0 0
2
y2
t2
2
0
1
1
1
1 0
4
4
U 12 + 2 M 0 8 M M 8 + 2M 0 1 16 4M
y1 y2 s1 s2 t1
t2 U
1 0
6
y2 1 1 0 1 0
s1 2 0 1 1 1
1 0
4
U 4 0 0 8 M 8 + M 1 48
13. The first constraint can be written as x1 x2 1. The dual is: Maximize W = y1 + 3 y2 subject to
y1 + y2 6,
y1 + y2 4,
y1 , y2 0.
y1
s1 1
s2 1
W1
y1
s1 2
y2 1
W 2
y2 s1 s2 W
1 1 0 0 6 6
1 0 1 0 4 4
3 0 0 1 0
y2 s1 s2 W
0 1 1 0 2 1
1 0 1 0 4
0 0 3 1 12
278
y1 y2 s1
Section 7.8
s2 W
y1
y2
s1
s2 W
1 1
80
1 54 0
s1 0
5 400
1
1
1 1
y1 1
0
0
2
50
50 25
W 0 20, 000 0 1600 1 1600
y1 y2
s1
s2 W
1
1
1
100
0
y2 0 1
80
400
3
1
1
y1 1 0 160
0
40
160
W 0 0 250 1400 1 1650
The firm should spend $250 on newspaper

advertising and $1400 on radio advertising for a
cost of $1650.
y1
1 0 12 12 0 1
1 0
y2 0 1 12
5
2
W 0 0 1
2 1 14
The minimum is Z = 14 when x1 = 1, x2 = 2 .
14. The first constraint can be written as

2 x1 + x2 + x3 2. The dual is:
Maximize W = 2 y1 + 4 y2
subject to 2 y1 y2 2
y1 y2 1
y1 + 2 y2 1
y1 , y2 0
y1 y2 s1 s2 s3 W
s1 2 1 1 0 0 0 2
s2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
s3 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 12
W 2 4 0 0 0 1 0
16. Let x1 = number of type A trucks rented,

x2 = number of type B trucks rented.
We want to minimize C = 0.40 x1 + 0.60 x2
subject to
2 x1 + 2 x2 12,
x1 + 3 x2 12,
x1 , x2 0.
y1 y2 s1 s2 s3 W
s1 3
2
s2 3
2
y2 1
2
W 4
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
0
5
2
3
2
1
2
The dual is: Maximize W = 12 y1 + 12 y2 subject

to
2 y1 + y2 0.40,
2 y1 + 3 y2 0.60,
y1 , y2 0.
0
2 1 2
The minimum is Z = 2 when x1 = 0, x2 = 0,

x3 = 2.
y1
y2 s1 s2 W
s1
2
1 1 0 0 52 15
3
s2 2
3 0 1 0 53 10
W 12 12 0 0 1 0
Here we choose y1 as the entering variable.
15. Let x1 = amount spent on newspaper

advertising,
x2 = amount spent on radio advertising.
We want to minimize C = x1 + x2 subject to
40 x1 + 50 x2 80, 000,
100 x1 + 25 x2 60, 000,
x1 , x2 0.
The dual is: Maximize
W = 80, 000 y1 + 60, 000 y2 subject to
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
1 1
1
0 0 15 52
y1
2
2
1
1
s2 0 2 1 1 0 5 10
W 0 6 6 0 1 12
5
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
y1
3 1 0
3
1 0
4
4
20
1 0
1
y2 0 1 12
2
10
W 0 0
3
3 1 3
Thus the maximum value of W, and hence the

minimum value of C, is 3.
40 y1 + 100 y2 1,
50 y1 + 25 y2 1,
y1 , y2 0.
y1
y2
s1 s2 W
100
1 0 0 1 40
s1 40
1
25
0 1 0 1 50
s2 50
W 80, 000 60, 000 0 0 1 0
279
If we choose y2 as the entering variable, then

y1 y2 s1 s2 W
1 1 0 0 52 52
s1 2
3 0 1 0 53 15
s2 2
W 12 12 0 0 1 0
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
4 0 1 1 0 1 3
3
5 20
s1 3
3
2
1
1
y2 3 1 0 3 0 5 10
W 4 0 0 4 1 12
5
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
3 1 0
3
y1 1 0
4
4
20
1 0
1
y2 0 1 12
2
10
W 0 0
3
3 1 3
The minimum total cost per mile is $3.

17. Let y1 = number of shipping clerk apprentices,
y2 = number of shipping clerks,
y3 = number of semiskilled workers,
y4 = number of skilled workers.
We want to minimize W = 6 y1 + 9 y2 + 8 y3 + 14 y4 subject to
y1 + y2 60,
2 y1 + y2 0,
y3 + y4 90,
y3 2 y4 0,
y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 0.
The dual is: Maximize Z = 60 x1 + 0 x2 + 90 x3 + 0 x4 subject to
x1 2 x2 6,
x1 + x2 9,
x3 + x4 8,
x3 2 x4 14,
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0.
x1
x2 x3 x4
0
s1 1 2 0
1
1
0
0
s2
0
0
1
1
s3
0
1
2
s4 0
Z 60 0 90 0
s1
1
0
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
0
s4
0
0
0
1
0
Z
0 6
0 9
0 8 8
0 14 14
1 0
280
x1
x2 x3 x4 s1
2 0 0 1
s1 1
1 0 0 0
s2 1
0 1 1 0
x3 0
0
0 0 3 0
s4
Z 60 0 0 90 0
s2 s3
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 1
0 90
Chapter 7 Review
s4
0
0
0
1
0
Z
0 6 6
0 9 9
0 8
0 6
1 720
x1
x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
1
2
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
6
x1
0
3
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
3 1
s2
0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
8
x3 0
0
0 3 0 0 1 1 0
6
s4 0
Z 0 120 0 90 60 0 90 0 1 1080
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2
s3 s4 Z
1
2
0 0 0
8
x1 1 0 0 0
3
3
x2 0 1 0 0 1
0
0
0
1
3
3
x3 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
8
s4 0 0 0 3
0 0 1 1 0
6
Z 0 0 0 90 20 40 90 0 1 1200
The company should employ 20 shipping clerk apprentices, 40 shipping clerks, 90 semiskilled workers, and
0 skilled workers for a total hourly wage of $1200.

1.
x
5
2.
10
x
10
281

3.
8.
5
3
4.
9.
10
10
5.
10
10.
10
x
10
6.
x
10
11. Feasible region follows. Corner points are (0, 0),

(0, 2), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 0). Z is maximized at
(3, 0) where its value is 3.
Thus Z = 3 when x = 3 and y = 0.
y
yx=2
x+y=4
7.
x=3
(3, 0)
x
5
282
x
5
Chapter 7 Review

(0, 5), (4, 3), and (4, 1). Z is maximized at (4, 3)
where its value is 22. Thus Z = 22 when
x = 4 and y = 3.
10
x+y=5
10
20 10
,
9 9
x + 2y = 10
2x + 5y = 10
x
(4, 3)
(4, 0)
5x + 8y = 20
x=4
x
(5, 0)

(0, 6), (6, 8), (6, 0), and (4, 0). Z is minimized at
(0, 4) and (4, 0) where its value is 8. Thus Z is
minimized at all points on the line segment
joining (0, 4) and (4, 0). The solution is
Z = 8 when x = (1 t)(0) + 4t = 4t,
y = (1 t)(4) + 0t = 4 4t, and 0 t 1.
10
y=1
13. Feasible region is unbounded. Z is minimized at

the corner point (0, 2) where its value is 2.
Thus Z = 2 when x = 0 and y = 2.
5
10
10
x y = 2
x + 3y = 18
(6, 8)
(0, 6)
(0, 2)
(0, 4)
x+y=1
x 2y = 2
x

(0, 4), (2, 3), and (4, 0). Z is maximized at (2, 3)
and (4, 0) where its value is 36. Thus Z is
maximized at all points on the line segment
joining (2, 3) and (4, 0). The solution is
Z = 36 when x = (1 t)(2) + 4t = 2 + 2t,
y = (1 t)(3) + 0t = 3 3t, and 0 t 1.
4x + 3y = 15
10 5
,
3 9
(0, 0)
x 6y = 0
x
10
(4, 0)

10 5
, , and (0, 5). Z is minimized at (0, 0)
3 9
where its value is 0. Thus Z = 0 when x = 0 and
y = 0.
(0, 5)
(6, 0)
x+y=4
10
x=6
(0, 4)
x
10
(0, 0)
y
x + 2y = 8
(2, 3)
3x + 2y = 12
x
(4, 0) 5
15. Feasible region follows. Corner points are

20 10
, , (5, 0), and (4, 0). Z is minimized at
9 9
70
70
20 10
. Thus Z =
, where its value is
9
9
9 9
20
10
when x =
and y = .
9
9
18. Feasible region is unbounded. The family of

lines given by Z = 4x + y has members having
arbitrarily large values of Z and that also
intersect the feasible region. Thus no optimum
solution exists.
283
20
x1
x2
3
s1 2
4
3
20. s2
0
1
s3
Z 18 20
s1 s2 s3 Z
1 0 0 0 18 6
0 1 0 0 24 8
0 0 1 0 5 5
0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
3
s1 2 0 1 0 3 0 3 2
s2 4 0 0 1 3 0 9 9
4
x2 0 1 0 0 1 0 5
Z 18 0 0 0 20 1 100
Z = 40
(0, 12)
(4, 6)
3x + 2y = 24
x + 2y = 16
Z = 16
(16, 0) x
20
x1
s1 1
19.
s2 1
Z 4
x1
x2 s1
1 0 0 12 2
2 0 1 0 8 4
5 0 0 1 0
x2 s1 s2 Z
6
x2 1
6
s2 23
19
Z 6
x1
x2 0
x1 1
Z 0
s2 Z
0 0
5
6
x2 s1
s2
1
4
1
4
0 12
0 34
3
2
19
4
x1 x2 s1 s2
s1 0 4 1 1
x1 1 2 0 1
Z 0 3 0 4
Thus Z = 32 when
s3
0
0 32
x1 1 0
s2 0 0 2 1 3 0 3 1
x2 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 5
Z 0 0 9 0 7 1 127
x1 x2 s1
s2 s3 Z
1
1 0 0
3
x1 1 0 2
2
1 1 0
s3 0 0 2
1
3
3
2 1 0 0
0 1
4
x2
3
3
7 0 1 134
Z 0 0 13
3
3
Thus Z = 134 when x1 = 3 and x2 = 4 .

1
2
2 12
1 0 4 6
0 1 10
1
6
13
x1 x2 s1 s2
1 4
0 6
1 29
Z
4
0 8
1 32
x1 = 8 and x2 = 0.
284
3
2
x1 x2 x3 s1 t1 W
21. 1 2 3 1 1 0 5
3 2 1 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
2
3
t1 1
3 M 2 2M 1 3M
W
x1 x2 x3 s1
t1
1
2
1
1
x3 3 3 1 3
3
8
4
1
1
W
0
3+M
3
3 3
5
Thus Z = when x1 = 0, x2
3
x1
3
22.
1
1
x2
s1
s2 t1
t1 3
t2 1
W 1 4M
x1
5
0
2 5M
Chapter 7 Review
s1 t1 W
5
1 1 0
5 3
M 0 1 5M
W
5
0
3
5
1 3
5
= 0, and x3 = .
3
t2 W
5 1 0
1 0 0 20
0 0 1 0
1 0 5
2 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t1 t2 W
1 0 1 0 0
20 4
0 1 0 1 0
5
M M 0 0 1 25M
s1 s2
t1
t2 W
x2
x2 3
1 15
5
t2 1
0 0
1
W 5 M 0 52
x1 x2 s1 s2
x2 0
x1 1
W 0
x1
s2 0
x1 1
Z 0
20
3
1
0
1 0
5 5
M 52 + M 0 1 8 5M
t1
t2 W
1
5
0 0
1 15
3
5
1
5
53
2
5
15
52 + M
x2
s1 s2 Z
5
3
5
3
1
3
Thus Z =
13 1 0
13
0 0
1
3
0 1
1
5
+M
1 5
3
0 5
1 7
5
3
20
3
20
3
20
20
, x2 = 0.
when x1 =
3
3
285
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 t2
1 1 1 0 0 0
1
23. 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 2 0 0 0 M
x1
1
s1
1
t2
s3 1
W 1 M
W
0 12
0 5
0 10
1 0
x2
s1 s2
1
1 0
1
0 1
0
0 0
2 M 0 M
s3
0
0
1
0
t2
0
1
0
0
W
0 12 12
0
5 5
0 10
1 5M
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t2
W
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
7 7
s1
1 1 0 1 0
1
0 5
x2
0
0 10
s3 1 0 0 0 1
W 1 0 0 2 0 2 + M 1 10
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s2 0 0 1 1 0 0 7
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0 12
s3 1 0 0 0 1 0 10
Z 1 0 2 0 0 1 24
Thus Z = 24 when x1 = 0 and x2 = 12.
x1
1
24.
1
2
x2 s1
s2
t2 W
2 1 0 0 0 6
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2 s1 s2 t2 W
s1 1
2
1 0 0 0 6 3
t2 1
1
0 1 1 0 1 1
W 2 M 1 M 0 M 0 1 M
s1 1 0 1 2
2 0 4
x2 1 1 0 1
1 0 1
W 1 0 0 1 1 + M 1 1
Thus Z = 1 when x1 = 0 and x2 = 1.
25. We write the first constraint as x1 + x2 + x3 1.

x1
x2 x3
s1
t1
t2 W
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 12
6 3 2 0 0
1 2 1 0 M M 1 0
286
Chapter 7 Review
x1
x2
x3
s1 t1 t2 W
t1
1
1
1
1 1 0 0
1
t2 6
3
2
0 0 1 0
12 2
W 1 5M 2 4 M 1 3M M 0 0 1 13M
x1
x2
x3
s1 t1
t2
W
3
4
1
t1 0
1 1
0
3 2
2
3
6
4
1
1
1
x1 1
0
0
0
2
2
3
6
W 0 3 3 M 2 4 M M 0 1 + 5 M 1 2 3M
2 2
3 3
6 6
x1 x2 x3
s1
t1
t2
W
2
1
x2 0 1 8 2
0 2 94
9
3
3
9
1
1
1
x1 1 0 19
0
1
3
3
9
W 0 0 2 1 1 + M 1 + M 1 5
3
3
x1 x2 x3 s1 Z
x3
9
0 98 1 34 0
4
5
1
1
x1 1 8 0
0
4
4
Z 0 3 0
1 1 7
4
2
2
7
5
9
when x1 = , x2 = 0, and x3 = .
Thus Z =
2
4
4
x1
x2 x3
s1
s2 t1 W
1 1 3 1 0
1 0 5
26.
1 4 0 1 0 0 5
2
2 3 5 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3 s1
s2 t1 W
t1
1
1
3 1 0 1
s2
2
1
4
0 1 0
W 2 M 3 M 5 3M M 0 0
x1
x2 x3 s1
s2
1
1
2
0 1
34
4
t1
1
1 1
1
x3
0
2
4
4
1 1
71M 0 M
5+3M
M
+
4 4
4 4
W 2 2
We choose t1 as the departing variable.
0
5 3
0
5 54
1 5 M
t1 W
55
4
1 0
5
45
0 0
0 1
25
4
287
54 M

Since s2 is nonbasic for the last table and its
indicator is 0, there may be multiple optimum
solutions. Treating s2 as an entering variable,
deleting the t2 -column, changing W to Z, and
continuing, we have
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s2 1 1
0 12 1 0 1
2 2
x3 12 12 1 12 0 0 2
Z 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
Here Z = 0 when x1 = 0, x2 = 0, and x3 = 2. Thus

minimum when
x1 = (1 t )(0) + 0t = 0,
x2 = (1 t )(0) + 0t = 0,
x3 = (1 t )(1) + 2t = 1 + t ,
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t1 W
x2 2 1 0 4 3
4 0 5
x3 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0
1
W 3 0 0 7 4 7 + M 1 15
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x2 2 1 4 0 1 0 5
s1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Z 4 0 7 0 3 1 15
Thus Z = 15 when x1 = 0, x2 = 5, and x3 = 0.

Note that choosing x3 as the departing variable
results in the same solution.
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 4 1 0 1 0 0 2
27.
s2 8 2
5 0 1 0 2 1
Z 1 4 2 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 0 0 5 1 1 0 3
2
2
5
1
x2 4 1 2 0 2 0 1
Z 17 0 8 0 2 1 4

unbounded solution. That is, no optimum
solution (unbounded).
x1
1
28.
0
1
x2 x3 s1
s2
and 0 t 1. For the last table, s1 is nonbasic

and its indicator is 0. If we continue the process
for determining other optimum solutions, we
return to a table corresponding to the third table.
29. The dual is: Maximize W = 35 y1 + 25 y2 subject
to
y1 + y2 2,
2 y1 + y2 7,
3 y1 + y2 8,
y1 , y2 0.
y1
y2
1
s1 1
2
1
s2
1
s3 3
W 35 25
t2 W
1 2 1 0 0 0 4
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t2 W
s1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 4 2
t2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
W 1 1 M 0 M 0 1 M
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t2 W
s1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 1
x3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
W 1 1 0 0 0 M 1 0
The minimum value of Z is 0 for

x1 = 0, x2 = 0, and x3 = 1.
s1 s2 s3 W
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2 2
7 72
8 8
3
0
y1 y2 s1 s2 s3 W
y1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2
s2 0 1 2 1 0 0 3
s3 0 2 3 0 1 0 2
W 0 10 35 0 0 1 70
Thus Z = 70 when x1 = 35, x2 = 0, and x3 = 0.
288
Chapter 7 Review
30. We write the third constraint as 4 x1 x2 2. The dual is: Minimize W = 3 y1 + 4 y2 2 y3 subject to
y1 + y2 4 y3 1,
y1 + 2 y2 y3 2,
y1 , y2 , y3 0.
We write the second constraint of the dual as y1 2 y2 + y3 2.

y1 y2 y3 s1 s2 t1 U
1 1 4 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 2
1 2
3 4 2 0 0 M 1 0
y1
y2
y3
s1 s2 t1
t1
1
1
4
1 0 1
s2 1
2
1
0 1 0
U 3 M 4 M 2 + 4M M 0 0
y1 y2 y3 s1 s2
t1 U
y1 1 1 4 1 0
1 0
1
s2 0 3 5 1 1
1 0
1
U 0
1 10 3 0 3 + M 1 3
Thus Z = 3 when x1 = 3 and x2 = 0.
U
0 1 1
0 2 2
1 M
31. Let x, y, and z denote the numbers of units of X, Y, and Z produced weekly, respectively. If P is the total profit
obtained, we want to maximize
P = 10x + 15y + 22z subject to
x + 2 y + 2 z 40,
x + y + 2 z 34,
x, y, z 0.
x
y
z s1 s2 P
s1 1
2
2 1 0 0 40 20
s2 1
1
2 0 1 0 34 17
P 10 15 22 0 0 1 0
x y z s1 s2 P
s1 0 1 0 1 1 0 6 6
z 12 12 1 0 12 0 17 34
P 1 4 0 0 11 1 374
1 1 0
6
y 0 1 0
z 12 0 1 12
1 0 14
P 1 0 0
4 7 1 398
Thus 0 units of X, 6 units of Y, and 14 units of Z give a maximum profit of $398.
289
32. We want to maximize P = 10x + 15y + 22z subject to

x + 2 y + 2 z 40,
x + y + 2 z 34,
x + y + z 24,
x, y, z 0.
x
y
z s1 s2 s3 t3 W
2
2 1 0 0 0 0 40
1
1
1
2 0 1 0 0 0 34
1
1
1 0 0 1 1 0 24
10 15 22 0 0 0 M 1 0
x
y
z
s1 s2 s3 t3 W
1
2
2
1 0 0 0 0
40 20
s1
1
1
2
0 1 0 0 0
34 17
s2
1
1
1
0 0 1 1 0
24 24
t3
W 10 M 15 M 22 M 0 0 M 0 1 24M
x
y
z s1
s2
s3 t3 W
0
1
0
1
1
0 0 0
6
6
s1
1
1
1
z
1 0
0 0 0
17
34
2
2
2
1
14
1
1
0 0
2
1 1 0
7
2
2
t3
M
M
M
W 1 2 4 2 0 0 11 + 2 M 0 1 374 7 M
x
y z
s1
s2 s3 t3 W
1 0
1
1 0 0 0
6
y 0
1
1
0 1
2
1 0 0 0
14
z 2
28
1
0 0
12
0 1 1 0
4
2
8
t3
M
M
W 1 2 0 0 4 + 2 7 M 0 1 398 4M
x y z
s1 s2
s3
t3 W
0 0
6
y 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 10
z
2 0
8
x 1 0 0 1 0 2
W 0 0 0 5 7 2 2 + M 1 390
The company should produce 8 units of X, 6 units of Y, 10 units of Z, for a profit of $390.
33. Let x AC , x AD , xBC , and xBD denote the amounts (in hundreds of thousands of gallons) transported from A to C,
A to D, B to C, and B to D, respectively. If C is the total transportation cost in thousands of dollars, we want to
minimize C = x AC + 2 x AD + 2 xBC + 4 xBD subject to
x AC + x AD
xBC + xBD
x AC + xBC
x AD + xBD
x AC , x AD , xBC , xBD
6,
6,
= 5,
= 5,
0.
290
x AC
1
0
0
1
x AD
1
0
0
1
2
x AC
1
s1
0
s2
t3 1
t4 0
W 1 M
xBC
0
1
1
0
2
xBD
0
1
0
1
4
x AD
1
0
0
1
2M
s1 s2
1 0
0
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
xBC
0
1
1
0
2M
t3
0
0
1
0
M
Chapter 7 Review
t4
0
0
0
1
M
xBD
s1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
4M 0
W
0
0
0
0
1
s2
0
1
0
0
0
t3
0
0
1
0
0
6
6
5
5
0
t4
0
0
0
1
0
W
0
6 6
0
6
0
5 5
0
5
1 10M
W
0
1 1
0
6
0
5
0
5 5
1 5 5M
W
0
1
0
6
6
5
0
5
0
4
4
1 7 4M
x AC x AD xBC
xBD s1 s2
t3 t4
1 1
0 1 0
1 0
s1 0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0 0
s2
0 1
0 0 0
1 0
x AC 1
1 0
1 0 0
0 1
t4 0
1 4 M 0 0 1 + M 0
W 0 2 M
x AC x AD xBC xBD
s1
s2 t3 t4
1
0
1
0 1 0
x AD 0 1
0 0
1
1
0
1 0 0
s2
1
0
1
0
0
0 1 0
x AC
1
1
1
0 1 1
t4 0 0
W 0 0 3 M 4 M 2 + M 0 1 0
x AC x AD xBC xBD s1 s2
t3
t4 W
0
1 0
5
x AD 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1
1
1 0
2
s2
0
1 0
1
x AC 1 0 0 1 1 0
1
1 0
4
xBC 0 0 1 1 1 0
W 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 + M 3 + M 1 19
The minimum value of C is 19, when x AC = 1, x AD = 5, xBC = 4, and xBD = 0. Thus 100,000 gal from A to C,
500,000 gal from A to D, and 400,000 gal from B to C give a minimum cost of $19,000.
34. Let x and y be the weekly sales of Space Traders and Green Dwarf, respectively. We want to maximize
P = 5x + 9y subject to the constraints
30 x + 10 y 300
20 x + 10 y 200
10 x + 50 y 500
x, y 0
The constraints can be written as
291
3 x + y 30
2 x + y 20
x + 5 y 50
x, y 0
970
50 80
The feasible region has corner points (0, 0), (0, 10), ,
at
, and (10, 0). P has a maximum of
9
9 9
50 80 5 8
,
= 5 , 8 . The possible integer values are (5, 8), (5, 9), (6, 8), and (6, 9). However, the point (6, 9)
9 9 9 9
does not satisfy the second or third constraints. Evaluating P at the other three points gives that Jason should sell
5 copies of Space Trader and 9 copies of Green Dwarf, for a weekly profit of $106.
50
3x + y = 30
(0, 10)
2x + y = 20
50 80
,
9 9
x + 5y = 50
50
(10, 0)
35. Let x and y represent daily consumption of foods A and B in 100-gram units. We want to minimize C = 8x + 22y
subject to the constraints
8 x + 4 y 176,
16 x + 32 y 1024,
2 x + 5 y 200,
x 0,
y 0.
5
The feasible region is unbounded with corner points (100, 0), , 39 and (0, 44). C has a minimum value at
2
(100, 0). Thus the animals should be fed 100 100 = 10, 000 grams = 10 kilograms of food A each day.
100
8x + 4y = 176
2x + 5y = 200
x
100
20
36.
0
0
50
Z = 0.89 when x = 4.78, y = 9.14
292
10
37.
0
2
10
Z = 129.83 when x = 9.38, y = 1.63

CURATIVE
UNITS
TOXIC
UNITS
RELATIVE
DISCOMFORT
Drug (per ounce)
500
400
Radiation (per min)
1000
600
2000
1400
1.
Requirement
Let x1 = number of ounces of drug and let x2 = number of minutes of radiation. We want to minimize the
discomfort D, where D = x1 + x2 , subject to
500 x1 + 1000 x2 2000,
400 x1 + 600 x2 1400,
where x1 , x2 0.
5
x2
400x1 + 600x2 = 1400

(2, 1)
500x1 + 1000x2 = 2000

x1
5
7
The corner points are (0, 2), 0, , and (2, 1).
3
At (0, 2), D = 0 + 2 = 2;
7 7
7
at 0, , D = 0 + = ;
3 3
3
at (2, 1), D = 2 + 1 = 3.
Thus D is minimum at (0, 2).
The patient should get 0 ounces of drug and 2 minutes of radiation.
293
CURATIVE
UNITS
TOXIC
UNITS
RELATIVE
DISCOMFORT
Drug A (per ounce)
600
500
Drug B (per ounce)
500
100
Radiation (per min)
1000
1000
3000
2000
2.
Requirement
Let x1 = number of ounces of drug A,

x2 = number of ounces of drug B, and
x3 = number of minutes of radiation.
We want to minimize the discomfort D, where D = x1 + 2 x2 + x3 , subject to
600 x1 + 500 x2 + 1000 x3 3000,
500 x1 + 100 x2 + 1000 x3 2000,
x1 , x2 , x3 0
To minimize D, we maximize D by considering the artificial objective function
W = D Mt1 .
x1 x2
x3
s1 s2
t1 W
600 500 1000 1 0
1 0 3000
500 100 1000 0 1 0 0 2000

1
2
1 0 0 M 1
0
x1
x2
x3
s1 s2 t1 W
t1 600
500
1000
1 0 1 0
3000 3
s2 500
100
1000
0 1 0 0
2000 2
W 1 600M 2 500M 1 1000 M M 0 0 1 3000M
x1
x2
x3 s1
s2
t1 W
2.5
t1
100
400
0 1
1
1 0
1000
x3
0.5
0.1
1 0
0.001
0 0
2
20
W 0.5 100M 1.9 400 M 0 M 0.001 + M 0 1 2 1000 M
x1 x2 x3
s1
s2
t1
W
x2 0.25 1 0 0.0025 0.0025
0.0025 0
2.5
x3 0.475 0 1 0.00025 0.00125

0.00025 0 1.75
W 0.025 0 0 0.00475 0.00375 0.00475 + M 1 6.75
The minimum value of D is 6.75 when x1 = 0, x2 = 2.5, and x3 = 1.75.

The patient should get 0 ounces of drug A, 2.5 ounces of drug B, and 1.75 minutes of radiation.
294
Chapter 10
Problems 10.1
1. a.
1. The graph of the greatest integer function is

shown.
b. 0
10
10
10
lim f ( x) does not exist when a is an integer
x a
since the limits are different depending on the

side from which you approach the integer.
lim f ( x) exists for all numbers which are not
integers.
2. a.
c.
3. a.
c.
4. a.
4
4
2. lim V ( r ) = lim r 3 = lim r 3
3 r 1
r 1
r 1 3
4
4
= (1)3 =
3
3
3. lim R ( x) = lim 500 x 6 x 2

x 8
x 8
c.
x 8
= 500 lim x 6 lim x 2 = 500(8) 6(8) 2

x 8
x 8
= 4000 384 = 3616
4. lim p = lim
) = lim 50 (t + 4t )
+ 3t + 20 lim ( t + 3t + 20 )
(
50 t 2 + 4t
t 2 t 2
3
1
b. does not exist
= lim 500 x lim 6 x 2
b. does not exist
x a
t 2
c.
b. 1
10
x 8
t 2
t 2
50 22 + 4(2) 600
=
= 20
2
30
2 + 3(2) + 20
5. As h 0 , both the numerator and denominator

approach 0. For h 0,
125 + 2( x + h) (125 + 2 x)
lim
h
h 0
125 + 2 x + 2h 125 2 x
2h
= lim
= lim
h
h0
h 0 h
= lim 2 = 2 .
5. f(0.9) = 3.7
f(0.99) = 3.97
f(0.999) = 3.997
estimate of limit: 4
f(1.1) = 4.3
f(1.01) = 4.03
f(1.001) = 4.003
6. f(3.1) = 6.1
f(3.01) = 6.01
f(3.001) = 6.001
f(2.9) = 5.9
f(2.99) = 5.99
f(2.999) = 5.999
7. f(0.1) 0.9516
f(0.01) 0.9950
f(0.001) 0.9995
f(0.1) 1.0517
f(0.01) 1.0050
f(0.001) 1.0005
8. f(0.1) 0.5132
f(0.01) 0.5013
f(0.001) 0.5001
estimate of limit: 0.5
f(0.1) 0.4881
f(0.01) 0.4988
f(0.001) 0.4999
9. lim 16 = 16
x2
10. lim 2 x = 2(3) = 6

x 3
h0
357
Chapter 10: Limits and Continuity
11.
12.
13.
lim t 2 5 = (5) 2 5 = 25 5 = 20
t 5
21.
16
1
lim (5t 7) = 5 7 =
3
3

22.
t 1/ 3
lim (3 x3 4 x 2 + 2 x 3)
24. lim
lim x 2 + 6
lim ( x 6)
) = (6)
x 6
+6
(6) 6
2
t2 4
(t + 2)(t 2)
= lim
= lim(t + 2) = 4
t2
t 2 t 2
t 2
t 2
26. lim
0 7(0) + 1
h 0
x2 2 x
x( x 2)
= lim
= lim ( x 2) = 2
x
x
x 0
x 0
x 0
lim h 2 7h + 1
h0
28. lim
=0
z 2 5z 4
z 0
z +1
2
29. lim
= z 0
lim ( z 2 + 1)
lim
p2 + p + 5 =
= lim
z 0
02 5(0) 4
= 4
p 4
x 2 9 x + 20
x 3x 4
x5
1
= lim
=
5
x4 x + 1
lim ( z 2 5 z 4)
19.
x3
1
1
= lim
=
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 3) x 3 x + 3 6
= lim
lim h
x4
18. lim
x3
x 3 x 2
30.
02 + 1
x4
x 4 81
lim
x 3 x 2
+ 8 x + 15
lim
y 15
y+3 =
( x 4)( x 5)
( x 4)( x + 1)
( x 2 + 9)( x 2 9)
x 3 ( x + 3)( x + 5)
= lim
( x 2 + 9)( x + 3)( x 3)
( x + 3)( x + 5)
x 3
= lim
lim p 2 + p + 5
p 4
( x 2 + 9)( x 3)
x+5
x 3
= 54
= lim
= 42 + 4 + 5 = 25 = 5
20.
t 3
3
=
4
4
t
t 0
= lim
=5
27. lim
t 0 t 2 (t 4)
x 3
x 6
7h + 1
t 2 (t + 3)
x2 x 6
( x 3)( x + 2)
= lim
x 3
x3
x 3
x 3
= lim ( x + 2)
42
7
=
12
2
4t
= lim
25. lim
t 3
x 1
t 3 + 3t 2
t 0 t 3
lim (t 2)
t 2 t 3
3 2 5
5
15. lim
=
=
=
=
lim (t + 5) 3 + 5
2
2
t 3 t + 5
h 0 h 2
= lim 1 = 1
x 2
4r 3 4(9) 3 36 3 33
=
=
=
=3
14. lim
11
11
11
r 9 11
17. lim
x +1
x2 x 2
( x 2)( x + 1)
= lim
x2
x2
x2
x 2
= lim ( x + 1) = 3
= 3(2)3 4(2) 2 + 2(2) 3

= 24 16 4 3
= 47
lim
x 1 x + 1
23. lim
x 2
x2 + 6
16. lim
=
t 6 x 6
x2 + 2 x
x( x + 2)
= lim
= lim x = 2
x 2 x + 2
x 2 x + 2
x 2
lim
lim ( y + 3) = 15 + 3 = 18
31. lim
y 15
3x 2 x 10
=3 2
358
(3x + 5)( x 2)
x 2 ( x + 7)( x 2)
= lim
+ 5 x 14
3 x + 5 11
= lim
=
9
x2 x + 7
x2 x 2
32.
x2 + 2 x 8
lim
x 4 x 2
+ 5x + 4
Section 10.1
x2
( x + 4)( x 2)
= lim
=2
x 4 x + 1
x 4 ( x + 4)( x + 1)
= lim
4 + 4h + h 2 4
4h + h 2
h(4 + h)
(2 + h) 2 22
33. lim
= lim (4 + h) = 4
= lim
= lim
= lim
h
h
h
h
h 0
h 0
h0
h 0
h 0
( x + 2) 2 4
x2 + 4 x
= lim ( x + 4) = 4
= lim
x
x
x 0
x 0
x 0
34. lim
( x + h) 2 x 2
2 xh + h 2
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x
= lim
h
h
h 0
h0
h0
35. lim
3( x + h) 2 + 7( x + h) 3x 2 7 x
3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 + 7 x + 7 h 3 x 2 7 x
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
6 xh + 3h 2 + 7h
h(6 x + 3h + 7)
= lim
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
= lim (6 x + 3h + 7) = 6 x + 7
36. lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[7 3( x + h)] (7 3x)
3h
= lim
= lim
= lim 3 = 3
h
h
h 0
h 0
h 0 h
h 0
37. lim
38. lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[2( x + h) + 3] (2 x + 3)
2h
= lim
= lim
= lim 2 = 2
h
h
h 0
h 0 h
h0
( x + h ) 2 3 x 2 3
f ( x + h) f ( x )
39. lim
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
= lim
h 0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 3 x 2 3
) = lim 2 xh + h
h 0
)
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x
h 0
( x + h)2 + ( x + h) + 1 x 2 + x + 1
f ( x + h) f ( x )
2 xh + h 2 + h
= lim
= lim (2 x + h + 1) = 2 x + 1
= lim
h
h
h
h 0
h 0
h 0
h 0
40. lim
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[( x + h)3 4( x + h)2 ] [ x3 4 x 2 ]
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
3
2
2
x + 3 x h + 3xh + h3 4 x 2 8 xh 4h 2 x3 + 4 x 2
= lim
h
h 0
2
2
3
3 x h + 3xh + h 8 xh 4h 2
= lim
h
h 0
h(3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 8 x 4h)
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 8 x 4h) = 3x 2 8 x
41. lim
h 0
359
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[3 ( x + h) + 4( x + h)2 ] (3 x + 4 x 2 )
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
3 x h + 4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 (3 x + 4 x 2 )
= lim
h
h 0
h + 8 xh + 4h 2
= lim
h
h 0
h(1 + 8 x + 4h)
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (1 + 8 x + 4h)
42. lim
h 0
= 1 + 8 x
x2 2
= lim
x6
x 6
x 6
43. lim
x 6 ( x 6)
x 6
x2 2
( x 6)
( x 2) 4
= lim
= lim
x2 +2
1
x2 +2
44. For lim
x2 +2
x2 +2
= lim
x 6 ( x 6)
x6
x2 +2
1
4
x2 + x + c
x 3 x 2
)(
5x + 6
x2 + x + c
to exist, x 3 must be a factor of the numerator x 2 + x + c :
x 3 ( x 3)( x 2)
= lim
x + x + c = ( x 3)( x + r ) = x 2 + (r 3) x 3r
Thus r 3 = 1, or r = 4. So c = 3r = 3(4) = 12.
For c = 12,
x2 + x + c
x 2 + x 12
( x 3)( x + 4)
x+4 7
= lim
= lim
= lim
= =7
lim
2
2
1
x 3 x 5 x + 6 x 3 x 5 x + 6
x 3 ( x 3)( x 2) x 3 x 2
2
Th Tc Th 0 Th
=
=
=1
Th
Th
Tc 0 Th
45. a.
lim
Th Tc Th Th
0
=
=
=0
Th
Th
Tc Th Th
b.
46.
lim
lim
r 7.5107
47.
E=
lim
r 7.5107
7.0
7.0 1017
7.0 1017
=
=
1010 9.33 109 ft-lb
7
r
7.5
7.5 10
15
11.00
360
Section 10.2
48.
lim P ( x) = 2343.056
x 53.2
lim P ( x) = 224(53.2) 3.1(53.2)2 800
x 53.2
1. The graph of p(x) is shown.

10,000
10
49.
0
5
15
quickly drops down toward zero. According to

this function, a low price corresponds to a high
demand and a high price corresponds to a low
demand.
10
From the graph, it is apparent that

lim p( x) = 0 . The graph starts out high and
4.00
50.
= 2343.056
2. The graph of y(x) is shown.
550
0.80
51. The graph of C(p) is shown. (Negative amounts
of impurities and money are not reasonable, so
only the first quadrant is shown.)
100,000
1000
From the graph, it is apparent that

lim y ( x) = 500 . The greatest yearly sales that
x
the company can expect is $500,000, even with

unlimited spending on advertising.
As p gets closer and closer to 0, the values of

C(p) increase without bound, so lim C ( p) does
3. The graph of C(x) is shown.

1,000,000
p 0
not exist.
52. The graph of P(x) is shown with the value
x = 53.2 indicated.
3500
1000
From the graph it is apparent that

lim C ( x) = . This indicates that the cost
x
increases without bound the more units that you

make.
0
75
4. lim f ( x) does not exist since

x 1
lim f ( x) = lim 100 = 100 while
x 1
361
x 1
lim f ( x) = lim 175 = 175 .
x 1+
6.
x 1+
lim 19 = 19
lim f ( x) = 250 since
x 2.5
lim
x 2.5
f ( x) = lim
x 2.5+
7.
f ( x) = 250
6x
lim
x 0
= lim
x 0
6
x3
= since x3 is negative
and close to 0 for x 0 .
Problems 10.2
1. a.
lim 7
7
7
x2
8. lim
=
= =7
lim ( x 1) 1
x2 x 1
x 2
b. 3
c.
does not exist
d.
e.
f.
g.
9.
10.
11.
j.
12.
13.
k. 1
2. a.
14.
b.
c.
15.
does not exist
3.
f.
g.
h is close to 0 when h is
5h = 0
lim
h 5
lim
x 2
3
=
x+2
lim 21/ 2 = 21/ 2
x 0
lim 4 x 1 . As x 1+ , then x 1
x 1+
lim 4 x 1 = 4 lim
16.
lim ( x 2)
17.
x 3+
As x 3 , then x 2 1 .
5.
h = 0 since
lim
h 0 +
x 1+
4.
lim (t 1)3 =
approaches 0 through positive values. So

x 1 0 . Thus
d.
e.
positive and close to 0.
h. 0
i.
lim x 2 = since x 2 is positive for x .
x 1+
x 1 = 4 0 = 0 .
lim x x 2 4 = 0
x 2+
lim
x + 10
As x becomes very large, so does x + 10.

Because square roots of very large numbers are
very large, lim x + 10 = .
lim (1 x 2 ) = 0
x 1+
18.
lim 5 x
As x becomes very negative, so does 5x. Thus

lim 5 x = .
lim 1 10 x
As x becomes very negative,

1 10x becomes very positive. Because square
roots of very large numbers are very large,
lim 1 10 x = .
362
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
lim
= 3 lim
lim
x 5 x
=
x
1
x
Section 10.2
= 3 0 = 0
1
2
30.
6
1
6
lim
= 0 = 0
4
/
3
5 x x
5
31.
x +8
x
= lim = lim 1 = 1
x x 3 x x
x
lim
lim
2x 4
2x
= lim
= lim (1) = 1
3 2 x x 2 x x
x2 1
lim
x x3
r3
lim
r r 2
25. lim
+ 4x 3
+1
= lim
= lim
= lim
x x3
r3
r r 2
3t 3 + 2t 2 + 9t 1
5t 5
2
x2
1
=0
x
33.
3t 3
t 5t
7 5 x3 + 2 x 2
2 2
= lim
=
5
x 5
x
x+3
lim
x 3
34.
3t
t 5
3
= lim t
5 t
=
27.
28.
= lim
35.
36.
5x
x +4
5
5
1 5
= lim
= lim
= 0 = 0
6
3 x x 6 3
x 3 x
x 3 x 7
5w + 7 w 1
2
4 3 x3
lim
x3 1
4 + 5x 7 x
3 x x3
lim
x x3
x 3 x 7
37.
lim
3 x3
x3
+ x +1
x 3
lim
(4 x 1)
lim
= lim
43 x x3
lim
3 4x 2x
5x 8x + 1
2
2
= lim
=
5
x 5
x
2
43
= lim
38. lim
x + 3x
t 2 4t + 3
= lim (1) = 1
x
= lim
(t 1)(t 3)
t 3 (t + 1)(t 3)
2t 3
t 1 2 1
= lim
= =
2
t 3 t + 1 4
t 3 t 2
2 x
x3
x
=
x 7
= lim
(5 x 1)( x + 3)
x( x + 3)
x 3
5x 1
= lim
x
x 3
16
=
3
16
=
3
0 = 0
7 x
= lim
x 43 x 3
2 2
=
5 5
= lim (3) = 3
x3
7
7
7
1 7
= lim
= lim = 0 = 0
2 x x 2
x 2 x + 1 x 2 x
x3
= lim
5w
= lim
= lim
5 x 2 + 14 x 3
2 w2
= lim
6 4 x 2 + x3
lim
= lim
lim
29.
5x
lim
x+3
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 3)
2 w2 3w + 4
lim
= lim
26.
5 x3
= lim
x 9
1
= lim
=
x 3 x 3
2
2 x3
= lim
32. As x 3 , then 3x 9 and 9 x 2 0

through negative values. Thus
3x
= .
lim
x 3 9 x 2
= lim r =
= lim
3 2 x 2 x3
lim
5 x3
39. lim
x 1
363
x 2 3x + 1
x2 + 1
) = 1 = 1
lim x 2 3 x + 1
x 1
lim x 2 + 1
x 1
3 x3 x 2
=
40. lim
x 1 2 x + 1
lim 3 x3 x 2
x 1
lim (2 x + 1)
) = 4 = 4
48.
x 1
1
. Thus
x 1
41. As x 1+ , then
49. As x 1+ , then 1 x 0 through negative

5
= .
values. Thus, lim
+ 1 x
x 1
lim 1 +
=
+
x 1
x 1
42.
lim
x5 + 2 x3 1
x5 4 x 2
= lim (1) = 1
x
= lim
x
x5
x5
50.
43.
lim
x 7
x2 + 1
x 49
2
51.
x 2 + 1 50 and x 2 49
approaches 0 through positive values. Thus
x2 + 1
.
x 2 49
lim x = lim x = 0
x 0 +
x 0 +
lim x = lim ( x) = 0
x 0
x 0
Thus, lim x = 0.
x 0
16 x 4 0
52.
lim
1
1
= lim =
+
x x 0 x
lim
1
1
= lim
=
x x0 x
x 0
x 0
45. As x 0+ , x + x 2 approaches 0 through

5
positive values. Thus
.
x + x2
46. As x , then
lim
=
+
3
x
x 3
7
lim
= +
x 3 x 3
Answer: does not exist.
. As x 7 , then
44. As x 2+ , then x 2 and

through positive values. Thus,
x
lim
= .
+
x 2
16 x 4
1
=
2x 1
1
lim
=
+ 2x 1
x 1/ 2
Answer: does not exist
lim
x 1/ 2
Thus, lim
x 0
53.
1
0 . Thus
x
54.
lim x + = .
x
x
lim
x +1
x
= lim
= lim 1 = 1
x
x x x
3 2 x2
3 x 2 + 3 2 x3
lim
= lim
x x x 2 + 1 x
x3 + x
= lim
x
47. lim
=
x 1 x 1
x
lim
=
+ x 1
x 1
Answer: does not exist
55.
2 x3
x3
= lim (2) = 2
x
2 if x 2
f ( x) =
1 if x > 2
a.
b.
364
1
= .
x
lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1
x 2+
x 2+
lim f ( x) = lim 2 = 2
x 2
x 2

c.
Section 10.2
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) , so lim f ( x) does
x 2+
x 2
lim g ( x) = lim x = 0
a.
x 2
x 0 +
x 0 +
not exist.
d.
e.
56.
b.
c.
d.
e.
x 0 +
lim g ( x) = 0
if x 2
x 2
59.
b.
c.
5000
lim c = lim
+ 6 = 0 + 6 = 6
q
q q
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 2
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim (2 + 4 x x 2 ) =
lim c = 6
lim f ( x) = lim x =
6
q
if x < 0
x
57. g ( x) =
x if x > 0
a.
lim g ( x) = lim x 2 =
e.
lim f ( x) = lim x = 2
x 2+
lim g ( x) = lim x =
d.
if x > 2
x 2+
x 2
x 0
x 0
lim f ( x) = lim (2 + 4 x x 2 ) = 2
x 2+
x 0
lim g ( x) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , so
c.
lim f ( x) = lim 2 = 2
x2
x 0
x
f ( x) =
2
2 + 4 x x
a.
lim g ( x) = lim x 2 = 0
b.
lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1
5000
60.
lim g ( x) = lim ( x) = 0
x 0 +
x 0 +
7q + 12, 000
q
12, 000
= lim 7 +
= 7+0 = 7
q
q
lim g ( x) = lim x = 0
x 0
lim c = lim
x 0
lim g ( x) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , so
x 0 +
x 0
c=7+
lim g ( x) = 0
x 0
12,000
q
lim c = 7
d.
lim g ( x) = lim ( x ) =
e.
lim g ( x) = lim x =
x 2
58. g ( x) =
x
12,000
2000
61. lim 50, 000

= 50, 000 0 = 50, 000
t + 1
t
if x < 0
if x > 0
365
62.
lim x 2 + x x
x
x2 + x x x2 + x + x
= lim
x
(x
= lim
x
= lim
x2 + x + x
= lim
x 1+
1
+x
x
x
1
x 1 + + 1
x
1
1
=
=
1+ 0 +1 2
10
1
x 2 1 + + x
x
69.
= lim
20
1
1+
1
+1
x
c.
1.
f ( x) = x3 5 x; x = 2
(i) f is defined at x = 2: f(2) = 2
2 x
if x < 2
f ( x) =
3
x + k ( x + 1) if x 2
(ii) lim f ( x) = lim ( x3 5 x ) = 23 5(2) = 2,

x2
2 x = 0
x2
which exists.
(iii) lim f ( x) = 2 = f (2)
lim f ( x) = lim x3 + k ( x + 1) = 8 + 3k
x 2+
x2
x 2+
Thus f is continuous at x = 2.
8
If lim f ( x) exists, then 8 + 3k = 0. So k = .
3
x 2
2.
f ( x) =
65. 1, 0.5, 0.525, 0.631, 0.912, 0.986, 0.998;

conclude limit is 1.
x 3
; x = 3
5x
(i) f is defined at x = 3: f (3) =
44
66. 0.368, 0.135, 0.00674, 0.0000454, 3.72 10 ,

cant do last two. Conclude that the limit is 0.
(ii)
67.
does not exist
Problems 10.3
x 2
11
b. 9
900 x
900 x
= lim
x
x 10 + 45 x x 45 x
= lim 20 = 20
lim f ( x) = lim
a.
lim y = lim
x 2
64.
10
68.
x2 + x + x
+ x x2
= lim
63.
(iii) lim f ( x) =
0
x 3
x3 2
= , which exists
5
x 3 5 x
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
2
= f (3)
5
366
6 2
=
15 5
Section 10.3
8. Continuous at 2 and 2 because f is a polynomial
function (which is continuous everywhere).
3. g ( x) = 2 3 x ; x = 0
(i) g is defined at x = 0; g (0) = 2 .
9. Discontinuous at 3 and 3 because at both points

the denominator of this rational function is 0.
(ii) lim g ( x) = lim 2 3 x = 2 , which exists

x 0
x 0
10. Continuous at 2 and 2 because f is a rational

function and at neither point is the denominator
zero.
(iii) lim g ( x) = 2 = g (0)

x 0
Thus g is continuous at x = 0.
4.
f ( x) =
11.
x
;x=2
8
x 2+
2 1
(i) f is defined at x = 2; f (2) = = .
8 4
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 0 . Since
x 0
x 0
lim f ( x) = 4 = f (2) and lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) ,
x 2
x 0
f is continuous at both 2 and 0.

Answer: Continuous at 2 and 0.
x4
;x=4
x+4
12.
(i) h is defined at x = 4, h (4) = 0.
f ( x) = x
0
if x 0
if x = 0
1
= , lim f ( x)
x 0
x 0
x 0 x
does not exist. Thus f is discontinuous at x = 0.
At x = 1, f is defined; f(1) = 1.
1
lim f ( x) = lim = 1 . Since
x 1
x 1 x
lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1) , f is continuous at
Because lim f ( x) = lim
x4 0
(ii) lim h( x) = lim
= = 0 , which exists.
8
x4
x4 x + 4
(iii) lim h( x ) = 0 = h(4)

x4
Thus h is continuous at x = 4.
6.
x 2
lim f ( x) = 4 . In addition,
x 2 1
= = , which exists.
8 4
x2 8
1
(iii) lim f ( x) = = f (2) .
4
x2
5. h( x) =
x 2+
lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 4 , we have
x 2
(ii) lim f ( x ) = lim

x2
x + 2 if x 2
f ( x) = 2
if x < 2
x
f is defined at x = 2 and x = 0; f(2) = 4, f(0) = 0.
Because lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 2) = 4 and
x 1
f ( x) = 3 x ; x = 1
x = 1.
Answer: Discontinuous at 0, continuous at 1.
(i) f is defined at x = 1; f(1) = 1.
13. f is a polynomial function.

(ii)
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1
x 1
x = 3 1 = 1 , which
14. f is a polynomial function

2 3
1 2
f ( x) = 5 + 5 x 5 x .
exists.
(iii) lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1)
x 1
15. f is a rational function and the denominator is

never zero.
7. Continuous at 2 and 0 because f is a rational
function and at neither point is the denominator
zero.
16. f is a polynomial function f ( x) = x x 2 .
17. None, because f is a polynomial function.

367
18. None, because h is a polynomial function.
30.
19. The denominator of this rational function is zero

only when x = 4. Thus f is discontinuous only
at x = 4.
20. The denominator of this rational function is zero
only when x = 2. Thus f is discontinuous only
at x = 2.
x 1
31.
23. x 2 + 2 x 15 = 0 , (x + 5)(x 3) = 0, x = 5 or 3.
Discontinuous at 5 and 3.
24. x 2 + x = 0 , x(x + 1) = 0, x = 0 or 1.
Discontinuous at 0 and 1.
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 1) = 0 , then lim f ( x) = 0 .

x 1
32.
27. x 2 + 1 = 0 has no real roots, so no discontinuity

exists.
28. x 4 1 = 0 , x 2 + 1 x 2 1 = 0 ,
( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x 1) = 0 , x = 1.
2
33.
Discontinuous at 1.
1 if x 0
f ( x) =
1 if x < 0
For x < 0, f(x) = 1, which is a polynomial and
hence continuous. For x > 0, f(x) = 1, which is a
polynomial and hence continuous. Because
lim f ( x) = lim (1) = 1 and
x 0
x 0 +
x 3 if x > 2
f ( x) =
3 2 x if x < 2
For x < 2, f(x) = 3 2x, which is a polynomial
and hence continuous. For x > 2, f(x) = x 3,
which is a polynomial and hence continuous.
Because f is not defined at x = 2, it is
discontinuous there.
x 2 + 1 if x > 2
f ( x) =
if x < 2
8 x
For x < 2, f(x) = 8x, which is a polynomial and
hence continuous. For x > 2, f ( x) = x 2 + 1,

Because f is not defined at x = 2, it is
discontinuous there.
34.
lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1 , lim f ( x) does not
x 0 +
x 1
x = 1.
f has no discontinuities.
3
26. Discontinuous at x = , for which the
2
denominator is zero.
x 0
x 1+
Since lim f ( x ) = 0 = f (0) , f is continuous at
x = 0, 1. Discontinuous at 0, 1.
29.
x 1
x 1+
)(
x 1
if x 1
0
f ( x) =
x 1 if x > 1
hence continuous. For x > 1, f(x) = x 1, which
is a polynomial and hence continuous. For x = 1,
f is defined [f(1) = 0]. Because
lim f ( x) = lim 0 = 0 and
x 1
25. x x = 0 , x x 1 = 0 , x(x + 1)(x 1) = 0,
x 1+
does not exist.

Thus f is discontinuous at x = 1.
22. None, because f is a polynomial function.
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (2 x + 1) = 1 , lim f ( x)
x 1+
21. None, because g is a polynomial function.

8 6 12 4 18 2 9
g ( x) = 15 x 5 x + 5 x 5
2 x + 1 if x 1
f ( x) =
if x < 1
1
hence continuous. For x > 1, f(x) = 2x + 1,
Because lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1 and
x 0
exist.
Thus f is discontinuous at x = 0.
16
if
f ( x) = x 2
3x 2 if
x2
x<2
For x < 2, f(x) = 3x 2, which is a polynomial

16
,
and hence continuous. For x > 2, f ( x) =
x2
which is continuous because x > 2 means that the
denominator is never zero.
368
Section 10.4
For x = 2, f is defined [f(2) = 4]. Because

lim f ( x) = lim (3 x 2) = 4 and
x 2
38.
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim
16
x 2
x2
x = 2.
f has no discontinuities.
35.
0.34
Answer: Yes
1. We need to solve V(x) > 0. The zeros of V(x)

occur when x = 0, 8 2x = 0, and 10 2x = 0, or
x = 0, 4, and 5. These zeros determine the
intervals (, 0) (0, 4), (4, 5), and (5, ). Using
x = 1, 1, 4.5, and 6 for test points, we find the
sign of V(x):
V(1) = ()(+)(+) = , so V(x) < 0 on (, 0);
V(1) = (+)(+)(+) = +, so V(x) > 0 on (0, 4);
V(4.5) = (+)()(+) = , so V(x) < 0 on (4, 5);
V(6) = (+)()() = +, so V(x) > 0 on (5, ).
The volume is positive when 0 < x < 4 or 5 < x.
However, x > 5 is unrealistic (as is x < 0) since
the longest side of the piece of metal has length
2(5) = 10 inches. Thus, the volume is positive
when 0 < x < 4.
0.28
0.22
0.16
0.10
x
1
Discontinuous at 1, 2, 3, 4.
36.
10
10
= 4, then lim f ( x) = 4.
x2
x2
Since lim f ( x) = 4 = f (2), f is continuous at
x2
x
5
Problems 10.4
1. x 2 3 x 4 > 0
f ( x) = x 2 3x 4 = ( x + 1)( x 4) has zeros 1
For 3.5 x 3.5, discontinuities at 3, 2,

1, 0, 1, 2, 3.
37.
1000
and 4. By considering the intervals (, 1),

(1, 4), and (4, ), we find f(x) > 0 on (, 1)
and (4, ).
Answer: (, 1), (4, )
2. x 2 8 x + 15 > 0
f ( x) = x 2 8 x + 15 = ( x 3)( x 5) has zeros 3

(3, 5), and (5, ), we find f(x) > 0 on (, 3) and
(5, ).
Answer: (, 3), (5, )
f is continuous at 2.
f is discontinuous at 5.
f is discontinuous at 10.
20
3. x 2 3x 10 0
f(x) = (x + 2)(x 5) has zeros 2 and 5. By
considering the intervals (, 2), (2, 5), and
(5, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (2, 5).
Answer: [2, 5]
369

9. (x + 2)(x 3)(x + 6) 0
f(x) = (x + 2)(x 3)(x + 6) has zeros 2, 3, and
6. By considering the intervals (, 6),
(6, 2), (2, 3), and (3, ), we find f(x) < 0 on
(, 6) and (2, 3).
Answer: (, 6], [2, 3]
4. 14 5 x x 2 0 , or equivalently,
x 2 + 5 x 14 0
f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x 14 = ( x + 7)( x 2) has zeros 7

(7, 2), and (2, ), we find f(x) 0 on (, 7)
and (2, ).
Answer: (, 7], [2, )
10. (x + 5)(x + 2)(x 7) 0

f(x) = (x + 5)(x + 2)(x 7) has zeros 5, 2 and
7. By considering the intervals (, 5),
(5, 2), (2, 7) and (7, ), we find f(x) < 0 on
(, 5) and (2, 7).
Answer: (, 5], [2, 7]
5. 2 x 2 + 11x + 14 < 0
f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 11x + 14 = (2 x + 7)( x + 2) has zeros
7
and 2. By considering the intervals
2
7 7
, 2 , 2 , 2 , and (2, ), we find
11. x(x 5)(x + 4) > 0, or equivalently,

x(x 5)(x + 4) < 0.
f(x) = x(x 5)(x + 4) has zeros, 0, 5, and 4. By
considering the intervals (, 4), (4, 0), (0, 5),
and (5, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (, 4) and
(0, 5).
Answer: (, 4), (0, 5)
f(x) < 0 on , 2 .
2
Answer: , 2
2
12. ( x + 2)2 > 0

f ( x) = ( x + 2) 2 has 2 as zero. By considering
6. x 2 4 < 0 . f ( x) = x 2 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) has
the intervals (, 2) and (2, ), we find

f(x) > 0 on both intervals.
Answer: (, 2), (2, )
zeros 2. By considering the intervals (, 2),

(2, 2), and (2, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (2, 2).
Answer: (2, 2)
13. x3 + 4 x 0
7. x 2 + 4 < 0 . Since x 2 + 4 is always positive, the
By considering the intervals (, 0) and (0, ),

we find f(x) > 0 on (0, ).
Answer: [0, )
8. 2 x 2 x 2 0 . f ( x) = 2 x 2 x 2 has zeros
)
f ( x) = ( x + 2) ( x 1) = ( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x 1)
1 17
. By considering the intervals
4
1 17 1 17 1 + 17
,
,
,
, and
4 4
4
14. ( x + 2)2 x 2 1 < 0

2
has zeros 2, 1, and 1. By considering the

intervals (, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), and (1, ),
we find f(x) < 0 on (1, 1).
Answer: (1, 1)
1 + 17
, , we find f(x) < 0 on
1 17 1 + 17
,
4
4
f ( x) = x x 2 + 4 has 0 as the only (real) zero.
inequality x 2 + 4 < 0 has no solution.

Answer: no solution
15. x3 + 8 x 2 + 15 x 0
f(x) = x(x + 3)(x + 5) has zeros 0, 3, and 5. By
considering the intervals (, 5), (5, 3),
(3, 0), and (0, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (, 5)
and (3, 0).
Answer: (, 5], [3, 0]
1 17 1 + 17
Answer:
,
4
4
370
Section 10.4
discontinuous at x = 5 and x = 1; f has zeros 3
(5, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), and (3, ), we find
f(x) > 0 on (, 5), (2, 1), and (3, ).
Answer: (, 5), [2, 1), [3, )
16. x3 + 6 x 2 + 9 x < 0
f ( x) = x( x 2 + 6 x + 9) = x( x + 3)2 has zeros 3

(3, 0) and (0, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (, 3)
and (3, 0).
Answer: (, 3), (3, 0)
17.
x
x 9
2
22.
<0
x2 1
<0
x
23.
24.
4
0
x 1
3
x 5x + 6
x2 + 4 x 5
f ( x) =
2x +1
x2
0
2x +1
x2
is discontinuous at x = 0 and f has
Answer: ,
2
25. x 2 + 2 x 2 , or equivalently, x 2 + 2 x 2 0 .
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x 2 has zeros 1 3 . By
(
)
( 1 3, 1 + 3 ) , and ( 1 + 3, ) , we find
f(x) > 0 on ( , 1 3 ) and ( 1 + 3, ) .
Answer: ( , 1 3 , 1 + 3, )

considering the intervals , 1 3
x + 4x 5
2
x + 6x + 5
f(x) < 0 on , .
2
>0
x2 x 6
( x + 5)( x 1)
is
( x + 2)( x + 1)
1
as a zero. By considering the intervals
2
1 1
, 2 , 2 , 0 , and (0, ), we find
3
is never zero, but is
( x 2)( x 3)
discontinuous when x = 2, 3. By considering the
intervals (, 2), (2, 3),and (3, ), we find
f(x) > 0 on (, 2) and (3, ).
Answer: (, 2), (3, )
21.
f ( x) =
x2 x 6
f ( x) =
4
is discontinuous when x = 1, and
x 1
f(x) = 0 has no root. By considering the intervals
(, 1) and (1, ), we find f(x) > 0 on (1, ).
Note also that f(x) 0 for any x.
Answer: (1, )
3
is never zero,
x + 6 x + 5 ( x + 5)( x + 1)
but is discontinuous at x = 5 and x = 1. By
considering the intervals (, 5), (5, 1), and
(1, ), we find that f(x) < 0 on (5, 1).
Answer: (5, 1)
f ( x) =
20.
x2 + 4 x 5
f ( x) =
x2 1
is discontinuous at x = 0; f has
x
zeros at 1. By considering the intervals
(, 1), (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, ), we find
f(x) < 0 on (, 1) and (0, 1).
Answer: (, 1), (0, 1)
f ( x) =
19.
x + 3x + 2
discontinuous at x = 1 and 2; f has zeros 5
(5, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), and (1, ), we find
f(x) < 0 on (5, 2) and (1, 1).
Answer: [5, 2), (1, 1]
is discontinuous when x = 3;
x2 9
f has 0 as a zero. By considering the intervals
(, 3), (3, 0), (0, 3), and (3, ), we find
f(x) < 0 on (, 3) and (0, 3).
Answer: (, 3), (0, 3)
18.
x 2 + 3x + 2
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x2 + 4 x 5
( x 3)( x + 2)
is
( x + 5)( x 1)
371
26. x 4 16 0 .
4( x 8)2 324
f ( x) = x 2 + 4 ( x + 2)( x 2) has (real) zeros 2
( x 8)2 81
x 2 16 x 17 0
(x 17)(x + 1) 0
Solving gives x 1 or x 17. Since x must
be positive, we have x 17.
Answer: 17 in. by 17 in.

(2, 2), and (2, ), we find f(x) > 0 on (, 2)
and (2, ).
Answer: (, 2], [2, )
27. Revenue = (no. of units)(price per unit). We
q (28 0.2q ) 750
want
30. Let n = no. of persons over the 50 that attend.

Then each of 50 + n persons will pay 50 0.50n.
We want
(50 + n)(50 0.50n) 50(50)
1
25n n 2 0
2
1
n 25 n 0
2
Solving gives 0 n 50. Thus the size of the

group is between 50 and 100 inclusive.
Answer: 50 size of group 100
0.2q 28q + 750 0

2
q 2 140q + 3750 0
Using the quadratic formula,
q 2 140q + 3750 = 0 when q 36.09, 103.91.
Thus q 2 140q + 3750 0 when

36.09 q 103.91, so sales revenue will be at
least $750 when between 37 and 103 units,
inclusive, are sold.
x
28.
x
10
(2 2 x)(1 2 x)
21
16
10
64 x 96 x + 11 0
(8x 11)(8x 1) 0
1
11
Solving gives x or x . From the
8
8
1
diagram, clearly, x cannot exceed . Thus
2
1
x .
8
1
mi
Answer:
8
32.
5
5
5
(, 1.51)
5
33.
x8
4
10
(, 7.72]
29.
10
31.
x 1
x8
(, 0.5), (0.667, )
4
If x is the length of a side of the piece of

aluminum, then the box will be 4 by x 8 by
x 8.
372
Chapter 10 Review
34.
9. As x , x + 1 . Thus lim
10.
5
(2, 1.62), (0.62, 1)
11.
x2 + 1
lim
2x
x2
= lim
2x
= lim
2
=0.
x +1
1 1
=
2 2
2x + 5
2x
2 2
= lim
= lim =
x 7 x 4 x 7 x x 7 7
lim

1.
12.
lim 2 x + 6 x 1 = 2(1) + 6(1) 1 = 5
x 1
2. lim
2 x 3x + 1
2
2 x2 2
x 0
13.
lim 2 x 2 3x + 1
= x 0
lim 2 x 2 2
x 0
1
1
=
2
2
14.
x 9
( x + 3)( x 3)
3. lim
= lim
2
x( x 3)
x 3 x 3 x x 3
x+3 6
= lim
= =2
3
x 3 x
2
2x + 3
15.
2t 3
2t 3
= and lim
= . Thus
+ t 3
3
t
t 3
t 3
2t 3
lim
does not exist.
t 3 t 3
lim
x6
lim
= lim x =
x x 5
x+3
lim
x 1 x
x4
lim (2 x + 3)
17.
5. lim ( x + h) = x + 0 = x
x2 1
lim
(3 x + 2)2
x
x 9 x
x 4
2
= lim
3x + 2
x+2 4
= lim
= =4
1
x2 x 1
x 2 x 2
x2
x3 + 4 x 2
lim
x 4 x 2
+ 2x 8
( x + 2)( x 2)
( x 2)( x 1)
= lim
x 9 x 2
x2 1
+ 12 x + 4
1 1
=
9
x 9
= lim
x2 + x 2
( x + 2)( x 1)
= lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
= lim ( x + 2) = 3
x 1
x 2 ( x + 4)
x 4 ( x + 4)( x 2)
19.
= lim
x2
16
8
=
=
3
6
x 4 x 2
lim
x+3
x+3
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 3)
= lim
x 9
1
= lim
=
x3
x 3
x 3
2 x
x 2
= lim
= lim (1) = 1
x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x 2
( x 1)( x + 2)
x 1 ( x 1)( x + 5)
20. lim
= lim
+ 4x 5
x+2 3 1
= lim
= =
6 2
x 1 x + 5
x 1 x 2
x
= lim (1) = 1
x x
18. lim
lim
x2 + x 2
x4
= lim
h 0
6. lim
= lim
x 4
x 4
8. lim
=0
x x 4
16. lim 3 64 = lim 4 = 4
5
5
4. lim
=
=
=
2
12
12
x 4 x 2 4
lim ( x 4)
7.
lim
21. As x becomes large, so does 3x. Because the square

roots of large numbers are also large,
lim 3x = .
x
373
22. As y 5+ , y 5 approaches 0 through positive

y 5+
23.
lim
= lim
x
97
x3 x100 + 13
x103 + 1
= lim
x3 x100
h 0
y 5 = 0.
values. Thus lim

x100 + 13
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
[8( x + h) 2] [8 x 2]
= lim
h
h0
8h
= lim
= lim 8 = 8
h 0 h
h 0
29. lim
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
h 0
x103
= lim
30. lim
x100
( )
x3 x
x
97
2( x + h)2 3 2 x 2 3

= lim
h
h0
= lim x3 =
x
24.
ex 2 x 4
lim
x 31x 2 x3
4 xh + 2h 2
h
h0
h(4 x + 2h)
= lim
= lim (4 x + 2h) = 4 x
h
h0
h 0
x4
= lim
= lim
2 x3
x
=
x 2
= lim
25.
31. y = 23 1
1 + 2x
1
Considering
, we have
1 + 2x
1
1
1 1
lim
= lim = 0 = 0 . Thus
2 x x 2
x 1 + 2 x
lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 = 1
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x) = lim x = 1
x 1+
x 1+
Thus lim f ( x) = 1 .
x 1
26.
lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 5) = 8
x 3
x 3

1
lim y = lim 23 1
= 23(1 0) = 23
1 + 2 x
x
x
Answer: 23
lim f ( x ) = lim 6 = 6
x 3+
x 3+
Because lim f ( x) lim f ( x) ,

x 3
x 3+
lim f ( x ) does not exist.
32.
x 3
27.
x 2 16
= lim
4 x
x 4+
lim
x4
= lim
x4
33. f(x) = x + 5; x = 7
(i) f is defined at x = 7; f(7) = 12
x 4 approaches 0 through
(ii) lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 5) = 7 + 5 = 12 , which
x + 4 8 . Thus
x 7
x+4
lim
x 5
x 2 3x 10
x 5
10 x
x 0.1x
x 7
exists
.
x4
Answer:
28.
= lim
Answer: 100
x4
positive values and
10 x
x 1 + 0.1x
= lim 100 = 100
x4 x+4
( x 4)
x+4
As x 4+ ,
lim y = lim
(iii) lim f ( x ) = 12 = f (7)

x 7
= lim
x 5
= lim
x 5+
( x 5)( x + 2)
x5
x 5( x + 2)
= 07
=0
374
34.
x 5
x +2
2
Chapter 10 Review
; x=5
43.
(i) f is defined at x = 5; f(5) = 0

(ii) lim f ( x) = lim
x 5
x 5 x 2
x 5
+2
0
= 0, which
27
x + 4 if x > 2
f ( x) =
3x + 6 if x 2
For x < 2, f(x) = 3x + 6, which is a polynomial
and hence continuous. For x > 2, f(x) = x + 4,
Because lim f ( x) = lim (3x + 6) = 0 and
x 2
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 4) = 2 , lim f ( x ) does
exists
x 2+
x 2+
x 2
not exist. Thus f is discontinuous at x = 2.
(iii) lim f ( x ) = 0 = f (5)

x 5
44.
1
35. Since f ( x) = x 2 is polynomial function, it is
5
continuous everywhere.
38.
x2
is a rational function and the
x+3
denominator is zero at x = 3. Thus f is
discontinuous at x = 3.
x 1+
x 1
45. x 2 + 4 x 12 > 0
f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 12 = ( x + 6)( x 2) has zeros 6

(6, 2), and (2, ), we find f(x) > 0 on (, 6)
and (2, ).
Answer: (, 6), (2, )
is a rational function
2x + 3
whose denominator is never zero, f is continuous
everywhere.
2
46. 3x 2 3 x 6 0
40. Since f ( x) = (2 3 x)3 is a polynomial function,

it is continuous everywhere.
f ( x) = 3x 2 3 x 6 = 3( x 2)( x + 1) has zeros
1 and 2. By considering the intervals (, 1),

(1, 2), and (2, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (1, 2).
Answer: [1, 2]
4 x2
4 x2
is a rational
41. f ( x) =
=
x 2 + 3 x 4 ( x + 4)( x 1)
function and the denominator is zero only when
x = 4 or x = 1, so f is discontinuous at x = 4, 1.
42.
f ( x) =
2x + 6
x +x
3
2x + 6
x x2 + 1
x 1
x = 1.
f is discontinuous at x = 0.
is a rational function and the

x3
denominator is zero at x = 0. Thus f is
discontinuous at x = 0.
x 1
x 1+
Since lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1) , f is continuous at
39. Since f ( x) =
if x 1
1
, which is a rational
x
function whose denominator is zero when x = 0.
Thus f is discontinuous at x = 0. If x > 1, then
f(x) = 1, which a polynomial function and hence
continuous. At x = 1, f is defined [f(x) = 1].
1
Because lim f ( x) = lim = 1 and
x 1
x 1 x
lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1 , then lim f ( x) = 1 .
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
if x < 1
If x < 1, then f ( x) =
36. Since f ( x) = x 2 2 is a polynomial function, it

is continuous everywhere.
37.
1
f ( x) = x
1
47. x5 7 x 4 , x5 7 x 4 0
f ( x) = x5 7 x 4 = x 4 ( x 7) has zeros 0 and 7.
By considering the intervals (, 0), (0, 7), and

(7, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (, 0) and (0, 7).
Answer: (, 7]
is a rational function
and the denominator is zero only when x = 0, so

f is discontinuous at x = 0.
375
f ( x) = x3 + 8 x 2 + 15 x = x( x + 5)( x + 3) has zeros

0, 5, and 3. By considering the intervals
(, 5), (5, 3), (3, 0), and (0, ), we find
f(x) > 0 and (5, 3) and (0, ).
Answer: [5, 3], [0, )
49.
x+5
x2 1
53.
48. x3 + 8 x 2 + 15 x 0
1.00
<0
54.
x+5
is discontinuous when
( x + 1)( x 1)
x = 1, and f has 5 as a zero. By considering the
intervals (, 5), (5, 1), (1, 1), and (1, ),
we find f(x) < 0 on (, 5) and (1, 1).
Answer: (, 5), (1, 1)
f ( x) =
50.
51.
0
1
0.25
x( x + 5)( x + 8)
<0
3
x( x + 5)( x + 8)
f ( x) =
has zeros 0, 5, and 8.
3
By considering the intervals (, 8), (8, 5),
(5, 0), and (0, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (, 8)
and (5, 0).
Answer: (, 8), (5, 0)
x 2 + 3x
x2 + 2 x 8
f ( x) =
x2 9
x 2 16
f ( x) =
55.
5
x( x + 3)
is
( x + 4)( x 2)
0.50
5
5
10
57.
5
[2.00, )
( x + 3)( x 3)
is discontinuous
( x + 4)( x 4)
5
10
10
58.
x 16
when x = 4 and has zeros x = 3. By
considering the intervals (, 4), (4, 3),
(3, 3), (3, 4), and (4, ) we find f(x) < 0 on
(4, 3) and (3, 4).
Answer: (4, 3], [3, 4)
2
x2 + 3x
x2 9
56.
x + 2x 8
discontinuous when x = 4, 2 and has zeros
x = 3, 0. By considering the intervals (, 4),
(4, 3), (3, 0), (0, 2), and (2, ) we find
f(x) > 0 on (, 4), (3, 0), and (2, ).
Answer: (, 4), [3, 0], (2, )
52.
10
(1, 1.32]
376

1. D = 8432e rt
A year from now, t = 1 and D = 8000. Thus
8000 = 8432e r
8000
er =
8432
8000
r = ln
8432
8000
r = ln
0.053
8432
The rate is 5.3%.
2. D = 8432e 0.06t
We want to find t when D =
8432
.
2
8432
= 8432e 0.06t
2
1
= e0.06t
2
1
0.06t = ln
2
1
ln 2
ln 2
t=
=
12
0.06 0.06
It would take about 12 years.
3. An exponential model assumes a fixed

repayment rate. In reality, the repayment rate is
constantly changing as a result of changing
fiscal policy and other factors.
377
Chapter 11
1.
dH d
=
6 + 40t 16t 2
dt
dt
H (t + h) H (t )
= lim
h
h 0
6 + 40(t + h) 16(t + h)2 6 + 40t 16t 2
= lim
h
h0
6 + 40t + 40h 16t 2 32th 16h 2 6 40t + 16t 2

h
h 0
= lim
40h 32th 16h 2

= lim (40 32t 16h)
h
h 0
h 0
= 40 32t
dH
= 40 32t
dt
= lim
Problems 11.1
1. a.
f ( x) = x3 + 3 , P = (2, 5)
[(3)3 + 3] (5)
[(2.5)3 + 3] (5)
= 19. If x = 2.5, then mPQ =
= 15.25.
3 (2)
2.5 (2)
Continuing in this manner, we complete the table:
To begin, if x = 3, then mPQ =
b.
2. a.
x-value of Q
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.01
2.001
mPQ
19
15.25
13.24
12.61
12.0601
12.0060
We estimate that mtan at P is 12.

f ( x) = e 2 x , P = (0, 1)
e 2(1) 1
e 2(0.5) 1
6.3891 . If x = 0.5, then mPQ =
3.4366 .
1 0
0.5 0
Continuing in this manner, we complete the table:
To begin, if x = 1, then mPQ =
x-value of Q
mPQ
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
6.3891
3.4366
2.4591
2.2140
2.0201
2.0020
b. We estimate that mtan at P is 2.

3. f(x) = x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
( x + h) x
h
= lim
= lim = lim 1 = 1
h
h
h 0
h 0
h 0 h h 0
f ( x) = lim
378
Section 11.1
4. f(x) = 4x 1
10. f(x) = 7.01

f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
7.01 7.01
= lim
h
h 0
0
= lim = lim 0 = 0
h 0 h h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
[4( x + h) 1] [4 x 1]
= lim
h
h 0
4h
= lim
= lim 4 = 4
h 0 h
h 0
f ( x) = lim
f ( x) = lim
h 0
h 0
5. y = 3x + 5. Let y = f(x).
dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
dx h0
h
[3( x + h) + 5] [3x + 5]
= lim
h
h 0
3h
= lim
= lim 3 = 3
h 0 h
h 0
11. Let f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 8.
6. y = 5x. Let y = f(x).

dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
dx h0
h
[5( x + h)] [5 x]
= lim
h
h 0
5h
= lim
= lim (5) = 5
h 0 h
h 0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 4 x + 4h 8 x 2 4 x + 8
h
h 0
= lim
2 xh + h 2 + 4h
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h + 4) = 2 x + 0 + 4 = 2 x + 4
= lim
h 0
12. y = f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 1
7. Let f(x) = 5 4x.

d
f ( x + h) f ( x )
(5 4 x) = lim
dx
h
h 0
[5 4( x + h)] [5 4 x]
= lim
h
h 0
4h
= lim
= lim (4) = 4
h 0 h
h0
8. Let f ( x) = 1
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
[( x + h) 2 + 5( x + h) + 1] [ x 2 + 5 x + 1]
= lim
h
h 0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 5 x + 5h + 1 x 2 5 x 1
= lim
h
h 0
2 xh + h 2 + 5h
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h + 5) = 2 x + 0 + 5 = 2 x + 5
y = lim
h 0
x
2
h 0
1 x + h 1 x
d x
2
2
=
1
lim
dx 2 h0
h
= lim
h2
h 0
d 2
x + 4x 8
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
h 0
( x + h)2 + 4( x + h) 8 x 2 + 4 x 8

= lim
h
h 0
13. p = f (q) = 3q 2 + 2q + 1
dp
f ( q + h) f ( q )
= lim
dq h0
h
1
1
= lim =
2
h0 2
3(q + h)2 + 2(q + h) + 1 3q 2 + 2q + 1

= lim
h
h 0
9. f(x) = 3
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
h 0
33
0
= lim
= lim = lim 0 = 0
h 0 h
h 0 h h 0
f ( x) = lim
6qh + 3h 2 + 2h
h
h 0
= lim (6q + 3h + 2) = 6q + 0 + 2 = 6q + 2
= lim
h 0
379
Chapter 11: Differentiation
14. Let f ( x) = x 2 x 3.
x+h+2 x+2
h
d 2
x x3
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
( x + h ) 2 ( x + h ) 3 x 2 x 3

= lim
h
h 0
x+h+2 x+2 x+h+2 + x+2
h
x+h+2 + x+2
( x + h + 2) ( x + 2)
1
=
=
x+h+2 + x+2
h x+h+2 + x+2
Thus f ( x) = lim
2 xh + h 2 h
= lim
= lim (2 x + h 1) = 2 x 1
h
h 0
h 0
15. y = f ( x) =
h 0
18. H ( x) =
6
x
6
x+h
3
x2
H ( x + h) H ( x )
h
h 0
3 3
= lim x + h 2 x 2
h
h 0
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by
(x + h 2)(x 2) gives
3( x 2) 3( x + h 2)
H ( x ) = lim
h 0 h( x + h 2)( x 2)
3h
= lim
h 0 h( x + h 2)( x 2)
3
3
= lim
=
h 0 ( x + h 2)( x 2)
( x 2) 2
6
6
6
= lim
=
=
x( x + 0)
h 0 x ( x + h)
x2
16. C = f (q) = 7 + 2q 3q 2
dC
f ( q + h) f ( q )
= lim
dq h0
h
19. y = f ( x) = x 2 + 4
7 + 2(q + h) 3(q + h)2 7 + 2q 3q 2

= lim
h
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
2
( x + h) + 4 x 2 + 4

= lim
h
h0
y = lim
h 0
2h 6qh 3h 2
= lim (2 6q 3h)
h
h 0
h 0
= 2 6q
= lim
2 xh + h 2
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x + 0 = 2 x
h
h0
h 0
The slope at (2, 8) is y (2) = 2(2) = 4 .
= lim
17.
f ( x) = x + 2
f ( x) = lim
h 0
1
2 x+2
H ( x ) = lim
6
x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by
x(x + h) gives
6 x 6( x + h)
6h
y = lim
= lim
h 0 hx( x + h)
h0 hx( x + h)
y = lim
1
x+h+2 + x+2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
20. y = f ( x) = 1 x 2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
y = lim
h
h 0
1 ( x + h)2 1 x 2

= lim
h
h 0
x+h+2 x+2
h
h 0
Rationalizing the numerator gives
= lim
2 xh h 2
h
h 0
= lim (2 x h) = 2 x
= lim
h 0
The slope at (1, 0) is y (1) = 2(1) = 2.

380
Section 11.1
26. y = ( x 7) 2 = x 2 14 x + 49
21. y = f ( x) = 4 x 2 5
f ( x + h) f ( x )
y = lim
h
h 0
4( x + h) 2 5 4 x 2 5

= lim
h
h 0
( x + h)2 14( x + h) + 49 x 2 14 x + 49

=
y lim
h
h 0
2 xh + h 2 14h
= lim (2 x + h 14) = 2 x 14
h
h 0
h 0
If x = 6, then y = 2(6) 14 = 2 . The tangent line
at (6, 1) is y 1 = 2(x 6), or y = 2x + 13.
= lim
8 xh + 4h 2
= lim (8 x + 4h) = 8 x
h
h0
h 0
The slope when x = 0 is y (0) = 8(0) = 0 .
= lim
d
22. As shown in Example 5,
dx
If x = 1, the slope is y (1) =
( x) = 2
27. y =
1
x
3
x 1
y = lim
1
.
2
3
3
( x + h ) 1 x 1
h
h 0
3( x 1) 3( x + h 1)
( x + h 1)( x 1)
= lim
23. y = x + 4
h
3h
3
= lim
= lim
h0 h( x + h 1)( x 1) h0 ( x + h 1)( x 1)
h 0
[( x + h) + 4] [ x + 4]
h
= lim = 1
h
h 0
h 0 h
If x = 3, then y = 1 . The tangent line at the
point (3, 7) is y 7 = 1(x 3), or y = x + 4.
y = lim
24. y = 3 x 4
3
( x 1)2
3
If x = 2, then y = = 3 . The tangent line at
1
(2, 3) is y 3 = 3( x 2) , or y = 3 x + 9 .
[3( x + h) 2 4] [3x 2 4]
y = lim
h
h 0
6 xh + 3h 2
= lim
= lim (6 x + 3h) = 6 x
h
h 0
h 0
If x = 1, then y = 6(1) = 6.
28. y =
The tangent line at (1, 1) is y + 1 = 6(x 1) or

y = 6x 7.
5
1 3x
y = lim
5
13( x + h )
153 x
h
5(1 3 x) 5[1 3( x + h)]
= lim
h0 h[1 3( x + h)](1 3 x)
h 0
25. y = x 2 + 2 x + 3
( x + h)2 + 2( x + h) + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 3

y = lim
h
h 0
15h
h0 h[1 3( x + h)](1 3 x)
= lim
2 xh + h 2 + 2h
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h + 2) = 2 x + 2
15
h0 [1 3( x + h)](1 3 x)
= lim
= lim
h 0
If x = 1, then y = 2(1) + 2 = 4. The tangent line

at the point (1, 6) is y 6 = 4(x 1), or
y = 4x + 2.
15
(1 3 x)2
15 3
= . The tangent line at
25 5
3
3
11
(2, 1) is y + 1 = ( x 2) , or y = x .
5
5
5
If x = 2, then y =
381

dC
29. r =
rL
dD
+
1
dC
(1 + )r = rL
dD
dC
r + r = rL
dD
dC
r = rL
r
dD
dC
r
r = rL
dD
r
=
dC
rL r dD
30. 1.565, 1.470

31. 3.000, 13.445
32. 0.680, 1820.369
33. 5.120, 0.038
34. y = f ( x) = x 2 + x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
2
( x + h) + ( x + h) x 2 + x

= lim
h
h 0
f ( x) = lim
h 0
2 xh + h 2 + h
= lim (2 x + h + 1) = 2 x + 1
h
h 0
h 0
If x = 2, then f ( x) = 3 . The tangent line at the point (2, 2) is y 2 = 3(x + 2), or
y = 3x 4.
= lim
5
3
35.
382
Section 11.1
For the x-values of the points where the tangent to the graph of f is horizontal, the corresponding values of f ( x)
are 0. This is expected because the slope of a horizontal line is zero and the derivative gives the slope of the
tangent line.
3
36. n = 4: ( z x) xi z 3i = ( z x)( z 3 + xz 2 + x 2 z + x3 )
i =0
= z 4 xz 3 + xz 3 x 2 z 2 + x 2 z 2 x3 z + x3 z x 4
= z 4 x4
n = 3: ( z x) xi z 2i = ( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 )
i =0
= z 3 xz 2 + xz 2 x 2 z + x 2 z x3
= z 3 x3
n = 2: ( z x) xi z1i = ( z x)( z + x) = z 2 x 2
4
i =0
3
f ( x) = 2 x + x 3 x 2
f ( z ) f ( x)
zx
zx
2 z 4 + z 3 3z 2 (2 x 4 + x3 3x 2 )
= lim
zx
zx
2( z 4 x 4 ) + ( z 3 x3 ) 3( z 2 x 2 )
= lim
zx
zx
2( z x)( z 3 + xz 2 + x 2 z + x3 ) + ( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 ) 3( z x)( z + x)
= lim
zx
zx
= lim [2( z 3 + xz 2 + x 2 z + x3 ) + ( z 2 + xz + x 2 ) 3( z + x)]
f ( x) = lim
zx
= 2(4 x3 ) + (3 x 2 ) 3(2 x)
= 8 x3 + 3 x 2 6 x
4
37. n = 5: ( z x) xi z 4i = ( z x)( z 4 + xz 3 + x 2 z 2 + x3 z + x 4 )
i =0
= z 5 xz 4 + xz 4 x 2 z 3 + x 2 z 3 x3 z 2 + x3 z 2 x 4 z + x 4 z x5
= z 5 x5
n = 3: ( z x) xi z 2i = ( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 )
i =0
= z 3 xz 2 + xz 2 x 2 z + x 2 z x3
= z 3 x3
f ( x ) = 4 x5 3 x3
383
f ( z ) f ( x)
zx
zx
4 z 5 3z 3 (4 x5 3x3 )
= lim
zx
zx
4( z 5 x5 ) 3( z 3 x3 )
= lim
zx
zx
4( z x)( z 4 + xz 3 + x 2 z 2 + x3 z + x 4 ) 3( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 )
= lim
zx
zx
= lim [4( z 4 + xz 3 + x 2 z 2 + x3 z + x 4 ) 3( z 2 + xz + x 2 )]
f ( x) = lim
zx
= 4(5 x 4 ) 3(3x 2 )
= 20 x 4 9 x 2

d
(50q 0.3q 2 )
dq
d
d
=
(50q )
0.3q 2
dq
dq
1. r (q) =
)
d
d
= 50 (q ) 0.3 ( q 2 )
dq
dq
= 50(1) 0.3(2q) = 50 0.6q

The marginal revenue is r (q) = 50 0.6q .
Problems 11.2
1. f(x) = 5 is a constant function, so f ( x) = 0
2.
6
f ( x) =
7
2/3
is a constant function, so f ( x) = 0
3. y = x6 , y = 6 x61 = 6 x5
4.
f ( x) = 21x 211 = 21x 20
5. y = x80 ,
dy
= 80 x801 = 80 x79
dx
6. y = x5.3 , y = 5.3 x5.31 = 5.3 x 4.3

7.
f ( x) = 9 x 2 , f ( x) = 9 2 x 21 = 18 x
8. y = 4 3 x31 = 12 x 2
9. g ( w) = 8w7 , g ( w) = 8(7 w7 1 ) = 56w6
384
Section 11.2
10. v ( x) = exe 1
11. y =
28.
2 4
2
8
x , y = 4 x 41 = x3
3
3
3
f ( p ) = 3 4 p 41 = 4 3 p3
13.
t7
1
7
f (t ) = , f (t ) =
(7t 7 1 ) = t 6
25
25
25
14. y =
f ( x) = 3(1) 0 = 3
17.
f ( x) = 4(2 x) 2(1) + 0 = 8 x 2
( ) ( )
32. p ( x) =
f (t ) = 13 ( 2t ) + 14(1) + 0 = 26t + 14
1
1 1 1
21. y = 3 x31 x 2 = 3 x 2
2 x
2
34.
28 19
14 ( 14 )1
f ( x) = 2 x 5
= x 5
5
5
37.
= 39 x + 28 x 2
f ( x) = 2 0 4 x
) = 8x
38. y = x7 / 2 , y =
26. (t ) = 5(3t 31 0) = 15t 2
(
(
39.
1
13 x 4 ,
3
1
4
g ( x) = 0 4 x 41 = x3
3
3
27. g ( x) =
f ( x) = 11 x = 11x 2 ,
11
1 ( 1 )1 11 1
f ( x) = 11 x 2 = x 2 =
2
2 x
2
24. V (r ) = 8r 81 7 6r 61 + 3(2r ) + 0 = 8r 7 42r 5 + 6r

25.
5 ( 5 )1 3 1 10 2
3 ( 34 )1
+ 2 x 3 = x 4 + x3
x
4
3
3
4
2 7
2 7
36. y = 5(3x 2 ) x 5 = 15 x 2 + x 5
5
5
4 1
3 35 1 3 2 / 5
= x
x
5
5
f ( x) =
23. y = 13 3x31 + 14(2 x) 2(1) + 0
( )
1
2
2
7 x 6 + (1) = x 6 +
7
3
3
33.
35. y =
22. y = 8 4 x 41 + 0 = 32 x3
3 4 7 3
x + x
10
3
3
7
6
f ( x) =
4 x3 + 3 x 2 = x3 + 7 x 2
10
3
5
19. g ( p ) = 4 p 41 3 3 p31 0 = 4 p3 9 p 2
20.
9 2
x + 8x
2
9
+ 3 x31 (2 x) + 8(1)
2
f ( x) =
18. F ( x) = 5(2 x) 9(1) = 10 x 9
5
5
30. k ( x) = 2(2 x) + (1) + 0 = 4 x +
3
3
31.
16.
= 16 x3 + 3 x 2 9 x + 8
f ( x) = x + 3, f ( x) = 1 + 0 = 1
h( x) = 4 4 x 41
1
7 x 7 1 = x 6
7
15.
5 4
5
x 6 , f ( x) = 4 x 41 0 = 10 x3
2
2
29. h( x) = 4 x 4 + x3
12.
f ( x) =
7 72 1 7 5 / 2
= x
x
2
2
1
2
1 2
f (r ) = 6r 3 , f (r ) = 6 r 3 = 2r 3
3
1
3
1 3
40. y = 4 x 4 , y = 4 x 4 = x 4
4
41.
385
f ( x) = x 4 , f ( x) = 4 x 41 = 4 x 5
42.
f ( s ) = 2(3s 4 ) = 6 s 4
43.
f ( x) = x 3 + x 5 2 x 6 ,
53.
) (
f ( x) = 3x 31 + 5 x 51 2 6 x 61
= 3 x
44.
5x
+ 12 x
54. ( x) =
12
55.
56.
f ( x) = 2 x 3
f ( x) = 2(3 x
47. y =
) = 6 x
1
5
58.
4x
1
5
y = 5 x 6 = x 6
4
4
49. g ( x) =
4
3
50. y =
51.
1
x
2/3
1 2 / 3
x
2
3
4 3
= 3x
34
2
1
= 2x
12
x2
3
1 3
y = 2 x 2 = x 2
2
4 3
x
3
1 12
x
2
1 3
y = x 2
4
60. y =
= x 2 , y = 2 x 3
5
2+( 1 )
1
61. y = x 2 x = x 2 x 2 = x 2 = x 2

5 32
y = x
2
1 1 1
f (t ) = = t 1
2t 2
1
1
f (t ) = 1 t 2 = t 2
2
2
f ( x) =
59. y =
3x
4
g ( x) = 3 x 4 = 4 x 4
3
3 2
x
9 7
3 7
f ( x) = 3 x 4 = x 4
4
4
1 5
x
4
1
3
2x
8 x
1 2
1
q ( x) = x 5 / 3 = x 5 / 3
2 3
3
y = 8 5 x 6 = 40 x 6
48. y =
7
1 3
3 7 3 3
f ( z ) = 3 z 4 0 8 z 4 = z 4 + 6 z 4
4
4
4
57. q( x) =
= 8 x 5
x5
f ( x) = 9 x1/ 3 + 5 x 2 / 5 ,
2
7
1 2 2 7
f ( x) = 9 x 3 + 5 x 5 = 3 x 3 2 x 5
3
5
1
45. y = = x 1
x
dy
1
= 1 x 11 = x 2 =
dx
x2
46.
1 3
x 3 x 3 ,
3
1
( x) = (3x 2 ) 3(3x 4 ) = x 2 + 9 x 4
3
1 1
f ( x) = 100 3 x 4 + 10 x 2
2
= 300 x 4 + 5 x
1
x + 7 x 1
7
1
1
f ( x) = (1) + 7 1x 2 = 7 x 2
7
7
f ( x) =
7 1
x
9
7
7
g ( x) = (1x 2 ) = x 2
9
9
62.
52. g ( x) =
386
f ( x) = (8 x5 ), f ( x) = 40 x 4
63.
Section 11.2
f ( x) = x 3 x 2 10 x + 7 = 3x3 10 x 2 + 7 x
72.
f ( x ) = 3 x9 5 x5 + 4 x3
73. w( x ) =
65.
( ) = 9x
f ( x) = x (3 x) = x 9 x
74.
f ( x) = 45 x 4
66. s ( x) = 3 x
( 4 x 6 x + 3)
= x1/ 3 ( x1/ 4 6 x + 3)
= x 7 /12 6 x 4 / 3 + 3x1/ 3
7
s ( x) = x 5 /12 8 x1/ 3 + x 2 / 3
12
67. v( x) = x
v( x) =
68.
23
( x + 5) = x 3 + 5 x
13
f (q) =
f ( w) =
w5
w5
7 x3 + x
6 x
1 7 x3
x
=
+
1/
2
1/
6 x
x 2
1
= (7 x5 / 2 + x1/ 2 )
6
1 35
1
f ( x) = x3 / 2 + x 1/ 2
6 2
2
1 1/ 2
1
= x (35 x + x )
12
39
2
y x =3 = 60
y x =3 / 2 =
77. y is a constant, so y = 0 for all x.
78. y = 3 2 x 1/ 2 = 3
2
q2
y x =4 = 2
7
y x =9 =
3
13
y x = 25 =
5
= w4 5w5
f ( w) = 4w5 + 25w6 = w6 (4w 25)
71.
= 1+ x
y x =0 = 6
3q 2 + 4q 2 3q 2 4q 2
=
+
q
q
q q2
f (q ) = 3(1) + 0 2( q 2 ) = 3 + 2q 2 = 3 +
70.
x2
76. y = 6 6 x 2
= 3q + 4 2q
f ( x) =
x3
y x = 2 = 16
y x =3 = 14
13 8 56 3 33 2
f ( x) = x 5 + x 5 + x 5
5
5
5
1 52
= x 13x 2 + 56 x + 33
5
69.
x2
y x =0 = 4
f ( x) = x 5 x 2 + 7 x + 11 = x 5 + 7 x 5 + 11x 5
75. y = 6 x + 4
32
1 23 10 53 1 35
x x = x ( x 10)
3
3
3
3
x 2 + x3
x2
x2
w( x) = 0 + 1 = 1
f ( x) = 27 x8 25 x 4 + 12 x 2
= x 2 27 x6 25 x 2 + 12
f ( x) = 4 x3 + 6 x 2 16 x = 2 x 2 x 2 + 3 x 8
f ( x) = 9 x 2 20 x + 7
64.
f ( x) = x 2 ( x 2)( x + 4) = x 4 + 2 x3 8 x 2
f ( x) = ( x + 1)( x + 3) = x 2 + 4 x + 3
f ( x) = 2 x + 4 = 2( x + 2)
387
2
x
79. y = 4 x 2 + 5 x + 6
y = 8x + 5
84. y =
y x =1 = 13
1
x3
85. y =
( 2 x2 ) = 2 x
1
2
x2 .
3 12
x
2
5 2
x x3
2
5 x 3x 2 = 0. Then x(5 3x) = 0, x = 0 or

5
x= .
3
5
125
. This
If x = 0, then y = 0. If x = , y =
3
54
5 125
gives the points (0, 0) and ,
.
3 54
3
x4
3
16
An equation of the tangent line is
1
3
3
1
y = ( x 2), or y = x + .
8
16
16
2
y x =2 =
82. y = 3 x = x
1
2
y = 5 x 3x 2
A horizontal tangent line has slope 0, so we set
= x 3
y = 3x 4 =
32
) = x
1
25
y x =4 = 3 =
8
8
When x = 4, then y = 7. The tangent line is
25
25
11
y + 7 = ( x 4) , or y = x + .
8
8
2
1
1 x2
5
1
y = ( 2 x )
5
8
y x =4 =
5
8
8
17
y + 3 = ( x 4) , or y = x + .
5
5
5
81. y =
y = x

y 15 = 13(x 1), or y = 13x + 2.
80. y =
x 2 x2
86. y =
x5
x +1
5
y = x4 1
A horizontal tangent line has slope 0, so we set
1
3
x 4 1 = 0 . Then x 4 = 1 , so x = 1 or x = 1. If
1
9
x = 1, then y = ; if x = 1, then y = . This
5
5
9
1
gives the points 1, and 1, .

5
5
1 2
1
y = x 3 = 2
3
3x 3
1
1
1
y x =8 =
=
=
3 4
12
23
3 8

1
4
1
y + 2 = ( x 8) , or y = x .
12
3
12
87. y = x 2 5 x + 3
y = 2 x 5
Setting 2x 5 = 1 gives 2x = 6, x = 3. When
x = 3, then y = 3. This gives the point (3, 3).
83. y = 3 + x 5 x 2 + x 4
y = 1 10 x + 4 x3 .
88. y = x 4 31x + 11
When x = 0, then y = 3 and y = 1 . Thus an

equation of the tangent line is y 3 = 1(x 0), or
y = x + 3.
y = 4 x3 31
If 4 x3 31 = 1, then x3 = 8, x = 2. When x = 2,
then y = 35. This gives the point (2, 35).
388
89.
f ( x) = x +
= x2 + x
Section 11.3
12
1. Here
1 32
1
1
x 1
=
x =
2
2 x 2x x 2x x
x 1
x 1
f ( x) =
=0.
Thus
2x x
2x x 2x x
1
x
2
x 1
f ( x) =
12
dP
= 5 and p = 25.5 25 = 0.5.
dp
dP
p = 5(0.5) = 2.5
dp
The profit increases by 2.5 units when the price
is changed from 25 to 25.5 per unit.
P
90. z = (1 + b) w p bwc
dw p
dz
= (1 + b)
b
dwc
dwc
Rewriting the right side and factoring out 1 + b
dw p b(1 + b)
dz
,
gives
= (1 + b)
1+ b
dwc
dwc
2.
dy d
=
16t 16t 2 = 16 16(2t ) = 16 32t
dt dt
dy
= 16 32(0.5) = 16 16 = 0
dt t =0.5
The graph of y(t) is shown.
5
dw p
dz
b
= (1 + b)
.
dwc
dwc 1 + b
91. y = x3 3x
y ( x ) = 3x 2 3
( )3 = 9
y x =2 = 3 2
When t = 0.5, the object is at the peak of its

flight.
The tangent line at (2, 2) is given by

y 2 = 9(x 2), or y = 9x 16.
3. V (r ) =
( )
4
3r 2 + 4(2r ) = 4r 2 + 8r
3
When r = 2, V (r ) = 4(2) 2 + 8(2) = 32 and

4
32
80
(2)3 + 4(2)2 =
+ 16 = .
3
3
3
The relative rate of change of the volume when
V (2) 32 6
=
= = 1.2 . Multiplying 1.2
r = 2 is
V (2) 80 5
V (r ) =
5
2
92. y = 3 x = x1/ 3
by 100 gives the percentage rate of change:

(1.2)(100) = 120%.
1 2 / 3
1
x
=
3 2
3
3 x
1
y x =8 =
12
The tangent line at (8, 2) is given by
1
4
1
y + 2 = ( x + 8), or y = x .
12
3
12
y ( x ) =
Problems 11.3
1. s = f (t ) = 2t 2 + 3t
If t = 1, then over [1, 2] we have
s f (2) f (1) 14 5
=
=
= 9.
2 1
1
t
If t = 0.5, then over [1, 1.5] we have
s f (1.5) f (1) 9 5
=
=
= 8.
1.5 1
0.5
t
Continuing this way, we obtain the following
table:
1
15
389
t
s
t
0.5
0.2
7.4
0.1
7.2
0.01
0.001
7.02
7.002
We estimate the velocity when t = 1 to be 7 m/s. With differentiation we get v =

ds
= 4(1) + 3 = 7 m/s.
dt t =1
2. y = f ( x) = 2 x + 5 .
If x = 1, then over [3, 4] we have
y f (4) f (3)
13 11
=
=
0.2889
x
x
1
If x = 0.5, then over [3, 3.5] we have
y f (3.5) f (3)
12 11
=
=
0.2950
x
x
0.5
Continuing in this way we obtain the following table:
x
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
y
x
0.2889
0.2950
0.2988
0.3002
0.3014
0.3015
We estimate the rate of change to be 0.3015.

1
0.3015.
Note: The actual rate of change is
11
3. s = f (t ) = 2t 2 4t
a.
When t = 7, then s = 2(7 2 ) 4(7) = 70 m.
b.
s f (7.5) f (7) [2(7.5)2 4(7.5)] 70

=
=
= 25 m/s
t
0.5
0.5
c.
v=
ds
= 4t 4. If t = 7, then v = 4(7) 4 = 24 m/s
dt
1
4. s = f (t ) = t + 1
2
a.
When t = 2, s =
1
(2) + 1 = 2 m.
2
b.
1
s f (2.1) f (1) 2 (2.1) + 1 2
=
=
= 0.5 m/s
0.1
0.1
t
c.
v=
ds 1
1
= . If t = 2, then v = m/s
dt 2
2
390
ds
= 4t + 3,
dt
Section 11.3
5. s = f (t ) = 2t 3 + 6
a.
b.
c.
b.
When t = 1, s = 2(1)3 + 6 = 8 m.
s f (1.02) f (1)
=
t
0.02
2(1.02)3 + 6 8
=
0.02
= 6.1208 m/s
v=
c.
ds
= 6t 2 . If t = 1, then
dt
9.
v = 6(1)2 = 6 m/s
6. s = f (t ) = 3t 2 + 2t + 1
a.
b.
c.
( )
When t = 1, s = 3 12 + 2(1) + 1 = 0 m.
s f (1.25) f (1)
=
t
0.25
3(1.25) 2 + 2(1.25) + 1 0
=
= 4.75 m/s
0.25
v=
b.
c.
7/2
1
4
ds
7
= 12t 3 t 5 / 2 . If t = 0, then
dt
2
7
v = 12(0)3 (0)5 / 2 = 0 m/s.
2
v=
dy 25 32
dy 25
=
(27) = 337.50 .
=
x . If x = 9,
dx 2
dx 2
dT
= 0 + 0.27(1 0) = 0.27
dTe
12.
dV
= 4r 2
dr
13. c = 500 + 10q,
dc
= 10 . When q = 100,
dq
dc
= 10 .
dq
s f (2.1) f (2)
=
t
0.1
(2.1)4 2(2.1)3 + 2.1 2
=
= 10.261 m/s
0.1
14. c = 5000 + 6q,
15.
ds
= 4t 3 6t 2 + 1. If t = 2, then
dt
dc
dc
= 6 . When q = 36,
=6.
dq
dq
dc
= 0.1(2q ) + 3 = 0.2q + 3 . When q = 5,
dq
dc
= 0.2(5) + 3 = 4.
dq
( ) ( )
v = 4 23 6 22 + 1 = 9 m/s
a.
1
m/s
64
( 14 ) ( 14 )
11.
( )
8. s = f (t ) = 3t t
1
4
3
=
dA
dA
= 2r . If r = 3,
= 2(3) = 6 .
dr
dr
ds
= 6t + 2. If t = 1, v = 4 m/s
dt
f (0)
10.
When t = 2, s = 24 2 23 + 2 = 2 m.
v=
( )
1
4
When r = 6.3 104 ,

dV
= 4[6.3 104 ]2 = 158.76108
dr
4.988 106.
7. s = f (t ) = t 4 2t 3 + t
a.
s
=
t
16.
7/2
When t = 0, s = 3 04 = 07 / 2 = 0.
17.
391
dc
dc
= 0.2q + 3 . When q = 3,
= 3.6 .
dq
dq
dc
= 2q + 50 . Evaluating when q = 15, 16 and
dq
17 gives 80, 82 and 84, respectively.
18.
1
1
24. r = q 15 q = 15q q 2
30
30
dr
1
= 15 q
dq
15
dc
= 0.12q 2 q + 4.4
dq
Evaluating when q = 5, 25, and 1000 gives 2.4,
54.4 and 119,004.4, respectively.
19. c = 0.01q + 5 +
500
q
For q = 5,
c = cq = 0.01q 2 + 5q + 500
q = 150,
dc
= 0.02q + 5
dq
dr
= 250 + 90q 3q 2 . Evaluating when
dq
q = 5, 10 and 25 gives 625, 850 and 625,
respectively.
dc
=7
dq q =100
26. r = 60q 0.2q 2
1000
20. c = 2 +
q
c = cq = 2q + 1000
dr
= 60 0.4q
dq
Evaluating when q = 10 and 20 gives 56 and 52,
respectively.
dc
= 2 for all q
dq
3
27.
21. c = cq = 0.00002q 0.01q + 6q + 20, 000

dc
= 0.00006q 2 0.02q + 6
dq
dc
= 6.750 0.000328(2q) = 6.750 0.000656q
dq
dc
= 6.750 0.000656(2000) = 5.438
dq q = 2000
c 10, 484.69
c= =
+ 6.750 0.000328q
q
q
dc
= 4.6 . If q = 500, then
dq
dc
= 11 .
dq
10, 484.69
+ 6.750 0.000328(2000)
2000
= 0.851655
c (2000) =
22. c = cq = 0.002q3 0.5q 2 + 60q + 7000

28.
dc
= 0.006q 2 q + 60
dq
If q = 15, then
dr
=5.
dq
25. r = 250q + 45q 2 q3
dc
=6
dq q =50
If q = 100, then
dr 44
dr
=
; for q =15,
= 14 ; for
dq 3
dq
dc
= 0.79 + 0.04284q 0.0003q 2
dq
dc
= 0.7388
dq q =70
dc
= 46.35. If q = 25, then
dq
dc
= 38.75.
dq
29. PR 0.93 = 5, 000, 000

P = 5, 000, 000 R 0.93
dP
= 4, 650, 000 R 1.93
dR
23. r = 0.8q
dr
= 0.8 for all q.
dq
30.
392
dv
= 10,500 for all t.
dt
31. a.
Section 11.3
e.
dy
= 1.5 x
dx
dy
= 1.5 6 = 7.5
dx x =6
36. a.
b. Setting 1.5 x = 6 gives x = 4.5.

32. c = f (q ) = 0.4q 2 + 4q + 5
dc
= 0.8q + 4
dq
If q = 2, then
dc
= 5.6 . Over the interval [2, 3],
dq
c f (3) f (2) 20.6 14.6

=
=
=6.
q
3 2
1
33. a.
b.
y
1
=
y x+4
c.
y (5) = 1
d.
1
1
= 0.111
5+ 4 9
e.
11.1%
34. a.
9 x 2
y
=
y 5 3x3
c.
y (1) = 9
d.
9
9
= = 4.5
53
2
e.
450%
y = 3 x 2
b.
y 3 x 2
=
y 8 x3
c.
y (1) = 3
d.
3
3
= 0.429
8 1
7
e.
42.9%
38. a.
y = 3
y = 9 x 2
b.
37. a.
y = 1
63.2%
y = 2 x + 3
b.
y
2x + 3
=
y x2 + 3x 4
c.
y (1) = 2(1) + 3 = 1
d.
1
1
= 0.167
1 3 4
6
e.
16.7%
b.
y
3
3
=
=
y 7 3x 3x 7
c.
y (6) = 3
d.
3
3
= 0.2727
3(6) 7 11
e.
27.27%
39. c = 0.3q 2 + 3.5q + 9
35. a.
y = 6 x
dc
= 0.6q + 3.5
dq
b.
y
6x
=
y 3x 2 + 7
dc
= 0.6(10) + 3.5 = 9.5. If
dq
q = 10, then c = 74 and
c.
y (2) = 6(2) = 12
d.
12
12
=
0.632
12 + 7 19
If q = 10, then
dc
dq
393
(100) =
9.5
(100) 12.8% .
74
40. y =
100
= 100 x 1
x
dy
100
= 100 x 2 =
dx
x2
dy
100
y
1
=
= 1 and (100) = (100) = 10% .
If x = 10,
dx
100
y
10
41. a.
dr
= 30 0.6q
dq
b. If q = 10,
c.
42. a.
9%
dq
= 10 0.4q
dr
b. If q = 25,
c.
43.
r
30 6
24
4
=
=
=
0.09 .
r 300 30 270 45
r
10 0.4(25)
=
= 0.
r 10(25) 0.2(25) 2
0%
W 0.864t 0.568 0.432

=
=
W
t
2t 0.432
1.3 I 0.3
44. a.
R1 1855.24 1.3
= 1.3 =
I
R1
I
1855.24
1.3 I 0.3
R2 1101.29 1.3
= 1.3 =
I
R2
I
1101.29
b. They are equal.

c.
f x nC1 x n 1 n
=
=
f ( x)
x
C1 x n
g ( x ) nC2 x n 1 n
=
=
g ( x)
x
C2 x n
The rates are equal.
45. The cost of q = 20 bikes is qc = 20(150) = $3000 . The marginal cost, $125, is the approximate cost of one
additional bike. Thus the approximate cost of producing 21 bikes is $3000 + $125 = $3125.
394
Section 11.4
dc
dq
dc
1 dq 1
dc c
= = c , and the marginal cost
46. The relative rate of change of c is
, which is given to be :
= . Thus
c
dq q
q c q
dc
function and the average cost function (c ) are equal.
dq
47. $5.07 per unit

48. 11,275 people per year
1.
dR
d
d
= (2 0.15 x) (225 + 20 x) + (225 + 20 x) (2 0.15 x)
dx
dx
dx
= (2 0.15x)(20) + (225 + 20x)(0.15)
= 40 3x 33.75 3x = 6.25 6x
dR
= 6.25 6 x
dx
1
2. T ( x) = x 2 x3
3
T ( x ) = 2x x 2
When the dosage is 1 milligram the sensitivity is T (1) = 2(1) 12 = 1 .

Problems 11.4
1.
f ( x) = (4 x + 1)(6) + (6 x + 3)(4) = 24x + 6 + 24x + 12 = 48x + 18 = 6(8x + 3)
2.
f ( x) = (3x 1)(7) + (7 x + 2)(3) = 42 x 1
3. s (t ) = (5 3t )(3t 2 4t ) + (t 3 2t 2 )(3) = 15t 2 20t 9t 3 + 12t 2 3t 3 + 6t 2 = 12t 3 + 33t 2 20t

4. Q( x) = (3 + x)(10 x) + (5 x 2 2)(1) = 15 x 2 + 30 x 2
5.
f (r ) = 3r 2 4 (2r 5) + r 2 5r + 1 (6r ) = 6r 3 15r 2 8r + 20 + 6r 3 30r 2 + 6r = 12r 3 45r 2 2r + 20
6. C ( I ) = 2 I 2 3 (6 I 4) + 3I 2 4 I + 1 (4 I ) = 12 I 3 8I 2 18I + 12 + 12 I 3 16 I 2 + 4 I = 2 12 I 3 12 I 2 7 I + 6
7. Without the product rule we have
f ( x) = x 2 2 x 2 5 = 2 x 4 5 x 2
f ( x) = 8 x3 10 x
8. Without the product rule we have
f ( x ) = 3 x3 x 2 2 x + 2 = 3 x5 6 x 4 + 6 x3
f ( x) = 15 x 4 24 x3 + 18 x 2
395
9. y = x 2 + 3x 2 (4 x 1) + 2 x 2 x 3 (2 x + 3)
) (
= 4 x3 + 12 x 2 8 x x 2 3x + 2 + 4 x3 2 x 2 6 x + 6 x 2 3x 9
= 8 x3 + 15 x 2 20 x 7
10. ( x) = (3 5 x + 2 x 2 )(1 8 x) + (2 + x 4 x 2 )(5 + 4 x)

= 3 5 x + 2 x 2 24 x + 40 x 2 16 x3 10 5 x + 20 x 2 + 8 x + 4 x 2 16 x3
= 32 x3 + 66 x 2 26 x 7
11.
f ( w) = ( w2 + 3w 7)(6 w2 ) + (2 w3 4)(2w + 3)
= 6 w4 + 18w3 42 w2 + 4 w4 + 6 w3 8w 12
= 10w4 + 24w3 42 w2 8w 12
12.
f ( x) = 3 x x 2 (1 2 x) + 3 x x 2 (3 2 x)
= 3 x 5 x 2 + 2 x3 + 9 3x 3 x 2 6 x + 2 x 2 + 2 x3
= 4 x3 6 x 2 12 x + 9
)(
) (
13. y = x 2 1 9 x 2 6 + 3 x3 6 x + 5 (2 x) 4(8 x + 2)
= 9 x 4 15 x 2 + 6 + 6 x 4 12 x 2 + 10 x 32 x 8
= 15 x 4 27 x 2 22 x 2
( ) (
14. h( x) = 4 5 x 4 + 3 8 x 2 5 (2) + (2 x + 2)(16 x)
= 20 x 4 + 3(16 x 2 10 + 32 x 2 + 32 x)
= 20 x 4 + 144 x 2 + 96 x 30
3 1/ 2
1
(5 p 2)(3) + (3 p 1) 5 p 1/ 2
2
2
3
15
5
= 15 p1/ 2 6 + p1/ 2 p 1/ 2
2
2
2
3
1/ 2
1/ 2
= [45 p 12 5 p
]
4
15. F ( p ) =
3
1
16. g ( x) = ( x1/ 2 + 5 x 2) x 2 / 3 x 1/ 2 + ( x1/ 3 3 x1/ 2 ) x 1/ 2 + 5

2
3
1 1/ 6 5 1/ 3 2 2 / 3 3 15 1/ 2
1
3
= x
+ x x
x + 3 x 1/ 2 + x 1/ 6 + 5 x1/ 3 15 x1/ 2
3
3
3
2 2
2
2
1
1/ 6
1/ 2
2 / 3
1/ 2
1/ 3
= (135 x + 40 x + 5 x
+ 18 x
4x
18)
6
17. y = 7
2
is a constant function, so y = 0 .
3
18. y = x3 6 x 2 + 11x 6
y = 3x 2 12 x + 11
396
Section 11.4
19. y = 6 x3 + 47 x 2 + 31x 28
y = 18 x 2 + 94 x + 31
20.
21.
dy (4 x + 1)(2) (2 x 3)(4) 8 x + 2 8 x + 12
=
=
dx
(4 x + 1)2
(4 x + 1)2
14
=
(4 x + 1)2
( x 1)(5) (5 x)(1)
f ( x) =
=
( x 1)
5x 5 5x
( x 1)2
5
( x 1)2
(5 x)(5) (5 x)(1)
22. H ( x) =
(5 x)2
25 + 5 x 5 x
25
=
=
2
(5 x)
(5 x) 2
23.
24.
13
f ( x) =
13 5
x
3
3x
13
65
f ( x ) = (5 x 6 ) =
3
3x6
5 2
x 2
7
5
10
f ( x) = (2 x) = x
7
7
f ( x) =
25. y =
=
( x 1)(1) ( x + 2)(1)
( x 1)2
x 1 x 2
( x 1)2
3
( x 1)2
26. h( w) =
=
=
( w 3)(6w + 5) 3w2 + 5w 1 (1)

( w 3)2
6w2 13w 15 3w2 5w + 1

( w 3) 2
3w2 18w 14
( w 3)2
397
27.
z 2 4 ) (2) (6 2 z )(2 z )
(
h( z ) =
2
( z2 4)
=
2 z 2 + 8 12 z + 4 z 2
( z2 4)
2 ( z2 6z + 4)
=
2
( z2 4)
2 z 2 12 z + 8
( z2 4)
(3 x 2 + 5 x + 3)(4 x + 5) (2 x 2 + 5 x 2)(6 x + 5)
28. z =
=
(3x 2 + 5 x + 3) 2
12 x3 + 35 x 2 + 37 x + 15 (12 x3 + 40 x 2 + 13x 10)
(3x 2 + 5 x + 3)2
2
5 x + 24 x + 25
(3x 2 + 5 x + 3) 2
( x2 5x ) (16 x 2) (8x2 2x + 1) (2 x 5)
2
( x2 5x )
16 x3 82 x 2 + 10 x (16 x3 44 x 2 + 12 x 5 ) 38 x 2 2 x + 5
=
=
2
2
2
x
5
x
(
)
( x2 5x )
29. y =
30.
x 2 + 1)( 3x 2 2 x ) ( x3 x 2 + 1) (2 x)
(
f ( x) =
2
( x2 + 1)
=
31.
3 x 4 2 x3 + 3 x 2 2 x 2 x 4 + 2 x3 2 x
x x3 + 3 x 4
( x2 + 1)
( x 2 + 1) 2
2 x 2 3 x + 2 ) (2 x 4) ( x 2 4 x + 3) (4 x 3)
(
y =
2
( 2 x 2 3x + 2 )
4 x3 14 x 2 + 16 x 8 ( 4 x3 19 x 2 + 24 x 9 )
=
2
( 2 x 2 3x + 2 )
=
5x2 8x + 1
( 2 x 2 3x + 2 )
398
Section 11.4
32. The quotient rule can be used, or we can write

z4 + 4 1 3
= z + 4 z 1 ,
F ( z) =
3z
3
so F ( z ) =
33.
38.
1
3z 4 4
3 z 2 4 z 2 =
.
3
3z 2
x100 + 7 ) (0) (1) (100 x99 )

(
100 x99
g ( x) =
=
2
2
( x100 + 7 )
( x100 + 7 )
9
= x 5
5
2
2x
45 6
y =
x
2
34. y =
35. u (v) =
41. y =
3x2 x 1
1
5
3
x+5
=
3
16 x 2
2
3
= 3x x x
13
x3
2
2 13 1 43
2
1
x + x = 5x 3 1 + 4
3
3
3x 3 3x 3
15 x 2 2 x + 1
3x
(3 x 5)(5) (5 x + 1)(3)
(3 x 5)2
28
(3 x 5)
+ 6 x 4
+ 6 x 4
[( x + 2)( x 4)](1) ( x 5)(2 x 2)

[( x + 2)( x 4)]2
[( x + 2)( x 4)]
x 2 10 x + 18
[( x + 2)( x 4)]2
(9 x 1)(3 x + 2) 27 x 2 + 15 x 2
=
4 5x
4 5x
(4 5 x)(54 x + 15) 27 x 2 + 15 x 2 (5)

(4 5 x)
270 x 2 + 141x + 60 + 135 x 2 + 75 x 10
399
(3 x + 1)2
y =
=
(3x + 1)(2) (2 x)(3)
42. y =
4
3
x 2 2 x 8 2 x 2 12 x + 10
y = 5 x 3
=
( x 8)(0) (4)(1)
= 6 x2
1 1
1
= x 2 5x 2
8 x 8
x0.7 2 x 2.1 + 1
40. q ( x) = 6 x 2 +
x5
0.3 1 + 28 x1.8 12 x 2.1
2(v3 + 4)
=
v2
1 1 1 5 3 1 1
5
y = x 2 + x 2 = 1 + 3
8 2
2
16 x 2 x 2
37. y =
(2 x 2.1 + 1) 2
( x 8)
4
2
=
+
2
( x 8)
(3 x + 1) 2
v3 8 v3 8
=
= v 2 8v 1
v
v v
3x 2 x 1
0.6 x1.4 + 0.3x 0.7 4.2 x1.4 + 8.4 x1.1
39. y =
u(v) = 2v + 8v 2 = 2 v +
v2
36. y =
2 x 2.1 + 1)( 0.3 x 0.7 ) ( x 0.3 2 )( 4.2 x1.1 )

(
y =
2
( 2x2.1 + 1)
(4 5 x) 2
135 x 216 x 50
(4 5 x)2
)(
)(
t 2 1 t 3 + 7 (2t + 3) t 2 + 3t 5t 4 3t 2 + 14t
43. s(t ) =
2
t 2 1 t3 + 7
44.
)(
3t 6 12t 5 + t 4 + 6t 3 21t 2 14t 21
)(
t 2 1 t3 + 7
17
f ( s) =
5s 10 s 2 + 4s
0 17 15s 2 20s + 4
17 15s 2 20s + 4
=
f ( s ) =
2
2
5s3 10s 2 + 4 s
5s3 10s 2 + 4 s
45. y = 3x
2
x
2( x 1) 3 x
x ( x 1)
x31
= 3x
x2
x2
x+2
x+2
= 3x +
= 3x +
3
x( x 1)( x 2)
x 3x2 + 2 x
y = 3 +
= 3
( x3 3 x 2 + 2 x)(1) ( x + 2)(3 x 2 6 x + 2)
[ x( x 1)( x 2)]2
2 x3 + 3 x 2 12 x + 4
[ x( x 1)( x 2)]2
46. y = 3 12 x +
y = 36 x 2 +
47.
f ( x ) =
1 25
x +2
x2 + 5
= 3 12 x +
x 2 + 2 5
x2 + 2
2
x +5
= 3 12 x3 +
( x 4 + 7 x 2 + 10)(2 x) ( x 2 3)(4 x3 + 14 x)
( x 4 + 7 x 2 + 10) 2
(a x)(1) (a + x)(1)
(a x)
x2 3
x 4 + 7 x 2 + 10
= 36 x 2 +
2a
(a x)2
x 1 + a 1 ax a + x
=
x 1 a 1 ax a x
(a x)(1) (a + x)(1)
2a
f ( x ) =
=
2
(a x)
(a x)2
48. Simplifying, f ( x) =
(
)(
)
y = ( 4 x 2 + 2 x 5 )( 3 x 2 + 7 ) + ( x3 + 7 x + 4 ) (8 x + 2)
49. y = 4 x 2 + 2 x 5 x3 + 7 x + 4
y(1) = (3)(10) + (4)(6) = 6
400
2 x5 + 12 x3 + 62 x
[( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 5)]2
50. y =
y =
x3
x4 + 1
( x 4 + 1)(3 x 2 ) ( x3 )(4 x3 )
( x 4 + 1)2
y(1) =
51. y =
y =
Section 11.4
(2)(3) (1)(4)
(2)
6
x 1
( x 1)(0) (6)(1)
( x 1)
y(3) =
6
2
1
2
( x 1) 2
3
2
3
3
15
The tangent line is y 3 = ( x 3) , or y = x + .
2
2
2
52. y =
x+5
x2
= x 1 + 5 x 2
y = x 2 10 x 3 =
y (1) = 1 10 = 11
1
x
10
x3
The tangent line is y 6 = 11(x 1) or y = 11x + 17.
(
)
y = (2 x + 3) 2 ( 4 x3 10 x ) + 2 ( x 4 5 x 2 + 4 ) (2)
53. y = (2 x + 3) 2 x 4 5 x 2 + 4
y(0) = (3)(0) + [2(4)](2) = 16

The tangent line is y 24 = 16(x 0), or y = 16x + 24.
54. y =
x +1
2
x ( x 4)
x +1
3
x 4 x2
x3 4 x 2 ) (1) ( x + 1) ( 3 x 2 8 x )
(
y =
2
( x3 4 x 2 )
y(2) =
(8)(1) (3)(4)
(8)
The tangent line is y +
4
1
=
64 16
3 1
1
1
= ( x 2) , or y = x .
8 16
16
2
401
55. y =
y =
x
2x 6
(2 x 6)(1) x(2)
(2 x 6)
500
q
r = pq = 500
60. p =
=
6
(2 x 6) 2
dr
=0
dq
1
1
If x = 1, then y =
= and
26
4
6
6
3
y =
=
= .
8
(4)2 16
61. p =
3
y 8 3
Thus
=
= = 1.5 .
y 1 2
4
56. y =
y =
r = pq =
1 x
1+ x
(1 + x)(1) (1 x)(1)
(1 + x) 2
v=
=
=
t +1
58. s =
v=
6
= 1.5 m/s.
4
ds (t 2 + 7)(1) (t + 3)(2t )
=
dt
(t 2 + 7) 2
2
(t + 7)
(7 + t )(1 t )
2
(t + 7)
q 2 + 750q
q + 50
2
dr (q + 50)(2q + 750) q + 750q (1)
=
dq
(q + 50)2
q 2 + 100q + 37,500
(q + 50)2
63.
dC
= 0.672
dI
64.
dC
= 0.712
dI
t2 + 7
7 6t t 2
q + 750
q + 50
r = pq =
t +3
(q + 2)2
62. p =
ds (t 3 + 1)(0) 2(3t 2 )
6t 2
=
=
dt
(t 3 + 1)2
(t 3 + 1)2
If t = 1, then v =
216
(1 + x )2
. When t = 1, then s = 1 m.
108q
3q
q+2
dr (q + 2)(108) (108q)(1)
=
3
dq
(q + 2) 2
1
y 18 1
When x = 5, then
.
=
=
y 2 12
3
57. s =
108
3
q+2
65. C = 3 + I 1/ 2 + 2 I 1/ 3
dC
1
2
1
2
= 0 + I 1/ 2 + I 2 / 3 =
+
dI
2
3
2 I 33 I 2
dC 1 2 7
= + = .
When I = 1, then
dI 2 3 6
dS
dC
1
2
= 1
= 1
dI
dI
2 I 33 I 2
v = 0 when t = 7 or t = 1. Since t is positive, we

choose t = 1.
59. p = 50 0.01q
r = pq = 50q 0.01q 2
dr
= 50 0.02q
dq
When I = 1, then 1
402
dC
7
1
= 1 = .
dI
6
6
66.
Section 11.4
dC 3
1
=
dI 4 6 I
dC
43
dS
43 17
=
, so
= 1
=
dI I = 25 60
dI I = 25
60 60
dC
67.
=
dI
I +4
( )
) ( 8I + 1.2
I 0.2 16 I + 0.8 I 3 0.2 I 1
2 I
I +4
dS
dC
0.615 , so
1 0.615 = 0.385 when I = 36.
dI
dI I =36
dC
68.
=
dI
I +5
) ( 10I + 0.75
( )
I 0.4 20 I + 0.5 I 3 0.4 I 1
2 I
I +5
dS
dC
0.393 , so
1 0.393 = 0.607 when I = 100.
dI
dI I =100
1
69. Simplifying gives C = 10 + 0.7 I 0.2 I 2

a.
b.
dC
0.1
1
= 0.7 0.1I 2 = 0.7
dI
I
dS
dC
0.1
= 1
= 0.3 +
dI
dI
I
dS
0.1
= 0.3 +
= 0.32
dI I = 25
5
dC
dI
when I = 25 is
0.7 0.1
5
10 + 0.7(25) 0.2(5)
70. Simplifying S gives

S=
I 2 I 8
I +2
)(
I 4
)=
I 4
I +2
I +2
dS 1 1/ 2
1
Thus
.
= I
=
dI 2
2 I
dS
1
dC
=
0.04082 and
1 0.04082 0.9592.
dI I =150 2 150
dI I =150
71.
0.026
dc
(q + 2)(2q ) q 2 (1)
q 2 + 4q 6q(q + 4)
= 6
= 6
=
dq
(q + 2) 2
(q + 2) 2
(q + 2) 2
403
dc
dc
d c q dq c (1)
d
=
72. We assume that
(c ) = 0 . Thus 0 =
.
=
dq dq q
dq
q2
This implies that q
dc
dc
dc c
c = 0 , q
= = c , so the marginal cost function
=c,
dq
dq
dq q
cost function ( c ) are equal.
dc
and the average
dq
900 x
10 + 45 x
dy (10 + 45 x)(900) (900 x)(45)
=
dx
(10 + 45 x )2
73. y =
dy
(100)(900) (1800)(45) 9
=
=
dx x = 2
10
(100)2
0.05V
A + xV
d
( A + xV )(0.05) (0.05V )( x)
(RT) =
dV
( A + xV ) 2
74. RT =
0.05 A
( A + xV ) 2
Both numerator and denominator are always positive, so

increases by one unit, RT increases.
0.7355 x
1 + 0.02744 x
dy (1 + 0.02744 x)(0.7355) (0.7355 x)(0.02744)
=
dx
(1 + 0.02744 x )2
75. y =
76.
0.7355
(1 + 0.02744 x)2
a (1 + x) b(2 + n) x
a (2 + n)(1 + x ) b(2 + n) x
For convenience let c = 2 + n.
a (1 + x) bcx 1 a (1 + x) bcx
=
.
Then f ( x) =
ac(1 + x) bcx c a(1 + x) bx
f ( x) =
1 [a (1 + x) bx](a bc) [a (1 + x) bcx](a b)

f ( x) =
c
[a (1 + x) bx]2
1
1
(c + 1)ab
abc + ab
=
=
c [a (1 + x) bx]2 c [a(1 + x) bx]2
=
1 [1(2 + n) + 1]ab
(1 + n)ab
=
2
2 + n [a(1 + x) bx]
[a(1 + x) bx]2 (2 + n)
g ( x) =
A + Bx
C + Dx
404
d
(RT) > 0 . This rate of change means that if V
dV
g ( x) =
=
=
Section 11.5
(C + Dx )( B ) ( A + Bx)( D)
(C + Dx) 2
CB + BDx + AD BDx
(C + Dx)2
BC AD
(C + Dx )2
Thus, g ( x) has the form given. When g ( x) is defined for x , its sign is constant.
D
dc
d c
77.
=
=
dq dq q
78.
dc c(1)
q dq
. When q = 20 we have
dc
dq
dc c
q dq
q2
20(125) 20(150)
(20)2
150
1
120
dy
= (3)(2 x 1)( x 4) + (3 x + 1)(2)( x 4) + (3 x + 1)(2 x 1)(1)
dx
= 18 x 2 50 x + 3

1. By the chain rule,
dy dy dx d
d
=
=
4 x 2 (6t ) = (8 x)(6) = 48 x .
dt dx dt dx
dt
dy
Since x = 6t,
= 48(6t ) = 288t .
dt
( )
Problems 11.5
1.
dy dy du
=
= (2u 2)(2 x 1) = 2 x 2 x 2 (2 x 1) = 2 x 2 2 x 2 (2 x 1) = 4 x3 6 x 2 2 x + 2
dx du dx
2.
dy dy du
=
= 6u 2 8 7 3x 2 = 2 3x6 42 x 4 + 147 x 2 4 7 3 x 2
dx du dx
3.
dy dy dw 2
2
2
=
=
(1) = 3 =
3
dx dw dx w
w
(2 x)3
4.
5.
)(
) (
)(
dy dy dz 1 3 / 4 4
5 x 4 4 x3
=
= z
(5 x 4 x3 ) =
dx dz dx 4
4 4 ( x5 x 4 + 3)3
(t + 1) (t 1)
dw dw du
2
1 1
dw
2
2
= 0, so
= 3(0) 2 = 0 .
=
= (3u 2 )
= 3u
. If t = 1, then u =
2
2
dt du dt
+
1
1
dt
4
t =1
(t + 1)
(t + 1)
405
6.
dz dz du
1
=
= 2u +
(4 s ) . If s = 1, then
ds du ds
2 u
dz
5
u = 1, so
= (4) = 10
ds s =1 2
14.
= 3 x 2 2
= 4(2 x + 1)( x 2 + x)3
)(
52
d 3
x 8x2 + x
dx
1
2
1
1
(10 x 1) 5 x 2 x 2
2
1
1
5 x 2 x 2 (10 x 1)
2
20. y = 3x 2 7 = 3 x 2 7
y =
(
) (3x 16 x + 1)
99
= 200 ( 3 x 2 16 x + 1)( x3 8 x 2 + x )
= 200 x 8 x + x
99
52
d 2
( x + x)
dx
= 4( x 2 + x)3 (2 x + 1)
) ( 7 4 x3 )
19. y = 5 x 2 x = 5 x 2 x
12. y = 4( x 2 + x)3
= 6 7 4 x3 7 x x 4
y =
d 2
x 2
dx
(2 x) = 6 x x 2 2
= 30 x 2 (3 + 2 x3 )
99
3
18. y = 4 7 x x 4
2
d
(3 + 2 x3 )
dx
= 5(3 + 2 x3 ) 4 (6 x 2 )
d
(2 x3 8 x)
dx
= 12(6 x 2 8)(2 x3 8 x) 13
11. y = 5(3 + 2 x3 ) 4
d
5
17. y = 2 ( x 2 + 5 x 2)12 / 7 ( x 2 + 5 x 2)
dx
7
10
2
12 / 7
= (2 x + 5)( x + 5 x 2)
7
= 4 x 4 (2 x) = 8 x x 4
13. y = 2 100 x3 8 x 2 + x
16. y = 12(2 x3 8 x) 13
d
(3 x + 2)
dx
d 2
x 4
dx
15. y = 3 x 2 2
= 6(3x + 2)5 (3) = 18(3x + 2)5
10. y = 4 x 2 4
4
1
2x2 + 1
2
2
3 d
1
2
y = 4 2 x + 1
(2 x 2 + 1)
2
dx
= 2(2 x 2 + 1)3 (4 x) = 8 x 2 x 2 + 1
dy dy du
8.
=
= 9u 2 2u + 7 (5) . If x = 1, then
dx du dx
dy
u = 3, so
= (82)(5) = 410
dx x =1
9. y = 6(3 x + 2)5
dy dy dw
7.
=
= (6w 8)(4 x) . If x = 0, then

dx dw dx
dy
= 0.
dx
2 x 2 + 1)
(
y=
1
2
1
1
1
3 x 2 7 2 (6 x) = 3 x 3 x 2 7 2
2
1
21. y = 4 2 x 1 = (2 x 1) 4
y =
1
1
3
3
(2 x 1) 4 (2) = (2 x 1) 4
4
2
22. y = 8 x 2 1 = 8 x 2 1
y =
406
1
3
2
2
1
16
8 x 2 1 3 (16 x) = x 8 x 2 1 3
3
3
( )
12
2
y = 2 ( x3 + 1) ( 3 x 2 ) = x 2 ( x3 + 1)
5
5
23. y = 2 5 x3 + 1
= 2 x3 + 1
Section 11.5
2
5
3
5
6
2
2x x +1
= 6 2x2 x + 1
y = 6(1) 2 x x + 1
= 6(4 x 1) 2 x 2 x + 1
26. y =
= 3 x4 + 2
x +2
y = 3(1) x 4 + 2
27. y =
x 2 3x
28. y =
1
(2 + x)
32. y = 2 x +
= (2 x)
4
2
= (2 x) 2 + (2 x)
12
12
(2 x)
32
33. y = x 2 5( x 4) 4 (1) + ( x 4)5 (2 x)
= x( x 4)4 [5 x + 2( x 4)]
= x( x 4)4 (7 x 8)
34. y = x 4( x + 4)3 (1) + ( x + 4)4 (1)
= ( x + 4)3 (4 x + x + 4) = ( x + 4)3 (5 x + 4)
35. y = 4 x 2 5 x + 1 = 4 x 2 (5 x + 1) 2
1
1
y = 4 x 2 (5 x + 1) 2 (5) + 5 x + 1(8 x)
2
= (2 + x) 4
= 10 x 2 (5 x + 1)
y = 4(2 + x)5 (1) = 4(2 + x)5
29. y =
53
2x
1
1
3

1
y = (2 x) 2 (2) + (2 x) 2 (2)
2
2
(2 x 3)
= 2(2 x 3) x 2 3x
(6 x 1)
1
7
2
2
y = (7 x) 3 (7) + 3 7(1) = (7 x) 3 + 3 7
3
3
) ( 4x3 ) = 12 x3 ( x4 + 2)
23
5
3
31. y = 3 7 x + 3 7 x = (7 x) 3 + 3 7 x
2
3
= 2(6 x 1) 3 x 2 x
(4 x 1)
= x 3x
y = 2 x 2 3x
= 3 3x 2 x
( 3x2 x )
2
y = 3 ( 3 x 2 x )
3
3
5
24. y = 7 3 ( x5 3)5 = 7( x5 3)5 / 3

5
y = 7 ( x5 3) 2 / 3 (5 x 4 )
3
175 4 5
x ( x 3) 2 / 3
=
3
25. y =
30. y =
= 4(9 x 2 + 1)1/ 2
9x +1
1
y = 4 (9 x 2 + 1) 3 / 2 (18 x )
2
= 36 x(9 x 2 + 1)3 / 2
407
12
+ 8x 5x + 1
36. y = 4 x3 1 x 2 = 4 x3 (1 x 2 ) 2
1
y = 4 x3 (1 x 2 ) 1/ 2 (2 x) + 1 x 2 (12 x 2 )
2
4
4x
=
+ 12 x 2 1 x 2
2
1 x
3
2
37. y = x 2 + 2 x 1 (5) + (5 x) 3 x 2 + 2 x 1 (2 x + 2)
(
) (
)
2
= 5 ( x 2 + 2 x 1) ( 7 x 2 + 8 x 1)
2
= 5 x 2 + 2 x 1 x 2 + 2 x 1 + 3 x(2 x + 2)
)( ) (
3
4
38. y = x 2 4 x3 1 3 x 2 + x3 1 (2 x)
) = 2 x ( 7 x3 1)( x3 1)
= 2 x x3 1 6 x3 + x3 1
39. y = (8 x 1)3 4(2 x + 1)3 (2) + (2 x + 1) 4 3(8 x 1)2 (8)
= 8(8 x 1) 2 (2 x + 1)3 [(8 x 1) + 3(2 x + 1)]

= 8(8 x 1) 2 (2 x + 1)3 (14 x + 2)
= 16(8 x 1)2 (2 x + 1)3 (7 x + 1)
40. y = (3x + 2)5 [2(4 x 5)(4)] + (4 x 5)2 [5(3 x + 2) 4 (3)]

= (3x + 2) 4 (4 x 5)[8(3 x + 2) + 15(4 x 5)]
= (3x + 2) 4 (4 x 5)(84 x 59)
11
x 3 ( x + 2)(1) ( x 3)(1)
41. y = 12

x + 2
( x + 2)2
11
5
x 3
= 12

x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
60( x 3)11
=
( x + 2)13
2x
42. y = 4
x+2
1 x2
43. y =
2 x+3
( x + 2)(2) 2 x(1) 128 x3
=
( x + 2)2
( x + 2)5
12
( x + 3)(1) ( x 2)(1)
( x + 3)2
x2
=
2 x + 3
2( x + 3)
5
12
5
2( x + 3)
x+3
x2
408
1 8x2 3
44. y =
3 x 2 + 2
1 8x2 3
=
3 x 2 + 2
=
Section 11.5
2
x + 2 (16 x) 8 x 3 (2 x)
x2 + 2
23
23
38 x
( x2 + 2)
38 x
3 8x2 3
) ( x2 + 2)
2
3
( x2 + 4)
45. y =
4
3
(2) (2 x 5) 3 x 2 + 4
(2 x )
( x2 + 4)
2
x 2 + 4 ) {( x 2 + 4 ) (2) (2 x 5)[3(2 x)]}
(
=
6
( x2 + 4)
2 x 2 + 8 12 x 2 + 30 x
=
=
47. y =
( x2 + 4)
2 5 x 2 15 x 4
46. y =
( x2 + 4)
10 x 2 + 30 x + 8
( x2 + 4)
(3x 2 + 7)[4(4 x 2)3 (4)] (4 x 2)4 (6 x)

(3x 2 + 7) 2
3
(4 x 2) [16(3x 2 + 7) 6 x (4 x 2)]
(3 x 2 + 7)2
(4 x 2)3 (24 x 2 + 12 x + 112)
(3 x 2 + 7)2
(3 x 1)3 5(8 x 1)4 (8) (8 x 1)5 3(3x 1)2 (3)
6
(3 x 1)
(3 x 1)2 (8 x 1) 4 [(3x 1)(40) (8 x 1)(9)]

(3 x 1)6
(8 x 1)4 (48 x 31)
(3x 1) 4
409
48. y = 3 ( x 2) 2 ( x + 2) = [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]1/ 3
1
y = [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]2 / 3 [(1)( x 2)2 + 2( x 2)( x + 2)]
3
1
= [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]2 / 3 ( x 2)[ x 2 + 2( x + 2)]
3
1
= [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]2 / 3 ( x 2)(3 x + 2)
3
1
= ( x 2)1/ 3 ( x + 2)2 / 3 (3 x + 2)
3
49. y = 6 5 x 2 + 2
x4 + 5 = 6 5x2 + 2 x4 + 5 2
)(
1
1
1
y = 6 5 x 2 + 2 x 4 + 5 2 4 x3 + x 4 + 5 2 (10 x)
2
1
1
= 6 5 x 2 + 2 x 4 + 5 2 2 x3 + x 4 + 5 2 (10 x)
1
1
= 12 x 5 x + 2 x 4 + 5 2 x 2 + x 4 + 5 2 (5)
) (
)(
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
)(
) ( ) (
Factoring out x 4 + 5
12
gives
) (5x2 + 2)( x2 ) + ( x4 + 5) (5)
= 12 x ( x 4 + 5 ) (10 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 25 )
y = 12 x x 4 + 5
12
1
2
50. y = 3 4 x(2)(7 x + 1)(7) + (7 x + 1)2 (1)
= 3 4 147 x 2 + 28 x + 1 = 588 x 2 112 x 1
51. y = 8 +
= 8+
(t + 4)(1) (t 1)(1)
(t + 4)
5
(t + 4)
8t 7 1
2
8
4 4
(8t 7) = 15 8t +
5
(t + 4)2
410
52. y =
y =
=
=
=
53. y =
(2 x3 + 6)(7 x 5)
(2 x + 4) 2
Section 11.5
14 x 4 10 x3 + 42 x 30
(2 x + 4)2
(2 x + 4)2 (56 x3 30 x 2 + 42) (14 x 4 10 x3 + 42 x 30)[2(2 x + 4)(2)]

(2 x + 4) 4
(2 x + 4)[(2 x + 4)(56 x3 30 x 2 + 42) 4(14 x 4 10 x3 + 42 x 30)]
(2 x + 4) 4
112 x 4 60 x3 + 84 x + 224 x3 120 x 2 + 168 56 x 4 40 x3 168 x + 120
(2 x + 4)3
4(14 x 4 + 51x3 30 x 2 21x + 72)
(2 x + 4)3
( x3 5)5 [(2 x + 1)3 (2)( x + 3)(1) + ( x + 3)2 (3)(2 x + 1)2 (2)] (2 x + 1)3 ( x + 3)2 [5( x3 5)4 (3 x 2 )]
( x3 5)10
) ( 12 ) ( x + 2)
(9 x 3) x + 2(2) 4 x 2 1 (8 x) + 4 x 2 1
54. y =
(9 x 3)2
55.
dy
= 0.
dx
dz dz dy dx
=
= (4 y 4)(6)(2)
dt dy dx dt
When t = 1, then x = 2 and y = 7. Thus
57. y = 3 x 2 7 x 8
dz
= (24)(6)(2) = 288 .
dt t =1
(2 x 7)
If x = 8, then slope = y = 3(64 56 8) 2 (16 7) = 0 .

1
58. y = ( x + 1) 2
1
1
( x + 1) 2
2
1
If x = 8, y = .
6
y =
411
2
x + 2 4 x 1 (9)
3
dy dy du
= 3(5u + 6)2 (5) 4 x 2 + 1 (2 x)
dx du dx
When x = 0, then
56.
1
2
59. y = x 2 8
y =
2
3
2 2
x 8
3
64. y =
13
4x
(2 x) =
3 x2 8
If x = 1, y = 3(2)2 = 12.
( x + 1)
( ) (7 x + 2)
m = 6, then q = 30, so
(7) 7 x + 2(1)
Also,
( x + 1) 2
( 72 )
7 x+2
2
( x + 1)
If x = 1, then y =
7x + 2
( )( ) 3 = 1 . The
1
3
4
6
3
1
tangent line is y = ( x 1) , or
2
6
1
5
y = x+ .
6
3
62. y = 3 3 x 2 + 1
dr
= 0.2q + 70 . If
dq
dq
dq
1
=6.
=
(200 2m) . When m = 40,
dm
dm 20
dr
Thus
= (6)(6) = 36 .
dm m = 40
(6 x)
and y = 6 x x 2 + 9
dq
dr
= 5. Thus
= (26)(5) = 130.
dm
dm m =6
m = 40, then q = 320, so

dr
= 64 + 70 = 6 .
dq m = 40
If x = 0, then y = 0 . The tangent line is

y + 3 = 0(x 0), or y = 3.
63. y = x 2 + 9
= 24 + 50 = 26.
m =6
r = pq = 0.1q 2 + 70q , so
y = 3(3) 3x 2 + 1
dr
dq
dr
= 0.8q + 50, . For
dq
1
200m m 2
20
p = 0.1q + 70; m = 40
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
66. q =
7
2
( x 1)4
1
12
4
and y =
= , so
4
27
27
3
r = pq = 0.4q 2 + 50q,
The tangent line is y 8 = 12(x + 1) or

y = 12x + 20.
( x + 1)
6x
2
65. q = 5m, p = 0.4q + 50; m = 6

dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
60. y = 3( x + 3)2 (1) = 3( x + 3) 2
61. y =
and y =
y
4
(100) = 27(100) = 400%
y
27

12
= 4 . Thus the tangent line
3(1)
is y 1 = 4(x 3), or y = 4x 11.
1
2
( x 1)
When x = 2, y =
1
3
If x = 3, then y =
12
1
2
. When
67. q =
10m 2
m2 + 9
525
;m=4
p=
q+3
x = 4, then y = (25)3 and y = 6(4)(25) 2 , so

y
6(4)(25)2
24
(100) =
(100) =
(100) = 96%
3
y
25
(25)
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
r = pq =
525q
, so
q+3
dr
(q + 3)(1) q(1)
1575
.
= 525
=
2
dq
(q + 3)
(q + 3)2
412
dr
dq
If m = 4, then q = 32, so
m +9
dq
=
dm
m2 + 9 )
(
=
=
1
2
=
m=4
(20m) 10m2 12
2
Section 11.5
1575 9
= .
1225 7
(m
+9
12
b.
20m m 2 + 9 10m3
2
m +9
3
10m + 180m
m2 + 9
c.
3
2
70. p =
q
q 2 + 20 100 q 2 + 20
q
100 q 2 + 20 q 2 20
r = pq = 100q q q 2 + 20
dr
45, 000
4500q
, so
.
=
dq (q + 10) 2
q + 10
dr
dq
If m = 9, then q = 90, so
( m2 + 19)
3
2
=
m =9
71.
9
.
2
. When m = 9, then
dq 19
.
=
dm 10
72.
dr
9 19
= = 8.55 .
dm m =9 2 10
dp
1
= 0 q 2 + 20
dq
2
q + 20
12
(2q) + q 2 + 20(1)
q 2 + 20
k
; q = f(m)
q
r = pq = k, so
1900
q2
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
69. a.
100 q 2 + 20
= 100
m 2 + 19
4500
;m=9
p=
q + 10
Thus
q 2 + 20
100m
dq
=
dm
1
= 100 q q 2 + 20
2
dr
9 272
=
13.99 .
dm m = 4 7 25
r = pq =
dr
dq
When m = 4, then
dq 10(64) + 180(4) 1360 272
. Thus
=
=
=
3
125
25
dm
(25) 2
68. q =
(2m)
m +9
12
dp
dq
12
(2q ) =
dr
dq
dr
= 0 . Thus
= 0
=0.
dm
dm
dq
dc dc dq
=
= (12 + 0.4q )(1.5)

dp dq dp
When p = 85, then q = 772.5, so
dc
= 481.5.
dp p =85
250
f (t ) = 1
250 + t
2
250
250
f (t ) = 3

250 + t (250 + t )2
250 250
f (100) = 3

350 3502
25 1
= 3
49 490
15
.
=
4802
Thus when t increases from 100 to 101, the
proportion discharged increases by
15
.
approximately
4802
q + 20
413
73.
dc
=
dq
( q 2 + 3)
1
2
(10q ) 5q 2 12 q 2 + 3
q2 + 3
( ) (
12
(2q )
Multiplying numerator and denominator by q 2 + 3
)
(
1
2
gives
q 2 + 3 (10q) 5q 2 (q ) 5q3 + 30q 5q q 2 + 6

dc
.
=
=
=
3
3
3
dq
2
2
2
2
2
2
q +3
q +3
q +3
74. a.
dS
dS
= 680 E 4360 . If E = 16,
= 6520 .
dE
dE
b. Solving 680 E 4360 = 5000 gives 680 E = 9360, E 13.8.

75.
( )
dV dV dr
=
= 4r 2 108 (2t ) + 107 . When t = 10, then r = 108 102 + 107 (10) = 106 + 106 = 2(10)6 .
dt
dr dt
Thus
2
dV
= 4 2(10) 6 108 (2)(10) + 107 = 4 4(10)12 3 107 = 48(10)19
dt t =10
76. a.
b.
77. a.
dp 1
1
1
= (2 VI ) 2 (2 V ) = V (2 VI ) 2
dI 2
dp
dI
V (2 VI )
(2 VI )
12
1
2
1
2I
d
( I x ) = 0.001416 x3 + 0.01356 x3 + 1.696 x 34.9
dx
d
( I x ) = 256.238.
If x = 65,
dx
b. If x = 65,
d (I )
dx x
Ix
256.238
0.01578
16, 236.484
If x = 65, the percentage rate of change is
d (I )
dx x
Ix
78. (P + a)(v + b) = k
k
v+b =
P+a
k
v=
b
P+a
v = k ( P + a ) 1 b
dv
k
= k (1)( P + a )2 =
dP
( P + a)2
414
25, 623.8
= 1.578%.
16, 236.484
79. By the chain rule,
Section 11.5
dq
100
dc dc dq
100
. We are given that q =
= 100 p 1 , so
. Thus
=
= 100 p 2 =
dp
dp dq dp
p
p2
100 1
dc
dc dc 100
= and we are given that
= 0.01 . Therefore
=
2 . When q = 200, then p =
dp dq p
200 2
dq
dc
100
= 0.01
= 4 .
2
dp
12
( )
80. a.
b.
When m = 12, then q = 3000, so r = 1500.

r 1500 1
Thus p = =
= = $0.50 .
q 3000 2
( )
1000 + 3q (50) 50q 12 (1000 + 3q)

dr
=
1000 + 3q
dq
dr
dq
c.
=
q =3000
12
(3)
2750
11
=
10, 000 40
dr dr dq
dr
. From part (b) we know
. Now,
=
dm dq dm
dq
3
1
dq
dq
3
= 610 .
= (2m) (2m + 1) 2 (2) + (2m + 1) 2 (2) , so
dm
dm m =12
2
Thus
81.
dr
11
671
=
610 =
.
dm m =12 40
4
dy dy dx
=
= f ( x) g (t ) . We are given that g(2) = 3, so x = 3 when t = 2. Thus
dt dx dt
dy
dy
dx
=
= f (3) g (2) = 10(4) = 40 .

dt t = 2 dx x = g (2) dt t = 2
82. a.
b.
324
5 19
19 19
+ + = 0+0+ =
lim c = lim
2
q 18
18 18
q
q
q + 35
c = cq =
dc
=
dq
dc
dq
c.
324q
q 2 + 35
+5+
19
q
18
q 2 + 35(324) 324q
( 12 ) ( q2 + 35)
q 2 + 35
12
(2q ) 19
+
18
=3
q =17
From part (b) the increase in cost of the additional unit is approximately $300. Since the corresponding
revenue increases by $275, the move should not be made.
415
83. 86,111.37
84. 5.25
1.
f ( x) = 2 x 2
2 ( x + h) 2 2 x 2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
2 x 2 2hx h 2 2 x 2
2hx h 2
= lim
= lim
h
h
h0
h 0
h(2 x + h)
= lim
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x
h
h0
h 0
2.
f ( x) = 2 x 2 3 x + 1
f ( x) = lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
2( x + h) 2 3( x + h) + 1 2 x 2 3x + 1
= lim
h
h0
2 x 2 + 4hx + 2h 2 3 x 3h + 1 2 x 2 3x + 1
= lim
h
h0
4hx + 2h 2 3h
h(4 x + 2h 3)
= lim
h
h
h0
h0
= lim (4 x + 2h 3) = 4 x 3
= lim
h0
3.
f ( x) = 3x
f ( x) = lim
h 0
3( x + h) 3x 3( x + h) + 3 x
h
3( x + h) + 3 x
= lim
h0
= lim
h0 h
= lim
h0
3( x + h) 3x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
h
h 0
3( x + h) 3 x
3( x + h) + 3x
= lim
h0 h
3h
3( x + h) + 3x
3
3( x + h) + 3x
3
3x + 3x
3
2 3x
3
2 x
416
4.
f ( x) =
Chapter 11 Review
2
1 + 4x
2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
1+ 4( x + h ) 1+ 4 x
= lim
f ( x) = lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
2(1 + 4 x) 2[1 + 4( x + h)]
= lim
h0 h[1 + 4( x + h)](1 + 4 x)
8h
h0 h[1 + 4( x + h)](1 + 4 x)
= lim
8
8
=
x
h
x
x
[1
+
4(
+
)](1
+
4
)
[1
+
4(
)](1 + 4 x)
h0
= lim
=
8
(1 + 4 x)2
5. y is a constant function, so y = 0 .
6. y = e(1) x11 = ex0 = e
( ) ( )
7. y = 7 4 x3 6 3 x 2 + 5(2 x) + 0
= 28 x3 18 x 2 + 10 x = 2 x 14 x 2 9 x + 5
8. y = 4(2 x + 0) 7(1) = 8 x 7
9.
f ( s ) = s 2 s 2 + 2 = s 4 + 2s 2
f ( s ) = 4s 3 + 2(2 s ) = 4 s3 + 4 s = 4 s s 2 + 1
1
10. y = ( x + 3) 2
y =
1
1
1
1
( x + 3) 2 (1) = ( x + 3) 2
2
2
1 2
x +1
5
1
2x
y = (2 x) =
5
5
11. y =
12. y =
2
2x
= x 2 , so y = 1(2) x 3 = 2 x 3 .
13. y = ( x3 + 7 x 2 )(3x 2 2 x) + ( x3 x 2 + 5)(3 x 2 + 14 x)

= 3 x5 + 19 x 4 14 x3 + 3x5 + 11x 4 14 x3 + 15 x 2 + 70 x
= 6 x5 + 30 x 4 28 x3 + 15 x 2 + 70 x
14. y = x 2 + 1
100
(1) + ( x 6)(100) x 2 + 1
99
) ( 201x2 1200 x + 1)
(2 x) = ( x 2 + 1)99 [ x 2 + 1 + 200 x( x 6)] = x 2 + 1

417
99
99
(4 x + 4) = 400( x + 1)[(2 x)( x + 2)]99
15.
f ( x) = 100 2 x 2 + 4 x
16.
f ( w) = w w + w2 = w 2 + w2 f ( w) =
3 12
w + 2w
2
17. y = 3(2 x + 1)1

y = 3(1)(2 x + 1) 2 (2) =
6
(2 x + 1)2
5x2 8x 5
= x4
2x
2
5
y =
2
18. y =
3
4
19. y = (8 + 2 x) (4) x 2 + 1 (2 x) + x 2 + 1 (2)
( )
( )
3
= 2 ( x 2 + 1) ( 32 x + 8 x 2 + x 2 + 1)
3
= 2 ( x 2 + 1) ( 9 x 2 + 32 x + 1)
3
= 2 x 2 + 1 4 x(8 + 2 x) + x 2 + 1
6
2
2
3
20. g ( z ) = (2 z ) 5 (2) + 0 = (2 z ) 5
5
5
21.
z 2 + 4 ) (2 z ) ( z 2 1) (2 z )
(
10 z
f ( z ) =
=
2
2
( z2 + 4)
( z2 + 4)
22. y =
( x + 2)2 (1) ( x 5)(2)( x + 2)

( x + 2)
12 x
( x + 2)3
23. y = (4 x 1) 3
1
4
2
2
y = (4 x 1) 3 (4) = (4 x 1) 3
3
3
24. f is a constant function, so f ( x) = 0.

25. y = (1 x 2 )
12
3
3
1
y = (1 x 2 ) 2 (2 x) = x(1 x 2 ) 2
2
418
26. y =
Chapter 11 Review
x2 + x
2 x2 + 3
2 x 2 + 3) (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + x ) (4 x) 2 x 2 + 6 x + 3
(
y =
=
2
2
2
2
x
+
3
(
)
( 2 x 2 + 3)
2
27. h( x) = ( x 6) 4 3 ( x + 5 ) + ( x + 5)3 4( x 6)3
= ( x 6)3 ( x + 5)2 [3( x 6) + 4( x + 5)]

= ( x 6)3 ( x + 5)2 (7 x + 2)
28. y =
29. y =
30.
x(5)( x + 3) 4 ( x + 3)5 (1)
x2
( x + 6)(5) (5 x 4)(1)
( x + 6)
( x + 3)4 (4 x 3)
x2
34
( x + 6)2
f ( x) = 5 x3 3 + 2 x 4 = 5 x3 (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2
1
f ( x) = (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2 (15 x 2 ) + 5 x3 (3 + 2 x 4 ) 1/ 2 (8 x3 )
2
= 15 x 2 (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2 + 20 x6 (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2
3 11 3 11 11
11
3 11 3
31. y = 2 x 8 + (2 x) 8 (2) = x 8 2 8 x 8
4
4
8
8
11
11
11
11
3
3

= x 8 1 + 2 8 = 1 + 2 8 x 8
4
4
1 x
32. y =
22
12
1 12
+
2 2 x
12
1 2 2 1 2
2 x 2 =
4 x
x2 x
12
2
=
x
1 x2 x
x 2 1
= =
2 2 x x2 2 x2 2
33.
x2 + 5)
(
y =
1
2
(2 x) x 2 + 6
) ( 12 ) ( x2 + 5)
12
(2 x)
x2 + 5
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by x 2 + 5

x 2 + 5 ) (2 x) x ( x 2 + 6 )
x ( x2 + 4 )
(
x3 + 4 x
=
=
y =
2
2
( x + 5)
( x + 5) ( x 2 + 5)
3
2
3
2
3
2
419
1
2
gives
12
1 2 1
4 x 2
x
34. y = 7 3 x 2
2
3
2
y = 7 3 x 2
3
35. y =
41. y = x 3
13
( 6 x ) = 4 x 7 3 x
3 3
x + 6 x2 + 9
5
y =
1
2 3
1
. An
12
1
equation of the tangent line is y 2 = ( x 8) ,
12
1
4
or y = x + .
12
3
When x = 8, then y = 2 and y =
) (3x2 + 12 x )
52
3 3
x + 6 x 2 + 9 5 (3x)( x + 4)
5
2
9
= x( x + 4) x3 + 6 x 2 + 9 5
5
x2
x 12
42. y =
36. z = 0.4[ x 2 (3)( x + 1) 4 (1) + ( x + 1) 3 (2 x)] + 0

= 0.4( x + 1)4 [3x 2 + ( x + 1)(2 x)]
y =
37. g ( z ) = z ( z 1)2 = z 3 + 2 z 2 z
g ( z ) = 3z 2 + 4 z 1
)
5
( z5 + 2 z 5)
43.
4
3 5
z + 2z 5
4
3
g ( z ) = (4) z 5 + 2 z 5
4
( x 12)(2 x) x 2 (1)
x 2 24 x
( x 12) 2
( x 12)2
When x = 13, then y = 169 and y = 143. An
equation of the tangent line is
y 169 = 143(x 13) or y = 143x + 2028.
= 0.4( x + 1)4 ( x 2 + 2 x)
38. g ( z ) =
1 23
x
3
) (5z 4 + 2)
5
f ( x) = 4 x 2 + 2 x + 8
f ( x) = 8 x + 2
f(1) = 14 and f (1) = 10 . The relative rate of
f (1) 10 5
=
= 0.714 , so the
f (1) 14 7
percentage rate of change is 71.4%.
change is
3 5z 4 + 2
44.
39. y = x 2 6 x + 4
y = 2 x 6
When x = 1, then y = 1 and y = 4 . An
y (1) = 4(x 1), or y = 4x + 3.
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x
x+4
( x + 4)(1) x(1)
( x + 4)
4
( x + 4)2
1
4
and f (1) =
. The relative rate of
5
25
f (1) 4
change is
= = 0.8 , so the percentage rate
f (1) 5
of change is 80%.
f (1) =
40. y = 2 x3 + 6 x + 1
y = 6 x 2 + 6
When x = 2, then y = 3 and y = 18 . An
y (3) = 18(x 2), or y = 18x + 33.
45. r = q (20 0.1q) = 20q 0.1q 2

dr
= 20 0.2q
dq
46.
dc
= 0.0003q 2 0.04q + 3
dq
dc
dq
420
=2
q =100
47.
Chapter 11 Review
1
dC
1 1
= 0.6 0.25 I 2 = 0.6
2
dI
I
8

dC
0.569
dI I =16
Thus the marginal propensity to consume is
0.569, so the marginal propensity to save is
1 0.569 = 0.431.
54. y = 12
dy
36
= 12(1)(1 + 3 x)2 (3) =
dx
(1 + 3x)2
36
1
Setting
= gives (1 + 3x) 2 = 108,
2
3
(1 + 3 x)
1 + 3 x = 6 3, x =
dp (q + 5)(1) (q + 12)(1)
7
=
=
48.
2
dq
(q + 5)
(q + 5)2
dr
= 500 0.2q.
dq
dt
dT
d
dT
55. a.
3
50. Since c = 0.03q + 1.2 + , then
q
c = qc = 0.03q 2 + 1.2q + 3 . Thus
dc
dc
= 0.06q + 1.2 , so
dq
dq
51.
= 7.2 .
q =100
when T = 38 is
175
4
4
4
=
= .
3T 4
T =38 3 T =38 3
when T = 35 is
11
1
1
1
=
=
.
24 T + 4
T =35 24 T =35 24
56. s = 9 2t 2 + 3
= 0.7396
v=
q = 70
52. q = 50m m2
p = 0.01q + 9; m = 10
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
ds
= 9 2t 2 + 3
dt
If t = 1, then v =
57. V =
(4t ) =
36t
( 2t 2 + 3)
36
m/s.
25
ft 3
1 2
d . If d = 4 ft, then V = 8
.
ft
2
r = pq = 0.01q 2 + 9q , so
dr
= 0.02q + 9 .
dq
58. v = 128 32t. Set 128 32t = 64 to get t = 2.
If m = 10, then q = 400, so
dr
dq
59. c = cq = 2q 2 +
= 8 + 9 = 1 .
m =10
dq
dq
= 50 2m . When m = 10,
= 30 .
dm
dm
dr
Thus
= (1)(30) = 30 .
dm m =10
53.
dt
dT
d
dT
b.
dc
= 0.125 + 0.00878q
dq
dc
dq
1 6 3
, x 3.13 or
3
x 3.80.
Because we must have x 0, then x 3.13.
49. Since p = 0.1q + 500, then

r = pq = 0.1q 2 + 500q. Thus
12
1 + 3x
10, 000
= 2q 2 + 10, 000q 1
q
dc
10, 000
= 4q 10, 000q 2 = 4q
dq
q2
dy
= 42 x 2 34 x 16
dx
dy
= 84 eggs/mm
dx x = 2
421
60. y =
( x3 + 2) x + 1
x4 + 2 x
( x3 + 2) x + 1
x( x3 + 2)
65. 0.32
x +1
x
x 12 ( x + 1) 2 (1) x + 1(1)
dy
=
dx
x2
dy
3
=
2 and y = 2 when x = 1. An
dx x =1
4
3
3
7
y 2 =
2( x 1) or y =
2x +
2.
4
4
4
61. a.
1. In Problems 63 and 64 of Sec. 11.4, the slope is

0.7 . In Fig. 11.15 the slope is above 0.9. More
is spent; less is saved.
2. In the lowest quintile, the average family spends
more than it earns, thus accumulating debt.
3. The slope of the family consumption curve is
112, 040
, which for
1.9667 1010 + 224, 080x
x = 25,000 equals about 0.705. You would
expect the family to spend $705 and save $295.
q = 10 m 2 + 4900 700
p = 19,300 8q ; m = 240
dr dr dq
.
=
dm dq dm
4. For x = 90,000, the slope of the consumption

curve is 0.561. You would expect the family to
spend $561 and save $439.
r = pq = q 19,300 8q , so
dr
1
1
= q (19,300 8q ) 2 (8) + 19,300 8q (1).
dq
2
If m = 240, then q = 1800, so
dr
230
=
32.86.
dq m = 240
7
dq
1
= 10 m2 + 4900
dm
2
dq
= 9.6. Thus
dm m = 240
12
(2m) .
dr
(32.86)(9.6) = 315.456
dm m = 240
b.
dr
dm
=
m = 240
315.456
r
q =1800
315.456
1800 4900
= 0.0025
c.
dr
< 0, there would be no
dm
additional revenue generated to offset the
cost of $400.
No. Since
62. 21.094
63. 0.305
64. $5.05
422
Chapter 12
1.
dq d
=
25 + 2 ln 3 p 2 + 4
dp dp
= 0+2
d
ln 3 p 2 + 4
dp
1 d
2
3 p2 + 4 =
(6 p)
= 2
2
3 p 2 + 4 dp
3p + 4
12 p
=
3 p2 + 4
2. With I 0 = 1 , R(I) = log I.

dR d
d ln I
= [log I ] =
dI dI
dI ln10
1 1
1
=
=
ln10 I I ln10
Problems 12.1
1.
dy
d
1 4
= 4 (ln x) = 4 =
dx
dx
x x
2.
dy 5 1 5
=
=
dx 9 x 9 x
3.
dy
1
3
=
(3) =
dx 3x 7
3x 7
4.
dy
1
5
=
(5) =
dx 5 x 6
5x 6
5. y = ln x 2 = 2 ln x
dy
1 2
= 2 =
dx
x x
6.
dy
1
6x + 2
(6 x + 2) =
=
2
dx 3x 2 + 2 x + 1
3x + 2 x + 1
7.
dy
1
2x
( 2 x ) =
=
dx 1 x 2
1 x2
423
Chapter 12: Additional Differentiation Topics
8.
9.
dy
1
2 x + 6
(2 x + 6) =
=
dx x 2 + 6 x
x2 + 6 x
2( x 3) 2( x 3)
=
=
x( x 6) x( x 6)
f ( X ) =
=
=
=
10.
f (r ) =
=
1
6
(24 X 5 + 6 X 2 )
4X + 2X
24 X 5 + 6 X 2
4X 6 + 2X 3
6 X 2 (4 X 3 + 1)
2 X 3 (2 X 3 + 1)
3(4 X 3 + 1)
X (2 X 3 + 1)
( 8r
+ 2r + 1
1
4
2r 3r
6r + 2
8r 3 6r + 2
2r 4 3r 2 + 2r + 1
2 4r 3 3r + 1
2r 4 3r 2 + 2r + 1
11.
1
f (t ) = t + (ln t )(1) = 1 + ln t
t
12.
dy
1
= x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = x + 2 x ln x
dx
x
= x(1 + 2 ln x)
13.
dy
1
= x3
(2) + ln(2 x + 5) 3 x 2
dx
2x + 5
=
14.
2 x3
+ 3x 2 ln(2 x + 5)
2x + 5
dy
= (ax + b)3
(a ) + [ln(ax + b)]3(ax + b) 2 (a )
dx
(ax + b)
= a(ax + b)2 + 3a (ax + b)2 ln(ax + b)
= a(ax + b)2 [1 + 3ln(ax + b)]
424
15. y = log3 (8 x 1) =
Section 12.1
ln(8 x 1)
ln 3
21.
dy
1 d
=
[ln(8 x 1)]
dx ln 3 dx
1
1
8
=
(8) =
ln 3 8 x 1
(8 x 1)(ln 3)
16.
f ( w) = log w2 + w = log10 w2 + w
=
ln w2 + w
23. y = ln x 2 + 4 x + 5
ln x 2 + 4
ln 2
25. y = 9 ln 1 + x 2 =
ln x
1
=
( x 2 ln x)
ln 2 ln 2
dy
1 21
=
+ ln x(2 x)
x
dx ln 2 x
x
=
(1 + 2 ln x)
ln 2
20.
26.
( 1z ) (ln z)(1) = 1 ln z
z
( )
2 x ln x x
2
ln x
27.
x[2 ln x 1]
ln 2 x
425
t5
f (t ) = ln
= 5ln t ln(1 + 3t 2 + t 4 )
1 + 3t 2 + t 4
1
1

f (t ) = 5
(6t + 4t 3 )
t 1 + 3t 2 + t 4
5(1 + 3t 2 + t 4 ) t (6t + 4t 3 )
=
t (1 + 3t 2 + t 4 )
2 1
dy (ln x)(2 x) x x
=
dx
(ln x)2
= 3ln x 2 + 4 x + 5
9
ln 1 + x 2
2
dy 9
1
9x
=
(2 x) =
dx 2 1 + x 2
1 + x2
18. y = x 2 log 2 x = x 2
1
24. y = 6 ln 3 x = 6 ln x = 2 ln x
3
dy
1 2
= 2 =
dx
x x
1 1
dy
(2 x)
= 2x +
dx
ln 2 x 2 + 4
1
= 2 x 1 +
(ln 2) x 2 + 4
dy
1
(2 x + 4)
= 3
2
dx
x + 4x + 5
3(2 x + 4)
6( x + 2)
=
=
2
2
x + 4x + 5 x + 4x + 5
17. y = x + log 2 x + 4 = x +
f ( z ) =
x(ln x )3
dy
1 100
= 100 =
dx
x
x
1
1
f ( w) =
(2 w + 1)
2
ln10 w + w
2w + 1
=
(ln10) w2 + w
19.
2 x 2 ln x 2( x 2 + 3)
22. y = ln x100 = 100 ln x
ln10
2
2
1
dy (ln x) (2 x) ( x + 3)2(ln x) x
=
dx
(ln x) 4
t 4 + 9t 2 + 5
t (1 + 3t 2 + t 4 )
1+ l
f (l ) = ln
= ln(1 + l ) ln(1 l )
1 l
1
1
f (l ) =
(1)
1+ l 1 l
(1 l ) + (1 + l )
2
=
=
(1 + l )(1 l )
1 l2
2x + 3
28. y = ln
= ln(2 x + 3) ln(3 x 4)
3x 4
dy
2
3
=
dx 2 x + 3 3x 4
2(3x 4) 3(2 x + 3)
17
=
=
(2 x + 3)(3 x 4)
(2 x + 3)(3 x 4)
29. y = ln 4
1 + x2
2
2
1 2x 1 x + 2x 1 + x
=
4
1 + x2 1 x2
)(
) =
= 13ln x + 13ln(5 x + 2)1/ 3

13
= 26 ln x + ln(5 x + 2)
3
dy
1
1
26
65
13
= 26 +
(5) =
+
dx
x 3(5 x + 2)
x 3 5x + 2
= 6 ln x 6 ln(2 x + 1) 2
2x +1
= 6 ln x 3ln(2 x + 1)
dy 6
1
6
6
= 3
(2) =
dx x
2x + 1
x 2x +1
x
1 x4
35.
1
= [ln( x3 1) ln( x3 + 1)]
30. y = ln 3
3
x +1 3
36.
) + 2 x ln(2 x + 1)
2 x2 + 1
2x + 1
dy
1
= (ax + b) (a ) + ln(ax ) (a )
dx
ax
2 x2
dy
1
(2) + ln(2 x + 1) (2 x)
= x2 + 1
dx
2x + 1
=
dy 1 3x 2
3x 2
=
dx 3 x3 1 x3 + 1
1 3x 2 ( x3 + 1) 3 x 2 ( x3 1)
=
3
( x3 1)( x3 + 1)
ax + b
+ a ln(ax)
x
37. y = ln x3 + ln 3 x = 3ln x + (ln x)3
x6 1
dy
1
1 3 3(ln x) 2
= 3 + 3(ln x )2 = +
dx
x
x x
x
) ( x + x 1)
= 2 ln ( x + 2 ) + ln ( x + x 1)
31. y = ln x 2 + 2
dy
1
1
= 2
(2 x) +
3x 2 + 1
2
3
dx
x +2
x + x 1
=
34. y = 6 ln
x3 1
1
ln 1 + x 2 ln 1 x 2
1 x2
dy 1 2 x
2 x
=
2
dx 4 1 + x
1 x2
) (
33. y = 13ln x 2 3 5 x + 2
4x
x2 + 2
38.
3x2 + 1
3 1 + ln 2 x
dy
= (ln 2) x (ln 2) 1
dx
39. y = ln 4 (ax) = [ln(ax)]4
x3 + x 1
3
dy
1 4 ln (ax)
= 4[ln(ax )]3 a =
dx
x
ax
32. y = ln (5 x + 2)4 (8 x 3)6
= 4 ln(5 x + 2) + 6 ln(8 x 3)
40. y = ln 2 (2 x + 11) = [ln(2 x + 11)]2
dy
1
1
= 4
(5) + 6
(8)
dx
5x + 2
8x 3
20
48
=
+
5x + 2 8x 3
dy
1
4 ln(2 x + 11)
= 2[ln(2 x + 11)]
(2) =
dx
2 x + 11
2 x + 11
426
41. y = x ln x 1 =
Section 12.1
1
x ln( x 1)
2
47. y =
dy 1 1
= x
+ ln( x 1) (1)
dx 2 x 1
x
=
+ ln x 1
2( x 1)
y =
1
ln(2 x + 1)
4
dy
1 1
1
3
1
= 3 +
(2) = +
dx
x 4 2x + 1
x 2(2 x + 1)
x
1+ x 2
x + 1 + x2
1
(ln 3) 1
ln 2 3
( )
= 25
(q + 2) ln(q + 2) q
(q + 2) ln 2 (q + 2)
1
q+2
49. c = 25 ln(q + 1) + 12
dc
25
dc
25
, so
.
=
=
dq q + 1
dq q =6 7
1
1
2 2
x
1
1
(2 x)
+
+
1 + x2 + x
1 + x 2 x + 1 + x 2
50. c =
500
ln(q + 20)
c = cq =
1 + x2
500q
ln(q + 20)
( )
1
[ln(q + 20)](1) q q + 20
dc
= 500
dq
[ln(q + 20)]2
45. y = ln( x 2 3 x 3)
y =
ln 2 x
ln(q + 2)(1) q
dr
= 25
dq
ln 2 (q + 2)
3
dy 1
1 3
= (4 + 3ln x) 2 =
dx 2
x 2 x 4 + 3ln x
1+
ln x
25
25q
, so r = pq =
. Thus the
ln(q + 2)
ln(q + 2)
marginal revenue is
48. p =
43. y = 4 + 3ln x = (4 + 3ln x ) 2
dy
1
=
dx x + 1 + x 2
( ) = ln x 1
(ln x)(1) x 1x
When x = 3 the slope is y(3) =
42. y = ln x3 4 2 x + 1 = 3ln x +
44.
x
ln x
2x 3
2
x 3x 3
The slope of the tangent line at x = 4 is
83
y(4) =
= 5. Also, if x = 4, then
16 12 3
y = ln(16 12 3) = ln 1 = 0. Thus an equation
of the tangent line is y 0 = 5(x 4), or
y = 5x 20.
50
ln 70 70
dc
= 500
$97.90
dq q =50
(ln 70)2
51.
dq d
=
[25 + 10 ln(2 p + 1)]
dp dp
= 0 + 10
46. y = x[ln(x) 1]
1
y = x + [ln( x) 1](1) = ln x
x
When x = e, y = 0 and y = 1 . The equation of
the tangent line is y 0 = 1(x e), or y = x e.
427
1 d
d
[ln(2 p + 1)] = 10
[2 p + 1]
dp
2 p + 1 dp
10
20
(2) =
2 p +1
2 p +1
52. With I 0 = 17, L( I ) = 10 log

I
.
17
1. The rate of change of temperature with respect to

dT
. T(t) has the form Ceu where C is a
time is
dt
constant and u = kt.
dT d kt
d
Ce = C ekt
=
dt dt
dt
dL d
I
d
=
10 log = 10 [log I log17]
dI dI
17
dI
= 10
=
d
dI
ln I
1 1
ln10 log17 = 10 ln10 I 0
10
I ln10
( ) dtd [kt ] = Ce
= C ekt
53. A = 6 ln
a . Rate of change of A with
a T
respect to T:
(a T )(1) T (1)
dA
1
= 6
T a
dT
(a T )2
a T
= 6
= 6
=
1
T a ( a T )
a T
1. y = 5
2. y =
T a 2 + aT (a T ) 2
6a
(T a
d x
(e ) = 5e x
dx
2e x
5
3. y = e 2 x
+3
(4 x) = 4 xe2 x
+3
4. y = e 2 x
+5
(4 x) = 4 xe2 x
+5
+ aT (a T )
dy
1
f ( x)
=
f ( x) =
,
dx f ( x)
f ( x)
which is the relative rate of change of y = f(x)
with respect to x.
6.
7.
1 d
1 1 du
(ln u ) =
ln b dx
ln b u dx
x4
f ( x) = 0 for x 1.65, 1.65
+ 4r + 4
+ 6 x3 +1
( 3q
+6
+ 6 q 1
(6r + 4) = 2(3r + 2)e3r
+ 4r + 4
(2 x + 18 x 2 )
2
+ 6 x3 +1
( )
9. y = x e x + e x (1) = e x ( x + 1)
10. y = 3x 4 e x (1) + e x (12 x3 ) = 3 x3e x (4 x)
57. Note that f(x) is defined for all x 0.

x
f (r ) = e3r
= 2 x(1 + 9 x)e x
f ( x) = x (1 + 3ln x)
f ( x) = 0 for x 0.72
f ( x) =
+ 6 q 1
8. y = e x
x 2 12 (2 x) ln( x 2 ) 2 x
du
1 du 1
= ( logb e ) = ( logb e )
dx
u dx u
56.
f (q) = e q
= 3 q 2 2 e q
d
d ln u
( logb u ) =
dx
dx ln b
=
d
( 9 5 x ) = e95 x (5) = 5e95 x
dx
5. y = e95 x
54. If y = ln f(x), then
55.
(k ) = Ckekt
Problems 12.2
2
(a T )
a T
kt
2
2
11. y = x 2 e x (2 x) + e x (2 x)
2 2 ln( x 2 )
x3
= 2 xe x 1 x 2
12. y = x e3 x (3) + e3 x (1) = e3 x (3 x + 1)
428
1 x
e + e x
3
13. y =
y =
14.
1 x
e x e x
e + e x (1) =
3
3
dy (e x + e x )[e x e x (1)] (e x e x )[e x + e x (1)]

=
dx
(e x + e x ) 2
=
15.
Section 12.2
(e x + e x ) 2 (e x e x ) 2
x
(e + e
x 2
4
(e + e x ) 2
x
( )
d 2 x3
d (ln 5)2 x3
=
e
5
dx
dx
3
= e(ln 5)2 x [(ln 5)6 x 2 ]

3
= (6 x 2 )52 x ln 5
16. y = 2 x x 2 = e(ln 2) x x 2
y = e(ln 2) x (2 x) + x 2 e(ln 2) x (ln 2)
( )
( )
( )
= 2 x 2 x + x 2 2 x (ln 2) = x 2 x (2 + x ln 2)
17.
w2 e2 w (2) e2 w [2 w]
f ( w) =
w4
=
2e 2 w ( w 1)
w3
18. y = e x
19. y = e1+
1
1 12
x x
1
1 2 x = e
2 x
1+ x
1 12 e
2x =
2 x
20. y = 3(e2 x + 1) 2 (e2 x (2) + 0) = 6e2 x (e2 x + 1)2

21. y = x5 5 x = x5 e(ln 5) x
y = 5 x 4 e(ln 5) x (ln 5) = 5 x 4 5 x ln 5
22.
f ( z ) = e1/ z = e z
2
f ( z ) = e1/ z [(2 z 3 )] =
2 1/ z 2
e
z3
429
e x + 1 e x e x 1 e x
dy

23.
=
2
dx
ex +1
=
2e
33.
dp
= 0.015e0.5
dq q =500
( e + 1)
x
dp
= 15e0.001q (0.001) = 0.015e0.001q
dq
34.
24. y = e2 x [1] + ( x + 6) e2 x (2) = e2 x (2 x + 13)
dp
5
5q / 750
= 9e5q / 750
= 0.06e
dq
750
dp
= 0.06e2
dq q =300
25. y = ln e x = x so y = 1.
q
7000e 700
35. c =
, so c = cq = 7000e 700 . The
q
1
1
26. y = e x + (ln x) e x = e x ln x
x
x
27. y = e x
ln x 2
= 2 xe
2 1
2
x 2 (2 x) + (ln x )(2 x)
x
x 2 ln x 2
= 10e 700 . Thus
(1 + ln x )
28. y = ln e4 x +1 = 4 x + 1 , so
29.
marginal cost function is
f ( x) = ee x e x = e1+ x + x
dc
= 10e0.5 and
dq q =350
dc
= 10e .
dq q =700
dy
= 4.
dx
2q+6
f ( x) = e1+ x + x (1 + 2 x) = (1 + 2 x)e1+ x + x
850
e 800
36. c =
+ 4000
q
q
f (1) = [1 + 2(1)]e1+ ( 1) + ( 1) = e
30.
f ( x) = 5
x 2 ln x
( )
= e
ln 5
x 2 ln x
=e
c = cq = 850 + 4000e
37. w = e x
f (1) = e0 (ln 5)[1 + 0] = ln 5
y = e2 . Thus an equation of the tangent line is

ye
4 x
q +3
dc
= 10e 400 .
dq
+ x ln( x 1) and x =
By the chain rule,
31. y = e x , y = e x . When x = 2, then y = e2 and

2
q +3
= 850 + 4000e 400
dc
dc
= 10e0.25 and
= 10e0.5 .
dq q =97
dq q =197
2
= e(ln 5) x ln x (ln 5)[ x + 2 x ln x]
2q+6
800
The marginal cost function is
(ln 5) x 2 ln x
f ( x) = e(ln 5) x ln x (ln 5) x 2 + (ln x)(2 x)

x
q
dc
1
= 7000e 700
dq
700
t +1
t 1
dw dw dx
=
dt
dx dt
1
= e x 4 x 3 x 2 4 + x
+ [ln( x 1)(1)]
x 1
= e ( x + 2) , or y = e x + 3e .
(t 1)(1) (t + 1)(1)

(t 1) 2
32. y = e x
When x = 1, y = e and y = e. Thus an equation
3
x
2
= 3x2 4 e x 4 x +
+ ln( x 1)
.
x 1
(t 1) 2
of the tangent line is y e = e(x 1) or y = ex.
430
When t = 3, then x =
Section 12.2
3 +1 4
= = 2 and
3 1 2
42.
dw
1
= [8 + 2 + 0] = 5 .
dt
2
38.
( )
f ( x) = 10
= (ln10)10
45. Since S = Pert , then

dS
dt
x2
rPert
Pert
dS
= Pert r = rPert . Thus
dt
= r.
dy
= K e ax (a ) = aKe ax
dx
Solving the original equation for e ax gives

y
e ax = + 1 . Thus substitution,
K
dy
y
= aK + 1 = a( y + K ) = a (K y), as
dx
K
was to be shown.
1
+ 10
dq
= 500 e0.2t
dt
dq
Thus
= 100e2 .
dt t =10
46. y = K 1 e ax
1
+ 0.01e x 2
8+ x
)
) (0.2) = 100e
d (ln )t
[e
]
dt
+ 0.01
f (2) (ln10)10
=
0.0374
2
f (2)
10 + ln(10) + 0.01
41. q = 500 1 e0.2t
d t
[ ]
dt
= k ( t ln ) ln
1
+
+ 0.01e x 2
8+ x
2
= k (ln )e(ln )t (ln )
= e(ln10)( x ) + ln(8 + x) + 0.01e x 2
/2
Y = ke(ln ) (ln )
= k (ln )
+ ln(8 + x) + 0.01e
f ( x) = e(ln10)( x ) ( ln10) +
e x
/2
44. Y = k = ke(ln )
d x
(c x c )
= (ln c)c c
dx
x =1
If this is zero, (ln c)c c = 0, or c[ln(c) 1] = 0.
Since c > 0, we must have ln(c) 1 = 0, ln c = 1,
or c = e.
40.
43. P = 1.92e0.0176t
dP
= 1.92e0.0176t (0.0176) = P(0.0176)
dt
= 0.0176P = kP for k = 0.0176.
= (ln c)e(ln c ) x cx c 1 = (ln c)c x cxc 1
e x
( x)
2
1 1/ 2
e
(1) 0.242
2
f (1) =
d
dy
[ f (u )] =
and by the chain rule
dx
dx
d
dy dy du
du
[ f (u )] =
=
= f (u )
= u3 e x
dx
dx du dx
dx
= ( e x )3 e x = e 3 x e x = e 4 x
x
2
1
f ( x) =
f ( x) = x3 and u = e x . Let y = f(u). Then
d x
d ln c
39.
c xc =
e
dx
dx
d (ln c ) x
=
e
xc
dx
f ( x) =
0.2t
47. N = 10 A10bM = 10 AbM = e(ln10)( AbM )

dN
= e(ln10)( AbM ) (ln10)(b) , so
dM
dN
= 10 AbM (ln10)(b) = b 10 AbM ln10
dM
431
48. p = 0.89 0.01 + 0.99(0.85)t
a.
52. S = ln
dP
= 0.89 0.99(0.85)t ln(0.85)
dt
a.
= 0.8811(0.85)t ln(0.85)
This represents the rate of change of
proportion of correct recalls with respect to
length of recall interval.
b. If
50. C (t ) =
a.
b.
C (t )
7
$0.847 billion
3
= $(0.847)(1000) million
= $847 million
R
R
1 e0 = [1 1] = 0
r
r
53.
3
2
f ( x) = (6 x 2 + 2 x 3)e2 x + x 3 x
f ( x) = 0 for x 0.89, 0.56
54.
f ( x) = 1 e x
f ( x) = 0 gives e x = 1 or x = 0.
( r )t
R r R
1 1 e V
V R r

Problems 12.3
R r
R r
= 1 C (t ) = C (t )
V R
V V
1. =
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
When q = 5 then p = 40 2(5) = 30, so
f (t ) = 1 e0.008t
f (t ) = 0.008e
I = ln
( r )t
R
= 1 1 e V
V

51.
dS 1
e I
1
= , then
= .
I
8
dI 8
3+ e
1
(e )(3 + e ) 8
1
1
=
I
3e + 1 8
3e I + 1 = 8
7
eI =
3
dC R r ( Vr )t R ( Vr )t
= e
= e
dt
r V
V
dC
dS
e I
3
.
= 1
= 1
=
I
dI
dI
3+ e
3 + e I
( Vr )t
R
1 e
C (0) =
dC
dS
= 1
.
dI
dI
(e I ) e I
( r )t r
dC
= C0 e V
dt
V
r
= V
Recall that
Thus
( Vr )t
r
= [C (t ) ]
V
3+e
= ln 5 ln(3 + e I )
dS
1
e I
(e I )(1) =
=
dI
3 + e I
3 + e I
b. If t = 2, then
dp
= 0.8811(0.85)2 ln(0.85) 0.10
dt
49. C (t ) = C0 e
30
5
= 3
2
Because > 1 , demand is elastic.
0.008t
f (100) = 0.008e0.8 0.0036
p
q
= 100 = 1.5
0.04 0.04
Because > 1, demand is elastic.
2. =
432
3. p =
Section 12.3
9. q = 1200 150p
3500
= 3500q 1
q
dp
3500
= 3500q 2 =
dq
q2
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
3500
q2
(3500 / q )
q
3500
q2
4. =
5. =
p
q
dp
dq
(500 / q )
= 1
p
q
500 2
( q + 2)
q
1000
3
q
1
= , inelastic
2
[500 /( q + 2)]
q
500 2
( q + 2)
6. =
800 /(2 q +1)

q
1600
(2 q +1) 2
When q = 24, =
7. =
p
q
dp
dq
q+2
q
2q + 1
2q
49
, elastic
48
8. =
e
q
200
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
q dp
p 1
p
= 2
q 2q
2q
If p = 400, then q = 500 400 = 10, so
p
q
400
= 2. > 1 , so demand is elastic.
200
12. q = 2500 p 2
150
=
1 . Because > 1 ,
e
100e
q
200
q
When q = 200, =
p dq
q dp
12
dq 1
= 2500 p 2
(2 p)
dp 2
q
200
q
200
p
q
dp
dq
demand is elastic.
p
q
p dq
q dp
1
1
dq 1
1
= (500 p ) 2 (1) =
=
2q
dp 2
2 500 p
When q = 100, then p = 150 e and
11. q = 500 p
e100
100
150 e
100
e
100
p
q
dp
dq
50
dq
= 1 , so =
(1) = 1 , unit elasticity.
50
dp
106
53
When q = 104, then =
= . Because
104
52
> 1 , demand is elastic.
p
q
1600 2
(2 q +1)
p dq p
= (150)
q dp q
10. q = 100 p
When p = 50, then q = 50.
p
q
1000
q3
If p = 4, then q = 1200 150(4) = 600, so

4
=
(150) = 1. Since = 1, demand has
600
unit elasticity.
Because = 1 , demand has unit elasticity.

p
q
dp
dq
p
q
dp
dq
200
= 1, so demand has
200
p
2500 p 2
p p
=
q q
p
q
p2
q2
If p = 20, then q = 2100 , so we have
unit elasticity.
433
400
4
= , inelastic.
2100
21
13. q =
( p 100) 2
2
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
q dp
(20 100) 2
= 3200 . Thus
2
20
1
=
(20 100) = . Demand is inelastic.
3200
2
q=
p dq
q dp
18. =
demand
10
60
10
3
elastic
3
10
inelastic
unit elasticity
130
Setting
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
q dp
p
2500 p
p p
=
q q
p2
q2
p
, so
q
Now, if p = 30, then q = 2500 302 = 40, so

(30) 2
9
=
= . If the price of 30
p =30
2
16
(40)
decreases to 28.5, that is, it changes by
1.5
= 5%, then demand would change by
30
9
approximately 5 %, or 2.8%. (That is,
16
demand increases by 2.8%.)
p = 36 0.25q
p
q
dp
dq
p =15
dq
=
dp
16. a.
p dq
q dp
q = 2500 p 2
6.50
1
%,
2
then the change in demand is approximately
1
2 % (1.2) = 0.6%. Thus demand decreases
approximately 0.6%.
p
0.05q
200
p
q
dp
dq
demand. Thus if the price of 15 increases
= 1 yields q = 10.
15
6
(30 40) = = 1.2. Now,
125
5
(% change in price) ( ) = % change in
so
15. p = 13 0.05q
2q 2
When p = 15, then q = 500 40(15) + 152 = 125,
dq
p
= 2 p 50, so = (2 p 50).
dp
q
If p = 20, then q = 250, and
20
200
4
=
= , inelastic.
(40 50) =
250
250
5
p
q
dp
dq
300 q 2
dq
p
= 40 + 2 p , so = (2 p 40).
dp
q
14. q = p 2 50 p + 850
17. q = 500 40 p + p 2
p
( p 100) . If p = 20, then
q
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
dp
dq
Since q > 0, we must have q = 10.
dq 1
= (2)( p 100)(1) = p 100 , so
dp 2
p = 300 q 2
b.
36 0.25q
0.25q
36 0.25q
= 1 yields q = 72.
0.25q
434
Section 12.3
22. p = mq + b
19. p = 500 2q
p
q
dp
dq
500 2 q
q
Note: q =
q 250
q
q 250
< 1. For
q
q > 0, we have q 250 < q, 2q < 250, so
q < 125. Thus, if 0 < q < 125, demand is elastic.
q 250
> 1.
If demand is inelastic, then =
q
For q > 0, the inequality implies q > 125. Thus if
125 < q < 250, then demand is inelastic.
If demand is elastic, then =
a.
b.
23. a.
3q 50
=
=
3
3q
b.
c.
1000
q2
b + cq
= a (b + cq 2 ) 1/ 2
p
q
dp
dq
a(b + cq 2 ) 1/ 2
acq 2 (b + cq 2 ) 3 / 2
b + cq 2
cq 2
=
+ 1
2
cq
cq
b
If b, c > 0, then
+ 1 > 1 so || > 1 and
cq 2
demand is elastic.
b + cq 2
2
If || = 1, then
b
cq 2
+ 1 = 1, which can only
occur if b = 0.
1000
r = pq =
q
24. =
dr
1000
= 1000q 2 =
dq
q2
=
p=
Thus does not depend on a.
3q
p 1 + = (50 3q) 1 +
3
50
q
3q 50 + 3q
= (50 3q)
3q 50
dr
= 50 6q =
dq
p
p b
Thus if p = 0, then = 0.
50 3q
q
1000
q3
2000
q3
= acq (b + cq 2 )3 / 2
dr
= 50 6q
dq
p
q
dp
dq
p b
dp
1
= a (b + cq 2 )3 / 2 (2cq)
dq
2
r = pq = 50q 3q 2
21. p =
p b
p
( p b ) / m
= lim
p
=
b
p
p b
20. p = 50 3q
p
q
p b dp
dq
lim = lim
= lim
Since Total Revenue = r = pq = 500q 2q 2 ,

then r = 500 4q = 4(125 q ). If
0 < q < 125, then r > 0, so r is increasing. If
125 < q < 250, then r < 0, so r is decreasing.
p
q
dp
dq
pb
m
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
q dp
We differentiate implicitly for
1
=
2
dq
.
dp
q 2 (1 + p) 2 = p
dq
q 2 2(1 + p)(1) + 1 + p 2 2q = 1
dp
dq
2q 2 (1 + p) + 2q (1 + p) 2
=1
dp
1 1000
1000 dr
p 1 + =
(1 2) =
=
2
dq
q
q2
435
Thus
dq 1 2q 2 (1 + p)
=
dp
2q(1 + p) 2
q 2 (1 + p) 2 1 2q 2 (1 + p) 1 2q 2 (1 + p)
=
q
2
2q(1 + p) 2
If p = 9, we find q from the given equation:
Hence =
q 2 (1 + 9)2 = 9
q2 =
9
100
( )
3
1 2 10
(1 + 9)
3
since q > 0. Thus p =9 =
= 0.4
q=
10
2
25. a.
q=
60
+ ln 65 p3
p
p
q
dp
dq
p dq p 60
3 p2
=
q dp q p 2 65 p3
If p = 4, then q =
60
4 60 3(16)
207
=
13.8, and demand is elastic.
+ ln1 = 15 , so =
4
15 16 65 64
15
b. The percentage change in q is (2)(13.8) = 27.6%, so q increases by approximately 27.6%.

c.
26. a.
Lowering the price increases revenue because demand is elastic.

0.02 q +19
p = 50 (151 q )
ln p = ln 50 + 0.02 q + 19 ln(151 q)
q + 19
1 dp
1
(1) + ln(151 q)
= 0 + 0.02
p dq
2 q + 19
151 q
When q = 150, then p = 50, so
b.
q =150 =
p
q
dp
dq q =150
dp
13 0
= 0.02(50) + = 13
dq q =150
1 26
50
= 150 0.0256
13
Thus demand is inelastic.

c.
(elasticity)(% change in price) = % change in demand

10
(0.0256)(% change in price) =
100
150
100
1
% change in price =
= 260%
15 0.0256
Thus price per unit of $50 changes by 2.6(50) = $130, so it is approximately 50 + 130 = $180.
d. The manufacturer should increase the price because demand is inelastic.

436
Section 12.4
5
25
50
100 = % and the percentage change in quantity is
100 = 10%.
80
4
500
Thus, since (elasticity)(% change in price) % change in demand,
25
(elasticity) 10.
4
27. The percentage change in price is
40
8
= = 1.6
25
5
dr
To estimate
when p = 80, we have
dq
elasticity
1
dr
1
= 30.
= p 1 + = 80 1 +
8
dq

5
28. =
p
q
dp
dq
2000 q 2
2q
For 5 q 40, =
1 1000
2 q2
1000
2
1
2000
and =
. Since < 0 , is decreasing on [5, 40] and thus is
2
q3
q
maximum at q = 5 and a minimum at q = 40.
29.
dp
200
= 200(1)(q + 5) 2 =
dq
(q + 5)2
Thus =
p
q
dp
dq
200
q ( q + 5)
200 2
( q + 5)
For 5 q 95, =
q+5
.
q
5
q+5
5
= 1 + and =
.
q
q
q2
Since < 0, is decreasing on [5, 95], and thus is maximum at q = 5 and minimum at q = 95.
P
1. Assume that P is a function of t and differentiate both sides of ln
= 0.5t with respect to t.
1 P
d
dt
P d
ln
= [0.5t ]
1 P dt
1 d P
= 0.5
P dt 1 P
1 P
1 P (1)(1 P) P (1) dP
= 0.5
P
dt
(1 P )2
1 P + P dP
= 0.5
P (1 P ) dt
dP
= 0.5P (1 P )
dt
437
2.
( )
3. 6 y 2 y 14 x = 0
14 x
7x
y =
=
2
6y
3y2
dV
d 4
dr
dr
4
= r 3 = 3r 2
= 4r 2
dt
dt 3
3
dt
dt
dr
= 5 and r = 12,
When
dt
dV
= 4(12) 2 (5) = 2880 . The balloon is
dt
increasing at the rate of 2880 cubic
inches/minute.
4. 4 x 6 yy = 0
y =
5.
3. The hypotenuse is the length of the ladder, so

x 2 + y 2 = 100 . Differentiate both sides of the
equation with respect to t.
d 2
d
x + y 2 = [100]
dt
dt
dx
dy
2x + 2 y
=0
dt
dt
When y = 8, we can find x by using the
Pythagorean theorem.
2x
3y
x1/ 3 + y1/ 3 = 3
1 2 / 3 1 2 / 3
x
+ y
y = 0
3
3
y 2 / 3 y = x 2 / 3
y =
=
x 2 / 3
y 2 / 3
y2 / 3
x2 / 3
3
x + 8 = 100
x 2 = 100 64 = 36
x=6
= 3
When x = 6, y = 8, and
2(6)(3) + 2(8)
dx
= 3 , we have
dt
y2
x2
1 4 1 4
6. x 5 + y 5 y = 0
5
5
dy
=0
dt
dy
=0
dt
dy
36
9
=
=
dt
16
4
dy
9
= , thus the top of the ladder is sliding
dt
4
9
down the wall at the rate of
feet/sec.
4
y =
y5
4
x5
y 5
=
x
3 1 3 1
7. x 4 + y 4 y = 0
4
4
1
y =
y4
1
x4
Problems 12.4
8. 3 y 2 y = 4
1. 2 x + 8 yy = 0
x + 4 yy = 0
4 yy = x
y =
4
3y2
9. By the product rule xy + y (1) = 0 , xy = y ,
x
4y
y =
2. 6 x + 12 yy = 0
y =
3 2
36 + 16
y =
y2
x
2y
438
y
x
Section 12.4
10. 2 x + xy + y (1) 4 yy = 0
xy 4 yy = 2 x y
2 x y
2x + y
=
y =
x + 4 y
x 4y
11. xy + y (1) y 11 = 0
y( x 1) = 11 y
y =
11 y
x 1
3x 2 3 y 2 y = 3x 2 y + 6 xy 3x(2 yy ) 3 y 2
12.
y (3 y 2 3x 2 + 6 xy ) = 6 xy 3 y 2 3 x 2
y = 1
13. 6 x 2 + 3 y 2 y 12 ( xy + y ) = 0
3 y 2 y 12 xy = 12 y 6 x 2
(
y ( y
y 3 y 2 12 x = 12 y 6 x 2
y =
4 x = 4 y 2 x2
4 y 2x2
y2 4x
14. 6 x 2 + (3x) y + y (3) + 3 y 2 y = 0
(
)
y ( x + y ) = 2 x
y 3 x + 3 y 2 = 6 x 2 3 y
2
y =
15. x =
2x 2 + y
x + y2
y + 4 y = y1/ 2 + y1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1
y
y + y 3 / 4 y
2
4
2 y1/ 4 + 1
1
1
= y
+
= y
2 y1/ 2 4 y 3 / 4
4 y3 / 4
1=
y =
4 y3 / 4
2 y1/ 4 + 1
( )
16. x3 3 y 2 y + y 3 3 x 2 + 1 = 0
y =
1 + 3x2 y3
3 x3 y 2
439
)( ) x +1 y (1 + y)
6e (1 + e ) ( x + y ) = 1 + y
y = 6e (1 + e ) ( x + y ) 1
17. 5 x3 (4 y 3 y ) + 15 x 2 y 4 1 + 2 yy = 0
y (20 x3 y 3 + 2 y ) = 1 15 x 2 y 4
y =
23. 2 1 + e3 x 3e3 x =
1 15 x 2 y 4
3x
20 x3 y 3 + 2 y
3x
1
x
1
(2 y + 1) y =
x
1
y =
x(2 y + 1)
18. 2 yy + y =
24.
( )
1
19. y + (ln x ) y = x e y y + e y (1)
x
ln( x ) xe y y = e y y
20.
1
(1 + y )
x+ y
1
y
e x + y + y e x + y =
+
x+ y x+ y
1
1
y e x+ y
e x+ y
=
x
y
x
y
+
+
y = 1
e x + y (1 + y ) =
y =
xe y y
xy = y ( x + 1)
y ( x + 1)
x
( )
21. x e y y + e y (1) + y = 0
x
y
x + 1 y =
y +1
2 y +1
2 x +1
xe y y + e y + y = 0
y
y =
1+ 2
3
= .
1+ 4
5
1
y + y + 1(1)
26. x
2 y +1
1
= y
+ x + 1( y)
2 x +1
x
y
y x + 1 y =
y +1
2 y +1
2 x +1
xy + y (1)
+1 = 0
xy
xy + y + xy = 0
( xe + 1) y = e
1+ y
x + 2y
At the point (1, 2), y =
x ln( x) xe y
y =
3x
25. 1 + [ xy + y (1)] + 2 yy = 0
xy + 2 yy = 1 y
( x + 2 y ) y = (1 + y )
y
ln( x ) xe y y = xe y
y =
3x
y =
ey
xe y + 1
2 x +1
x
2 y +1
y +1
x +1
3
At (3, 3),
22. 8 x + 18 yy = 0
8 x = 18 yy
8x
4x
y =
=
18 y
9y
dy 4 2
=
= 1.
dx 3 2
4
440
Section 12.4
27. 8 x + 18 yy = 0
32. p = 400 q
8x
4x
y =
=
18 y
9y
d
d
( p) =
400 q
dp
dp
1
Thus at 0, , y = 0; at ( x0 , y0 ) ,
3
4 x0
y =
.
9 y0
28.
1=
33. p =
x + x yy + xy + y y = 2 yy
( x 2 y + y 3 2 y ) y = x3 xy 2
y =
x( x 2 + y 2 )
y ( x 2 + y 2 2)
40
(q + 5)
dq
dp
dq
(q + 5)3
=
dp
40
3x2 + y
y =
x + 2y
At (1, 1), y = 4 and the tangent line is given
34.
by y 1 = 4[x (1)], or y = 4x 3.
30. 2 yy + [ xy + y (1)] 2 x = 0
2x y
2y + x
1
and the tangent line is given by
2
1
1
y 3 = ( x 4), or y = x + 1.
2
2
At (4, 3), y =
p=
10
2
q +3
d
d 10
( p) =
dp
dp q 2 + 3
20q
dq
1=
2
2 dp
(q + 3)
dq
(q 2 + 3)2
=
dp
20q
From the original equation, we have
10
dq
q 2 + 3 = . Thus we can write
as
p
dp
31. p = 100 q 2
(q + 5)2
1=
29. 3x 2 + xy + y + 2 y = 0
d
d
( p) =
100 q 2
dp
dp
20
d
d 20
( p) =
dp
dp (q + 5)2
d
d
( p) =
20(q + 5)2
dp
dp
At (0, 2), y = 0.
y =
1 dq
2 q dp
dq
= 2 q
dp
2( x 2 + y 2 )(2 x + 2 yy ) = 8 yy
( x 2 + y 2 )( x + yy ) = 2 yy
3
( )
dq
=
10
p
dq
1 = 2q
dp
dp
dq
1
=
dp
2q
35. ln
20q
I
= t
I0
ln I ln I 0 = t
1 dI
=
I dt
dI
= I
dt
441
5
qp 2
E
36. 1.5M = log
11
2.5 10
1.5M = log E log 2.5 1011

d
(1.5M ) =
dM
d
(1.5M ) =
dM
1.5 =
d
dM
d
dM
1 2
I = SI + I . Differentiating implicitly
4
with respect to I:
dS 1
dS
2S
+ I = S (1) + I
+ 1,
dI 2
dI
39. S 2 +
(
)
ln E
ln10 log ( 2.5 10 )
log E log 2.5 1011
dS
dS
I
I
= S +1 ,
dI
dI
2
dS 2S + 2 I dS 2S + 2 I
(2 S I )
=
,
=
.
dI
2
dI
2(2S I )
2S
11
1 1 dE
ln10 E dM
Marginal propensity to consume =
dE
= 1.5E ln10
dM
d
d ln E
(1.5M ) =
log(2.5 1011 )
dE
dE ln10
dM
1 1
1.5
=
dE ln10 E
dM
1
=
dE 1.5E ln10
Thus
df
df
f
,
= .
d d
Solving v = f for f and differentiating: f =
f (t )
1
+
= C1 + C2t. Thus
1 f (t )
1 f (t )
f (t )
f (t )
f (t )
+
+
= C2
f (t ) 1 f (t ) [1 f (t )]2
to :
dC
24 + 2 16
10 6 3
= 1
= 1
=
= .
dI
2(24 16)
16 16 8
ln f (t ) ln[1 f (t )] + [1 f (t )]1 = C1 + C2t ,
37. v = f . Differentiating implicitly with respect

0 = f (1) +
dC
2S + 2 I
= 1
. When I = 16 and
dI
2(2 S I )
S = 12,
40. ln
dC
dS
.
= 1
dI
dI
f (t )
+
+
= C2
2
f (t ) 1 f (t ) [1 f (t )]
[1 f (t )]2 + f (t )[1 f (t )] + f (t )
f (t )
= C2
f (t )[1 f (t )]2
[1 f (t )][1 f (t ) + f (t )] + f (t )
f (t )
= C2
f (t )[1 f (t )]2
[1 f (t )] + f (t )
f (t )
= C2
2
f (t )[1 f (t )]
df
v
f
f
=
=
= , which is the same
2
2
as before.
so
38. (P + a)(v + b) = k
d
d
[( P + a )(v + b)] =
(k )
dP
dP
dv
( P + a)
+ (v + b)(1) = 0
dP
dv
v+b
=
. From the original equation,
dP
P+a
dv
k
v+b =
. Thus we can write
as
dP
( P + a)
Thus f (t ) =
dv
k
=
.
dP
( P + a)2
442
C2 f (t )[1 f (t )]2
f (t ) + [1 f (t )]
Section 12.5
Problems 12.5
1. y = ( x + 1)2 ( x 2) x 2 + 3 . Take natural logarithms of both sides,
ln y = ln ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2) x 2 + 3 .
Using properties of logarithms on the right side gives
ln y = 2 ln( x + 1) + ln( x 2) + ln x 2 + 3 .
Differentiating both sides with respect to x,

y
2
1
2x
=
+
+
.
2
y x +1 x 2 x + 3
Solving for y ,
2
1
2x
+
+
y = y
.
2
x
+
x
1
2
x + 3
Expressing y in terms of x,
2
1
2x
+
+
y = ( x + 1)2 ( x 2) x 2 + 3
2
1
2
x
+
x
x + 3
2. ln y = ln (3 x + 4)(8 x 1) 2 3x 2 + 1
= ln(3x + 4) + 2 ln(8 x 1) + 4 ln 3 x 2 + 1
y
3
8
6x
=
+ 2
+ 4
y 3x + 4
8x 1
3x2 + 1
3
16
24 x
+
+
y = y
3x + 4 8 x 1 3x2 + 1
4 3
16
24 x
+
+
= (3 x + 4)(8 x 1)2 3 x 2 + 1
x
+
x
3
4
8
1
3x2 + 1
3. ln y = ln 3x3 1 (2 x + 5)3
= 2 ln 3 x3 1 + 3ln(2 x + 5)
y
9 x2
2
= 2
+ 3
3
+5
y
2
x
3x 1
18 x 2
6
y = y
+
3
3 x 1 2 x + 5
18 x 2
2
6
y = 3 x3 1 (2 x + 5)3
+
3
3x 1 2 x + 5
443
4.
y = (2 x 2 + 1) 8 x 2 1
ln y = ln (2 x 2 + 1) 8 x 2 1
1
= ln(2 x 2 + 1) + ln(8 x 2 1)
2
y
4x
1 16 x
=
+
y 2 x2 + 1 2 8x2 1
4x
8x
y = y
+
2
2 x + 1 8x2 1
4x
8x
= (2 x 2 + 1) 8 x 2 1
+
2
2 x + 1 8x2 1
5. y = x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
ln y = ln x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
1
1
1
2
ln y = ln( x + 1) + ln x 2 + ln( x + 4)
2
2
2
y 1 1
2x
1
=
+
+
y 2 x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
y =
=
y 1
2x
1
+
+
2 x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
x + 1 x2 2 x + 4 1
2x
1
+
+
2
2
x +1 x 2 x + 4
6. ln y = ln (2 x + 1) x3 + 2 3 2 x + 5
1
1
= ln(2 x + 1) + ln( x3 + 2) + ln(2 x + 5)
2
3
2
1 3x 2
1
2
y
=
+
+
3
y 2x + 1 2 x + 2 3 2x + 5
2
3x2
2
+
+
y = y
3
2 x + 1 2( x + 2) 3(2 x + 5)
2
3x 2
2
= (2 x + 1) x3 + 2 3 2 x + 5
+
+
3
2 x + 1 2( x + 2) 3(2 x + 5)
444
Section 12.5
1 x2 1
7. ln y = ln
= ln 1 x 2 ln(1 2 x )
1 2x
2
y 1 2 x
2
=
y 2 1 x2 1 2 x
x
2
+
y = y
2 1 2x
1 x
y =
10. ln y = ln
y =
9. y =
11.
x2 + 5 2 x
1
x + 9 x 2 + 5 x + 9
1
2
( 2x
+2
( x + 1)2 (3x + 2)
2
2x + 2
ln y = ln
2
( x + 1) (3x + 2)
= 2 ln 2 x + 2 2 ln( x + 1) ln(3 x + 2)
+2
1
4x
x
+
2
2 + x2
2 + x2 x 1 + x
( x + 3)( x 2)
2x 1
( x + 3)( x 2)
ln y = ln
2x 1
1
1
1
= ln( x + 3) + ln( x 2) ln(2 x 1)
2
2
2
1 1
1
2
y 1 1
=
+

y 2 x + 3 2 x 2 2 2x 1
1
2
y 1
+
y =
2 x + 3 x 2 2 x 1
1 ( x + 3)( x 2) 1
1
2
=
+
2
2x 1
x + 3 x 2 2x 1
y=
6 x3 + 1
x 6 e4 x
(
(
)
)
1
ln(6) + 2 ln x3 + 1 6 ln( x) (4 x ) ln e
3
1
= ln(6) + 2 ln x3 + 1 6 ln( x) + 4 x
8x
2
3
y = y
2
x
1
3
x
+
+ 2
2x + 2
2
x 1 + x2
12. ln y = ln
y
4x
1
3
= 2
2
2
y
x + 1 3x + 2
2x + 2
( 2x
1
4x
x
y = y +
2
x
1+ x
2 + x2
y 1 2 x
1
=
2
y 2 x + 5 x + 9
y 2x
1
y =
2 x 2 + 5 x + 9
y =
2 + x2
x +5 1
=
ln x 2 + 5 ln( x + 9)
x+9
2
8. ln y = ln
1
= ln x + 2 ln 1 + x 2 ln 2 + x 2
2
y 1
2x
1 2x
= + 2

y x
1 + x2 2 2 + x2
1 x2 x
2
+
2
1 2 x x 1 1 2 x
2
x 1 + x2
y 1 3 x 2
6
= 2
+ 4
y 3 x3 + 1 x
y 6x
6
+ 4
y =
3
3 x + 1 x
4x
2
3
=
2
( x + 1) (3x + 2) x + 1 x + 1 3 x + 2
3
1 3 6 x +1
y=
3
x 6 e4 x
445
6 x2
6
+ 4
3
x + 1 x
17. y = (3 x + 1) 2 x . Thus
13. y = x x +1 , thus ln y = ln x x +1 = ( x 2 + 1) ln x.
y
1
= ( x 2 + 1) + (ln x)(2 x)
y
x
2
x +1
+ 2 x ln x
y = y
x
2
+
x
1
= x x +1
+ 2 x ln x
x
14. y = (2 x)
ln y = ln ( 3x + 1)
3x
= 2(3 x + 1) 2 x
+ ln(3x + 1)
+
3
x
1
18. y = ( x 2 + 1) x +1 , thus
ln y = ln( x 2 + 1) x +1 = ( x + 1) ln( x 2 + 1).
y
2x
= x + 1
+ ln( x 2 + 1) 1
2
y
x +1
2 x( x + 1)
+ ln( x 2 + 1)
y = y
2
x +1
+
2
x
(
x
1)
= ( x 2 + 1) x +1
+ ln( x 2 + 1)
2
x +1
y
1
1
= x + [ln 2 + ln x]
y
2 x
x
1 ln(2 x)
y = y
+
2 x
x
2 + ln(2 x)
y = (2 x) x
2 x
( )
1
ln x
ln x =
.
x
x
19. y = 4e x x3 x . Thus
= ln 4 + x + 3 x ln x.
1
y
= 1 + 3 x + (ln x)(1)
y
x

y = y (4 + 3ln x)
x x (1 ln x)
y = 4e x x3 x (4 + 3ln x)
x2
20. y = (ln x)e . Thus ln y = e x ln(ln x).
3
16. y = . Thus
x2
3
ln y = x ln = x[ln 3 2 ln x].
x2
y
2
= x + (ln 3 2 ln x )(1)
y
x
3
= 2 + ln
x2
3
y = y 2 + ln
x2
ln y = ln 4 + ln e x x3 x = ln 4 + ln e x + ln x3 x
1
y x x (ln x)(1)
=
y
x2
1 ln x
y = y
x2
y =
= 2 x ln(3 x + 1)
3x
+ ln(3 x + 1)
y = 2 y
+
3
x
1
ln y = ln(2 x) x = x [ln 2 + ln x ].
y
= 2 x
+ [ln(3x + 1)](1)
+
y
3
x
1
. Thus
15. y = x x . Thus ln y =
2x
3
3
= 2 2 + ln 2
x
x
y
1
x
= ex
+ [ln(ln x)]e
y
x ln x
1
+ ln(ln x) e x
y = y
x
x
ln
x
1
= (ln x)e
+ ln(ln x ) e x
x
x
ln
446
Section 12.5
21. y = (4 x 3) 2 x +1
25. y = e x ( x 2 + 1) x
ln y = ln(4 x 3) 2 x +1 = (2 x + 1) ln(4 x 3)
ln y = ln e x + ln( x 2 + 1) x
y
4
= (2 x + 1)
+ [ln(4 x 3)](2)
y
4x 3
2 x
y
2
= 1+ x
+ ln x + 1 (1)
2
y
x + 1
4(2 x + 1)
+ 2 ln(4 x 3)
y = y
4
x
3
2 x2
+ ln x 2 + 1
y = y 1 +
2
x + 1
When x = 1, then y = 2e and

y = 2e[1 + 1 + ln(2)] = 2e(2 + ln 2). Thus an
y 2e = 2e(2 + ln 2)(x 1), or
y = (4e + 2e ln 2)x 2e 2e ln 2.
dy
12
When x = 1, then
= 1 + 2 ln(1) = 12.
dx
1
22. y = (ln x)ln x

ln y = ln(ln x)ln x = (ln x) ln(ln x)
y
1 1
1
= (ln x )
+ [ln(ln x)]
y
ln x x
x
26.
1 ln(ln x)
y = y +
x
x
1 + ln(ln x)
y = (ln x)ln x
y = xx
ln y = x ln x
y
1
= x + (ln x )(1) = 1 + ln x
y
x
When x = 1,
dy 1 1 + ln(1)
1
=1
When x = e,
=e .
dx
e
y
= 1 + ln1 = 1 + 0 = 1.
y
27. y = (3x )2 x
ln y = 2x ln(3x)
1
= 2 x (3) + [ln(3 x)](1)

y
3x
23. y = ( x + 1)( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3) 2
ln y = ln(x + 1) + 2 ln(x + 2) + 2 ln(x + 3)
y
1
2
2
=
+
+
y x +1 x + 2 x + 3
= 2[1 + ln(3x)]
y
100 gives the percentage rate of change.
y
Thus 2[1 + ln(3x)](100) = 60
1 + ln(3x) = 0.3
ln(3x) = 1.3
2
2
1
y = y
+
+
x +1 x + 2 x + 3
When x = 0, then y = 36 and y = 96. Thus an
y 36 = 96(x 0), or y = 96x + 36.
24.
= x + x ln x 2 + 1
3x = e 1.3
1
x=
3e1.3
y = xx
ln y = x ln x
y
1
= x + (ln x )(1) = 1 + ln x
y
x
y = y (1 + ln x) = x x (1 + ln x)
When x = 1, then y = 1 and
y = 11 (1 + ln1) = 1(1 + 0) = 1. An equation of the
28. y = [ f ( x)]g ( x )
ln y = g(x) ln[f(x)]
1
y
= g ( x)
f ( x) + ln[ f ( x)]g ( x)
y
f ( x)
tangent line is y 1 = 1(x 1) or y = x.
g ( x)
y = y f ( x)
+ g ( x) ln[ f ( x)]
f ( x)
g ( x)
y = [ f ( x)]g ( x ) f ( x)
+ g ( x) ln[ f ( x)]
f ( x)
447
29.
r
p
q
100% = 100% + 100%
r
p
q
p
= (1 + ) 100%
p
where =
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
.
q dp
p
500 40 p + p 2
(40 + 2 p)
1
1
% increase in price will result in a (1 1.2) % = 0.1% change in
2
2
revenue, which is a 0.1% decrease in revenue.
When p = 15, then = 1.2 and a
30.
r
p
q
100% = 100% + 100%
r
p
q
p
= (1 + ) 100%
p
where =
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
.
q dp
(40 + 2 p)
500 40 p + p 2
When p = 15, then = 1.2 and a 10% decrease in price will result in a (1 1.2)(10%) = 2% change in revenue,
which is a 2% increase in revenue.

3
1. Let f ( x) = 20 x 0.01x 2 850 + 3ln x, then f ( x) = 20 0.02 x + . f(10) 644 and f(50) 137,
x
so we use 50 to be the first approximation, x1 , to find the break-even quantity between 10 and 50.
xn +1 = xn
= xn
=
=
f ( xn )
f ( xn )
= xn
20 xn 0.01xn2 850 + 3ln xn

20 0.02 xn + 3 xn1
20 xn2 0.01xn3 850 xn + 3xn ln xn

20 xn 0.02 xn2 + 3
20 xn2 0.02 xn3 + 3xn 20 xn2 0.01xn3 850 xn + 3 xn ln xn

20 xn 0.02 xn2
+3
0.01xn3 + 853 xn 3xn ln xn

20 xn 0.02 xn2 + 3
x2 = 50
f (50)
42.82602
f (50)
x3 = 42.82602
f (42.82602)
42.85459
f (42.82602)
448
x4 = 42.85459
Section 12.6
f (42.85459)
42.85459
f (42.85459)
Since the values of x3 and x4 differ by less than 0.0001, we take the first break-even quantity
to be x 42.85459 or 43 televisions.
f(1900) 1073 and f(2000) 827, so we use 2000 to be
the first approximation, x1 , for the break-even quantity between 1900 and 2000.
x2 = 2000
f (2000)
1958.63703
f (2000)
x3 = 1958.63703
f (1958.63703)
1957.74457
f (1958.63703)
x4 = 1957.74457
f (1957.74457)
1957.74415
f (1957.74457)
x5 = 1957.74415
f (1957.74415)
1957.74415
f (1957.74415)
Since the values of x4 and x5 differ by less than 0.0001, we take the second break-even quantity to be
x 1957.74415 or 1958 televisions.
Problems 12.6
1. We want a root of f ( x) = x3 4 x + 1 = 0. We see that f(0) = 1 and f(1) = 2 have opposite signs, so there must be
a root between 0 and 1. Moreover, f(0) is closer to 0 than is f(1), so we select x1 = 0 as our initial estimate. Since
f ( x) = 3x 2 4, the recursion formula is
xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
x3 4 xn + 1
= xn n
.
f ( xn )
3 xn2 4
Simplifying gives xn +1 =
2 xn3 1
3 xn2 4
. Thus we obtain:
xn
xn +1
0.00000
0.25000
0.25000
0.25410
0.25410
0.25410
Because x4 x3 < 0.0001, the root is approximately x4 = 0.25410.

3
1
2. Let f ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 1. f = and
2
8

1
1
f(1) = 2 (note the sign change). Since f is closer to 0 than is f(1), we select x1 = . We have
2
2
x3 + 2 xn2 1
f ( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x, so the recursion formula is xn +1 = xn n
3 xn2 + 4 xn
449
xn
xn +1
xn +1
2.50000
2.58974
0.50000
0.63636
2.58974
2.58425
0.63636
0.61838
2.58425
2.58423
0.61838
0.61803
2.58423
2.58423
0.61803
0.61803
xn
Since x5 x4 < 0.0001, the root is
Because x5 x4 < 0.0001, the root is
approximately x5 = 2.58423.
(Note that f (0) = 0, so we cannot use 0 for
x1.)
5. Let f ( x) = x3 + x + 1. We have f(1) = 1 and

f(0) = 1 (note the sign change). Choose x1 = 1.
Since f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 1, the recursion formula is
3. Let f ( x) = x x 1. We have f(1) = 1 and

f(2) = 5 (note the sign change). Since f(1) is
closer to 0 than is f(2), we choose x1 = 1. We
xn +1 = xn
have f ( x) = 3 x 2 1, so the recursion formula is

xn +1 = xn
=
f ( xn )
f ( xn )
2 xn3 + 1
3xn2
= xn
xn3 xn 1
3xn2 1
xn
xn +1
1.00000
1.50000
1.50000
1.34783
1.34783
1.32520
1.32520
1.32472
1.32472
1.32472
3xn2 + 1
xn
xn +1
0.75000
0.75000
0.68605
0.68605
0.68234
0.68234
0.68233
6. x3 = 2 x + 5, so use f ( x) = x3 2 x 5 = 0. We
have f(2) = 1 and f(3) = 16, so f(2) is closer to 0
than is f(3). We choose x1 = 2. Since
f ( x) = 3x 2 2, the recursion formula is
xn +1 = xn
4. Let f ( x) = x3 9 x + 6. We have f(2.5) = 0.875

and f(3) = 6. Since f(2.5) is closer to 0 than is
f(3), we choose x1 = 2.5. We have
f ( x) = 3x 9 , so xn +1 = xn
2 xn3 1
Since x6 x5 < 0.0001, the root is
xn3 9 xn + 6
3xn2 9
f ( xn )
x3 + xn + 1
= xn n
f ( xn )
3 xn2 + 1
xn3 2 xn 5
3 xn2 2
2 xn3 + 5
3 xn2 2
xn
xn +1
2.00000
2.10000
2.10000
2.09457
2.09457
2.09455

450
Section 12.6
7. x 4 = 3x 1 , so use f ( x) = x 4 3x + 1 = 0 . Since
f(0) = 1 and f(1) = 1 (note the sign change), f(0)
and f(1) are equally close to 0. We shall choose
9. Let f ( x) = x 4 2 x3 + x 2 3. f(1) = 3 and

f(2) = 1 (note the sign change), so f(2) is closer
to 0 than is f(1). We choose x1 = 2. Since
x1 = 0. Since f ( x) = 4 x3 3, the recursion

formula is
f ( xn )
x 4 3 xn + 1
= xn n
xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
4 xn3 3
=
f ( x) = 4 x3 6 x 2 + 2 x, the recursion formula is

xn +1 = xn
x 4 2 xn3 + xn2 3
f ( x)
= xn n
f ( xn )
4 xn3 6 xn2 + 2 xn
3xn4 1
xn
xn +1
4 xn3 3
2.00000
1.91667
1.91667
1.90794
1.90794
1.90785
xn
xn +1
0.00000
0.33333
0.33333
0.33766
0.33766
0.33767

10. Let f ( x) = x 4 x3 + x 2. f(1) = 1 and
f(2) = 8, so f(1) is closer to 0 than is f(2). We

choose x1 = 1. Since f ( x) = 4 x3 3x 2 + 1, the

recursion formula is
8. Let f ( x) = x 4 + 4 x 1. Since f(2) = 7 and

f(1) = 4, f(1) is closer to 0 than is f(2).
However, f (1) = 0, so we shall choose
xn +1 = xn
x1 = 2. Since f ( x) = 4 x3 + 4, the recursion

formula is
xn +1 = xn
xn4 + 4 xn 1
4 xn3 + 4
3xn4 + 1
4 xn3 + 4
xn4 xn3 + xn 2
4 xn3 3 xn2 + 1
xn
xn +1
1.00000
1.50000
1.50000
1.34677
1.34677
1.31040
xn
xn +1
1.31040
1.30858
2.00000
1.75000
1.30858
1.30857
1.75000
1.67092
1.67092
1.66332
1.66332
1.66325

11. The desired number is x, where x3 = 71, or
x3 71 = 0. Thus we want to find a root of
f ( x) = x3 71 = 0. Since 43 = 64 , the solution

should be close to 4, so we choose x1 = 4 as our
initial estimate. We have f ( x) = 3x 2 , so the

f ( xn )
x3 71 2 xn3 + 71
= xn n
=
xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
3xn2
3xn2
451
xn
xn +1
xn
xn +1
4.146
2.37
4.146
4.141
2.37
2.03
4.141
4.141
2.03
1.94
1.94
1.94
Thus to three decimal places,
71 = 4.141.
Thus the solutions are 4.99 and 1.94.
12. The desired number is x, where x 4 = 19, or
14. We must solve ln x = 5 x. That is, we must

determine all roots of f(x) = ln(x) + x 5 = 0. A
rough sketch shows that the graph of the
logarithmic function y = ln x intersects the line
y = 5 x at one point, where x is between 3 and
1
4. We choose x1 = 3. Since f ( x) = + 1, the
x
f ( xn )
ln( xn ) + xn 5
= xn
xn +1 = xn
1 +1
f ( xn )
x 4 19 = 0. Thus we want to find a root of

f ( x) = x 4 19. Since 24 = 16, the solution
should be close to 2, so we choose x1 = 2 as our
initial estimate. We have f ( x) = 4 x3 , so the

xn +1 = xn
=
f ( xn )
x 4 19
= xn n
f ( xn )
4 xn3
3 xn4 + 19
xn
4 xn3
xn
xn +1
xn
xn +1
3.676
2.09
2.676
3.693
2.09
2.09
3.693
3.693
Thus to two decimal places,
4 19
Thus the solution is approximately 3.693.
= 2.09.
15. The break-even quantity is the value of q when

total revenue and total cost are equal: r = c, or
r c = 0. Thus we must find a root of
13. We want real solutions to e x = x + 5. Thus we

want to find roots of f ( x) = e x x 5 = 0. A
f (q) = q 250 + 0.1q3 = 0, so f (q) = 1 + 0.3q 2 .

The recursion formula is
f ( qn )
q 250 + 0.1qn3
= qn n
qn +1 = qn
f ( qn )
1 + 0.3qn 2
two roots. Since f ( x) = e x 1, the recursion

formula is
f ( xn )
e xn xn 5
= xn
xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
e xn 1
We choose q1 = 13, as suggested.
If x1 = 5, we obtain
n
xn
xn +1
4.99
4.99
4.99
3q 250 + 2q 0.1q3 = 0, or
rough sketch of the exponential function y = e x

and the line y = x + 5 shows that there are two
intersection points: one when x is near 5, and
the other when x is near 3. Thus we must find
qn
qn +1
13
13.33
13.33
13.33
Thus q 13.33.
If x1 = 3, we obtain:
452

16. a.
Section 12.6
The break-even quantity is the value of q

when total cost = total revenue: c = r,
c r = 0. Thus we solve
q2
1
40 + 3q +
+ = 7 q. Multiplying both
1000 q
sides by q and simplifying, we see that the
problem is equivalent to solving
q3
f (q) =
4q 2 + 40q + 1 = 0.
1000
= qn
qn
qn +1
2.875
2.875
2.880
2.880
2.880
Thus q 2.880.
18. In the same manner as problem 17, we must find
a root of f (q) = 0.2q3 + 1.5q 8 = 0, so
3q 2
8q + 40, the recursion
b. Since f (q) =
1000
formula is
f ( qn )
qn +1 = qn
f ( qn )
qn3
4qn 2 + 40qn
1000
3qn2
8qn + 40
1000
f (q ) = 0.6q 2 + 1.5. The recursion formula is

qn +1 = qn
f (qn )
0.2qn3 + 1.5qn 8
= qn
f (qn )
0.6qn2 + 1.5
We select q1 = 5 as suggested.
+1
We select q1 = 10 as suggested.
qn
qn +1
3.54
3.54
2.85
qn
qn +1
2.85
2.71
10
10.05
2.71
2.70
10.05
10.05
2.70
2.70
Thus q = 2.70, so p = 10 2.70 = 7.30 (from the

demand equation).
Thus q 10.05.
17. The equilibrium quantity is the value of q for
which supply and demand are equal, that is, it is
100
, or of
a root of 2q + 5 =
q2 + 1
100
f ( q ) = 2q + 5
= 0. Since
q2 + 1
200q
f (q) = 2 +
, the recursion formula is
2
2
q +1
qn +1 = qn
19. For a critical value of f ( x) =
we want a root of f ( x) = x 2 2 x 5 = 0. Since

d
[ f ( x)] = 2 x 2, the recursion formula is
dx
xn 2 2 xn 5
.
2 xn 2
For the given interval [3, 4], note that
f (3) = 2 and f (4) = 3 have opposite signs.
Thus there is a root x between 3 and 4. Since 3 is
closer to 0, we shall select x1 = 3.
xn +1 = xn
f ( qn )
f ( qn )
= qn
100
qn 2 +1
200 qn
2qn + 5
2+
( q +1)
n
x3
x 2 5 x + 1,
3
A rough sketch shows that the graph of the

supply equation intersects the graph of the
demand equation when q is near 3. Thus we
select q1 = 3.
xn
xn +1
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.45
3.45
3.45
Thus x 3.45.
453

1.
6.
dh
= 0 16(2t ) = 32t ft/sec
dt
d 2F
dq
d 2h
d
= [32t ] = 32 feet/sec2
2
dt
dt
The acceleration of the rock at time t is
32 feet/sec2 or 32 feet/sec2 downward.
dq
7.
2
(q + 1)3
1
= x 1
x
y = x 2
y = 2 x 3
y = 6 x 4 =
2. y = 5 x 4 8 x3 + 14 x
9.
y = 20 x3 24 x 2 + 14
2
y = 60 x 48 x
f (q) =
1
2q
6
x4
1 4
q
2
f (q) = 2q 5
f (q ) = 10q 6
dy
3.
= 1
dx
f (q ) = 60q 7 =
=0
10.
dy
= 1 2 x
dx
dx 2
(q + 1) 2
f ( x) = x 2 ln x
8. y =
1. y = 12 x 2 24 x + 6
y = 24 x 24
y = 24
d2y
2
f ( x) = x + (1 + 2 ln x)(1) = 3 + 2 ln x
x
Problems 12.7
4.
1
f ( x) = x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = x(1 + 2 ln x)
x
c(q) = 14q + 11
c = 14
When x = 3, the rate of change of the marginal
cost function is 14 dollars/unit2.
dx 2
d 3F
2. The rate of change of the marginal cost function

with respect to x is c(q) .
d2y
dF
1
=
dq q + 1
60
q7
f ( x) = x = x 2
1 12
x
2
1 3
1
f ( x) = x 2 = 3
4
4x 2
f ( x) =
= 2
5. y = 3x 2 + e x
11.
y = 6 x + e x
f (r ) = 9 r = (9 r ) 2
1
1
f (r ) = (9 r ) 2
2
1
1
3
f (r ) = (9 r ) 2 =
3
4
4(9 r ) 2
y = 6 + e x
y (4) = e x
454
12. y = e4 x
(2 x + 5)(5 x 2)
x +1
= ln(2 x + 5) + ln(5 x 2) ln( x + 1)
18. y = ln
y = 8 xe4 x
y = 8 x 8 xe4 x

= 8e4 x
13. y =
Section 12.7
(8x 1)
4 x 2 (1)
+e
2
5
1
+
2 x + 5 5x 2 x + 1
4
25
1
y =
+
2
2
(2 x + 5)
(5 x 2)
( x + 1) 2
y =
1
= (2 x + 3)1
2x + 3
19.
dx 2
= 8(2 x + 3)
20. y =
y =
=
( x 1)
dx
= 2( x 1)2
y = 4( x 1) 3 =
1
2
16. y = 2 x + (2 x)
( )
e x (1) (1 x)e x
(e )
x
x2
ex
21. y = e2 x + e3 x
dy
= 2e2 x + 3e3 x
dx
4
( x 1)3
d2y
dx 2
1
2
1
1
1
1
y = x + (2 x) 2 (2) = x 2 + (2 x) 2
2
1 3 1
1
1
3
y = x 2 (2 x) 2 (2) = 3 +
3
2
2
2
(2 x) 2
2x
ex
d2y
( x 1) 2
2
( )
x +1
x 1
( x 1)(1) ( x + 1)(1)
2
x
x
dy e (1) x e
1 x
=
=
2
dx
ex
ex
y = 180(3x + 7)3
15. y =
(2 x + 3)3
14. y = (3 x + 7)5
y = 15(3 x + 7)
( )
( )
f ( z ) = ( ze ) (1) + ( z + 2) ze + e (1)
= e ( z + 4z + 2)
f ( z ) = z 2 e z + e z (2 z ) = ze z ( z + 2)
dy
= 2(2 x + 3)2
dx
d2y
f ( z) = z 2e z
d3y
12
dx3
d4y
dx
d5 y
dx
17. y = ln[ x( x + 6)] = ln( x) + ln( x + 6)
= 4e2 x + 9e3 x
= 8e2 x + 27e3 x
= 16e2 x + 81e3 x
= 32e2 x + 243e3 x
d5 y
1
1
+
= x 1 + ( x + 6)1
x x+6
1
1
y = x 2 + (1)( x + 6) 2 = +
2
( x + 6)2
x
y =
dx
455
= 32e0 + 243e0 = 32 + 243 = 275

x =0
22. y = e
) = eln( x +1)
2 ln x3 +1
= x3 + 1
26. 9 x 2 + 16 y 2 = 25
18 x + 32 yy = 0
y = 6 x 2 x 3 + 1 = 6 x 5 + 6 x 2
y =
y = 30 x 4 + 12 x
When x = 1, then y = 30 + 12 = 42.
27.
( ) = 4y
16 y 2
=
+ x2
16 y3
y3
y =
=
x
y
y (1) x( y)
y
y 2 x2
y
16
y
yx
1
12 1 12
1
x 2 y y y 2 12 x 2
y =
4
x
1
1
1
1
2
x2 y y2
1 y2
1
1
1
4x 2 x 2
1 y2
1 4 x2
=
=
8
8
x
x
2
1 + y1
1
12
4
2
1
x2 1 x + 4y
=
=
8 x 8 4 x 32
1 4
1
= 3= 3
8 4 x 2 8x 2
()
x
y
16
y3
25. y 2 = 4 x
2 yy = 4
y =
2
= 2 y 1
y
y = 2 y 2 y = 2 y 2 2 y 1 =
1 x 2
1 y2
y =
= 1
1
2 2 y 2
4 x2
24. x 2 y 2 = 16
2 x 2 yy = 0
y =
1 12
1
x + 2 y 2 y = 0
2
1 1
1
2 y 2 y = x 2
2
16 y 2
16 y 3
9 16 y 2 + 9 x 2
225
=
3
16
16 y
256 y 3
x + 4y 2 = 4
4 y (1) x(4 y)
16
x +4 y = 4
1
2
4 y 4 x 4xy
=
=
x
4y
y =
9x
9 y (1) xy
9 y x 16 y
y =
=
16
16
y2
y2
23. x 2 + 4 y 2 16 = 0
2 x + 8 yy = 0
8 yy = 2 x
y =
9x
16 y
4
y3
456
Section 12.7
31. y = e x + y
28. y 2 6 xy = 4
2 yy 6[ xy + y (1)] = 0
2 yy 6 xy = 6 y
(2 y 6 x) y = 6 y
y = e x + y (1 + y)
y e x + y y = e x + y
y = 3
( y 3 x) y y ( y 3)
( y 3x) 2
= 9
= 9
y 6 xy
( y 3 x)
= 9
4
( y 3x)
y xy
y =
36
3
29. xy + y x = 4
xy + y (1) + y 1 = 0
xy + y = 1 y
( x + 1) y = 1 y
(1 + x)2
(1 y )
y
1 y
(1 y )
y
(1 y ) 2
y
(1 y )3
e x e y y = 2 x + 2 yy
y =
2(1 y )
(1 + x) 2
ex 2x
ey + 2y
(e
y =
) (
)(
2( y 1)
(1 + x) 2
30. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 1
2 x + 2 y + 2 xy + 2 yy = 0
( x + y ) y = ( x + y )
y = 1
y = 0
)(
+ 2 y e x 2 e x 2 x e y y + 2 y
(e + 2 y )
( e + 2 y )( e 2) ( e 2 x )( e + 2) y
=
(e + 2 y )
( e + 2 y ) ( e 2) ( e 2x ) ( e + 2)
=
(e + 2 y )
(1 y )
(1 + x) (1+ x ) (1 y )
(1 + x)2
(1 y ) (1 y )
(1 y ) y y ( y)
32. e x e y = x 2 + y 2
1 y
y =
1+ x
(1 + x)( y) (1 y )(1)
y =
(1 + x) 2
=
x+ y
1 e x+ y
y
y =
1 y
( y 3x) 2
( y 3x)
y =
3y
y x y 3 x
= 9 y ( y 3 x) 3 xy
= 9
2
( y 3 x)
( y 3 x )3
2
y 1 e x + y = e x + y
6y
3y
y =
=
2 y 6 x y 3x
33. x 2 + 3x + y 2 = 4 y
2 x + 3 + 2 yy = 4 y
2 yy 4 y = 2 x 3
2x + 3 2x + 3
y =
=
2y 4 4 2y
457
y =
=
=
(4 2 y )(2) (2 x + 3)(2 y )
(4 2 y ) 2
2(4 2 y ) + 2(2 x + 3)
( )
2 x +3
4 2 y
(4 2 y )2
2(4 2 y ) 2 + 2(2 x + 3)2
(4 2 y )3
When x = 0 and y = 0, then

34.
d2y
dx
2(4)2 + 2(3) 2
3
25
.
32
f ( x) = (3 x 5)e2 x
f ( x) = (3x 5) 2e2 x + e2 x [3] . Thus,
f ( x) = e2 x [2(3x 5) + 3] = (13 6 x)e2 x

f ( x) = (13 6 x) 2e2 x + e2 x [6]
= 2e2 x [(13 6 x) 3]
= 4(3 x 8)e2 x
f ( x) + 4 f ( x) + 4 f ( x)
= 4(3 x 8)e2 x + 4 (13 6 x)e2 x + 4 (3x 5)e2 x = [4(3 x 8) + 4(13 6 x) + 4(3 x 5)]e2 x
= [0]e2 x = 0, as was to be shown.
35.
f ( x) = (5 x 3)4
f ( x) = 20(5 x 3)3
f ( x) = 300(5 x 3)2
36.
1
2
f ( x) = 6 x +
f ( x) = 3x
12
12
6
3
x 2
12
5
3 3 x 2
f ( x) = x 2 +
2
8
7
9 5 5x 2
f ( x) = x 2
4
16
458
37.
Chapter 12 Review
dc
= 0.6q + 2
dq
d 2c
dq 2
= 0.6
d 2c
dq 2
42.
= 0.6
q =100
39.
= 3e x + 2 xe x + e2 xe
d r
dq 2
= 104.
f ( x) = x 4 6 x 2 + 5 x 6
f ( x) = 4 x 12 x + 5
f ( x) = 12 x 2 12 = 12( x + 1)( x 1)
Clearly f ( x) = 0 when x = 1.
a.
b.
y =
41.
e y 2ey
( y 2)2
( ) =
y
y 2
2
( y 2)
x
2y
( y 2)3
3r + 7r + 1
+ 4 x +5
+ 4 x +5
(2 x + 4) = 2( x + 2)e x
f (t ) = log 6 t 2 + 1 =
8. y = 35 x = e(ln 3)5 x
+ 4 x +5
1
log 6 t 2 + 1
2
3
3
y = e(ln 3)5 x (ln 3)(15 x 2 ) = 15 x 2 ln 3 35 x
2 y
( y 2)2
9. y = ( x 6)( x + 5)(9 x)
2y
ln y = ln ( x 6)( x + 5)(9 x)
(2 y )3
1
= [ln( x 6) + ln( x + 5) + ln(9 x)]
2
y 1 1
1
1
=
+
+
y 2 x 6 x + 5 9 x
f ( x) = 6e 3x 30 x
6r + 7
2
7. y = e x (2 x) + x 2 + 2 e x = e x x 2 + 2 x + 2
f ( x) = 6 e x x 5
3r + 7 r + 1
(6r + 7) =
1
y
=
=
2
y
2
1 y
( y 2)( y) y ( y)
1
2
2 x
y
y2 e 2
y e
y
y =
=
y
x
y
e 2 ye
ey 2y e2
y
e
f (r ) =
2
1 ln t + 1
=
. Thus
2
ln 6
1 1
1
t
.
f (t ) =
[2t ] =
2 ln 6 t 2 + 1
(ln 6) t 2 + 1
2 x
3.
6.
f ( w) = we w + e w + 2 w = we w + e w + 2 w
y = e x
( e ) + e (2 yy)
( e 2 ye ) y = y e
e y = y
2.
5. y = e x
40. e y = y 2 e x
2
4. y = eln x = x. Thus y = 1.
x 4 x3 5 x 2
+
+
+x
4
3
2
1. y = 3e x + 0 + e x (2 x) + (e2 ) xe
= 80 6q
When q = 4,
f ( x) =
dr
= 400 80q 3q 2
dq
dq 2
x5 x 4 5 x3 x 2
+
+
+
20 12
6
2
f ( x) = x3 + x 2 + 5 x + 1
f ( x) = 0 when x 0.21.
38. r = pq = 400q 40q 2 q3
d 2r
f ( x) =
f ( x) = 0 when x 4.99 or 1.94.

459
y =
=
10.
ex
e1/ t
t
18. y =
=
e2 x
xe
2x
1 x ln x
xe
x 2 e x e x e x + e x (2 x)
x4
x 2 e x x 2 e x 2 xe x 2 xe x
x3
f (q) = ln (q + 1) 2 (q + 2)3
= 2 ln(q + 1) + 3ln(q + 2)
21.
14. y = ( x + 2)3 ( x + 1)4 ( x 2)2

ln y = 3 ln(x + 2) + 4 ln(x + 1) + 2 ln(x 2)
y
3
4
2
=
+
+
y x + 2 x +1 x 2
4
2
3
+
+
y = y
x + 2 x +1 x 2
4
2
3
= ( x + 2)3 ( x + 1)4 ( x 2)2
+
+
x
+
x
+
x
2
1
2
ln 2 x
e x ( x ln x 1)
x ln 2 x
1 + 2l + 3l 2
1 + l + l2 + l3
1 + 2l + 3l 2
1 + l + l 2 + l3
22. y = ( x 2 ) x
ln y = x 2 ln x 2 = 2 x 2 ln x
y
1
= 2 x 2 + (ln x) ( 4 x )
y
x
y = 2 xy (1 + 2 ln x)
2
y = 2 x( x 2 ) x (1 + 2 ln x)
+ 2 x 5)(ln 2)
= (4 x + 2)(ln 2)2
( 1x ) = e x ( ln x 1x )
f (l ) = ln 1 + l + l 2 + l 3
y = e
(ln x) 2
f (l ) =
2
3
f (q) =
+
q +1 q + 2
(2 x 2 + 2 x 5)(ln 2)
(ln x)e x e x
= ln 5 2 ln x
1
2
y = 0 2 =
x
x
e x ( x 2) e x ( x + 2)
4e2 x +1
x
5
20. y = ln
x2
x4
15. y = e(2 x
19. y = log 2 (8 x + 5) 2 = 2 log 2 (8 x + 5)

ln(8 x + 5)
= 2
ln 2
1
8
16
y = 2
=
ln 2 8 x + 5 (8 x + 5) ln 2
) (
4e3 x
xe x 1
x e2 x +1 (2) e2 x +1[1] 4e2 x +1 (2 x 1)
=
y = 4
x2
x2
( 1x ) (ln x) ( e x )
e x xe x ln x
12. y =
=
17. y =
( x 6)( x + 5)(9 x) 1
1
1
+
+
2
x 6 x +5 x 9
11. y =
13.
y 1
1
1
+
2 x 6 x + 5 9 x
f (t ) = e1/ t (1 t 2 ) =
23. y = ( x + 1) x +1
ln y = ( x + 1) ln( x + 1)
(4 x + 2)(ln 2)
2 x 2 + 2 x 5
y
1
= ( x + 1)
+ ln( x + 1)[1] = 1 + ln( x + 1)
y
x +1
16. y is a constant, so y = 0.
y = y[1 + ln( x + 1)] = ( x + 1) x +1[1 + ln( x + 1)]
460
(1 e ) e (1 + e )( e ) = 2e
y =
(1 e )
(1 e )
x
24.
Chapter 12 Review
1
25. (t ) = ln t 4 t 2 = ln t + ln(4 t 2 )
2
1 1
1
1
t
(t ) = +
(2t ) =
2
t 2 4t
t 4 t2
26. y = ( x + 3)ln x
ln y = [ln x] ln(x + 3)
1
1
y
= (ln x)
+ ln( x + 3)
y
x+3
x
ln x ln( x + 3)
y = y
+
x
x+3
ln( x + 3)
ln x ln x
= ( x + 3)
+
x
x+3
27.
y=
ln y =
y
=
y
y =
=
28. y =
( x 2 + 1)1/ 2 ( x 2 + 2)1/ 3
(2 x3 + 6 x) 2 / 5
1
1
2
ln( x 2 + 1) + ln( x 2 + 2) ln(2 x3 + 6 x)
2
3
5
1 1
1 1
2
1
(2 x) + 2
(2 x) 3
(6 x + 6)
2 x2 + 1
3 x + 2
5 2x + 6x
x
2x
6( x 2 + 1)
y
+
2
2
3
x + 1 3( x + 2) 5( x + 3 x)
2x
6( x 2 + 1)
( x 2 + 1)1/ 2 ( x 2 + 2)1/ 3 x
+
2
2
3
(2 x3 + 6 x) 2 / 5
x + 1 3( x + 2) 5( x + 3x)
x
( 1x ) ln x ( 12 ) x
1
2
( )
29. y = x x
= xx
2 ln x
3
2x 2
ln y = ln x x = x 2 ln x
y
1
= x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = x + 2 x ln x
y
x
( )
y = y ( x + 2 x ln x) = x x
( x + 2 x ln x)
461
30. y = x
(x )
x
ln y = ln x
( x ) = x x ln x
x
( )
y
d x
1
= x x + (ln x )
x
y
x
dx

Note: If v = x x , then ln v = ln x x = x ln x;
v
1
= x + (ln x)(1) = 1 + ln x
v
x
d x
v =
x = v(1 + ln x) = x x (1 + ln x)
dx
y
1
Thus
= x x + (ln x) x x (1 + ln x)
y
x
( )
= x x + (1 + ln x) ln x
x
y = yx x + (1 + ln x) ln x
x
=x
( x ) x x 1 + (1 + ln x) ln x
x
31. y = ( x + 1) ln x 2 = 2( x + 1) ln x
1
x +1
y = 2 ( x + 1) + (ln x)(1) = 2
+ ln x
x
x
When x = 1, then y = 2 + ln1 = 4.

1
32. y =
ex
+1
x2 + 1
2
1
1
ln y = ln e x +1 ln( x 2 + 1) = x 2 + 1 ln( x 2 + 1)
2
y
1
1
1
= 2x
(2 x) = x 2
2
y
2 x2 + 1
x + 1
1
y = yx 2
2
x + 1
y =
ex
+1
1
x 2
2
x + 1
x +1
2
When x = 1, then y =
e1+1
1 3e2 2
(1) 2
= 4 .
1 + 1 1 + 1
462
33. y = e
e + x ln
Chapter 12 Review
( 1x ) = ee x ln x
y = ee x ln x x + (ln x)(1)
x
= (1 + ln x)ee x ln x
When x = e, then y = (1 + ln e)ee e ln e = (2)e0 = 2.

25 x ( x 2 3x + 5)1/ 3
34. y =
2
3
( x 3 x + 7)
ln y = 1 5 x ln 2 + ln( x 2 3x + 5) 3ln( x 2 3 x + 7)
3
y
1
2x 3
2x 3
= 5ln 2 +
3
2
2
y
3 x 3x + 5
x 3x + 7
2x 3
3(2 x 3)
y = y 5ln 2 +
3( x 2 3 x + 5) x 2 3 x + 7
25 x ( x 2 3x + 5)1/ 3
y = (1)
2
3
( x 3 x + 7)
When x = 0, then y =
2x 3
3(2 x 3)
5ln 2 +
2
3( x 3x + 5) x 2 3x + 7
343
1 9
1862
5ln 2 + = 343(ln 2)52 / 3
.
1/ 3
5
7
5
54 / 3
35. y = 3e x
y = 3e x
If x = ln 2, then y = 3eln 2 = 6 and y = 3eln 2 = 6.

An equation of the tangent line is y 6 = 6(x ln 2), y = 6x + 6 6 ln 2, y = 6x + 6(1 ln 2). Alternatively, since
6 ln 2 = ln 26 = ln 64, the tangent line can be written as y = 6x + 6 ln 64.
36. y = x + x 2 ln x
1
y = 1 + x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = 1 + x + 2 x ln x
x

When x = 1, then y = 1 + 1(0) = 1 and y = 1 + 1 + 2(0) = 2 . Thus an equation of the tangent line is y 1 = 2(x 1),
or y = 2x 1.
2
37. y = x 22 x . To find y we shall use logarithmic differentiation.
2 x 2
2
ln y = ln x 2
= ln x + 2 x ln 2

y 1
= + (2 x) ln 2
y x
y = y 2(ln 2) x
x
463
When x = 1, then y = 2 and y = 2(1 2 ln 2). The equation of the tangent line is
y 2 = 2(1 2 ln 2)(x 1). The y-intercept of the tangent line corresponds to the point where x = 0:
y 2 = 2(1 2 ln 2)(1) = 2 + 4 ln 2
Thus y = 4 ln 2 and the y-intercept is (0, 4 ln 2).
38. w = 2 x +1 + ln(1 + x 2 ) = e(ln 2)( x +1) + ln(1 + x 2 )
2
x = log 2 (t 2 + 1) e(t 1) =
dw dw dx
=
dt
dx dt
2x
= 2 x +1 (ln 2) +
1 + x2
ln(t 2 + 1) (t 1)2
e
ln 2
2t
e(t 1) [2(t 1)]

2
(ln 2)(t + 1)
When t = 1, x = log 2 (1 + 1) e(11) = 1 1 = 0, w = 21 + ln1 = 2 + 0 = 2, and

39. y = e x
y = e x
2 x +1
2 x +1
[2 x 2] = (2 x 2)e x
y = 2( x 1)e x
= 2e x
2 x +1
2 x +1
2 x +1
(2 x 2) + 2e x
2 x +1
(2( x 1)2 + 1)
At (1, 1), y = 2e0 (2(0) + 1) = 2.

40. y = x 2 e x
y = x 2 e x + e x (2 x) = e x x 2 + 2 x
(
y = e (2 x + 4) + ( x
y = e x (2 x + 2) + x 2 + 2 x e x = e x x 2 + 4 x + 2
x
+ 4 x + 2 e x = e x x2 + 6 x + 6
At (1, e), y = e(1 + 6 + 6) = 13e

41. y = ln(2x)
1
y =
(2) = x 1
2x
y = 1 x 2 = x 2
y = (2) x 3 =
At (1, ln 2), y =
2
x3
2
13
=2
464
dw
2
= (21 ln 2 + 0)
1(0) = 2.
dt
2 ln 2
Chapter 12 Review
42. y = x ln x
1
y = x + (ln x )(1) = 1 + ln x
x
1 1
y = 0 + =
x x
1
At (1, 0), y = = 1
1
47. x + xy + y = 5
1 + xy + y (1) + y = 0
( x + 1) y = 1 y
1+ y
x +1
( x + 1) y (1 + y )
y =
( x + 1) 2
1+1
2
At (2, 1), y =
= and
2 +1
3
y =
43. 2 xy + y 2 = 10
2 ( xy + y ) + 2 yy = 0
2 xy + 2 yy = 2 y
( x + y ) y = y
y =
y =
y
x+ y
y =
3 x 2 y 3
3 x3 y 2
y =
=
y =
y
x
( )
ln x + 2 ln y = xy
1 2
+ y = xy + y
x y
y =
(e
xy y
2 x x2 y
y [ y (2 + y ln x)] =
y2
x(2 + y ln x)
4
27
e x y = ( y + 1)e x
( y + 1)e x
y 2 e y ln x y + (ln x) y + e y ln x [ 2 yy] = 0
x
y =
y =
y 2 (ln x) y + 2 yy =
( ) ( )=
3 23 2 13
e y y e x y = ( y + 1)e x
2x x 2 y y = xy 2 y
=e
( x + 2 y ) y y (1 + 2 y)
e y y = ( y + 1)e x + e x ( y)
2xy x yy = xy y
46. y e
y
x + 2y
49. e y = ( y + 1)e x
y + 2 xy = x 2 yy + xy 2
2 y ln x
4
9
( x + 2 y )2
2
At (1, 2), y = and
3
45. ln xy 2 = xy
y =
48. xy + y 2 = 2
x( y) + y (1) + 2 yy = 0
44. 3x 2 y3 + 3 x3 y 2 y = 0
y (3x3 y 2 ) = 3x 2 y3
( )
3 23 2
y3
x
1
1
y =
y
x
465
e y ex
1
y +1
( )=
(
) e
( y + 1)
ey
ey
y +1
ey
y +1
ey
y
ey
y +1
y +1
y
y ( y) ( y + 1)( y)
y
y
y
y +1
y
2
y +1
y3
50. x1/ 2 + y1/ 2 = 1
54.
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 dy
x
+ y
=0
2
2
dx
y
dy
=
dx
x
( x ) 2 1 y dydx ( y ) ( 2 1 x )
=
2
dx 2
( x)
=
51.
y
2 x
x+ y
2x x
x5 x 4 2 x3
+
+
+ x2 + 1
10 6
3
f ( x) =
x 4 2 x3
+
+ 2 x2 + 2 x
2
3
f ( x) = 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2
f ( x) = 0 when x 0.57.
d2y
1
2
f ( x) =
55. p =
2x x
f (t )
= 0.8e0.01t (0.01) 0.2e0.0002t (0.0002)
500 / q
q
500
q2
= 1
56. p = 900 q 2
52. log N = A bM
d
d
(log N ) =
( A bM )
dM
dM
d ln N
d
( A bM )
=
dM ln10 dM
p
q
dp
dq
900 q 2
q
2q
900 q 2
2q 2
When q = 10, then = 4. Since > 1,

demand is elastic.
1
1 dN
= b
ln10 N dM
1 dN
(log e)
= b
N dM
dN
bN
=
dM log e
57. p = 18 0.02q
180.02 q
q
0.02
18 0.02q
0.02q
58. p = 20 2 q
p
q
dp
dq
a.
When p = 8, then =
b.
b
b
= log + ( A bM ) = A + log bM
q

q
4
p
q
dp
dq
When q = 600, then = 0.5. Because < 1,

demand is inelastic.
dN
log
= log
N
dM
log e
b
= log
+ log N
log e
f ( x) = (12 x3 + 6 x 2 25)e3 x
f ( x) = 0 when x 1.13.
p
q
dp
dq
Since = 1, demand has unit elasticity when

q = 200.
= 0.008e0.01t + 0.00004e0.0002t
53.
500
q
+ 2 x 25 x
p
q
1
q
p
q
p
10
p
2
2p
p 20
2(8)
4
= .
8 20
3
2p
p 20
20
, then < 1, so > 1 and
3
demand is elastic.
If p >
466
59. =
p
q
dp
dq
Chapter 12 Review
40
1
=
80 200
3
% change in q (% change in price) ( )
b.
p dq
q dp
p
2500 p
p
, so
q
61. We want a root of f ( x) = x3 2 x 2 = 0. We

have f(1) = 3 and f(2) = 2 (note the sign
change). Since f(2) is closer to 0 than is f(1), we
p p
p2
= 2 . Now, if p = 30, then

q q
q
q = 2500 302 = 40, so
p =30
(30) 2
(40)
choose x1 = 2. We have f ( x) = 3x 2 2, so the

f ( xn )
x3 2 xn 2
= xn n
xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
3xn2 2
9
16
2
%, then demand
3
would change by approximately
3
2 9
3 16 %, or 8 %. (That is, demand
If the price of 30 decreases
3
increases by approximately %.)
8
60. a.
p
q
dp
dq
5
1
= 5 % = % = 1.67%. Thus
3
3
demand decreases by approximately 1.67%.
q = 2500 p 2
dq
=
dp
p = 40
p dq
=
q dp
2 xn3 + 2
3xn2 2
xn
xn +1
2.00000
1.80000
1.80000
1.76995
1.76995
1.76929
1.76929
1.76929
q = 100 p , where 0 < p < 100.
dq
1
=
. Thus
dp 2 100 p
62. We want real solutions of e x = 3 x. Thus we
100 p 2 100 p
want to find roots of f ( x) = e x 3 x = 0. A

rough sketch of the exponential function y = e x
and the line y = 3x shows that there are two
intersection points: one when x is near 0.5, and
the other when x is near 1.5. Thus we must find
p
p
=
=
2(100 p) 2 p 200
p
< 1.
2 p 200
Noting that the denominator is negative for
0 < p < 100, we multiply both sides of the
inequality by 2p 200 and reverse the
direction of the inequality
200
p > 2 p + 200, 3 p > 200, p >
3
200
< p < 100 for elastic demand.
Thus
3
For elastic demand we want
two roots. Since f ( x) = e x 3, the recursion

formula is xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
f ( xn )
= xn
If x1 = 0.5, we obtain
467
xn
xn +1
0.5
0.610
0.610
0.619
0.619
0.619
e xn 3 xn
e xn 3
If x1 = 1.5, we obtain
n
xn
xn +1
1.5
1.512
1.512
1.512
Thus the solutions are 0.619 and 1.512.

1. F = 25, D = 3400, V = 36.5, R = 0.05.
2 FD
2(25)(3400)
q=
=
305.2
RV
(0.05)(36.5)
The economic order quantity is 305 units.
2. If the number of units maintained as a safety
margin is denoted by m, then the amount in
stock at any time is increased by m units. The
average inventory level is thus increased by m
q
units, to m + units. The carrying cost is then
2
FD
q
C (q) =
+ RV m +
q
2
FD RVq
=
+
+ RVm
q
2
d
( RVm) = 0, the maintenance of a
dq
safetly margin does not affect the calculation of
the economic order quantity.
Since
468
Chapter 13
maximum, since C (t ) changes from + to . The
drug is at its greatest concentration 2 hours after
the injection.

1. The graph of c(q ) = 2q3 21q 2 + 60q + 500 is
shown.
Problems 13.1
C(q)
1. Decreasing on (, 1) and (3, ); increasing on

(1, 3); relative minimum (1, 1); relative
maximum (3, 4).
2. Decreasing on (, 1) and (0, 1); increasing on
(1, 0) and (1, ); relative minima (1, 1) and
(1, 1); relative maximum (0, 0).
q
2 5
There looks to be a relative maximum at q = 2

and a relative minimum at q = 5.
c (q) = 6q 2 42q + 60 = 6(q 2 7q + 10)
= 6(q 5)(q 2)
c (q) = 0 when q = 2 or q = 5. If q < 2, then
c (q) = 6()() = + , so c(q) is increasing. If
2 < q < 5, then c(q) = 6()(+ ) = , so c(q) is
decreasing. If 5 < q, then c(q) = 6(+)(+) = + , so
c(q) is increasing. When q = 2, there is a relative
maximum, since c(q) changes from + to . The
relative maximum value is
3. Decreasing on (, 2) and (0, 2); increasing on

(2, 0) and (2, ); relative minima (2, 1) and
(2, 1); no relative maximum.
4. Decreasing on (, 0) and (0, ); never
increasing; no relative maximum; no relative
minimum.
In the following problems, we denote the critical value
by CV.
5.
2(2)3 21(2) 2 + 60(2) + 500 = 552 . When q = 5,

there is a relative minimum, since c(q) changes
from to +. The relative minimum value is
CV: x = 3, 1, 2
C (t ) =
0.14t
(t + 2) 2
2(5)3 21(5)2 + 60(5) + 500 = 525.
2. First, find C (t ) , with C (t ) =
f ( x) = ( x + 3)( x 1)( x 2)
f ( x) = 0 when x = 3, 1, 2
+
2
Increasing on (3, 1) and (2, ); decreasing on

(, 3) and (1, 2); relative maximum when
x = 1; relative minima when x = 3, 2.
.
6.
0.14(t + 2)2 0.14t (2)(t + 2)
(t + 2)4
0.14(t + 2) 0.28t 0.28 0.14t
=
=
(t + 2)3
(t + 2)3
0.14(2 t )
=
(t + 2)3
C (t ) = 0 when t = 2 and is undefined when
t = 2. However, since t denotes the number of
hours after an injection, negative values of t are
+
not reasonable. If 0 t < 2, C (t ) = = + , so
+
C(t) is increasing. If 2 < t, C (t ) = = , so C(t)

+
is decreasing. When t = 2, there is a relative
f ( x) = 2 x( x 1)3
CV: x = 0, 1
+
Increasing on (, 0) and (1, ); decreasing on

(0, 1); relative maximum when x = 0; relative
minimum when x = 1.
7.
f ( x) = ( x + 1)( x 3)2
CV: x = 1, 3
Decreasing on (, 1); increasing on (1, 3)

and (3, ); relative minimum when x = 1.
469
Chapter 13: Curve Sketching
8.
f ( x ) =
x( x + 2)
1
1
on , 2 ; relative maximum when x = ;
3
3
relative minimum when x = 2.
x +1
CV: x = 0, 2
+
13. y =

minimum when x = 0.
y = x 2 4 x + 5 = x 2 + 4 x 5
y = 6 x2
CV: x = 0
+
0
14. y =
10. y = x 2 + 4 x + 3
y = 2 x + 4 = 2( x + 2)
CV: x = 2
y = 4 x3 4 x = 4 x x 2 1 = 4 x( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: x = 0, 1
1
2
Decreasing on (, 1) and (0, 1); increasing on

(1, 0) and (1, ); relative maximum when x =
0; relative minima when x = 1.
Increasing on , ; decreasing on , ;
2
1
relative maximum when x = .
2
16. y = 3 + 12 x x3
y = 12 3 x 2 = 3 4 x 2 = 3(2 + x)(2 x)
5 2
x 2x + 6
2
CV: x = 2
y = 3x 2 5 x 2 = (3x + 1)( x 2)
Decreasing on (, 2) and (2, ); increasing on

(2, 2); relative minimum when x = 2; relative
maximum when x = 2.
1
CV: x = , 2
3
15. y = x 4 2 x 2
1
CV: x =
2
12. y = x3

and (0, ); relative minimum at x = 3.
11. y = x x 2 + 2
y = 1 2 x
x4
+ x3
4
CV: x = 3, 0
Decreasing on (, 2); increasing on (2, );

y = x3 + 3x 2 = x 2 ( x + 3)

maximum when x = 1.
Increasing on (, 0); increasing on (0, ); no

relative maximum or minimum
= ( x + 5)( x 1)
CV: x = 5, 1
9. y = 2 x3 + 1
x3
2 x2 + 5x 2
3
17. y = x3
Increasing on , and (2, ); decreasing

3
7 2
x + 2x 5
2
y = 3x 2 7 x + 2 = (3 x 1)( x 2)
1
CV: x = , 2
3
470
+
1
3
Section 13.1
21. y =
y = x 2 10 x + 22

3
1
1
on , 2 ; relative maximum when x = ,
3
3
18. y = x3 6 x 2 + 12 x 6
By the quadratic formula, y = 0 when

x=
(5
Increasing on (, 2) and (2, ); no relative

maximum or relative minimum.
11 2
x 10 x + 2
2
22. y =
)(
)(
2
, 5
3
+
2
3
)( x 5 )( x + 5 )
+
5
2
3
2
2
Increasing on , 5 ,
,
, and
3
3
2
5, ; decreasing on 5,
and
3
, 5 ; relative maxima when x = 5 ,
y = 15 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = (5 x + 1)(3 x 1)
1 1
CV: ,
5 3
5
9 5 47 3
x
x + 10 x
5
3
CV: x =
20. y = 5 x + x + x 7
3, 5 + 3 ; increasing on 5 + 3, ;
5
2
= 3x 2 3x + 2
y = 9 x 4 47 x 2 + 10 = 9 x 2 2 x 2 5
Increasing on , and , ;
3
2
5
decreasing on , ; relative maximum

3 2
2
5
when x = ; relative minimum when x = .
3
2
5+ 3
minimum at x = 5 + 3.
2 5
CV: x = ,
3 2
3
relative maximum at x = 5 3; relative
y = 6 x 2 11x 10 = (2 x 5)(3 x + 2)
or x = 5 3.
Increasing on , 5 3 ; decreasing on
5 3
19. y = 2 x3
2(1)
CV: x = 2
+
10 (10) 2 4(1)(22)
CV: x = 5 3
y = 3x 2 12 x + 12 = 3 x 2 4 x + 4 = 3( x 2) 2
x3
5 x 2 + 22 x + 1
3
2
2
; relative minima when x =
, 5.
3
3
1
3
23. y = 3x5 5 x3
Decreasing on , and , ;
5
3
1 1
increasing on , ; relative minimum when
5 3
1
1
x = ; relative maximum when x = .
5
3
y = 15 x 4 15 x 2 = 15 x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: x = 0, 1
+

(1, 0) and (0, 1); relative maximum when
x = 1; relative minimum when x = 1.
471
24. y = 3x
x6
2
28. y =
y = 3 3x5 = 3(1 x5 )
4
30. y = 3 x ( x 2)
27. y = 8 x 4 x8
(
= 8 x3 ( 2 + x 2 )( 2 x 2 )
= 8 x3 ( 2 + x 2 ) ( 2 x )(
y = 32 x3 8 x7 = 8 x3 4 x 4
2+x
y =
(
decreasing on (
1
2
1
2
1
Decreasing on (, 0) and 0, ; increasing
2
1
1
on , ; relative minimum when x = ; no

2
2
relative maximum.
Increasing on , 2 and 0, 2 ;
2, 0 and
CV: x = 0,
2(2 x 1)
3x 3
CV: x = 0, 2
0

x = 0; relative minima when x = 1.

(2, ); relative minimum at x = 2.
y = 8 x( x 2 1)3 = 8 x( x + 1)3 ( x 1)3

CV: 0, 1, 1
1
2
29. y = ( x 2 1) 4
3x4
4 x3 + 17
26. y =
2
y = 6 x3 12 x 2 = 6 x 2 ( x 2)
CV: x = 0, 2

maximum when x = 0.
1 1
Increasing on , 3 , , , 3, ;
2 2
1
decreasing on 3, and , 3 ;
2
1
relative maxima when x = 3, ; relative
2
1
minima when x = , 3 .
2
y = 5 x 4 20 x3 = 5 x3 ( x + 4)
CV: x = 0, 4
3 1
25. y = x5 5 x 4 + 200
)(
1
CV: x = , 3
2
)(
= (2 x 1)(2 x + 1) x + 3 x 3
Increasing on (, 1); decreasing on (1, );

relative maximum when x = 1.
y = 4 x 4 13x 2 + 3 = 4 x 2 1 x 2 3
= 3(1 x)( x + x + x + x + 1)
CV: x = 1
+
4 5 13 3
x x + 3x + 4
5
3
2, ; relative
maxima when x = 2 , relative minimum when

x = 0.
472
Section 13.1
sign chart because it is a point of discontinuity of
y.
5
= 5( x 1)1
x 1
31. y =
y = 5( x 1)
y = 8 x
x2
CV: None, but x = 0 must be included in the sign
chart because it is a point of discontinuity of y.
= 10 x
y = 5 x
32
12
. [Note: x > 0]
5
y =
3x
2x + 5
3(2 x + 5) (3 x)(2)
(2 x + 5)2
(2 x + 5) 2
5
must be included in the
2
y.
Increasing on , and , ; no
2
relative extremum
x + 4x + 3
2
38. y =
y =
( x + 1)( x + 3)
2x2
4 x 2 25
(4 x 2 25)(4 x) (2 x 2 )(8 x)
(4 x 2 25)2
100 x
100 x
=
=
2
2
(4 x 25)
(2 x 5)2 (2 x + 5)2
x2
2 x
2
( x + 2)
3 2
(2 x)(2 x) x 2 (1)
Increasing on (, 3) and (1, ); decreasing

on (3, 2) and (2, 1); relative maximum
when x = 3; relative minimum when x = 1.
y =
( x + 2)(2 x ) x 2 3 (1)
35. y =
( x + 2)
( x + 2)2
CV: x = 3, 1, but x = 2 must be included in
the sign chart because it is a point of
discontinuity of y.
15
CV: None but x =
(2 x 1)(4 x 2 + 2 x + 1)
1
2
y =
=
x2 3
x+2
37. y =
< 0 for x > 0.

x3
Decreasing on (0, ); no relative extremum.
34. y =
Increasing on , ; decreasing on (, 0)
2
1
1
and 0, ; relative minimum when x = .
2
2
Decreasing on (, 0) and (0, ); no relative

extremum.
10
33. y =
1
x
x2
x2
1
CV: x = , but x = 0 must be included in the
2
y.
3
= 3 x 1
x
36. y = 4 x 2 +
Decreasing on (, 1) and (1, ); no relative

extremum.
y = 3x 2 =

(0, 2) and (2, 4); relative minimum when x = 0;
32. y =
+
2
( x 1)2
CV: None, but x = 1 must be included in the sign
chart because it is a point of discontinuity of y.
x(4 x)
(2 x)
(2 x)2
CV: x = 0, 4, but x = 2 must be included in the
CV: x = 0, but x =
473
5
must be included in the
2
sign chart because they are points of

discontinuity of y.
+
+
5
2
5
Increasing on , and ,
2
0;
y =
2
2
( x 1)1/ 3 =
3
3
3 x 1
CV: x = 1
y =
5x + 2
( x2 + 1) (5) (5x + 2)(2 x) = 5x2 4 x + 5

2
2
( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1)
42. y = x 2 ( x + 3) 4
y = x 2 (4)( x + 3)3 + ( x + 3) 4 (2 x)
y = 0 when 5 x 2 4 x + 5 = 0 ; by the quadratic
= 2 x( x + 3)3 [2 x + ( x + 3)]
2 29
5
formula, x =
= 2 x( x + 3)3 (3x + 3) = 6 x( x + 3)3 ( x + 1)

CV: x = 0, 3, 1
2 29
5
+
5
2 29
Decreasing on ,
and
5
2 + 29
, ; increasing on
2 29 2 + 29
,
; relative minimum
5
5
) ( 3x 2 9 ) =
23
= x 2 ( x 6)3 (7 x 18)
CV: x = 0, 6,
+
3 3 0
+
3
( x + 3 )( x 3 )
2
[ x( x + 3)( x 3)] 3
)(
Increasing on (, 3), 3, 3 ,
18
7
18
7
+
6
18
Increasing on (, 0), 0, , and (6, );
7
18
decreasing on , 6 ; relative maximum when
7
18
; relative minimum when x = 6.
x=
7
+
3
+
0
CV: x = 3, 0, 3
+
( )
= x 2 ( x 6)3 [4 x + 3( x 6)]
40. y = x3 9 x
y = x3 4( x 6)3 + ( x 6) 4 3 x 2
2 29
; relative maximum when
5
1 3
x 9x
3
43. y = x3 ( x 6) 4
2 + 29
x=
.
5
y =
3 1
2 29 2 + 29
when x =

x = 1; relative minima when x = 3 and x = 0.
Increasing on (1, ); decreasing on (, 1);

x2 + 1
CV: x =
41. y = ( x 1) 2 / 3
5
5
decreasing on 0, and , ; relative

2
2
maximum at x = 0.
39. y =
relative maximum when x = 3 ; relative

minimum when x = 3 .
5
2
(3, ); decreasing on 3, 0 and 0, 3 ;
3, 3 , and
474
Section 13.1
3 2
Decreasing on 0,
; increasing on
2
3 2
3 2
.
, ; relative minimum when x =
2
2
44. y = x(1 x) 5
2
3
2
y = x (1 x) 5 + (1 x) 5 (1)
5
35 2
3 7
= (1 x) x + (1 x) = (1 x) 5 x 1
5
5
CV: x = , 1
7
48. y = x 1e x
1 1
x 1
y = x 1e x x 2 e x = e x = e x
2
x
x
x2
CV: x = 1, but x = 0 must also be included in the
y.
+
1
5
7

7
5
5

7
7
x
y = e
45. y = e
49. y = e x + e x
y = e x e x
< 0 for all x. Thus decreasing on
Setting y = 0 gives e x e x = 0 , e x = e x ,
x = x, x = 0
CV: x = 0

1
x=e =
e
1
CV: x =
e
50. y = e x
1
e
1
Decreasing on 0, ; increasing on
e
1
relative minimum when x = .
e
, ;
e
/2

relative maximum at x = 0
51. y = x ln x x. [Note: x > 0.]
1
y = x + (ln x)(1) 1 = ln x
x
CV: x = 1
47. y = x 2 9 ln x . [Note: x > 0.]

y = 2 x
/2
y = xe x
CV: x = 0
CV: x =
46. y = x ln x. (Note: x > 0.)

y = 1 + ln x
y = 0 when 1 + ln x = 0, ln x = 1, or
Increasing on (1, ); decreasing on (, 0) and

(0, 1); relative minimum when x = 1.
(, ); no relative extremum.
9 2 x2 9
=
x
x
3 2
2
Decreasing on (0, 1); increasing on (1, );

relative minimum when x = 1; no relative
maximum.
0 3 2
5
475
( )
y = ( x 2 + 1)( e x ) + e x (2 x)
= e x ( x 2 + 1) 2 x = e x ( x 1) 2
52. y = x 2 + 1 e x
x
5
CV: x = 1
12
Decreasing on (, 1) and (1, ); never

increasing; no relative extremum.
55. y = 3x x3 = x
)(
3x
Symmetric about origin.
Intercepts (2, 0), (5, 0), (0, 10)

y = 2 x 3
y = 3 3 x 2 = 3(1 + x )(1 x)
CV: x = 1
maximum when x = 1.
3
2
Decreasing on , ; increasing on
2
3
3
, ; relative minimum when x = .

2
2
3+x
Intercepts: (0, 0), 3, 0
53. y = x 2 3x 10 = ( x + 2)( x 5)
CV: x =
x
6
56. y = x 4 16 = x 2 + 4 ( x + 2)( x 2)
Intercepts (2, 0), (0, 16)
Symmetric about y-axis.
54. y = 2 x 2 5 x 12 = (2 x + 3)( x 4)
y = 4 x 3
CV: x = 0
3
Intercepts , 0 , (4, 0), (0, 12)
2
5
y = 4 x 5 = 4 x
4
5
CV: x =
4
5
Decreasing on , ; increasing on , ;
4
4
5
relative minimum when x = .
4
x
2
16
476
57. y = 2 x3 9 x 2 + 12 x = x 2 x 2 9 x + 12
Section 13.1
Note that 2 x 2 9 x + 12 = 0 has no real roots.

The only intercept is (0, 0).
y = 6 x 2 18 x + 12 = 6 x 2 3 x + 2
= 6(x 2)(x 1)
CV: x = 1, 2
minimum when x = 2.
8
2 1
6
6
60. y = x 6 x5 = x5 x
5
5
6
Intercepts (0, 0), , 0
5
5
4
y = 6 x5 6 x 4 = 6 x 4 ( x 1)
CV: x = 0, 1
Increasing on (1, ); decreasing on (, 0) and
(0, 1); relative minimum when x = 1.
x
1 2
58. y = 2 x3 x 2 4 x + 4
The x-intercept is not convenient to find.
y-intercept is (0, 4).
y = 6 x 2 2 x 4 = 2(3 x + 2)( x 1)
x
3
2
CV: x = , 1
3
2

3
61. y = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2)2
Intercepts: (1, 0), (2, 0), (0, 4)
y = ( x 1) 2 2( x + 2) + ( x + 2) 2 2( x 1)
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)[(x 1) + (x + 2)]
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)(2x + 1)
1
CV: x = 1, 2,
2
1
Decreasing on (, 2) and , 1 ; increasing
2
1
on 2, and (1, ); relative minima when

2
x = 2 or x = 1; relative maximum when

1
x= .
2
2
2
3
3

8
x
5
59. y = x 4 + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 = x 2 ( x + 2)2
Intercepts (0, 0), (2, 0)
y = 4 x3 + 12 x 2 + 8 x = 4 x( x + 1)( x + 2)
CV: x = 0, 1, 2
x = 1; relative minima when x = 2 or x = 0.
4
x
2
477
62. y = x ( x 2 x 2) = x ( x 2)( x + 1)
[Note x 0.]
10
y = x5 / 2 x3 / 2 2 x1/ 2
x
10
5 3 / 2 3 1/ 2
1
x 2 x 1/ 2
x
2
2
2
1
2
=
(5 x 3 x 2)
2 x
1
=
(5 x + 2)( x 1)
2 x
CV: x = 0, 1 (x 0)
y =
65.
y
10
x
10
66.
63. y = 2 x x = x 2 x . [Note: x 0.]

1
1 x
y =
1 =
x
x
CV: x = 0, 1
Increasing on (0, 1); decreasing on (1, );
5
67. c f = 25, 000

cf =
cf
q
25, 000
q
d
25, 000
< 0 for q > 0, so c f is a
cf =
dq
q2
( )
decreasing function for q > 0.

1
68. c = 3q 3q 2 + q3
x
1
Marginal cost is given by
dc
= 3 6q + 3q 2 .
dq
dc
d dq
dc
< 0, that is,

Thus
is increasing when
dq
dq
64. y = x 3 + 5 x 3 = x 3 ( x + 5)
5 2 10 5( x + 2)
y = x 3 + 1 =
1
3
3x 3
3x 3
when 6 + 6q > 0. Hence q > 1.
CV: x = 0, 2
minimum when x = 0.
478
Section 13.1
69. p = 400 2q
Revenue is given by
r = pq = (400 2q )q
T
73. E = 0.711 c
Th
T
dE
= 0.71 c
T2
dTh
h
= 400q 2q 2
Marginal revenue is r = 400 4q . Marginal
revenue is increasing when its derivative is
positive. But (r) = 4 < 0 . Thus marginal
revenue is never increasing.
increases.
a2
a
74. r = 2 F + 1 p p 2 +
b
b
dr a
ba
ba
= 1 2 p =
2 p = 2
dp b
b
2b
dr
Setting
= 0 gives the critical value
dp
70. c = q
dc
1
Marginal cost =
. Since
=
dq 2 q
dc
d dq
= 1 < 0 for q > 0, marginal cost is
dq
4 q3
decreasing for q > 0.
Average cost = c =
p=
c
1
. Since
=
q
q
144
75. C (k ) = 100 100 + 9k +

, 1 k 100
k
r = 240 + 114q 3q 2 = 3(40 q )(2 + q )

Since q 0, we have q = 40 as the only CV.
Since r is increasing on (0, 40) and decreasing
on (40, ), r is a maximum when output is 40.
a.
C(1) = 25,300
b.
9k 2 144
144
C (k ) = 100 9
= 100
k2
k2
72. z = (1 + b) w p bwc , w p is function of wc , and
9(k + 4)(k 4)
= 100
k2
Since k 1, the only critical value is k = 4.

If 1 k < 4, then C (k ) < 0 and C is
decreasing. If 4 < k 100, then C (k ) > 0
and C is increasing. Thus C has an absolute
minimum for k = 4.
b > 0.
dw p
dz
= (1 + b)
b(1)
dwc
dwc
dw p
b
= (1 + b)
(factoring)
dwc 1 + b
dw p
ba
ba
dr
. If p <
, then
> 0 and r is
2b
2b
dp
ba
dr
, then
< 0 and r is
2b
dp
decreasing. Thus revenue is maximum for
ba
p=
.
2b
71. r = 240q + 57 q 2 q3
c.
dw p
b
b
, then
<0.
dwc b + 1
dwc b + 1
Because b > 0, then 1 + b > 0. Thus from
dz
part (a),
< 0 so z is a decreasing
dwc
b. If
increasing. If p >
dc
1
=
< 0 for q > 0, average cost is
dq
2 q3
decreasing for q > 0.
a.
> 0 , so as Th increases, E
<
function of wc .
479
C(4) = 17,200
76. P =
100
1 + 100, 000e0.36h
dP d
100 1 + 100, 000e0.36 h
=
dh dh
3, 600, 000
=
2
e0.36h 1 + 100, 000e0.36 h
Since
dP
> 0 , P is an increasing function of h.
dh
84.
Problems 13.2
79. Relative maximum: (2.74, 3.74); relative

minimum: (2.74, 3.74)
1.
f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 3 and f is continuous over

[0, 3].
f ( x) = 2 x 2 = 2( x 1)
The only critical value on (0, 3) is x = 1. We
evaluate f at this point and at the endpoints:
f(0) = 3, f(1) = 2, and f(3) = 6.
Absolute maximum: f(3) = 6;
absolute minimum: f(1) = 2
2.
f ( x) = 2 x 2 6 x + 5 and f is continuous over

[3, 2].
3
f ( x) = 4 x 6 = 4 x +
2
3
The only critical value on (3, 2) is x = . We
2
3
19
have f(3) = 5, f = , and f(2) = 15.

2 2
3 19
Absolute maximum: f = ;
2 2
80. Relative maximum: (0.05, 3.05)

81. Relative minima: 0, 1.50, 2.00; relative maxima:
0.57, 1.77
82. f has relative extrema when x 0.38, 1.18;
f ( x) = 0 when x 0.38, 1.18.
4
2.5
2.5
f ( x) = 4 6 x 3 x 2
10
b.
3.
5
c.
f ( x) = 4 x3 2 x 2( x + 2)
= 4 x3 4 x 4
CV: x 1.32
78. Relative minimum: (1.26, 5.74)
10
77. Relative minimum: (3.83, 0.69)
83. a.
10
d.
1 3 1 2
x + x 2 x + 1 and f is continuous
3
2
over [1, 0].
f ( x) = x 2 + x 2 = ( x + 2)( x 1)
f ( x) =
There are no critical values on (1, 0), so we

only have to evaluate f at the endpoints:
19
and f(0) = 1.
f (1) =
6
19
Absolute maximum: f (1) =
6
Absolute minimum: f(0) = 1
f ( x) > 0 on (2.53, 0.53); f ( x) < 0 on
(, 2.53), (0.53, ), f is inc. on

(2.53, 0.53); f is dec. on (, 2.53),
(0.53, ).
480
4.
f ( x) =
[0, 1].
Section 13.2
1 4 3 2
x x and f is continuous over
4
2
)(
f ( x) = x3 3 x = x x + 3 x 3
8.
f ( x) = 7 x 2 + 4 x 3 = (7 x 3)( x + 1)
There are no critical values on (0, 1), so we only

have to evaluate f at the end points: f(0) = 0 and
5
f (1) =
4
5
absolute minimum: f (1) =
4
5.
9.
f ( x) = 3 x 4 x6 and f is continuous over [1, 2].
= 6x
2x
)(
2+x
= 6(2 x + 3)( x 1)
The only critical values on (1, 2) are x = 0,
1
The only critical value on , 3 is x = 1. We
2
evaluate f at this point and the endpoints:
19
1
f = ; f(1) = 8, f(3) = 84.
4
2
We have f(1) = 2, f(0) = 0, f

f(2) = 16.
Absolute maximum: f
10.
2 13
x .
3
have f(8) = 4, f(0) = 0, and f(8) = 4. Thus there
is an absolute maximum when x = 8 or
x = 8, and an absolute minimum when x = 0.
Absolute maximum: f(8) = f(8) = 4;
f ( x) =
1 4 1 2
x x + 3 and f is continuous over
4
2
The critical values of f on (2, 3) are x = 1, 0,

11
1. We have f(2) = 5, f (1) = , f(0) = 3,
4
11
75
and f (3) = .
f (1) =
4
4
75
Absolute maximum: f (3) =
4
11
Absolute minimum: f (1) = f (1) =
4
f ( x) = 3x5 + 5 x3 and f is continuous over

[2, 0].
( 2) = 4 ;
[2, 3].
f ( x) = x3 x = x( x 2 1) = x( x 1)( x + 1)
f ( x) = x 3 and f is continuous over [8, 8].
f ( x) = 15 x 4 + 15 x 2 = 15 x 2 1 x 2
( 2 ) = 4 , and
2.
f ( x) =
7.
3
. We
7
3 13
have f(0) = 1, f =
, and f(3) = 73.
7 49
3 13
absolute minimum: f =
7 49
f ( x) = 12 x3 6 x5 = 6 x3 2 x 2
f ( x) = 12 x + 6 x 18 = 6 2 x + x 3
6.
The only critical value on (0, 3) is x =
f ( x) = 4 x3 + 3 x 2 18 x + 3 and f is continuous
1
over , 3 .
2
7 3
x + 2 x 2 3x + 1 and f is continuous
3
over [0, 3].
f ( x) =
11.
= 15 x 2 (1 + x)(1 x)
have f(2) = 56, f(1) = 2, and f(0) = 0.
absolute minimum: f(1) = 2.
f ( x) = x 4 9 x 2 + 2 and f is continuous over

[1, 3].
f ( x) = 4 x3 18 x = 2 x 2 x 2 9
= 2x
2x 3
)(
2x + 3
The only critical values on (1, 3) are x = 0 and

3
3 2
. We have f(1) = 6, f(0) = 2,
x=
=
2
2
481
3 2
73
f
= , and f(3) = 2.
4
2
3 2
73
absolute minimum: f
=
4
2
12.
f ( x) =
and f is continuous over [0, 2].
x +1
a.
c.
d. 14,283
Problems 13.3
1.
3
4
+
0
Concave up on , and (0, ); concave

4
3
down on , 0 . Inflection points when
4
3
x = , 0. .
4
10
28
1
2.

f ( x) =
x5 x 4
+
2 x2
20 4
f ( x) = ( x 1)( x + 2) 2
f ( x) is 0 when x = 1, 2. Sign chart for f :
f ( x) = 0.2 x3 3.6 x 2 + 2 x + 1 and f is continuous
over [1, 2].

5
26
f ( x ) = 2 x 4 + 3 x3 + 2 x 3
f ( x) = 6 x(4 x + 3)
3
f ( x) is 0 when x = 0, . Sign chart for f :
4
f ( x) = ( x 1) 3 and f is continuous over
[26, 28].
14.

2
1
have f(0) = 0, f (1) = ,and f (2) = .
5
2
1
Absolute maximum: f (1) = ;
2
13.
3.22, 0.78
b. 2.75
(1 + x)(1 x)
( x2 + 1)
9
0
x 2 + 1) x(2 x)
(
1 x2
f ( x) =
=
2
2
( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1)
=
10
15.
+
1
Concave down on (, 2) and (2, 1); concave

up on (1, ). Inflection point when x = 1.
3.
10
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
Absolute maximum f(0.28) 1.28; absolute

minimum f(2) = 7.8
2 + x x2
x2 2 x + 1
2(7 x)
( x 1) 4
f ( x) is 0 when x = 7. Although f is not
defined when x = 1, f is not continuous at x = 1.
So there is no inflection point when x = 1, but
x = 1 must be considered in concavity analysis.
482
Section 13.3
Sign chart for f :

+
6.
f ( x) =
Concave up on (, 1) and (1, 7); concave down

on (7, ). Inflection point when x = 7.
4.
( x 1)2
2(2 x + 1)
f ( x) =
( x 1) 4
1
f ( x) = 0 when x = . Although f is not
2
defined when x = 1, f is not continuous at x = 1.
So there is no inflection point when x = 1, but
x = 1 must be considered in concavity analysis.
Sign chart of f :
8. y = 74 x 2 + 19 x 37
y = 148 x + 19
y = 148 < 0 for all x. Thus the graph is
concave down on (, ).
1
2
9. y = 4 x3 + 12 x 2 12 x
x +1
f ( x) =
y = 12 x 2 + 24 x 12
y = 24 x + 24 = 24( x + 1)
Possible inflection point when x = 1. Concave
down on (, 1): concave up on (1, );
inflection point when x = 1.
x 2
f ( x) =
(
) = 6 ( 3x 2 + 2 )
3
3
( x2 2) ( x 2 )( x + 2 )
6 3x2 + 2
f ( x) is never 0. Although f is not defined
10. y = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x + 1
when x = 2 , f is not continuous at x = 2 .

So there is no inflection point when x = 2 ,
but x = 2 must be considered in concavity
analysis. Sign chart of f :
+
y = 3x 2 12 x + 9
y = 6 x 12 = 6( x 2)
down on (, 2); concave up on (2, );
inflection point when x = 2.
+
2
Concave up on , 2 and
down for all x, that is, on (, ).
down on , .
2
Inflection point when x =
7. y = 2 x 2 + 4 x
y = 4 x + 4
y = 4 < 0 for all x, so the graph is concave
1
Concave up on , 1 and (1, ); concave
2
5.
( 4 x2 )
3
2
Concave up on (2, 0); concave down on (0, 2).

Inflection point when x = 0.
2 x x2 6
Note that the domain of f is [2, 2]. f ( x) is 0

only when x = 0; f is not defined when x = 2,
which are the endpoints of the domain of f. The
only possible point of inflection occurs when
x = 0. Sign chart for f :
x2
f ( x) =
f ( x) = x 4 x 2
11. y = 2 x3 5 x 2 + 5 x 2
2, ;
y = 6 x 2 10 x + 5
concave down on 2, 2 . No inflection
y = 12 x 10 = 12 x
6
point.
5
Possible inflection point when x = . Concave
6
483
down on , ; concave up on , ;
6
6
5
inflection point when x =
6
15. y = 2 x 5
2 54
x
5
8 9
8
y = x 5 =
9
25
25 x 5
y =
12. y = x 4 8 x 2 6
y is not defined when x = 0 and y is continuous

there. Thus there is a possible inflection point
when x = 0. Concave up on (, 0); concave
down on (0, ); inflection point when x = 0.
y = 4 x3 16 x
4
y = 12 x 2 16 = 12 x 2
3
2 3
2 3
= 12 x
x +
3
3
16. y =
x 4 19 x3 7 x 2
+
+ x+5
2
6
2
19
y = 2 x 3 + x 2 7 x + 1
2
2
y = 6 x + 19 x 7 = (3 x 1)(2 x + 7)
17. y =
y = 8 x3 96 x + 7
y = 24 x 2 96 = 24( x 2 4) = 24( x + 2)( x 2)
Possible inflection points when x = 2. Concave

up on (, 2) and (2, ); concave down on
(2, 2); inflection points when x = 2.
7 1
Possible inflection points when x = , .
2 3
7
Concave up on , and , ;
2
7 1
concave down on , ; inflection points
2 3
7 1
when x = , .
2 3
x4 9 x2
+
+ 2x
4
2
y = x 3 + 9 x + 2
y = 3x 2 + 9 = 3( x 2 3)
)(
Possible inflection points when x = 3 .
Concave down on , 3 and
84
x5
Although y is not defined when x = 0, y is not
continuous there. Thus there is no possible
inflection point. However, x = 0 must be
considered in concavity analysis. Concave down
on (, 0); concave up on (0, ); no inflection
point
2 3
.
3
= 3 x + 3 x 3
= 7 x 3
y = 84 x 5 =
13. y = 2 x 4 48 x 2 + 7 x + 3
14. y =
y = 21x 4
2 3
Possible inflection points x =
. Concave
3
2 3
2 3
up on ,
, ; concave
and
3
2 3 2 3
down on
,
; inflection points when
3
3
x=
5
1
1
1
2
18. y = x 4 x3 + x 2 + x
2
6
2
3
5
1
1
y = 10 x3 x 2 + x +
2
3
3, ;
concave up on 3, 3 ; inflection points

when x = 3 .
y = 30 x 2 x + 1 = (5 x + 1)(6 x 1)
1 1
Possible inflection points when x = , .
5 6
1
Concave down on , and , ;

5
484
Section 13.3
(
(
1 1
concave up on , ; inflection points when
5 6
1 1
x= , .
5 6
1 5 1 4 1 3 1
2
x x + x x
20
4
6
2
3
1 4
1
1
y = x x 3 + x 2
4
2
2
y = 30 x 4 36 x 2 = 30 x 2 x 2
5
6
6
= 30 x 2 x
x +
5
5
y is 0 when x = 0 or x 3x + 1 = 0 . Using the
quadratic formula to solve x 2 3x + 1 = 0 gives
6
.
5
6
Concave up on ,
, ;
and
5
5
6
concave down on , 0 and 0,
.
5
5
Possible inflection points when x = 0,
3 5
. Thus possible inflection points
2
3 5
occur when x = 0,
. Concave down on
2
3 5 3+ 5
(, 0) and
,
; concave up on
2
2
3 5
3+ 5
0, 2 and 2 , ; inflection points
x=
Inflection points when x =
3 5
.
2
23. y =
y =
1 5
x 3x3 + 17 x + 43
10
1
y = x 4 9 x 2 + 17
2
y = 2 x3 18 x = 2 x( x 2 9)
20. y =
1 6 7 4
x x + 5x2 + 2 x 1
21. y =
30
12
1
7
y = x5 x3 + 10 x + 2
5
3
)(
y = x 4 7 x 2 + 10 = x 2 2 x 2 5
24. y = 1
y =
x2
x3
6
x4
No possible inflection point, but we must
consider x = 0 in the concavity analysis.
Concave down on (, 0) and (0, ).
Possible inflection points when x = 2, 5 .
)(
y =
)( x 2 )( x + 5 )( x 5 )
(
( x 1)2
( x 1)3
No possible inflection point, but we consider
x = 1 in the concavity analysis. Concave down
on (, 1); concave up on (1, ).
Possible inflection points when x = 0, 3.

Concave down on (, 3) and (0, 3); concave
up on (3, 0) and (3, ); inflection points when
x = 0, 3.
6
.
5
x +1
x 1
2
y =
= 2 x( x + 3)( x 3)
= x+ 2
2, 5 ; inflection points when
y = 6 x5 12 x3
22. y = x 6 3 x 4
y = x3 3x 2 + x = x x 2 3 x + 1
when x = 0,
x = 5, 2 .
19. y =
5, ; concave down on 5, 2 and
Concave up on , 5 , 2, 2 , and
485
25. y =
x2
27. y =
x +1
x 2 + 1) (2 x) x 2 (2 x)
(
2x
y =
=
2
2
( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1)
2
x 2 + 1) (2) 2 x(2) ( x 2 + 1) (2 x)
(
y =
4
( x2 + 1)
x 2 + 1) (2) 8 x 2
(
=
3
( x2 + 1)
2 (1 3x 2 ) 2 (1 + 3x )(1 3 x )
=
=
3
3
2
x
1
+
( )
( x2 + 1)
Possible inflection points when x =
y =
4 x2
x+3
y =
y =
=
( x + 3)(8 x) 4 x 2 (1)
( x + 3) 2
4 x2 + 6 x
6( x + 3)2
1 ( x + 3) 2 (21) (21x + 40)[2( x + 3)]
6
( x + 3)4
1 ( x + 3)(21) (21x + 40)(2)
6
( x + 3)3
1 21x 17
1 21x + 17
=
3
6 ( x + 3)
6 ( x + 3)3
3
2
1 ( x + 3) (21) (21x + 17) 3( x + 3)
y =
6
( x + 3)6
1 ( x + 3)(21) (21x + 17)(3)
=
6
( x + 3) 4
1 42 x + 12
7x 2
=
=
4
6 ( x + 3)
( x + 3)4
.
3
1
, ;
Concave down on ,
and
3
3
1
1
,
concave up on
; inflection points
3
3
1
when x =
.
3
26. y =
21x + 40
2
(x = 3
7
must be considered in concavity analysis).
2
Concave down on (, 3) and 3, ;

7
concave up on , ; inflection point when

7
2
x= .
7
Possible inflection point when x =
28. y = 3( x 2 2) 2
y = 12 x( x 2 2) = 12( x3 2 x)
2
y = 12(3x 2 2) = 36 x 2
3
6
6
= 36 x
x +
3
3
( x + 3) 2
( x + 3)2 (4)(2 x + 6) 4( x 2 + 6 x)(2)( x + 3)

( x + 3)4
72
( x + 3)3
No possible inflection point, but we must include
x = 3 in the concavity analysis. Concave down
on (, 3); concave up on (3, ).
6
.
3
6
6
Concave up on ,
, 0;
and
6
6
,
concave down on
; inflection
3
3
points when x =
486
6
.
3
Section 13.3
29. y = 5e x
Concave down on 0, e 2 ; concave up on
3
3
2
2
e , ; inflection point when x = e .
y = 5e x
y = 5e x
Thus y > 0 for all x. Concave up on (, ).
34. y =
30. y = e e
y = e + e
y = e e
y =
Setting y = 0 gives e x = e x or, equivalently,
x = 0. Concave down on (, 0); concave up on

(0, ); inflection point when
x = 0.
y = 3xe x + 3e x = 3e x ( x + 1)
y = 3e x (1) + 3( x + 1)e x = 3e x ( x + 2)
y = 0 if x = 2. Concave down on (, 2);
2
2
y = 2 x 2 e x + e x = e x (2 x 2 + 1)
x2
y = e (4 x) + 2 x(2 x + 1)e
x2
x2
3e x (2 x) x 2 + 1 3e x
9e
2x
3e
3e x
3e x (2 2 x) 2 x x 2 1 3e x
9e 2 x
(2 2 x) 2 x x 2 1
3e x
x2 4 x + 3
x
( x 1)( x 3)
35. y = x 2 x 6 = ( x 3)( x + 2)
= e (4 x + 6 x)
Intercepts: (0, 6), (3, 0) and (2, 0)

1
y = 2x 1 = 2 x
2
concave up on (0, ); inflection point when

x = 0.
CV: x =
33. y =
1
2
Decreasing on , ; increasing on
2
2 x 1x (ln x)(2)
25
1
1
2 , ; relative minimum at 2 , 4 .
y = 2
No possible inflection point. Concave up on
(, ).
y =
ln x
. (Note: x > 0.)
2x
y =
2x x 1
= 2 xe (2 x + 3)
y = 0 when x = 0. Concave down on (, 0);
x2
2 x x2 + 1
3e
3e x
Concave up on (, 1) and (3, ); concave
down on
(1, 3); inflection point when x = 1, 3.
concave up on (2, ); inflection point when

x = 2.
32. y = xe x
3e x
y =
31. y = 3xe x
x2 + 1
4x2
( )
1 ln x
2x2
2 x 2 1x (1 ln x)(4 x)
4 x4
2 x (1 ln x)(4 x)
4x
1 (1 ln x)(2)
2 x3
x
10
2 ln( x) 3
2 x3
y is 0 if 2ln(x) 3 = 0, ln x =
3
3
, x = e2 .
2
487
1 9
relative maximum at ,
2 4
y = 2
No possible inflection point. Concave down on
(, ).
36. y = x 2 + 2
Intercept (0, 2)
y = 2 x
CV: x = 0
relative minimum at (0, 2).
y = 2
(, ). Symmetric about the y-axis.
8
39. y = x3 9 x 2 + 24 x 19
The x-intercepts are not convenient to find; the
y-intercept is (0, 19).
x
5
y = 3x 2 18 x + 24 = 3( x 2)( x 4)
CV: x = 2, x = 4
(2, 4); relative maximum at (2, 1); relative
minimum at (4, 3).
y = 6 x 18 = 6( x 3)
inflection point at (3, 1).
37. y = 5 x 2 x 2 = x(5 2 x)
5
Intercepts (0, 0) and , 0
2
y = 5 4 x
CV: x =
5
4
4
4
5 25
relative maximum at ,
.
4 8
y = 4
No possible inflection point. Concave down on
(, ).
y
x
2
40. y = x3 25 x 2 = x 2 ( x 25)
Intercepts: (0, 0) and (25, 0)
50
y = 3 x 2 50 x = 3 x x
3
x
5
CV: x = 0,
38. y = x x 2 + 2 = ( x 2)( x + 1)
Intercepts (2, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 2)
y = 1 2 x
CV: x =
50
3
50
Increasing on (, 0) and , ; decreasing

3
50
on 0,
; relative maximum at (0, 0); relative
3
1
2
62,500
50
.
minimum at ,
3
27
2
488
Section 13.3
42. y = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x = x( x 3) 2
Intercepts (0, 0) and (3, 0)
25
y = 6 x 50 = 6 x
3
y = 3x 2 12 x + 9 = 3( x 1)( x 3)
CV: x = 1 and x = 3
minimum at (3, 0).
y = 6 x 12 = 6( x 2)
25
. Concave
3
25
concave up on , ;
3

25
;
down on ,
3
31, 250
25
.
inflection point at ,
27
3
1200
y
x
48
x
8
41. y =
x3
x3 12 x
4x =
3
3
)(
1
= x x+2 3 x2 3
3
43. y = x3 3 x 2 + 3 x 3
Intercept (0, 3)
Intercepts (0, 0) and 2 3, 0
y = 3x 2 6 x + 3 = 3( x 1) 2
CV: x = 1
maximum or minimum
y = 6( x 1)
y = x 2 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2)
CV: x = 2
16
(2, 2); relative maximum at 2, ; relative

3
16
minimum at 2, .
3
y = 2 x
down on (, 0); concave up on (0, ); inflection
point at (0, 0). Symmetric about the origin.
10
x
5
5 2
5
x + 2 x = x 2x2 + x + 2
2
2
Intercept (0, 0)
44. y = 2 x3 +
x
10
y = 6 x 2 + 5 x + 2
CV: none
Increasing on (, ).
5
y = 12 x + 5 = 12 x +
12
Possible inflection point at x =

489
5
. Concave
12
down on , ; concave up on
12
235
5
5
, ; inflection point at ,
.
12
12
432
1
on , 1 ; relative minimum at
3
relative maximum at (1, 4)
2
y = 6 x + 4 = 6 x
3
1 104
3 , 27 ;
2
. Concave
3
2
concave down on , ;
3

x
up on , ;
3
2 106
inflection point at ,
3 27
45. y = 4 x3 3 x 4 = x3 (4 3 x)
4
3
y = 12 x 2 12 x3 = 12 x 2 (1 x)
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
Increasing on (, 0) and (0, 1); decreasing on
(1, ); relative maximum at (1, 1).
y = 24 x 36 x 2 = 12 x(2 3x)
x
5
47. y = 2 + 12 x x3
Intercept (0, 2)
2
Possible inflection points at x = 0 and x = .
3
2
Concave down on (, 0) and , ; concave

3
2
up on 0, ; inflection points at (0, 0) and
3
2 16
,
3 27
3
y = 12 3x 2 = 3(2 + x)(2 x)
CV: x = 2
(2, 2); relative minimum at (2, 18); relative
maximum at (2, 14).
y = 6 x
Possible inflection point when x = 0. Concave up
on (, 0); concave down on (0, ); inflection
point at (0, 2).
20
x
3
x
5
46. y = x3 + 2 x 2 x + 4
Intercept (0, 4)
y = 3x 2 + 4 x 1 = (3 x 1)( x 1)
48. y = (3 + 2 x)3
1
CV: x = , 1
3
3
2
Decreasing on , and (1, ); increasing

3
y = 6(3 + 2 x)2
CV: x =
490
3
2
Section 13.3
x3 3 x 2 x 2
( x 3)
=
5
5
5
Possible inflection points when x = 0 and x = 3.
Concave down on (, 0) and (0, 3); concave up
on (3, ); inflection point at (3, 1.62).
Increasing on , and , ; no
2
2
relative maximum or minimum.

y = 24(3 + 2 x)
y =
3
.Concave
2
3
down on , ; concave up on , ;
2
inflection point at , 0 .
2
Possible inflection point at x =
40
10
x
10
)
= x ( 5 + x 2 )( 5 x 2 )
= x ( 5 + x 2 ) ( 4 5 + x )( 4 5 x )
Intercepts (0, 0) and ( 4 5, 0 )
51. y = 5 x x5 = x 5 x 4
x
5
49. y = 2 x3 6 x 2 + 6 x 2 = 2( x 1)3
Symmetric about the origin.
( ) (
= 5(1 x)(1 + x) (1 + x 2 )
)(
y = 5 5 x 4 = 5 1 x 4 = 5 1 x 2 1 + x 2
y = 6( x 1)
CV: x = 1
maximum or minimum.
y = 12( x 1)
CV: x = 1
(1, 1); relative minimum at (1, 4); relative
maximum at (1, 4).
y = 20 x3
up on (, 0); concave down on (0, );
y
3
3
x
5
x5 x 4
x4
=
( x 5)
100 20 100
x 4 x3 x3
y =
=
( x 4)
20 5 20
CV: x = 0 and x = 4
minimum at (4, 2.56).
50. y =
52. y = x 2 ( x 1)2
Intercepts: (0, 0), (1, 0)
y = x 2 [2( x 1)(1)] + 2 x( x 1) 2
= 2 x( x 1)(2 x 1)
= 4 x3 6 x 2 + 2 x
CV: x = 0, 1 and x =
491
1
2
1
2
1
on 0, and (1, ); relative minima at (0, 0)
2
x
3
1 1
and (1, 0); relative maximum at ,
2 16
y = 12 x 2 12 x + 2 = 2(6 x 2 6 x + 1)
From the quadratic formula, there are possible
3 3
. Concave up
inflection points when x =
6
3+ 3
3 3
on ,
, ; concave
and
6
3 3 3+ 3
down on
,
; inflection points at
6
6
3 3 1
3+ 3 1
,
,
and
.
36
36
6
6
5
54. y = 3x5 5 x3 = 3x3 x 2

3
5
5
= 3x3 x +
x
3
3
5
Intercepts (0, 0) and , 0
3
y = 15 x 4 15 x 2 = 15 x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
(1, 0) and (0, 1); relative maximum at (1, 2);
2
2
y = 60 x3 30 x = 60 x x +
x
2
2
x
5
2
.
2
2
2
Concave down on ,
;
and 0,
2
2
2
concave up on
, 0 and
, ;
2
7 2
inflection points at
,
, (0, 0), and
2
8
2 7 2
,

.
2
8
Possible inflection points at x = 0 and x =
53. y = 3x 4 4 x3 + 1
Intercepts (0, 1) and (1, 0) [the latter is found by
inspection of the equation]. No symmetry.
y = 12 x3 12 x 2 = 12 x 2 ( x 1)
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
(1, ); relative minimum at (1, 0).
y = 36 x 2 24 x = 12 x(3 x 2)
Possible inflection points at x = 0 and x =
2
.
3
Concave up on (, 0) and , ; concave

3
2
down on 0, ; inflection points at (0, 1) and
3
2 11
,
.
3 27
x
3
492
Section 13.3
55. y = 4 x 2 x 4 = x 2 (2 + x)(2 x)
Symmetric about the y-axis.
y = 8 x 4 x = 4 x 2 x
= 4x
2+x
)(
2x
1
1
,
4
2
y = 12 x 2 2 = 12 x 2
6
1
1
= 12 x +
x
6
6
CV: x = 0, 2
(
) ( )
decreasing on ( 2, 0 ) and ( 2, ) ; relative
maxima at ( 2, 4 ) ; relative minimum at (0, 0).
Increasing on , 2 and 0, 2 ;
2
.
x=
3
2
, ;
and
3
2
Concave down on ,
2 2
concave up on ,
3 3
2 20
,
.
3 9
5
57. y = x1/ 3 ( x 8) = x 4 / 3 8 x1/ 3

4
8
y = x1/ 3 x 2 / 3
3
3
4
2 4( x 2)
= x1/ 3
=
2
3
x /3
3x2 / 3
CV: x = 0, 2
(2, ); relative minimum at
( 2, 63 2 ) ( 2, 7.56) .
56. y = x x = x ( x + 1)( x 1)
Intercepts (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 0)
y = 4 x 3 2 x = 2 x
CV: x = 0,
)(
2x + 1
1
Concave up on ,
, ;
and
6
6
1
1
concave down on
,
; inflection
6
6
1
5
points at
, .
36
6
y = 8 12 x 2 = 12 x 2
3
2
2
= 12
x
+ x
3
3
Possible inflection points when
4 2 / 3 16 5 / 3
+ x
x
9
9
4 1
4 4( x + 4)
=
+
=
9 x 2 / 3 x5 / 3
9 x5 / 3
y =
2x 1
1
2
1
1
Decreasing on ,
and 0,
;
2
2
increasing on
, 0 and
, ;
2
relative maximum at (0, 0); relative minima at
down on (4, 0); inflection points at 4, 12 3 4
and (0, 0). Observe that at the origin the tangent

line exists but it is vertical.
493
21
59. y = 4 x1/ 3 + x 4 / 3 = x1/ 3 (4 + x)

4
4
4 1
y = x 2 / 3 + x1/ 3 =
+ x1/ 3
2
/
3
3
3
3 x
4(1 + x)
=
3x 2 / 3
CV: x = 0, 1
and (0, ); rel. min at (1, 3)
8
4
4 1
2
y = x 5 / 3 + x 2 / 3 =
2
/
3
5
9
9
9 x
x /3
x
16
8
3
(2, 6 2 )
58. y = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2)2
Intercepts (0, 4), (1, 0), (2, 0)
y = ( x 1)2 [2( x + 2)] + ( x + 2)2 [2( x 1)]
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)(2x + 1)
1
CV: x = 2, , 1
2
1
2
4( x 2)
9 x5 / 3
down on
(0, 2); inflection point at (0, 0) and 2, 6 3 2 .
on 2, and (1, ); relative maximum at

2
Observe that at the origin the tangent line exists

but it is vertical.
1 81
2 , 16 ; relative minima at
(2, 6 2 )
(2, 0) and (1, 0); y = 2(2 x3 + 3 x 2 3x 2), so
y = 6 2 x 2 + 2 x 1 . Setting y = 0 and using

x
the quadratic formula gives possible inflection

1 3
. Concave up on
points at x =
2
1 + 3
1 3
, ; concave
,
and
2
2
Intercepts (0, 2), (1, 0) and (4, 0)

1
y = ( x + 1)
+ x + 4(1)
2 x+4
1
[( x + 1) + 2( x + 4)]
=
2 x+4
3( x + 3)
=
2 x+4
CV: x = 3, 4
relative minimum at (3, 2)
1
3 x + 4(1) ( x + 3) 2 x + 4
y =
2
2
x+4
1 3
2
60. y = ( x + 1) x + 4 [Note: x 4]
1 3 1 + 3
down on
,
; inflection points
2
2
when x =
3 2( x + 4) ( x + 3)
3( x + 5)
=
3/ 2
4
( x + 4)
4( x + 4)3 / 2
(4, ).
=
494
Section 13.3
Observe that at the origin the tangent line exists
but it is vertical.
x
5
61. y = 6 x 2 / 3
x1/ 3
x
= 6 x 2 / 3 1
2
12
63.

18 3 x
1 1 8
=
1 =
2 2 3 x 2 3 x
CV: x = 0, 512
Increasing on (0, 512); decreasing on (, 0)
and (512, ); relative maximum at (512, 128);
4
4
y = x 4 / 3 =
3
3x 4 / 3
Possible inflection point at x = 0. Concave down
on (, 0) and (0, ). Observe that at the origin
the tangent line exists but it is vertical.
y = 4 x 1/ 3
4
x
2
64.
300
4
x
2500
65.
x
1
62. y = 5 x 2 / 3 x5 / 3 = x 2 / 3 (5 x)
10 1/ 3 5 2 / 3 5 2
x
=
x2 / 3
y =
x
1/
3
3
3
3x
66.
5(2 x)
3 x1/ 3
CV: x = 0, 2
Increasing on (0, 2); decreasing on (, 0) and
(2, ); relative minimum at (0, 0); relative
4
x
maximum at 2, 3 4 (2, 4.76)

10 4 / 3 10 1/ 3
10(1 + x)
x
=
x
9
9
9 x4 / 3
Possible inflection point when x = 0, 1.
Concave up on (, 1); concave down on
(1, 0), and (0, ); inflection point at (1, 6).
y =
495
100
q+2
67. p =
g ( x) =
dp
100
=
< 0 for q > 0, so p is
dq
(q + 2)2
d2 p
200
=
> 0 for q > 0,
dq 2 (q + 2)3
the demand curve is concave up.
decreasing. Since
c =
U0
A
2
2
x x
x
x e 2A + e 2A
A
A
2x A
2x A
(x
( x + A )( x A )
A , then g ( x) < 0 , so the graph is
71. y = 12.5 + 5.8(0.42) x
q2
y = 5.8(0.42) x ln(0.42)
Since ln(0.42) < 0, we have y < 0 , so the
function is decreasing.
y = 5.8(0.42) x ln 2 (0.42) > 0 , so the function is
concave up.
q3
Since c > 0 for q > 0, the graph of the average
cost function is concave up for q > 0.
69. S = f ( A) = 12 4 A , 0 A 625 . For the given
72. H = 1.00 1 e (0.0464t + 0.0670
dH
(0.0464t + 0.0670)
= 0.0464e
> 0 , so H is
dt
increasing.
d 2H
= (0.0464)2 e (0.0464t + 0.0670) < 0 , so H is
dt 2
concave down.
34
values of A we have S = 3 A > 0 and

9 7
S = A 4 < 0 . Thus y is increasing and
4
concave down.
60
A2
U0
A
concave down. If x > A , then g ( x) > 0 , so

the graph is concave up.
c
1
= q+2+
q
q
c = 1
U0
A
A2
If 0 x <
68. c = q 2 + 2q + 1
c=
73. n = f (r ) = 0.1ln(r ) +
a.
A
625
U0
70. g ( x) = e A e 2 A , A > 0, x 0 (since x

represents quantity).
g ( x) =
U0
A
x2
xe 2 A
A
496
7
0.8 , 1 r 10
r
dn 0.1 7 0.1r 7 0.1(r 70)

=
=
=
<0
dr
r
r2
r2
r2
for 1 r 10. Thus the graph of f is
always falling. Also,
d 2n
0.1 14 14 0.1r
=
+
=
2
dr
r 2 r3
r3
0.1(140 r )
=
>0
r3
for 1 r 10. Thus the graph is concave
up.
b.
10
Section 13.3
f(r)
2a
concave downon , 0 . In either case, y has
3
2a
two points of inflection, when x = 0 and x =
.
3
76.
r
1
10
3
c.
dn
dr
= 0.26 , so the rate of decrease is

r =5
0.26.
74.
Two inflection points
150
77. y = x3 2 x 2 + x + 3
y = 3 x 2 4 x + 1
When x = 2, then y = 5 and y = 5 . Thus an
equation of the tangent line at x = 2 is
y 5 = 5(x 2), or y = 5x 5. Graphing the
curve and the tangent line indicates that the
curve lies above the tangent line around x = 2.
Thus the curve is concave up at x = 2.
20
20
50
a.
One relative maximum point
10
b. One relative minimum point

c.
One inflection point

10
75.
2
2
3
0
78.
f ( x ) = 2 x3 + 3 x 2 6 x + 1
f ( x) = 6 x 2 + 6 x 6
f ( x) = 12 x + 6
12
Two inflection points
The relative minimum of f occurs at a value of

x for which ( f ( x)) = f ( x) = 0. Around this
value of x, ( f ( x)) goes from to +. Since
( f ( x)) = f ( x), the concavity of f must change
from concave down to concave up.
y = x5 ( x a) = x 6 ax5
y = 6 x5 5ax 4
y = 30 x 4 20ax3 = 10 x3 (3 x 2a)
Possible inflection points when x = 0 and
2a
x=
. If a > 0, y is concave up on (, 0) and
3
2a
2a
, ; concave down on 0,
. If a < 0,
3
3
2a
y is concave up on ,
and (0, );
3
79.
f ( x ) = x 6 + 3 x5 4 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1
f ( x) = 6 x5 + 15 x 4 16 x3 + 4 x
f ( x) = 30 x 4 + 60 x3 48 x 2 + 4
Inflection points of f when x 2.61, 0.26.
497
80.
f ( x) =
x +1
1
.
4
Because there is only one relative extremum and
f is continuous, the relative maximum is an
absolute maximum.
Thus there is a relative maximum when x =
x +1
f ( x ) =
x2 + 2 x 1
( x + 1)
2 ( x + 3 x 3x 1)
f ( x) =
( x + 1)
2
4. y = 3x 2 5 x + 6
y = 6 x 5
CV: x =
Inflection points of f when

x 3.73, 0.27, 1.00.
y = 6
5
y = 6 > 0
6
Problems 13.4
1. y = x 2 5 x + 6
y = 2 x 5
CV: x =
y = 2
5
6
5
.
6
f is continuous, the relative minimum is an
absolute minimum.
Thus there is a relative minimum when x =
5
2
5
y = 2 > 0
2
5. y =
1 3
x + 2 x2 5x + 1
3
y = x 2 + 4 x 5 = ( x + 5)( x 1)
5
.
2
absolute minimum.
Thus there is a relative minimum when x =
CV: x = 5, 1
y = 2 x + 4
y (5) = 6 < 0 relative maximum when
x = 5
y (1) = 6 > 0 relative minimum when x = 1
2. y = 5 x + 20 x + 2
y = 10 x + 20
CV: x = 2
y = 10
y (2) = 10 > 0
6. y = x3 12 x + 1
y = 3x 2 12 = 3( x + 2)( x 2)
CV: x = 2
y = 6 x
x = 2
y (2) = 12 > 0 relative minimum when
x=2
Thus there is a relative minimum when x = 2.

absolute minimum.
3. y = 4 x 2 + 2 x 8
y = 8 x + 2
7. y = x3 + 3 x 2 + 1
1
CV: x =
4
y = 8
y = 3 x 2 + 6 x = 3x( x 2)
CV: x = 0, 2
y = 6 x + 6
1
y = 8 < 0
4
y (2) = 6 < 0 relative maximum when x = 2
498
Section 13.4
8. y = x 4 2 x 2 + 4
1
y = 60 > 0 relative minimum when
3
1
x=
3
y = 4 x3 4 x = 4 x( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: = 0, 1
y = 12 x 2 4
y (0) = 4 < 0 relative maximum when x = 0
12. y =

x = 1
y = 55 x 2 2 x 21 = (5 x + 3)(11x 7)
3 7
CV: x = ,
5 11
y = 110 x 2
9. y = 7 2 x 4
y = 8 x3
CV: x = 0
y = 24 x 2
3
y = 68 < 0 relative maximum when
5
3
x=
5
7
y = 68 > 0 relative minimum when
11
Since y (0) = 0 , the second-derivative test fails.

Using the first-derivative test, we see that f
increases for x < 0 and f decreases for x > 0, so
there is a relative maximum when x = 0.
x=
10. y = 2 x 7
y = 14 x 6
CV: x = 0
y = 84 x5
11. y = 81x5 5 x
)(
CV: x = 2, 5,
7
2
y = 2 x 2 + 7 x + 10 (2) + (2 x + 7)(2 x + 7)

x = 5
7
2
= 5(3 x + 1)(3x 1) 9 x 2 + 1
CV: x =
= 2( x + 2)( x + 5)(2 x + 7)
= 5 9x 1 9x + 1
y = 2 x 2 + 7 x + 10 (2 x + 7)
y = 81 5 x 4 5 = 5 81x 4 1
11
7
13. y = x 2 + 7 x + 10
Since y (0) = 0 , the second-derivative test fails.

However, using the first-derivative test, we see
that f decreases for x < 0 and for x > 0, so there is
neither a relative maximum nor a relative
minimum when x = 0.
55 3
x x 2 21x 3
3
7
2
x = 2
x=
1
3
y = 81 5 4 x3
14. y = x3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x 2
1
3
1
x=
3
y = 3x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 3( x 2 2 x 3)
= 3( x + 1)( x 3)
CV: x = 1, 3
y = 6 x + 6
x = 1
499

x=3
4
x
When x = 0 the denominator is zero but the
numerator is not zero, so x = 0 is a vertical
asymptote.
4
4
lim = 0. Similarly, lim = 0, so
x x
x x
y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
5. y = f ( x) =
Problems 13.5
x
x 1
numerator is not zero. Thus x = 1 is a vertical
asymptote.
x
x
lim
= lim = lim 1 = 1 .
x x 1 x x
x
Similarly lim f ( x) = 1 . Thus the line y = 1 is a
1. y = f ( x) =
x2 2
x2
x2
numerator is not. Thus x = 0 is a vertical
2
asymptote. lim 1 = 1 0 = 1. Similarly
x
x2
lim f ( x) = 1, so y = 1 is a horizontal
horizontal asymptote.
x +1
x
numerator is not. Thus x = 0 is a vertical
x +1
x
= lim = lim 1 = 1 .
asymptote. lim
x x
x x
x
Similarly lim f ( x) = 1 . Thus y = 1 is a
2. y = f ( x) =
asymptote.
1
(
x
1)(
x + 1)
x 1
Vertical asymptotes are x = 1 and x = 1.
1
1
lim
= lim
= 0 . Similarly,
2
x x 1 x x 2
lim f ( x ) = 0 . Thus y = 0 is a horizontal
7. y = f ( x) =
3.
6. y = f ( x) = 1
x+2
3x 5
5
When x = the denominator is zero but the
3
5
numerator is not. Thus x = is a vertical
3
x
1 1
asymptote. lim f ( x) = lim
= lim = .
x
x 3 x
x 3 3
1
1
Similarly lim f ( x) = . Thus y = is a
3
3
x
f ( x) =
asymptote.
x
(
x
2)(
x + 2)
x 4
Vertical asymptotes: x = 2, x = 2.
x
x
1
lim
= lim
= lim = 0 . Similarly,
2
2
x x 4 x x
x x
lim f ( x ) = 0 . Thus y = 0 is a horizontal
8. y = f ( x) =
asymptote.
9. y = f ( x) = x 2 5 x + 5 is a polynomial function,
so there are no horizontal or vertical asymptotes.
2x + 1
4. y = f ( x) =
2x + 1
Observe that both the numerator and
1
1
denominator are zero for x = . For x ,
2
2
we have f(x) = 1. Thus f is a constant function
1
for x . Hence there are no vertical or
2
horizontal asymptotes.
10. y = f ( x) =
500
x4
x3 4
x4
x3
(3 4)
x4
( x 22 / 3 )( x 2 + 22 / 3 x + 24 / 3 )
x4
x3 (22 / 3 )3
Section 13.5
Vertical asymptote: x = 22 / 3.
x4
4x
= x+
so the line y = x is an
x3 4
x3 4
oblique asymptote.
11.
2 x2
16.
17.
asymptote.
x3
is a polynomial function, so there are
5
no horizontal or vertical asymptotes.
f ( x) =
13. y =
2 x 2 + 3x + 1
2
x 5
2 x2 + 3x + 1
( x 5 )( x + 5 )
2 x2
asymptote.
14. y = f ( x) =
x2 1
(2 x 1)( x 4)
3 x4
3 x4
x3 + x 2 x 2 ( x + 1)
3 x4
3 x2
so the line y = x + 1
= x +1+
x3 + x 2
x3 + x 2
is an oblique asyptote.
x 2 + 4 x3 + 6 x 4
3x2
Observe that both the numerator and the
denominator are zero when x = 0. For x 0, we
have
x2
1
f ( x) =
(1 + 4 x + 6 x 2 ) = (1 + 4 x + 6 x 2 ).
2
3
3x
Thus f is a polynomial function for x 0. Hence
there are neither horizontal nor vertical
asymptotes.
= lim 2 = 2
x
x2
Similarly, lim = 2. Thus y = 2 is a horizontal
x
f ( x) =
18. y = f ( x) =

lim f ( x) = lim
2x2 9 x + 4
1
and x = 4.
2
x2
1 1
= lim = ,and
lim f ( x) = lim
2
x
x 2 x 2
x 2
1
1
lim f ( x) = . Thus y = is a horizontal
2
2
x
asymptote.
12.
x2 1
Vertical asymptotes are x =
2 x2
x 2 + x 6 ( x + 3)( x 2)
2 x2
lim f ( x) = lim
= lim 2 = 2 , and
x
x x 2
x
lim f ( x) = 2 . Thus y = 2 is a horizontal
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
2 x3 + 1
3x(2 x 1)(4 x 3)
19. y = f ( x) =
1
, and
2
3
2 x3
1
1
= lim
=
.
x = . lim f ( x) = lim
4 x
x 24 x3
x 12 12
1
1
. Thus y =
is a
Similarly, lim f ( x) =
12
12
x
x 2 3x 4
x2 3x 4
(1 + 2 x)2
1
From the denominator, x = is a vertical
2
asymptote.
x2
1 1
= lim = , and
lim f ( x) = lim
2
4
x
x 4 x
x 4
1
1
lim f ( x) = , so y = is a horizontal
4
4
x
asymptote.
Vertical asymptotes are x = 0, x =
2
5 x 13
+5 =
x3
x3
From the denominator, x = 3 is a vertical
asymptote.
5x
= lim 5 = 5, and
lim f ( x) = lim
x
x x
x
lim f ( x) = 5. Thus, y = 5 is a horizontal
15. y = f ( x) =
20. y = f ( x) =
1 + 4 x + 4 x2
x4 + 1
1 x4
x4 + 1
(1 + x ) (1 x)(1 + x)
2
From the denominator, vertical asymptotes are

x = 1 and x = 1.
asymptote.
501
lim f ( x) = lim
x4
24.
= lim 1 = 1 , and
x 4 x
lim f ( x) = 1 . Thus y = 1 is a horizontal
asymptote.
9 x 2 16
(3 x + 4)(3 x 4)
2(3 x + 4)
2(3 x + 4)2
4
When x = , both the numerator and
3
denominator are zero. Since
3x 4
lim f ( x) = lim
= , the
+
+ 2(3 x + 4)
x 4 / 3
x 4 / 3
line x =
lim
3
x
Symmetric about the origin. Vertical asymptote
3
3
, so y = 0 is a
is x = 0. lim = 0 = lim
x x
x x
3
y =
x2
CV: None, however x = 0 must be included in
the inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 0) and
(0, ).
6
y =
x3
No possible inflection point, but we include x =
0 in the concavity analysis. Concave down on
(, 0); concave up on (0, ).
25. y =
4
is a vertical asymptote.
3
9 x 2 16
2(3x + 4)
= lim
9 x2
x 18 x
Similarly, lim f ( x) =
x
1 1
= .
2
x 2
= lim
1
1
. Thus y =
is a
2
2
2
2x
24 x 2 + 20 x 4
+
=
5 12 x 2 + 5 x 2 5(12 x 2 + 5 x 2)
4( x + 1)(6 x 1)
=
5(3 x + 2)(4 x 1)
22. y = f ( x) =
1
24 x 2
2 2
= lim = .
x = . lim f ( x) = lim
2
4 x
x 60 x
x 5 5
2
2
Similarly, lim f ( x) = . Thus, y = is a
5
5
x
26. y =
2
2x 3
Intercept: 0,
3
3
.
2
lim y = 0 = lim y, so y = 0 is a horizontal
Vertical asymptote is x =
23. y = f ( x) = 2e x + 2 + 4
We have lim f ( x) = + and
asymptote.
4
y =
(2 x 3) 2
lim f ( x) = 2 lim e x + lim 4

x
2
1
When x = or x = , the denominator is 0,
3
4
but the numerator is not. Thus, vertical
2
asymptotes are x = and
3
is a horizontal asymptote. There is no vertical

asymptote because f(x) neither increases nor
decreases without bound around any fixed value
of x.
21. y = f ( x) =
f ( x) = 12e x
lim f ( x) = 0 and lim f ( x) = + . Thus y = 0
= 2(0) + 4 = 4
Thus y = 4 is a horizontal asymptote. There is no
vertical asymptote because f(x) neither increases
nor decreases without bound around any fixed
value of x.
502
Section 13.5
3
must be considered in the
2
3
inc. dec. analysis. Decreasing on , and

2
(Note: x > 0)
x
lim y = 0 , so y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
lim y = + , so the line x = 0 is a vertical
x 0+
2 , .
16
y =
(2 x 3)3
asymptote.
5
y =
< 0 for x > 0. Decreasing on (0, ).
x3
15
y =
> 0 for x > 0. Concave up on (0, ).
2 x5
3
must be
2
considered in the concavity analysis. Concave
3
down on , ; concave up on , .
2
No possible inflection point, but x =
10
28. y =
CV: None, but x =
16
y
x
16
x
5
29. y = x 2 +
x
x 1
Intercept (0, 0)
Vertical asymptote is x = 1
lim y = 1 = lim y , so y = 1 is a horizontal
x4 + 1
x 2 = 0 gives x = 0 as the only vertical

asymptote. Because the degree of the numerator
is greater than the degree of the denominator, no
horizontal asymptote exists.
asymptote.
( x 1)(1) x(1)
1
y =
=
2
( x 1)
( x 1)2
CV: None, but x = 1 must be included in the
inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 1) and
(1, ).
2
y =
( x 1)3
No possible inflection point, but x = 1 must be
included in concavity analysis. Concave up on
(1, ), concave down on (, 1).
y
x2
x2
x 0, so there is no y-intercept. Setting
y = 0 no x-intercept. Replacing x by x
yields symmetry about the y-axis. Setting
27. y =
y = x 2 + x 2
y = 2 x 2 x
=
= 2x
2
x
2 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
2 x4 2
x
2 x4 1
x
.
x3
CV: x = 1, but x = 0 must be included in the
(0, 1); increasing on (1, 0) and (1, ); relative
minima at (1, 2) and (1, 2),
6
y = 2 +
>0
x4
for all x 0. Concave up on (, 0) and
(0, ).
x
5
503
50
x
5
x
5
3x2 5 x 1
x2
1
Intercept: 0,
2
Vertical asymptote is x = 2.
3x 2 5 x 1
1
= 3x + 1 +
so y = 3x + 1 is an
x2
x2
oblique asymptote.
1
(
x
1)(
x 1)
+
x 1
Intercept (0, 1)
1
1
= 0 = lim
, so y = 0 is a
lim
x x 2 1
x x 2 1
2x
y =
2
2
x 1
31. y =
30. y =
y =
=
( x 2)(6 x 5) (3 x 2 5 x 1)(1)
( x 2)2
6 3
,
3
but x = 2 must be included in the inc.-dec.
6 3
analysis. Increasing on ,
and
3
( x 1)
y = 2
2
(1) x 4 x x 2 1
( x 1)
( x 1) ( x 1) 4x
= 2
( x 1)
2 ( 3 x + 1)
2 ( 3 x + 1)
=
=
( x 1) [( x + 1)( x 1)]
2
6+ 3
6 3
, ; decreasing on
, 2 and
6+ 3
2,
; relative maximum at
3
6 3
, 7 2 3 ; relative minimum at
6+ 3
, 7 + 2 3 .

inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1) and
(1, 0); decreasing on (0, 1) and (1, ); relative
maximum at (0, 1).
3 x 2 12 x + 11
From the quadratic formula, CV: x =
y =
( x 2)2

considered in the concavity analysis. Concave up
on (, 1) and (1, ); concave down on (1, 1).
5
( x 2) (6 x 12) (3 x 12 x + 11)2( x 2)
( x 2)4
( x 2)(6 x 12) 2(3 x 2 12 x + 11)
x
5
( x 2)3
2
( x 2)3
included in the concavity analysis. Concave
down on (, 2); concave up on (2, )
504
Section 13.5
32. y =
y =
(1 x )3
included in the concavity analysis. Concave up
on (, 1); concave down on (1, ).
x +1
Intercept (0, 1)
1
1
= 0 = lim
, so y = 0 is a
lim
2
2
x x + 1
x x + 1
2 x
y =
2
2
x +1
3
5x
CV: x = 0
relative maximum at (0, 1)
y =
2 3x 2 1
x2 + 1
34. y =
Possible inflection points at x =
1
3
x2
Intercept is (1, 0)
1+ x
x
1
= lim
= lim = 0
lim
x x 2
x x 2
x x
1+ x
= lim
, so y = 0 is the only horizontal
x x 2
asymptote.
x+2
y =
x3
inc-dec. analysis. Increasing on (2, 0);
decreasing on (, 2) and (0, ); relative
1
minimum at 2, .
4
. Concave
1
up on ,
, ; concave
and
3
3
1
1
down on
,
3
3
1 3
,
3 4
1+ x
x
5
y =
2(3 + x)
x4
Possible inflection point when x = 3, but x = 0
must be included in the concavity analysis.
Concave up on (3, 0) and (0, ); concave down
2
on (, 3); inflection point at 3, .

9
1+ x
1 x
Intercepts: (0, 1) and (1, 0).
x = 1 is the only vertical asymptote. Since
1+ x
x
lim
= lim
= lim 1 = 1
x 1 x
x x x
1+ x
= lim
x 1 x
the only horizontal asymptote is y = 1.
(1 x)(1) (1 + x )(1)
2
=
y =
2
(1 x)
(1 x) 2
No critical values, but x = 1 must be considered
in the ind.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1)
and (1, ).
33. y =
x
5
505
x2
7x + 4
Intercept: (0, 0)
x3 + 1
x
Intercept: (1, 0)
Vertical asymptote is x = 0. Because the degree
of the numerator is greater than the degree of the
denominator, no horizontal asymptote exists.
35. y =
36. y =
Vertical asymptote is x =
4
.
7
1
4
x2
1
4
16
so y = x
= x +
7
49
7x + 4 7
49 49(7 x + 4)
is an oblique asymptote.
(7 x + 4)(2 x) x 2 (7)
y =
(7 x + 4)2
=
7 x2 + 8x
(7 x + 4)
Since y = x 2 + x 1 ,
y = 2 x x 2 = 2 x
x(7 x + 8)
(7 x + 4) 2
1
1
minimum at 3 , 33 .
2
4
4
8
and (0, ); decreasing on , and
7
7
y = 2 + 2 x
(14 x + 8) 7 x 2 + 8 x [14(7 x + 4)]

(7 x + 4)4
= 2+
10
2 x3 + 1
3
(7 x + 4) (7 x + 4)(14 x + 8) 14 7 x 2 + 8 x
=
4
(7 x + 4)
=
x2
x
x
must be included in concavity analysis. Concave
up on (, 1) and (0, ); concave down on
(1, 0); inflection point at (1, 0).
16
4
8
7 , 0 ; relative maximum at 7 , 49 ;

+4
x2
2 x3 1
1
, but x = 0 must be included in inc.2
dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 0) and
1
0, 3 ; increasing on 3 , ; relative
2
8
4
, but x = must be included in
7
7
8
the inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on ,

7
CV: x = 3
CV: x = 0,
(7x
y =
x
10
32
(7 x + 4)3
4
must be
7
included in concavity analysis. Concave down
4
on , ; concave up on , .
7
7
No possible inflection point but x =
37. y =
9
2
9x 6x 8
9
(3x + 2)(3 x 4)
Intercept: 0,
8
2
4
Vertical asymptotes: x = , x =
3
3
9
1
lim y = lim
= lim
= 0 = lim y
x
x 9 x 2
x x 2
x
Thus y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. Since
y
3
x
3
y = 9 9 x2 6 x 8
506
y = 9(1) 9 x 2 6 x 8
=
Section 13.5
(18 x 6)
54(3x 1)
[(3x + 2)(3x 4)]2
1
2
4
, but x = and x = must be included in inc.-dec. analysis.
3
3
3
2
2 1
1 4
4
Increasing on , and , ; decreasing on , and , ;

3
3
3 3
3 3
CV: x =
relative maximum at , 1 . Finding y gives:

3
(9x
y = 54
6x 8
(3) (3 x 1) 2 9 x 2 6 x 8 (18 x 6)
(9x
6x 8
)(
)
( 9 x 6 x 8)
162 ( 27 x + 18 x 12 ) 486 ( 9 x 6 x + 4 )
=
=
[(3x + 2)(3 x 4)]
9
x
6
x
8
(
)
= 54
3 9 x 2 6 x 8 9 x 2 6 x 8 4(3x 1)(3x 1)
Since 9 x 2 6 x + 4 = 0 has no real roots, y is never zero. No possible inflection points,

but x =
2
4
and x = must be included in concavity analysis. Concave up on
3
3
and , ; concave down on

3
, 3
2 4
3 , 3 .
x
3
38. y =
8 x2 + 3x + 1
2x2
8 x 2 + 3 x + 1 is never 0 and x cannot be zero. Thus no intercepts. Vertical asymptote is x = 0.

lim y = lim
8x2
2x2
= lim 4 = 4 = lim y
x
Thus y = 4 is a horizontal asymptote. Since y = 4 +

y =
3 1 1 2
x + x , we have
2
2
3 2
1
3x + 2
x x 3 = x 3 (3 x + 2) =
2
2
2 x3
507
1
4
, .
3
12
2
CV: x = , but x = 0 must be included in the
3
2
inc. dec. analysis. Decreasing on , and

3
2
(0, ); increasing on ,
3
y = 3
0 ; relative
= 3
y
2
3x + 1
(3 x 2)2
x
3
1 1
Intercepts: , 0 , 0,
3 4
2
Vertical asymptote is x = .
3
3x
1
lim y = lim
= lim
= 0 = lim y
x
x 9 x 2
x 3 x
x
Thus y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
y =
=
3(3 x 2)2 [(3 x 2) 3(3x + 4)]
7
Possible inflection point when x = , but
3
2
x = must be included in concavity analysis.
3
7
Concave down on , ; concave up on

3
7 2
2
, and , ; inflection point at

3
3
3
2
7
, .
27
3
x
10
39. y =
(3x 2)6
(3x 2)6
3(6 x 14) 18(3 x + 7)
= 3
=
(3x 2) 4
(3x 2) 4
2 23
minimum at ,
.
3 8
3
y = 3 x 3 + 3x 4 =
( x + 1).
x4
Concave down on (, 1); concave up on
(1, 0) and (0, ); inflection point at (1, 3).
16
(3x 2)3 (3) (3x + 4)(3)(3x 2)2 (3)
40. y =
(6 x + 5)2
1 1
Intercepts: , 0 , 0,
3 25
5
6
3x
1
= lim
= 0 = lim y
lim y = lim
2
x
x 36 x
x 12 x
x
Thus y = 0 is horizontal asymptote.
(6 x + 5)2 (3) (3 x + 1)[12(6 x + 5)]
y =
(6 x + 5)4
3(6 x + 5)[(6 x + 5) 4(3 x + 1)]
=
(6 x + 5)4
3(6 x + 1) 3(6 x 1)
=
=
(6 x + 5)3
(6 x + 5)3
(3x 2)2 (3) (3 x + 1)(2)(3x 2)(3)

(3 x 2) 4
3(3 x 2)[(3 x 2) 2(3 x + 1)]
3x + 1
(3 x 2) 4
3(3 x + 4)
(3 x 2)3
4
2
CV: x = , but x = must be included in
3
3
inc.-dec. analysis.
4
Decreasing on , and , ;
3
4
2
increasing on , ; relative minimum at

3 3
508
Section 13.5
1
5
, but x = must be included in
6
6
5
inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on , and

6
CV: x =
6 , ; increasing on
41. y =
5 1
6 , 6 ; relative
= 3
inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on 3, 0 and
( 0, 3 ) ; decreasing on ( , 3 ) and
(6 x + 5)4
2
3
5
x = must be included in concavity analysis.
6
5
5 2
Concave down on , and , ;
6
6 3
y = 2 x 3 12 x 5 = 2 x 5 x 2 6 =
2 x2 6
5
x
Possible inflection points when x = 6 , but
x = 0 must be included in the concavity analysis.
)
concave up on ( 6, 0 ) and (
Concave down on , 6 and 0, 6 ;
2 1
3 , 27 .
5 6
6,
.
36
x
3
3
3
509
x
3
6, ;
5 6
inflection points at 6,
and
36
( 16 , 241 ) ( 23 , 271 )
2 3
3, ; relative maximum at 3,
;
2 3
relative minimum at 3,
.
concave up on , ; inflection point at

3
3 x2
x4
CV: x = 3 , but x = 0 must be included in the
12 x + 8
y = x 2 + 3x 4 = x 4 x 2 + 3 =
(6 x + 5)6
(6 x + 5)
3x 2
( x + 1)( x 1)
asymptote. Since y = x 1 x 3 , then
6(6 x + 5)2 [(6 x + 5) 3(6 x 1)]
= 18
= 72
(6 x + 5)3 (6) (6 x 1) 18(6 x + 5)2
6
(6 x + 5)
x
x3
Intercepts are (1, 0) and (1, 0).
Vertical asymptote x = 0.
x2 1
x2
1
lim
= lim
= lim
3
3
x x
x x
x x
1 x
= 0 = lim
, so y = 0 is the only horizontal
x x 2
1 1
maximum at ,
. Finding y gives:
6 24
y = 3
x2 1
42. y =

at (0, 1).
3x
( x 2)2
Intercept (0, 0)
Vertical asymptote at x = 2
3x
3x
3
= lim
= lim = 0 and
lim
2
2
x x 4 x + 4 x x
x x
3x
= 0, so y = 0 is the only
lim
x x 2 4 x + 4
3( x + 2)
y =
( x 2)3
(2, ); increasing on (2, 2); relative maximum
3
at 2,
8
y =
y =
( x + 1)(2 x + 2) x 2 + 2 x [2]
3
y
5
x
5
6( x + 4)
16
44. y =
3x 4 + 1
x3
No intercepts
Since y = 3 x + x 3 ,
1
x2 + x + 1
=
x +1
x +1
Intercept: (0, 1). x = 1 is the only vertical
asymptote. y = x is an oblique asymptote.
43. y = x +
( x + 1)(2 x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
( x + 1)
x2 + 2 x
2
= 3
10
= 3x +
1
x3
so
3 x 2 + 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
x
x4
CV: 1, but x = 0 must be considered in the inc.dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1) and (1, );
decreasing on (1, 0) and (0, 1); relative
maximum at (1, 4); relative minimum at
(1, 4).
12
y =
x5
down on (, 0); concave up on (0, ).
x
10
3x 4 + 1
x
y = 3x is an oblique asymptote.
y = 3 3 x
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
( x + 1)3
down on (, 1); concave up on (1, ).
( x 2)4
Concave down on (, 4); concave up on
1
(4, 2) and (2, ); inflection point at 4, .

3
y =
( x + 1)2 (2 x + 2) x 2 + 2 x [2( x + 1)]
x( x + 2)
( x + 1)
( x + 1)2
CV: 0 and 2, but x = 1 must be included in the
inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 2) and
(0, ); decreasing on (2, 1) and (1, 0);
relative maximum at (2, 3); relative minimum
x
10
510
45. y =
3x 2 + 2 x 5
3 x 2 + 2 x 5
(3 x + 1)( x 1)
3x2 2 x 1
Section 13.5
Note that 3x 2 + 2 x 5 is never zero.

Intercept: (0, 5)
1
Vertical asymptotes are x = and x = 1.
3
lim y = lim
3 x 2
= lim 1 = 1 = lim y
x
x
3x 2
Thus y = 1 is horizontal asymptote.
x
( 3x
y =
(3x 2 x 1)
2(3x 1) ( 3x 2 x 1) (1) ( 3 x
=
(3x 2 x 1)
2
12(3x 1)
( 3x
2x 1
+ 2x 5
2 x 1 (6 x + 2) 3x 2 + 2 x 5 (6 x 2)
12(3 x 1)
[(3x + 1)( x 1)]2
1
1
, but x = and x = 1 must be included in inc.-dec. analysis.
3
3
1
1 1
1
Decreasing on , and , ; increasing on , 1 and (1, ); relative minimum at
3
3
3
CV: x =
( 3x
y = 12
( 3x
= 12
= 12
( 3x
) (
2x 1
2 x 1 3 3 x 2 2 x 1 2(3 x 1)(6 x 2)
( 3x
2 x 1 (3) (3 x 1) 2 3 x 2 2 x 1 (6 x 2)
27 x 2 + 18 x 7
( 3x
1 7
3, 2.
2x 1
2x 1
12 27 x 2 18 x + 7
[(3x + 1)( x 1)]3
1
and x = 1 must be included
3
1
1
in concavity analysis. Concave down on , and (1, ); concave up on , 1 .
3
Since 27 x 2 18 x + 7 is never zero, there is no possible inflection point, but x =
511
10
1
3
5x
1
(3 x + 2)2 + 1
=
3x + 2
3x + 2
9 x 2 + 12 x + 5
=
3x + 2
46. y = 3x + 2 +
Note that 9 x 2 + 12 x + 5 is never zero.

5
Intercept: 0,
2
2
Vertical asymptote is x = ; oblique asymptote is y = 3x + 2.
3
y = 3
= 3
= 3
(3x + 2) 2
2
9 x + 12 x + 3
(3 x + 2)
(3 x + 2)2 1
(3 x + 2)2
= 9
(3 x + 1)( x + 1)
(3x + 2)2
1
2
and x = 1, but x = must be included in inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1) and
3
3
1
2
2 1
, ; decreasing on 1, and , ; relative maximum at (1, 2); relative minimum at
3
3
3
3
1
, 2 .
3
18
y = 3(2)(3 x + 2)3 (3) =
(3 x + 2)3
2
2
No possible inflection point, but x = must be included in concavity analysis. Concave down on , ;
3
3
concave up on , .
3
CV: x =
10
x
5
512

47.
Section 13.5
52. For y = 6 3e x we have
3
lim 6 3e x = lim 6 = 6 3(0) = 6
x
x
ex
Thus the line y = 6 is a horizontal asymptote for
x
5
the graph of y = 6 3e x . For y = 6 + 3e x , we
obtain lim 6 + 3e x = 6 + 3(0) = 6 , so the line

x
48.
y = 6 is also a horizontal asymptote for the graph
of y = 6 + 3e x .
y
16
x
5
y = 6 + 3ex
8
4
49.
y = 6 3ex
76
53. lim 150 76et = lim 150
t
t
et
= 150 0 = 150
Thus y = 150 is a horizontal asymptote.
x
5
54.
50.
x
16
y
15
15
x
5
x 0.08, y = 0
55.
a
a
51. When x = , then a + bx = 0 so x = is a
b
b
vertical asymptote.
x
x
1 1
= lim
= lim =
lim
b
x a + bx x bx
x b
1
Thus y = is a horizontal asymptote.
b
x 2.45, x 0.67, y = 2
56.
10
10
10
10
513
0.15625
relative and absolute maximum when x =

The other number is 20 x =
1.54255
6.54255
In the standard window, two vertical asymptotes

of the form x = k, where k > 0, are apparent
(x 0.68 and x 7.32). By zooming around
x = 4, another vertical asymptote is apparent
(x = 4). Thus three vertical asymptotes exist.
A =
25
0
From the graph, it appears that lim y 0.48 .

x
Stream
Thus a horizontal asymptote is y 0.48.

Algebraically, we have
lim
1
(9000 30 x)
18
Setting A = 0 x = 300 . Since
1
A(300) = (30) < 0 , we have a maximum at
18
9000 15(300)
x = 300. Thus y =
= 250 . The
18
40
.
3
3. We are given that 15x + 9(2y) = 9000, or

9000 15 x
y=
. We want to maximize area A,
18
where A = xy.
9000 15 x 1
2
A = xy = x
= 18 9000 x 15 x
18
0.15625
57.
20
.
3
0.34e
0.7 x
4.2 + 0.71e0.7 x
0.34
= lim
x 4.2
e0.7 x
+ 0.71
0.34e0.7 x
e0.7 x
lim
0.7 x
x 4.2 + 0.71e
0.7 x
e
y
x
1200
, and
x
want to minimize N = 2x + 6y. We have
1200
N = 2x + 6 y = 2x + 6
, x> 0
x
4. We are given that xy = 1200, or y =
0.34
0.48
0 + 0.71
Problems 13.6
1. Let the numbers be x and 82 x. Then if
P = x(82 x) = 82 x x 2 , we have P = 82 2 x.
Setting P = 0 x = 41. Since P = 2 < 0,
there is a maximum when x = 41. Because
82 x = 41, the required numbers are 41 and 41.
N = 2
7200
x2
Setting N = 0 yields x 2 = 3600 , so x = 60. We

14, 400
have N =
, so N (60) > 0 and we have
x3
a minimum. If x = 60, then y = 20. Thus
N = 2(60) + 6(20) = 240 ft.
2. Let the numbers be x and 20 x, where

0 x 20. Let
P = (2 x)(20 x) 2 = 2 x3 80 x 2 + 800 x .
dP
= 0 gives
Setting
dx
P = 6 x 160 x + 800 = 2(3 x 20)( x 20) = 0 ,

20
or x = 20. P > 0 on
3
20
20
0, 3 and P < 0 on 3 , 20 . Thus P has a
from which x =
514
Section 13.6
5. c = 0.05q 2 + 5q + 500
Avg. cost per unit = c =
c = 0.05
500
q2
500
1
. The answer
B
does not depend on A because A represents the
initial value of q, so it doesnt change q over
time.
revenue is maximum when p =
c
500
= 0.05q + 5 +
q
q
. Setting c = 0 yields
9.
, q = 10, 000, q = 100 . We

q2
exclude q = 100 because q represents the
1000
number of units. Since c =
> 0 for q > 0,
q3
c is an absolute minimum when q = 100 units.
0.05 =
a.
Setting f ( p) = 0 gives 1 +
900
( p + 10)2
=0,
= 1 , ( p + 10)2 = 900,
( p + 10)2
p + 10 = 30 , from which p = 20.
Since f ( p ) =
1800
< 0 for p = 20, we

( p + 10)3
have an absolute maximum of
f(20) = 110 grams.
d 2C
= 0.0024 < 0 , a maximum

ds 2
occurs when s = 50. Thus a minimum can occur
only at an endpoint of the domain. If s = 0, then
C = 0.08; if s = 60, then C = 2.96. Thus the
minimum cost of $0.08 per hour occurs for
s = 0 mi/h and might be due to depreciation,
insurance, and so on.
9
, so we have an
11
9
absolute minimum of f (100) = 51 grams.
11
b. f(0) = 70 and f (100) = 51
2
D3
C D CD
10. R = D 2 =
2
3
2 3
dR
= CD D 2 . This
The rate of change of R is
dD
is the function to be maximized. Setting
C
d dR
= C 2 D = 0 gives D = . Since
dD dD
2
7. p = 5q + 30
Since total revenue = (price)(quantity),
r = pq = (5q + 30)q = 5q 2 + 30q
Setting r = 10q + 30 = 0 q = 3 . Since
r = 10 < 0 , r is maximum at q = 3 units, for
which the corresponding price is
p = 5(3) + 30 = $15.
8. q = Ae
900
, where 0 p 100.
p + 10
900
6. C = 0.12s 0.0012 s 2 + 0.08 , where 0 s

dC
60. Setting
= 0 gives 0.12 0.0024s = 0
ds
s = 50. Since
f ( p) = 160 p
d 2 dR
= 2 < 0 , the maximum rate of

dD 2 dD
C
change occurs when D = .
2
Bp
Revenue = r = pq = pAe Bp
r = A[e Bp (1) + pe Bp ( B)]
= A(1 Bp )e Bp
1
= AB p e Bp
B
1
Critical value: p =
B
1
If p < , then r > 0 and r is increasing. If
B
1
p > , then r < 0 and r is decreasing. Thus
B
11. p = 85 0.05q
c = 600 + 35q
P = pq c = (85 0.05q )q (600 + 35q )
= (0.05q 2 50q + 600)
Setting P = (0.1q 50) = 0 yields q = 500.
Since P (500) = 0.1 < 0, P is a maximum
when q = 500 units. This corresponds to a price
of p = 85 0.05(500) = $60 and a profit of
P = $11,900.
515
12. Cost per unit = $3

10
p=
q
MR =
20 1
= = MC.
60 3
2 2
10, 000
q 40q +
3
q
Since total revenue r = pq and
total cost = c = cq ,
P = pq cq
c=
= q3 100q 2 + 3200q q3 40q 2 + 10, 000

3
1
= q3 60q 2 + 3200q 10, 000
3
13. p = 42 4q
80
c = 2+
q
Total Cost = c = cq = 2q + 80
P = pq c = (42 4q)q (2q + 80)
P = q 2 120q + 3200 = (q 40)(q 80)

Setting P = 0 gives q = 40 or 80. Evaluating
profit at q = 0, 40, 80, and 120 gives
P(0) = 10,000
130, 000
1
P (40) =
= 43,333
3
3
98, 000
2
P (80) =
= 32, 666
3
3
P(120) = 86,000
Thus the profit maximizing output is q = 120
units, and the corresponding maximum profit is
$86,000.
P = (8q 40)
Setting P = (8q 40) = 0 gives q = 5. We find

that P = 8 < 0 , so P has a maximum value
when q = 5. The corresponding price p is
42 4(5) = $22.
14. p =
1
and MC = , then for q = 3600 we
3
15. p = q 2 100q + 3200 on [0, 120]
5 3
Moreover, we have P = q 2 < 0 for q > 0,
2
25
. The
so P is maximum when q =
9
corresponding price is p = $6.
have MR =

P = pq c
10
P=
q (3q) = 10 q 3q
q
25
5
3 = 0 yields q =
Setting P =
.
9
q
= 4q 2 40q + 80
20
40
16. a.
c = cq = 2q3 42q 2 + 228q + 210

dc
= 6q 2 84q + 228 = 6(q 2 14q + 38)
dq
Using the quadratic formula to solve
dc
= 0 gives q = 7 11 3.68 or
dq
1 2000
c= +
3
q
q
+ 2000
3
q
P = pq c = 40 q 2000
3
20 1
= 0 yields q = 3600.
Setting P =
q 3
Total cost = c = cq =
q = 7 + 11 10.32. Evaluating c at q = 3,
7 11, 7 + 11, and 12 gives
570, 434 + 44 11 579.93,
434 44 11 288.07, and 354,
respectively. Thus the minimum cost is
when q = 7 + 11 10.32.
c(10) = 290 and c(11) = 298, so production
should be fixed at q = 10 for a minimum
cost of $290.
Since P = 10q 3 / 2 < 0 for q > 0, it follows

that P is a maximum when q = 3600. The
40
$0.67. Since
corresponding price is p =
60
516
Section 13.6
b. c(7) = 434, so the minimum cost still occurs

when q = 7 + 11 10.32 and production
should again be fixed at 10 units.
20. Note that as the number of units produced and

sold increases from 0 to 600, the profit increases
from 0 to (600)(400) = $24,000. Let
q = number of units produced and sold beyond
600. Then the total profit P is given by
P = (600)(40) + (40 0.05q )q
17. Total fixed costs = $1200,

material-labor costs/unit = $2, and the demand
100
.
equation is p =
q
= 24, 000 + 40q 0.05q 2

P = 40 0.10q
Setting P = 0 yields q = 400. Since
P = 0.10 < 0, P is a maximum when q = 400,
that is, the total number of units = 600 + 400
= 1000.

P = pq c
100
P=
q (2q + 1200)
q
= 100 q 2q 1200
= 2 50 q q 600
21. See the figure in the text. Given that x 2 y = 32 ,
we want to minimize S = 4( xy ) + x 2 . Since
25
1 = 0 yields q = 625. We
Setting P = 2
q
y=
32
x2
, where x > 0, we have
32
128
S = 4 x + x2 =
+ x 2 , from which
2
x
x
128
S =
+ 2 x . Setting S = 0 gives
x2
256
2 x3 = 128 , x3 = 64 , x = 4. Since S =
+2,
x3
we get S (4) > 0 , so x = 4 gives a minimum. If
32
see that P = 25q < 0 for q > 0, so P is

maximum when q = 625. When q = 625,
50
MR =
= 2 = MC. When q = 625, then
625
p = $4.
18. Let x = number of $10 per month increases
so the monthly rate is 400 + 10x and the number
of rented apartments is 100 2x. Monthly
revenue r is given by
r = (rent/apt.) (no. of apt. rented)
r = (400 + 10x)(100 2x)
r = (400 + 10 x)(2) + (100 2 x)(10)
= 200 40x = 40(5 x)
Setting r = 0 yields x = 5. Since r = 40 < 0 ,
then r is maximum when x = 5. This results in a
monthly rate for an apartment of
400 + 10(5) = $450.
32
= 2 . The dimensions are
16
4 ft 4 ft 2 ft.
x = 4, then y =
22. See the figure in the text. We want to maximize

V = x 2 y given that 4 xy + x 2 = 192 , or
192 x 2
4x
192 x 2 1
V = x2
= 192 x x3 , x > 0
4x 4
1
3
2
V = 192 3 x = 64 x 2
4
4
Setting V = 0 gives x = 8. Since
3
V = (2 x) , then V (8) < 0 , so x = 8 gives
4
a maximum. If x = 8, then y = 4.
The dimensions are 8 ft 8 ft 4 ft.
y=
19. If x = number of $0.50 decreases, where

0 x 36, then the monthly fee for each
subscriber is 18 0.50x, and the total number of
subscribers is 4800 + 150x. Let r be the total
(monthly) revenue.
revenue = (monthly rate)(number of subscribers)
r = (18 0.50x)(4800 +150x)
r = (18 0.50 x)(150) + (4800 + 150 x)(0.50)
= 300 150x = 150(2 x)
Setting r = 0 yields x = 2.
Evaluating r when x = 0, 2, and 36, we find that
r is a maximum when x = 2. This corresponds to
a monthly fee of 18 0.50(2) = $17 and a
monthly revenue r of $86,700.
) (
The volume is 82 (4) = 256 ft 3 .
517
23. V = x ( L 2 x )
If S = 0 , then r 3 K = 0 , r 3 = K ,
= L2 x 4 Lx 2 + 4 x3
L
where 0 < x < .
2
r=3
= 12 x 2 8 Lx + L2
= (2x L)(6x L)
L
L
For 0 < x < , setting V = 0 gives x = .
6
2
L
Since V > 0 on 0, and V < 0 on

6
L
L L
, , V is maximum when x = . Thus the
6
2
6
L
length of the side of the square must be
in.,
6
which results in a volume of
2
V = r 2 h
240
, x > 0. We want
x
K r 2
. Thus Equation
2r
Setting V = 0 gives r =
h=
K 3K
2 3K
2
3
K
K
3
=
K
3
K
3
2
3
K
. Thus
3
2 3K
=
K
3
Note that since V = 3r < 0 for r > 0, we have

a maximum.
27. p = 600 2q
c = 0.2q 2 + 28q + 200
P = pq c
P = (600 2q )q 0.2q 2 + 28q + 200
(2)
K
r
> 0 for r > 0, we
(2) becomes
Kr r 3
V=
2
dV K 3r 2
.
=
2
dr
25. See the figure in the text.

V = K = r 2 h
(1)
becomes
2K
S=
+ r 2
r
r3
(2)
From Equation (1), h =
240
A = ( x + 10)( y + 6) = ( x + 10)
+ 6
x
2400
= 300 + 6 x +
x
2400
A = 6
x2
Setting A = 0 gives x = 20. Since
4800
A =
> 0 for x = 20, we have a minimum.
x3
Thus y = 12, so the dimensions are 20 + 10 by
12 + 6, that is, 30 in. 18 in.
From Equation (1) h =
4K
26. See the figure in the text.

S = K = 2rh + r 2
(1)
to minimize A where
S = 2rh + r
2
3
have a minimum.
L
L
2L
in 3 .
L =
6
3
27
( K )
K
K 3
.
= =3
Note that since S = 2 +
24. Since xy = 240, then y =
h=
V = L2 8Lx + 12 x 2
K
. Thus
= 2.2q 2 572q + 200
. Thus Equation (2)
P = (4.4q 572)
Setting P = 0 yields q = 130. Since
P = 4.4 < 0 , P is maximum when q = 130
units. The corresponding price is
p = 600 2(130) = $340, and the profit is
P = $36,980. If a tax of $22/unit is imposed on
the manufacturer, then the cost equation is
2 r 3 K
dS
2K
=
+ 2r =
.
dr
r2
r2
518
Section 13.6
minimize the sum C of carrying costs and set-up
costs.
q
1000
C = 0.128 10 + 40
2

q
c1 = 0.2q 2 + 28q + 200 + 22q

= 0.2q 2 + 50q + 200 .
The demand equation remains the same. Thus
P1 = pq c1
= (600 2q)q 0.2q 2 + 50q + 200
= 2.2q 2 550q + 200
= 0.64q +
C = 0.64
P1 = (4.4q 550)
c = 0.2q 2 + 28q + 200 . Revenue, both before

and after the license fee, is given by
30. c = 0.004q3 + 20q + 5000

p = 450 4q
P = pq c
r = pq = 600q 2q 2 . After the license fee, the

cost equation is
c1 = c + 1000 = 0.2q 2 + 28q + 1200 and the profit

is
P1 = r c1
= 600q 2q
) ( 0.2q
+ 28q + 1200
q2
40, 000
= 62,500 ,
0.64
80, 000
>0,
q = 250 (since q > 0). Since C =
q3
C is minimum when q = 250. Thus the economic
lot size is 250/lot (4 lots).
28. Original data: p = 600 2q,
40, 000
Setting C = 0 yields q 2 =
Setting P1 = 0 yields q = 125. Since

P1 = 4.4 < 0 , P1 is maximum when q = 125
units. The corresponding price is p = $350 and
the profit is P1 = $34,175 .
40, 000
q
= (450 4q )q 0.004q3 + 20q + 5000
(
P = ( 0.012q + 8q 430 )
= 2 ( 0.006q + 4q 215 )
P = 0.004q3 + 4q 2 430q + 5000
As in Problem 27, we find that P1 has a

maximum when q = 130 units, which gives
p = $340. Thus the profit-maximizing price and
output remain the same. Since
Profit
= r c1 = r (c + 1000) = (r c) 1000, when
q = 130 we have
Profit = 36,980 1000 (from Problem 27)
= $35,980
Setting P = 0 yields
0.006q 2 + 4q 215 = 0
4 21.16 4 4.6
=
0.012
0.012
4 + 4.6
= 50 . Since P
Since q 0, choose q =
0.012
is increasing on [0, 50) and decreasing on
(50, ), P is maximum when q = 50 units.
q=
29. Let q = number of units in a production run.

Since inventory is depleted at a uniform rate,
q
assume that the average inventory is . The
2
q

value of average inventory is 10 , and
2
31. Let x = number of people over the 30.

Note: 0 x 10.
Revenue = r
= (number attending)(charge/person)
= (30 + x)(50 1.25x)
q
carrying costs are 0.128 10 . The number
2
1000
of production runs per year is
, and total
q
= 1500 + 12.5 x 1.25 x 2

r = 12.5 2.5 x
Setting r = 0 yields x = 5. Since r = 2.5 < 0 ,
r is maximum when x = 5, that is, when 35
attend.
1000
set-up costs are 40
. We want to
q
519

34. Let q = level of production.
Total Cost
Average Cost = c =
q
For 0 q 5000, we have
30q + 10q + 20, 000
20, 000
.
c=
= 40 +
q
q
Note that total cost for 5000 units is 220,000.
For
q > 5000,
cost for those
(cost for first 5000) +
units
beyond
5000
c=
q
32. Let N = horsepower of motor.

(Total annual cost) = C = (Annual cost to lease)
+ (Annual operating cost)
0.008
C = (200 + 0.40 N ) + 80, 000
N
640
= 200 + 0.04 N +
N
640
C = 0.4
N2
Setting C = 0 yields N 2 = 1600, so N = 40
(since N > 0). Since C =
1280
> 0 for N > 0, C

N3
is a minimum when N = 40 horsepower.
33. The cost per mile of operating the truck is

s
0.165 +
. Drivers salary is $18/hr. The
200
700
number of hours for 700 mi trip is
. Drivers
s
12, 600
700
salary for trip is 18
, or
. The cost
s
s
of operating the truck for the trip is
s
700 0.165 +
.
200
Total cost of trip is

12, 600
s
C=
+ 700 0.165 +
200
s
220, 000 + [45(q 5000) + 10(q 5000)]

q
c = 55
55, 000
q
If 0 < q 5000, then c =
20, 000
< 0 and
q2
thus c is decreasing. If q > 5000, then
55, 000
> 0 and thus c is increasing.
c =
q2
Hence c is minimum when q = 5000 units.
35. Profit P is given by

P = Total revenue Total cost
= Total revenue (salaries + fixed cost)
= 50q (1000m + 3000)
(
)
= 50 ( m 15m + 72m 60 ) , where 0 m 8
P = 50 ( 3m 30m + 72 )
= 150 ( m 10m + 24 ) = 150(m 4)(m 6)
= 50 m3 15m2 + 92m 1000m 3000
12, 600
7
Setting C =
+ = 0 yields s 2 = 3600 ,
2
2
s
25, 200
>0
or s = 60 (since s > 0). Since C =
s3
for s > 0, C is a minimum when s = 60 mi/h.
Setting P = 0 gives the critical values 4 and 6.

We now evaluate P at these critical values and
also at the endpoints 0 and 8.
P(0) = 3000
P(4) = 2600
P(6) = 2400
P(8) = 3400
Thus Ms. Jones should hire 8 salespeople to
obtain a maximum weekly profit of $3400.
520
Section 13.6
36. Profit P is given by

P = Total revenue Total cost = pq Total cost
P
/ton, then
2
P 24 6 x
12 3 x
= P x +
PT = Px +
2 5 x
5 x
= 400q 50q 2 Total cost. (q in hundreds)

dP
d
= 400 100q
(Total cost)
dq
dq
= 400 100q Marginal cost
800
= 400 100q
q+5
=
=
x 2 10 x + 22
PT = P
2
(5 x)
Setting PT = 0 and using an argument similar
to that above, we find that PT is a maximum
400(q + 5) 100q(q + 5) 800

q+5
when x = 5 3 tons.
100q 100q + 1200

q+5
38. x = number of floors. Let R = rate of return.

Total Revenue
R=
Total Cost
60, 000 x
=
(10 x)[120, 000 + 3000( x 1)] + 1, 440, 000
2x
=
2
x + 39 x + 48
100(q + 4)(q 3)
q+5
Setting P = 0 gives the critical value 3 (since
q > 0). We find that P > 0 for 0 < q < 3, and
P < 0 for q > 3. Thus there is a maximum profit
when q = 3000 jackets.
=
R = 2
37. x = tons of chemical A (x 4),

24 6 x
y=
= tons of chemical B, profit on
5 x
A = $2000/ton, and profit on B = $1000/ton.
24 6 x
Total Profit = PT = 2000 x + 1000
5 x
( x 2 + 39 x + 48) 2
R = 0 when x = 48 = 4 3 (x 0). Since R is
increasing on 0, 4 3 and decreasing on
(4
3, , R is a maximum when
x = 4 3 6.93. The number of floors in the

building must be an integer, so we evaluate R
when x = 6 and x = 7: R(6) 0.0377;
R(7) 0.0378. Thus 7 floors should be built to
maximize the rate of return.
12 3 x
= 2000 x +
5 x
(5 x)(3) (12 3x)(1)

PT = 2000 1 +
(5 x) 2
3
= 2000 1
2
(5 x )
39. P ( j ) = Aj
L4
V 3 L2
+B
V
1+ j
dP AL4 BV 3 L2
=
=0
dj
V
(1 + j )2
x 2 10 x + 22
= 2000
2
(5 x)
Setting PT = 0 yields (by the quadratic

formula)
10 2 3
x=
= 5 3
2
Because x 4, choose x = 5 3 . Since PT is
Solving for (1 + j ) 2 gives (1 + j ) 2 =
40. a.
BV 4
AL2
d
2al
2al
2atr + v
= 1+
= 0 when
dv
v
v2
v = 2al . Note that
increasing on 0, 5 3 and decreasing on
5 3, 4 , PT is a maximum for x = 5 3
tons. If profit on A is P/ton and profit on B is
48 x 2
d2
2al 4al
2atr + v
=
> 0 for
2
v
dv
v3
521
a < 0, l > 0, and v > 0. Thus 2atr + v
42. The profit function is given by
2al
v
P = TR TC = q3 20q 2 + 160q (30q + 50)

= q3 20q 2 + 130q 50
where P is in thousands of dollars, q is in tons,
and 0 q 12. From the graph, the maximum
profit occurs when q = 12 tons. The
corresponding maximum profit is $358,000 and
the selling price per ton is $64,000.
is a minimum for v = 2al .

b.
v = 2(19.6)(20) = 784 = 28 ft/s.
c.
N=
2(19.6)
(2)(19.6)(0.5) + 28
2( 19.6)(20)
28
500
0.5 cars/s = 0.5(3600) cars/h = 1800

cars/h
d. When v = 2al , then
2a
N = N (l ) =
2atr + 2al +
2a
100
=
2atr + 2 2al atr 2al
The relative change in N when l is reduced
N (15) N (20)
.
from 20 ft to 15 ft is
N (20)

3x 2
x 2 16 ( x + 4)( x 4)
When x = 4 the denominator is zero and the
numerator is not zero. Thus x = 4 and x = 4 are
vertical asymptotes.
3x 2
3x 2
lim
= lim
= lim 3 = 3
x x 2 16 x x 2
x
Similarly, lim y = 3 . Thus y = 3 is the only
1. y =
With a = 19.6 ft/s 2 and tr = 0.5 s, then

19.6
N (20) =
(19.6)(0.5) 2(19.6)(20)
0.5185
19.6
N (15) =
(19.6)(0.5) 2(19.6)(15)
0.5756
The relative change is
N (15) N (20) 0.5756 0.5158
0.1101
N (20)
0.5158
41. c =
x+3
x
3
(3 x)
9 x 3x
When x = 0 or x = 3, the denominator is zero and
the numerator is not zero. Thus x = 0 and x = 3
are vertical asymptotes.
x
1
1
lim y = lim
= lim = 0
3 x x
x
x 3 x 2
Similarly, lim y = 0. Thus y = 0 is the only
2. y =
dc
18 120 3q 2 18q 120
= 3
=
dq
q q2
q2
=
3x 2
c
120
= 3q + 50 18ln(q ) +
,q>0
q
q
3 q 2 6q 40
12
2 al
2 al
x+3
q
3(q 10)(q + 4)
3. y =
5x2 3
5x2 3
(3x + 2) 2 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4
2
When x = , the denominator is zero and the
3
2
numerator is not zero. Thus x = is a vertical
3
asymptote.
q
Critical value is q = 10 since q 0.
dc
dc
Since
< 0 for 0 < q < 10, and
> 0 for
dq
dq
q > 10, we have a minimum when q = 10 cases.
This minimum average cost is
3(10) + 50 18 ln 10 + 12 $50.55.
522
5x2
Chapter 13 Review
5 5
=
9
x
x 9 x
x 9
5
5
Similarly, lim y = . Thus y = is the only horizontal asymptote.
9
9
x
lim y = lim
4. y =
= lim
x 2 30 x 6
4 x + 1 3x + 1
=
3x 5 2 x 11 (3x 5)(2 x 11)
5
5
11
11
or x =
, the denominator is zero and the numerator is not zero. Thus x = and x =
are
3
3
2
2
vertical asymptotes.
x2
1
1
lim y = lim
= lim =
2
6
x
x 6 x
x 6
When x =
Similarly, lim y =
x
5.
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
1
1
. Thus y = is the only horizontal asymptote.
6
6
5x2
3 x2
(3 x 2 )(10 x) 5 x 2 (2 x)
2 2
(3 x )
Thus x = 0 is the only critical value.
10 x(3 x 2 + x 2 )
2 2
(3 x )
30 x
(3 x 2 ) 2
Note: Although f 3 is not defined, 3 are not critical values because 3 are not in the domain of f.
6.
f ( x) = 8( x 1)2 ( x + 6)4
f ( x) = 8(2)( x 1)( x + 6) 4 + 8( x 1)2 (4)( x + 6)3
= 16( x 1)( x + 6)3 [ x + 6 + 2( x 1)]
= 16( x 1)( x + 6)3 (3x + 4)
Thus x = 1, x = 6, and x =
7.
f ( x) =
4
are the critical values.
3
x +1
3 4x
1
2
(3 4 x) 13 ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1) 3 (4)
f ( x) =
=
(3 4 x) 2
1 ( x + 1) 3 [(3 4 x) + 12( x + 1)]

3
2
(3 4 x)
8 x + 15
2
3( x + 1) 3 (3 4 x)2
15
3
3
f ( x) is zero when x = ; f ( x) is not defined when x = 1 or x = . However
is not in the domain of f.
8
4
4
15
Thus x =
and x = 1 are critical values.
8
523
5x
8.
13xe 6
f ( x) =
6x + 5
5x
5x
5x
(6 x + 5) x 56 e 6 + e 6 (1) xe 6 (6)
f ( x ) = 13
(6 x + 5) 2
13 e
=
6
56x
{(6 x + 5)[5 x 6] + 36 x}
(6 x + 5)2
2
13 30 x + 25 x 30
5x
6
e 6 (6 x + 5) 2
2
13 5 6 x + 5 x 6
65(2 x + 3)(3x 2)
=
=
5x
5x
6
2
e 6 (6 x + 5)
6e 6 (6 x + 5) 2
2
5
5
3
or x = . Although f ( x) is not defined when x = , is not in the
3
6
6
2
2
3
domain of f. Thus x = and x = are the only critical values.
3
2
f ( x) is zero when x =
9.
5
f ( x) = x3 + 15 x 2 + 35 x + 10
3
f ( x) = 5 x 2 + 30 x + 35
= 5( x 2 6 x 7) = 5( x 7)( x + 1)
CV: x = 1 and x = 7. Decreasing on (, 1) and (7, ); increasing on (1, 7)
10.
2 x2
f ( x) =
( x + 1) 2
4 x( x + 1)2 2 x 2 (2)( x + 1)
f ( x) =
4x
( x + 1)
( x + 1)3
CV: x = 0, but x = 1 is also considered in the inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1) and
(0, ); decreasing on (1, 0).
11.
f ( x) =
6x4
x2 3
( x 3)( 4 x ) x (2 x)
f ( x) = 6
( x 3)
12 x 2 ( x 3) x 12 x ( x 6 )
=
=
( x 3)
( x 3)
2
)( x 6 )
2
3 )( x 3 )
12 x3 x + 6
x+
CV: x = 0, 6 , but x = 3 must also be considered in the inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on
( , 6 ) , ( 0, 3 ) , and (
)(
3, 6 ; increasing on 6, 3 , 3, 0 and
524
6, .
12.
Chapter 13 Review
1
. Concave
2
1
down on , ; concave up on , .
2
2
f ( x ) = 4 5 x3 7 x
f ( x) is not defined when x =
1
f ( x) = 4 (5 x3 7 x) 2 / 3 (15 x 2 7)
3
4(15 x 2 7)
=
3(5 x3 7 x)2 / 3
=
=
15 x + 7
)(
15 x 7
(
3x (
16.
f ( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x 5
f ( x) = 6 x + 4 = 2(3 x + 2)
2/3
3[ x (5 x 7)]
)( 15x 7 )
2/3
7 )( 5 x 7 )
15 x + 7
5x +
2
. Concave down on
3
2
, 3 ; concave up on 3 , .
f ( x) = 0 when x =
7
7
, 0,
15
5
7 7
7
Increasing on ,
, ,
,
5
5
15
7
7
7
,
, ; decreasing on
, and
15 5
5
7
7
, 0 and 0,

.
15
15
CV: x =
13.
17.
= 3(2 x + 1)2 (2 x + 1 + 6 x + 4)
= 3(2 x + 1)2 (8 x + 5)
f ( x) = 3{(2 x + 1) 2 (8) + (8 x + 5)[2(2 x + 1)(2)]}
= 12(2 x + 1)[2(2 x + 1) + 8 x + 5]
= 12(2 x + 1)(12 x + 7)
f ( x) = x 4 x3 14
1
7
or x = . Concave
2
12
7
up on , and , ; concave
12
1
7
down on , .
2
12
f ( x) = 0 when x =
f ( x) = 12 x 2 6 x = 6 x(2 x 1)
1
. Concave up on
2
1
1
(, 0) and , ; concave down on 0, .
2
2
f ( x) = 0 when x = 0 or x =
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x2
x+2
( x + 2)(1) ( x 2)(1)
f ( x) =
( x + 2)2
18.
= 2 2 x3 3 x 2 x + 1
4
( x + 2) 2
f ( x) = 2 6 x 2 6 x 1
f ( x) = 0 when 6 x 2 6 x 1 = 0 ; by the
quadratic formula x =
on (, 2); concave down on (2, )
1
15
. Concave up on
2
6
1
15
15
, ; concave
,
and +
2
6
6
1
= (2 x 1) 1
f ( x) =
2x 1
1
15 1
15
down on
, +
.
2
6 2
6
f ( x) = 2(2 x 1) 2
f = 8(2 x 1)3 =
f ( x) = x 2 x 1
f ( x) = 2 x 2 x 1 (2 x 1)
( x + 2)3
f ( x) is not defined when x = 2. Concave up
15.
f ( x) = (2 x + 1)3 (3 x + 2)
f ( x) = (2 x + 1)3 (3) + (3 x + 2)[3(2 x + 1) 2 (2)]
f ( x) = 4 x3 3x 2
14.
f ( x ) = x3 + 2 x 2 5 x + 2
8
(2 x 1)3
525
19.
f ( x) = 2 x3 9 x 2 + 12 x + 7
f ( x) = 6 x 2 18 x + 12 = 6 x 2 3 x + 2
23.
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
5 23 2 13 1 13
5x + 2
x + x = x (5 x + 2) =
1
3
3
3
3x 3
2
CV: x = 0 and x =
5
2

5
2x +1
2
2
on , 0 . Relative maximum when x = ;
5
5
x2
x 2 (2) (2 x + 1)(2 x)
x4
2 x[ x (2 x + 1)] 2( x 1) 2( x + 1)
=
=
=
x4
x3
x3
CV: x = 1, but x = 0 must be considered in inc.dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 1) and
(0, ); increasing on (1, 0). Relative minimum
when x = 1.
21.
f ( x) =
24.
= x 2 ( x 2)3 [4 x + 3( x 2)]
= x 2 ( x 2)3 (7 x 6)
CV: x = 0, 2,
x10 x5
+
10
5
f ( x) =
x2
25. y = x5 5 x 4 + 3x
x2 4
( x 4)
2
( )
( x 4)
2 x x2 4 x2
y = 5 x 4 20 x3 + 3
x 2 4 (2 x) x 2 (2 x)
6
7
6
Increasing on (, 0), 0, , and (2, );
7
6
decreasing on , 2 . Relative maximum when
7
6
x = ; relative minimum when x = 2.
7
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
and (0, ); relative minimum when x = 1
f ( x) =
f ( x) = x3 ( x 2) 4
f ( x) = x3 [4( x 2)3 (1)] + ( x 2)4 (3x 2 )
f ( x) = x9 + x 4 = x 4 ( x5 + 1)
22.
f ( x) =
= 6(x 1)(x 2)
CV: x = 1 and x = 2
(1, 2). Relative maximum when x = 1; relative
minimum when x = 2.
20.
f ( x) = x 3 ( x + 1) = x 3 + x 3
y = 20 x3 60 x 2 = 20 x 2 ( x 3)
Possible inflection points occur when x = 0 or
x = 3. Concave down on (, 0) and (0, 3);
concave up on (3, ). Concavity changes at
x = 3, so there is an inflection point when x = 3.
8 x
( x 4)
2
x2 + 2 1
2
= x + x 1
5x
5
5
1
y = (1 2 x 2 )
5
4
4
y = x 3 =
5
5 x3
y is never zero. Although y is not defined
when x = 0, y is not continuous there. Thus there
is no inflection point.
26. y =
8x
[( x + 2)( x 2)]2
CV: x = 0, but x 2 must be considered in inc.dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 2) and
(2, 0); decreasing on (0, 2) and (2, ). Relative
maximum when x = 0.
526
Chapter 13 Review
Possible inflections points occur when x = 2 or

2
2 5
x=
=
. Concave up on (, 2),
5
5
27. y = 4(3 x 5) x 4 + 2 = 12 x5 20 x 4 + 24 x 40
y = 60 x 4 80 x3 + 24
y = 240 x3 240 x 2 = 240 x 2 ( x 1)
Possible inflection points occur when x = 0 or
x = 1. Concave down on (, 0) and (0, 1);
concave up on (1, ). Inflection point when
x = 1.
28. y = x 2 + 2 ln( x)
y = 2 x +
2 5
2,
, and
5
(Note: x < 0)
when x = 2,
2
x
2
y = 2
2 5 2 5
,

, and (2, ); concave down on
5
5
2x 2
x3
e
31.
2( x + 1)( x 1)
= x3e x
32.
y = x3 (e x ) + e x (3x 2 ) = e x ( x3 3 x 2 )
= e x ( x3 6 x 2 + 6 x )
= xe x ( x 2 6 x + 6)
y is defined for all x and y is zero only when
x = 0 or x 2 6 x + 6 = 0. Using the quadratic

formula on the second equation, the possible
points of inflection occur when x = 0, 3 3.
33.
Concave up on 0, 3 3 and 3 + 3, ;
= 36( x + 2)( x 2)
and f is continuous on [2, 0].
(5 x 6) 2
(5 x 6) 2 (1) x[10(5 x 6)]

(5 x 6) 4
(5 x 6)[(5 x 6) 10 x]
(5 x 6)
5 x 6
(5 x 6)3
5x + 6
(5 x 6)3
6
.
5
Evaluating f at this value and at the endpoints
1
1
6
and
, f =
gives f (2) =
128
120
5
f(0) = 0. Absolute maximum: f(0) = 0; absolute
1
6
.
minimum: f =
5
120
The only critical value on (2, 0) is x =
) (
y = 36 x 4 x x 2 4 + x 2 4 (1)
2
2
2
2
= 36 x 4 4 x + x 4 = 36 x 4 5 x 2 4
f ( x) =
y = 36 x x 2 4
f ( x) = 2 x3 15 x 2 + 36 x and f is continuous on
[0, 3].
Inflection points when x = 0, 3 3.

30. y = 6 x 4
f ( x) = 3x 4 4 x3 and f is continuous on [0, 2].
f ( x) =
concave down on (, 0) and 3 3, 3 + 3 .
2 5
.
5
f ( x) = 6 x 2 30 x + 36 = 6( x 2)( x 3)
The only critical value on (0, 3) is x = 2.
gives f(0) = 0, f(2) = 28, f(3) = 27. Absolute
maximum: f(2) = 28; absolute minimum: f(0) =
0.
y = e x (3 x 2 6 x) ( x3 3 x 2 )(e x )
2 . Inflection points
f ( x) = 12 x3 12 x 2 = 12 x 2 ( x 1)
The only critical value on (0, 2) is x = 1.
gives f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, and f(2) = 16. Absolute
maximum: f(2) = 16; absolute minimum: f(1) = 1.
x
x
x2
Possible inflection point occurs when x = 1.
Concave up on (, 1); concave down on
(1, 0). Inflection point when x = 1.
29. y =
2 5
,
5x + 2
)(
5x 2
)(
527
34.
f ( x) = ( x + 1)2 ( x 1) 2 / 3 and f is continuous on [2, 3].

2
f ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 ( x 1) 1/ 3 + ( x 1)2 / 3 [2( x + 1)]

3
2
1/ 3
[( x + 1) + 3( x 1)]
= ( x + 1)( x 1)
3
4
4( x + 1)(2 x 1)
= ( x + 1)( x 1) 1/ 3 (2 x 1) =
3
3( x 1)1/ 3
There are no critical values on [2, 3]. Evaluating f at the endpoints gives f(2) = 9 and f (3) = 16(22 / 3 ) 25.4.
Absolute maximum f (3) = 16(22 / 3 ) 25.4; absolute minimum: f(2) = 9
35.
f ( x) = x 2 + 1 e x
a.
( )( )
x + 1 2 x = e
)
(x
(
f ( x) = x 2 + 1 e x + e x (2 x)
= e x
2x + 1
= e x ( x 1)2
CV: x = 1
Decreasing on (, 1) and (1, ). No relative extrema.
b.
f ( x) = e x [2( x 1)] + ( x 1)2 e x
)}
= e x ( x 1)[2 + ( x 1)]
= e x ( x 1)( x 3)
Possible inflection points when x = 1, 3. Concave up on (, 1) and (3, ); concave down on (1, 3).
Inflection points at (1, f (1)) = 1, 2e1 and (3, f (3)) = 3, 10e3 .

36. Let y = f ( x) =
a.
x
2
x 1
Replacing x by x and y by y yields y =
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
( x 2 1) 2
[( x + 1)( x 1)]2
decreasing on (, 1), (1, 1), and (1, ).
d.
, or y =
x
2
x 1
( x) 1
graph is symmetric about the origin. No other symmetry exists.
b. Since f ( x) =
c.
, which is the original equation. Thus the
, there are no critical values. f ( x) < 0 for all x, so f(x) is
From (b), There are no relative extrema.

1
= 0 . Similarly, lim f ( x) = 0 . Thus the line
x
x x
x
y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote to the graph of f.
lim f ( x) = lim
x x 2
= lim
528

y
e.
Chapter 13 Review
25
f.
From the graph it is clear that no absolute

extrema exist.
39. y = x3 12 x + 20
Intercept: (0, 20)
No symmetry; no asymptotes
37. y = x 2 2 x 24 = ( x + 4)( x 6)
Intercepts: (4, 0), (6, 0), (0, 24)
No symmetry. No asymptotes.
y = 2 x 2 = 2( x 1)
CV: x = 1
relative minimum at
(1, 25).
y = 2
(, ).
25
y = 3x 2 12
= 3 x 2 4 = 3( x + 2)( x 2)
CV: x = 2
minimum at (2, 4).
y = 6 x
Possible inflection point when x = 0. Concave up
on (0, ); concave down on (, 0); inflection
point at (0, 20).
40
x
25
20
(1, 25)
38. y = 2 x3 + 15 x 2 + 36 x + 9
Intercept: (0, 9)
No symmetry; no asymptotes
x
10
40. y = x 4 4 x3 20 x 2 + 150
Intercept: (0, 150)
No symmetry. No asymptotes.
y = 6 x 2 + 30 x + 36 = 6( x 2 + 5 x + 6)
= 6( x + 3)( x + 2)
y = 4 x3 12 x 2 40 x = 4 x( x 2 3 x 10)
= 4 x( x + 2)( x 5)
CV: x = 0, 2, 5. Increasing on (2, 0) and
(5, ); decreasing on (, 2) and (0, 5);
relative maximum at (0, 150); relative minima at
(2, 118) and (5, 225).
CV: x = 3, 2
Increasing on (, 3) and (2, ); decreasing
on (3, 2); relative maximum at (3, 18);
relative minimum at (2, 19)
y = 12 x + 30 = 6(2 x + 5)
y = 12 x 2 24 x 40 = 4 3x 2 6 x 10
5
Possible inflection point when x = .
2
5
Concave down on , ; concave up on

2
2 , ; inflection point at
Possible inflection points when x = 1
39
Concave up on , 1
and
3
39
, ; concave down on
1 +
3
37
5
2 , 2
529
39
.
3
1 +

5
y =
( x 3)2
CV: None, but x = 3 must be considered in the
(3, ).
10
y =
( x 3)3
considered in concavity analysis. Concave up on
(3, ); concave down on (, 3).
39
39
, 1+
3
3
39 298
,
+ 16 39 (1.08, 133.03) and
3
9
39 298
,
16 39 (3.08, 66.81) .
3
9
300
y
(0, 150)
x
10
(5, 225)
x
8
41. y = x3 x = x x 2 1 = x( x + 1)( x 1)
Intercepts (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 0)
Symmetric about the origin. No asymptotes.
y = 3 x 2 1 =
CV:
)(
3x + 1
3x 1
43. y = f ( x) =
x2
Intercept: (5, 0)
No symmetry.
x = 0 is the only vertical asymptote.
x
1
lim y = 100 lim
= 100 lim = 0 , and
2
x
x x
x x
lim y = 0 , so y = 0 is the only horizontal
3
3
3
Increasing on ,
, ;
and
3
3
3
decreasing on
,
.
3
3
y = 6 x
y
asymptote.
y = 100 x 1 + 5 x 2
1 10
y = 100 x 2 10 x 3 = 100 +
x 2 x3
100( x + 10)
=
x3
CV: x = 10 but x = 0 must be included in inc.dec. analysis. Increasing on (10, 0); decreasing
on (, 10) and (0, ); relative minimum at
(10, 5).
1 15
y = 100 2 x 3 + 30 x 4 = 200 +
x3 x 4
x
5
42. y =
100( x + 5)
x+2
x 3
200( x + 15)
x4
must also be considered in concavity analysis.
Concave up on (15, 0) and (0, ); concave
down on (, 15); inflection point at
Intercepts: 0, , (2, 0)
3
x+2
x+2
lim
= 1 = lim
, so y = 1 is a
x x 3
x x 3
530
Chapter 13 Review
40
15,
9
20
lim y = lim
f(x)
y = 2
= 2
(3x 1)8
6(3 x 1)3 [(3 x 1) 2(6 x + 1)]
1
3
1
x = must be considered in concavity analysis.
3
1
Concave up on , and , ;
3
3
1 1
concave down on , ; inflection point at
3 3
1 1
, .
3 12

considered in concavity analysis. Concave up on
(1, 1); concave down on (, 1) and (1, ).
10
(3x 1)4 (6) (6 x + 1)[4(3x 1)3 (3)]
(3 x 1)8
12(9 x 3) 36(3x + 1)
=
=
(3 x 1)5
(3 x 1)5
6 3 x 2 + 1
( x2 1)
2(3x 1) 2 [(3x 1) 9 x]
1
1
CV: x = , but x = must be considered in
3
6
1
inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on , ;

6
1 1
1
decreasing on , and , ; relative

6
3
3
1 8
maximum at , .
6 81
CV: x = 0 but x = 1 must also be considered in

inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (0, 1) and (1,
); decreasing on (, 1) and (1, 0); relative
minimum at (0, 4).
y =
2
1
=0
lim
27 x x 2
(3 x 1)6
2(6 x 1) 2(6 x + 1)
=
=
(3x 1) 4
(3 x 1)4
( x + 2)( x 2)
x 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
Intercepts: (0, 4), (2, 0), (2, 0)
Symmetric about the y-axis. Vertical asymptotes
are x = 1 and x = 1.
x2
lim y = lim
= 1 = lim y , so y = 1 is the
x
x x 2
x
only horizontal asymptote.
6x
y =
2
x2 1
2
27 x
= lim y,
x2 4
2x
so y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
(3x 1)3 (2) 2 x[3(3x 1)2 (3)]
y =
(3 x 1)6
x
20
44. y =
x
5
45. y =
2x
(3x 1)3
Intercept: (0, 0)
No symmetry
x
2
1
3
531
46. y = 6 x 3 (2 x 1)
47.
1
Intercepts: (0, 0), , 0
2
No symmetry. No vertical asymptote.
As x , both 6x1/ 3 and 2 x 1 . As

1
Setting f ( x) = 0 e x = e x x = x x = 0
CV: x = 0
relative minimum at (0, 1). Finding f ( x) gives:
x , both 6x 3 and 2 x 1 . Thus

lim y = = lim y . So no horizontal
asymptote exists. Since y = 6 2 x 4 / 3 x1/ 3 ,
e x + e x
. f ( x) > 0 for all x. No
2
possible inflection point. Concave up on
(, ).
1
8
y = 6 x1/ 3 x 2 / 3 = 2 x 2 / 3 (8 x 1)
3
3
2(8 x 1)
=
x2 / 3
1
CV: x = 0,
8
1
Decreasing on (, 0) and 0, ; increasing on
8
1
9
1
, ; relative minimum at , .
4
8
8
2
8
4
y = 2 x 2 / 3 + x 5 / 3 = x 5 / 3 (4 x + 1)
3
3
3
4(4 x + 1)
=
3 x5 / 3
1
Possible inflection points when x = , 0 .
4
1
Concave up on , and (0, ); concave

4
1
down on , 0 ; inflection points at
4
3
1 9 2
,
and (0, 0).
4 2
10
e x + e x
2
Intercept: (0, 1)
Symmetric about the y-axis. No asymptotes.
e x e x
f ( x) =
2
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
f(x)
x
3
48. y = f ( x) = 1 ln( x3 ) = 1 3ln x
( )
x-intercept is ( e1/ 3 , 0 ) . Since x 0, there is no
y = 0 ln x3 = 1 x3 = e x = e1/ 3 , so the
y-intercept. No symmetry. Since lim y = ,

x 0+
x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. No horizontal

asymptote.
3
f ( x) =
x
CV: None. Decreasing on (0, ).
3
f ( x) =
x2
No possible inflection points.
Concave up on (0, ).
1
x
5
532
49. a.
Chapter 13 Review
False. f ( x0 ) = 0 only indicates the
b.
possibility of a relative extremum at x0 , For

example, if f ( x) = x3 , then f ( x) = 3x 2
and f (0) = 0 . However there is no relative
extremum at x = 0.
Then x1 < x2 and f ( x1 ) = 1 < f ( x2 ) = 1 .
c.
True. The absolute minimum is f(0) = 0 and

the absolute maximum is f(1) = 1.
3
f(x)
d.
x
1
f ( x) =
2
f is defined for all x; f ( x) = 0 only when
x = 0. Thus x = 0 is a critical value. If x < 0,
then f ( x) > 0 ; if x > 0 then f ( x) < 0 .
From (b), f has a relative maximum when

x = 0. The coordinates of this relative
1
maximum are 0,
.
2
e.
x0 = 0 , then f ( x0 ) = 0 , but ( x0 , f ( x0 ) )
x2
x2
x2
=
=
2
1
(0) = 0
(0) = 0
2
2
1 x2
x
xe ( x) + e 2 (1)
2
( x2 1) = e
x2
2
( x + 1)( x 1)
2
2
f is defined for all x; f ( x) = 0 when
is not an inflection point. See graph in part

(c).
x = 1. f is concave up on (, 1) and
(1, ); f is concave down on (1, 1).
False. Consider the function f whose graph

is shown. On (2, 2) it has exactly one
relative maximum [at the point (0, 1)] but no
absolute maximum.
3
f ( x) =
point. For example, consider f ( x) = x 4 . If
2
1
d. False. If concavity does not change around

x0 , then ( x0 , f ( x0 ) ) is not an inflection
lim
lim
e.
x2
Thus f is increasing on (, 0) and is

decreasing on (0, ).
b. False. For example, let x1 = 1 and x2 = 1 .
c.
xe
f.
f(x)
x
3
From (e), f changes concavity at x = 1.

Also f is continuous there. Thus f has
inflection points at x = 1; the coordinates
1
1
e 2
e 2
and 1,
are 1,
2
2
g.
f(x)
1
x
50. Let y = f ( x) =
a.
1
2
x2
h. Absolute maximum: f (0) =
Replacing x by x yields the original

equation. Thus the graph is symmetric about
the y-axis. No other symmetry exists.
No absolute minimum.
533
1
2

54. a.
51. c = q3 6q 2 + 12q + 18
dc
= 3q 2 12q + 12 . Marginal
dq
cost is increasing when its derivative, which is
d 2c
, is positive.
dq 2
b. R(0.5) 18.5%
Marginal cost =
d 2c
dq
c.
d 2R
= 6q 12 = 6(q 2)
R
1
x
52. r = 320q3 / 2 2q 2
dr
= 480q1/ 2 4q.
dq
Marginal revenue is increasing when its
d 2r
is positive.
derivative, which is
dq 2
Marginal revenue =
dq 2
d 2r
2
= 240q
=0
240
4 =
240
q
55.
f (t ) = At 3 + Bt 2 + Ct + D
f (t ) = 3 At 2 + 2 Bt + C
f (t ) = 6 At + 2 B , which gives an inflection
B
.
3A
This value of a must be such that f (a) = 0 .
point when 6At + 2B = 0, that is for a =
B
B
3A
+ 2B
+C = 0
3A
3A
1 B2 2 B2

+C = 0
3 A 3 A
1 B2
C=
3 A
4 = 0 240 = 4 q
q
dq
q = 60 q = 3600
d 2r
> 0 for 0 < q < 3600. Thus marginal

dq 2
revenue is increasing on (0, 3600).
53. p = 200
29.92
> 0 for 0 x 1.
dx
(4.4 3.4 x)3
We obtain the following graph:
2
> 0 for q > 2. Thus marginal cost is

dq 2
increasing for q > 2.
1/ 2
R(1) = 100%
dR
4.4
=
> 0 for 0 x 1
dx (4.4 3.4 x)2
d 2c
d 2r
R(0) = 0%
3AC = B 2 ,
which was to be shown.
q
, q > 0. The revenue function r is
5
given by
56. a.
q
q2
r = pq = 200
q = 200q
.
5
5
3 1
r = 200 q 2
10
3 1
3
r = q 2 =
20
20 q
Let a = p + q. Then S becomes
ma 2
e at
S=
2
p q at
e
+
1
p
Since r < 0 for q > 0, the graph of the revenue

function is concave down for q > 0.
534
dS ma
=
dt
p
b.
+1
at
( e
+ 1)
+ 1) + 2
e + 1)
at
q at
p
ma 2
=
ae at
p
) ( ae ) e
( e
q
( e
e
+
1
) p
q at
e
p
ma3 at
=
e
p
Chapter 13 Review
q at
p
)(
+1
aq at
e
p
q at
e
p
4
q e( p + q )t 1
p
q ( p + q )t
e
p
+1
dS
= 0 when
dt
q
m
( p + q )3 e( p + q )t e ( q + p )t 1 = 0
p
p
Since m, p + q, and e ( p + q )t are nonzero, we must have

q ( p + q )t
1 = 0
e
p
e ( p + q )t =
p
q
p
( p + q )t = ln
q
() ()
p
ln q
ln p
t=
=
p+q
p+q
15
57.
q at
e a 1
p
3
q at
e +1
p
m ( p + q )3 e ( p + q ) t
p
q at
p
at
q at
p
5
5
Relative maximum (1.32, 12.28); relative minimum (0.44, 1.29)
535

58.
63. p = 500 q , where 100 q 200.

Total revenue = r = pq = q 500 q
1
r = q (500 q )1/ 2 (1) + 500 q (1)
2
1
= (500 q )1/ 2 [ q + 2(500 q)]
2
1000 3q
=
2 500 q
Maximum: (1, 1); minimum: (0.60, 2.24)

5
59.
3 1000
q
3
2 500 q
No critical values on (100, 200). r(100) = 2000;
r(200) 3464, so 200 units should be produced
for maximum revenue.
The x-value of the inflection point of f

corresponds to the x-intercept of f . Thus the
64. c = 0.01q 2 + 5q + 100

Avg. cost c =
x-value of the inflection point is x 0.60.

60.
dc
100
1 100 q 2 1002
= 0.01
=
=
dq
q 2 100 q 2
100q 2
10
10
c
100
= 0.01q + 5 +
q
q
(q 100)(q + 100)
100q 2
We find that c is decreasing on (0, 100) and
increasing on (100, ), so average cost is
minimum when q = 100.
Horizontal asymptote y = 0;
vertical asymptote x 0.25
65. p = 500 3q
61. q = 80m2 0.1m 4
c = q + 200 +
dq
= 160m 0.4m3 = 0.4m 400 m2
dm
dq
= 0.4m(20 + m)(20 m) . Setting
= 0 yields
dm
m = 0 or m = 20 (for m 0). We find that q is
increasing on (0, 20) and decreasing on (20, ),
so q is maximum at m = 20.
1000
q
Total Cost = c = cq = q 2 + 200q + 1000

P = pq c = (500 3q )q (q 2 + 200q + 1000)
= 4(q 2 75q + 250)
P = 4(2q 75)
Setting P = 0 yields q = 37.5. Since
P = 8 < 0, P is maximum when q = 37.5. In
reality, whole units are likely. Since
P(37) = P(38) = 4624, the maximum profit is
$4624.
62. p = 100e 0.1q

Total revenue = r = pq = 100qe0.1q
r = 100[e 0.1q (1) + q(0.1)e0.1q ]
= 10e 0.1q (10 q )
r = 0 when q = 10. Since r is increasing when
q < 10 and decreasing when q > 10, revenue is
maximized when q = 10.
66. V = (10 2x)(16 2x)x
= 4 x3 13x 2 + 40 x
Note: 0 < x < 5.
536
V = 4 3x 2 26 x + 40
Chapter 13 Review
= 4(x 2)(3x 20)

20
. On (0, 5), x = 2 is the only critical value. At x = 2 in.,
3
V = 4(6 x 26) = 4(12 26) = 56 < 0 , so V is maximum at x = 2 in.
Setting V = 0 gives x = 2 or x =
x
10 2x
x
x
x
16 2x
67. 2x + 4y = 800; thus x = 400 2y

Area = A = xy = (400 2 y ) y
= 400 y 2 y 2
dA
= 400 4 y = 4(100 y )
dy
d2A
dA
= 4 < 0 , A is maximum when y = 100. When y = 100, then x = 200.
= 0 gives y = 100. Since
dy
dy 2
The dimensions are 200 ft by 100 ft.
Setting
500
x
Printed area = A = (x 8)(y 10)
500
= ( x 8)
10
x
68. xy = 500, so y =
4000
,x>0
x
4000
= 580 10x
A = 10 +
x2
Setting A = 0 gives x = 20. When x = 20, A =
8000
x
Thus the dimensions are 20 in. by 25 in.

6
y
4
4
4
x
537
< 0 , so A is maximum. When x = 20, then y =
500
= 25 .
20
c = 2q3 9q 2 + 12q + 20 , where
69. a.
3
q 6.
4
dc
= 6q 2 18q + 12 = 6 q 2 3q + 2
dq
= 6(q 1)(q 2)
dc
Setting
= 0 gives q = 1 or 2. Evaluating c at these critical values and the endpoints:
dq
3 793
c =
24.78 , c(1) = 25, c(2) = 24, c(6) = 200. Thus a minimum occurs at q = 2, which corresponds
4 32
24, 000
= $120 .
to 200 stands and a total cost of $24,000. This gives an average cost per stand of
200
b. There are no critical values of c in 3 q 6, so we only evaluate c at the endpoints:

c(3) = 29, c(6) = 200. Thus a minimum occurs at q = 3, which gives 300 stands.
70. N =
N =
=
12,100 + 110t + 100t 2

121 + t 2
, where t 0.
(121 + t 2 )(110 + 200t ) (12,100 + 110t + 100t 2 )(2t )

(121 + t 2 ) 2
110(121 t 2 )
121 + t 2
Setting N = 0 gives t = 11, from which N = 105. Since N > 0 for 0 t < 11 and N < 0 for t > 11, there is an
absolute maximum when t = 11.

1. Figure 13.74 does not readily show how long it takes for the population to reach its final size. Figure 13.75 shows
that this takes about 45 days.
2. The population declines until it stabilizes between 311 and 312 (as can be verified by inspecting the final state of
dP
< 0 for all P 312 .
the variable P). This is consistent with the fact that
dt
3. Even if the graph starts out exactly coinciding with the ideal curve, a line segment tangent to the curve at one end
must (in general) lie slightly off the curve at the other end. This introduces errors that accumulate over successive
iterations. The amount of cumulative error could be reduced by taking smaller time steps, such as 1 month instead
of 1 year, and correspondingly drawing shorter line segments.
538
Chapter 14
Problems 14.1
11. y = [4 7(3.02)] [4 7(3)] = 0.14

dy = 7 dx = 7(0.02) = 0.14
1. y = 5x 7
d
dy =
(5 x 7)dx = 5 dx
dx
12. y = 5(1.02) 2 5(1)2 = 0.202
dy = 10x dx = 10(1)(0.02) = 0.2
2. dy = ydx = 0 dx = 0
13. y
= [2(1.9)2 + 5(1.9) 7] [2(2) 2 + 5(2) 7]
= 0.28
dy = (4x + 5)dx = [4(2) + 5](0.1) = 0.3
1
1
3. d [ f ( x)] = f ( x)dx = ( x 4 9) 2 (4 x3 )dx
2
2 x3
dx
=
x4 9
4. d [ f ( x)] = f ( x)dx
= 3(8 x 5) 4 x 2 5 x + 2
5. u = x
du =
14. y = [3(1.03) + 2] [3(1) + 2]2 = 0.1881

dy = 6(3x + 2) dx = 6[3(1) + 2](0.03) = 0.18
2
15. y = 32 (3.95) 2 32 (42 ) 0.049
dx
( )
d 2
2
x
dx = 2 x 3 dx = dx
dx
x3
du = udx =
1 3 / 2
x
dx
2
17. a.
d
1
ln x 2 + 7 dx =
(2 x)dx
dx
x +7
2x
=
dx
2
x +7
7. dp =
f (1) =
+3
= 3e 2 x
+3
18. a.
[(3x + 1)(4 x) + 3]dx
(12x
dx =
(0.05) = 0.050
16
x+5
x +1
( x + 1)(1) ( x + 5)(1)
( x + 1)
4
( x + 1) 2
4
= 1
4
b. We use f(x + dx) f(x) + dy with x = 1,

dx = 0.1.
f (1.1) = f (1 + 0.1) f (1) + f (1)dx
9. dy = ydx
2
2
= (9 x + 3)e2 x +3 (4 x) + e2 x +3 (9) dx
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
d x 3 + 2 x 5
2
x3 + 2 x 5
dx
e
dx = (3x + 2)e
dx
= 3e 2 x
32 x
16. y = ln 4.9 ln 5 0.0202

1
1
1
dy =
(1)dx = dx =
(0.1) = 0.02
x
x
5
6. u = x 1/ 2
8. dp =
dy =
+ 4 x + 3 dx
1
ln( x 2 + 12)
2
1
1
x
dy =
(2 x )dx =
dx
2
2 x 2 + 12
x + 12
10. y = ln x 2 + 12 =
6
+ (1)(0.1) = 2.9
2
y = f ( x ) = x3 x
Using logarithmic differentiation,
ln y = 3x ln x,
1 dy
1
= 3 x + (ln x)(3) = 3(1 + ln x)

y dx
x
dy
= y[3(1 + ln x)] = 3 x3 x (1 + ln x)
dx
f (1) = 3(1)(1 + 0) = 3
539
Chapter 14: Integration

23. Let y = f(x) = ln x
b. We use f(x + dx) f(x) + dy with x = 1,

dx = 0.02
f (0.98) = f (1 0.02) f (1) + f (1)dx
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = ln( x) +
= 13 + (3)(0.02) = 0.94
If x = 1 and dx = 0.03, then

ln(0.97) = f (1 + (0.03))
1
ln(1) + (0.03) = 0.03
1
19. Let y = f ( x) = x
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = x +
dx
2 x
24. Let y = f(x) = ln x
If x = 289 and dx = 1, then

288 = f (289 1)
1
289 +
(1)
2 289
577
=
34
16.97
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = ln( x) +
1
ln1.01 = f (1 + 0.01) ln(1) + (0.01) = 0.01
1
25. Let y = f ( x) = e x
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = x +
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = e x + e x dx
dx
2 x
e0.001 = f (0 + 0.001) e0 + e0 (0.001) = 1.001
If x = 121 and dx = 1, then
= 11
1
2 121
26. Let y = f ( x) = e x
(1)
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = e x + e x dx
1
.
22
e 0.01 = f (0 + (0.01)) e0 + e0 (0.01) = 0.99
21. Let y = f ( x) = 3 x
65.5 = f (64 + 1.5) 3 64 +

1.5
3 42
=4
dx
( )
2
3 3 64
22. Let y = f ( x) = 4 x .
1
4x

4 16.3
4
0.3
3
29.
dq
= 6 p p2 + 5
dp
30.
dq
1
dp
=
, so
= 2 p+5
dp 2 p + 5
dq
31. q = p 1 ,
( )
4 16
=2
dy
dx
1
= 10 x + 3, so
=
dx
dy 10 x + 3
dx
= f (16 + 0.3) 4 16 +
= 2+
3
4
28.
(1.5)
1
32
f ( x + dx) = f ( x) + dy = 4 x +
dx
1 1
dy
= 2 , so
=
=
dy
dy
2
dx
dx
3x 3
= 4+
27.
f ( x + dx ) f ( x) + dy = 3 x +
1
dx
x
20. Let y = f ( x) = x
122 = f (121 + 1) 121 +
1
dx
x
(0.3)
32.
3
320
540
, so
dp
=
dq
6 p p2 + 5
dq
1
dp
= 1 p 2 =
= p2
, so
2
dp
dq
p
dq
dp
1
1
= 2e4 2 p , so
=
= e2 p 4
p
4
2
dp
dq
2
2e
33.
Section 14.1
dx
1
1
=
=
dy dy 14 x 6
39. p =
10
q
dx
dx 1
=
dy 36
If x = 3,
34.
p(q + dq ) p + dp =
dx 3
= .
If x = 3,
dy 2
35. p =
= 2+
500
q+2
q =18
(q + 2) 2
500
=
q =18
4
5
36. p = 50 q
dp
1
=
dq
2 q
5
q3
dq
1
51
=
= 2.04
25 25
q +8
q4
+ 3q + 400
2
If q = 10 and dq = 2,
41. c =
dq
= 2 q
dp
dq
dp
We approximate p when q = 40.

200
100
p(q + dq ) p + dp =
dq
3
q + 8 (q + 8) 2
If q = 41 and dq = 1, then
200
100
p(40) = p(41 1)
(1)
3
49 (49) 2
200 100 9700
=
=
28.28
7
343 343
dq
(q + 2) 2
=
dp
500
=
200
40. p =
dp
500
=
dq (q + 2) 2
dq
dp
10
If q = 25 and dq = 1, then
10
5
p(24) = p(25 + (1))

(1)
25
(25)3
dx
1
1 x
=
= =
dy dy 2 2
dx
. We approximate p when q = 24.
= 2 q
q =100
q =100
= 20
q
2
+ 3q + 400
(2003)(2)
0.7
5430
42. S = 20 I , I decreases from 45 to 44
37. P = 397 q 2.3q 2 400, q changes from 90 to

91.
P dP = P dq = (397 4.6q )dq
Choosing q = 90 and dq = 1,
P [397 4.6(90)](1) = 17.
True change is
P(91) P(90) = 16,680.7 16,700 = 19.3.
S dS = S dI =
10
I
dI
Choosing I = 45 and dI =
S
38. r = 250q + 45q 2 q3 , q increases from 40 to 41.
( 2q + 3) dq
dc
=
c
43. V =
r dr = r dq = 250 + 90q 3q 2 dq
Choosing q = 40 and dq = 1,
r (950)(1) = 950
True change is
r(41) r(40) = 16,974 18,000 = 1026
1
, then
2
10 1
0.745.
45 2
4 3
r
3
V dV = V dr = 4r 2 dr
) (
dr = 6.6 104 6.5 104

= 0.1 104 = 105
541
1
.
2
V 4 6.5 104
) (10 ) = (1.69 10 ) cm
2
11
44. (P + a)(v + b) = k
k
P=
a
v+b
dP = k (v + b)2 dv
45. a.
We substitute q = 40 and p = 20
402 4000
=
2+
200 202
2 + 8 = 10
10 = 10
b. We differentiate implicitly with respect to p.

1 dq
8000
0+
2q = 3
200 dp
p
From part (a) q = 40 when p = 20. Substituting gives
dq
1
8000
2 40 = 3
dp
200
20
dq
= 2.5
dp
c.
46. a.
q( p + dp) q ( p) + dq = q( p ) + q( p)dp
q(19.20) = q (20 + (0.8))
q (20) + q(20)dp
= 40 + (2.5)(0.8)
= 42 units
Profit = TR TC = pq cq
P=
1 3
80, 000 1 3
q 66q 2 + 7000q 500q q 2 +

= q 65q 2 + 6500q 40, 000
2
2 2
If q = 100, then P =
1
(100)3 65(100) 2 + 6500(100) 40, 000 = 460, 000
2
b. We use P(q + dq) P(q) + dP with q = 100 and dq = 2.

P (98) = P (100 + (2))
3
P (100) + q 2 130q + 6500 dq

2
2
= 460, 000 + (100) 130(100) + 6500 (2)
2
= $443, 000
542
Section 14.2

1.
2.
4.
24
24
5 x dx = 5 x dx = 5
5.
5x
t3
+ C = 0.04t 3 + C
3
The form of the revenue function is
x 24+1
+C
24 + 1
x 25
x 25
= 5
+C =
+C
25
5
2
0.12t dt = 0.12
R (t ) = 0.04t 3 + C .
3. Let S(t) = the number of subscribers t months

after the competition entered the market, then
480
S (t ) =
.
t3
480
S (t ) =
dt = 480 t 3 dt
t3
t 2
240
= 480
+ C = 240t 2 + C = 2 + C
2
t
240
+C .
The number of subscribers is S (t ) =
t2
4.
8
x dx =
28.3 dq = 28.3q + C
The form of the cost function is 28.3q + C.
x8+1
x9
+C =
+C
8 +1
9
3.
= 5
6.
7.
= 500t +
3
2
8.
2 3
The population is N (t ) = 500t + t 2 + C
3
( 2.1t
dS
dt dt .
9.
dx = 2 x 10 dx = 2
x4
dx = 7 x 4 dx = 7
7
3 x3
t 7 / 4 dt = t
4
3t
3/ 4
S (t ) = 0.7t 3 32.7t 2 + 491.6t + C
1 1
t 7 / 4+1
74 + 1
5
4
2 x dx = 2 x dx = 2 ln x + C
dt =
+C =
+C
7 x 4
=
+C
2 5
Problems 14.2
2.
7 / 4
+1
7 9
7 x4
10. 9 dx = x 4 dx =
+C
2
2 9 + 1
2x 4
4
= 0.7t 32.7t + 491.6t + C

The amount of money saved is
7 dx = 7 x + C
x 4+1
7 x 3
+C =
+C
4 + 1
3
+C
1.
x 10+1
+C
10 + 1
2 x 9
2
+C =
+C
9
9 x9
t3
t2
= 2.1 65.4 + 491.6t + C
3
2

x 6
5
+C =
+C
6
6 x6
x10
65.4t + 491.6 dt
x 7 +1
+C
7 + 1
z 3
1
1 z 3+1
dz = z 3 dz =
+C
3
3
3 3 + 1
2 3
+ C = 500t + t 2 + C
3
5. The amount of money saved is
dx = 5 x 7 dx = 5
1 z 2
1
=
+C =
+C
3 2
6z2
500 + 300 t dt = 500 + 300t 2 dt
t2
14
5
5x 4
1
543
+C
t 3 / 4
43
+C
11.
(4 + t )dt = 4 dt + t dt = 4t +
= 4t +
12.
13.
t2
+C
2
19.
r 3 + 2r dr = r 3 + 2 r dr
r 3+1
r1+1
+ 2
+C
3 +1
1+1
r4
+ r2 + C
4
( y
=
t t +1
+C
1+1
20.
5 y dy = y 5 dy 5 y dy
y5+1
y1+1
5
+C
5 +1
1+1
y6
y2
y6 5 y2
=
5
+C =
+C
6
2
6
2
14.
( 5 2w 6w ) dw
= 5 dw 2 w dw 6 w2 dw
2
= 5w 2
15.
( 3t
= 3
16.
23.
24.
(5 2
2 x3 8 x5
+C
7 3 3 5
2 x3 8 x5
+C
21 15
x
dx = e x dx = e x + C
ex
1
+ 2 x dx = e x dx + 2 x dx
3
3
ex
+ x2 + C
3
(x
8.3
9 x6 + 3 x 4 + x 3 dx
x9.3
x7
x 3 x 2
9
+ 3
+
+C
9.3
7
3 2
x9.3 9 x 7 1
1
+C
3
9.3
7
x
2 x2
(0.7 y
+ 10 + 2 y 3 )dy
y4
y 2
+ 10 y + 2
+C
4
2
1
= 0.175 y 4 + 10 y
+C
y2
t3 t5 t7
+ + +C
3 5 7
= 0.7
17. Since 7 + e is a constant,

(7 + e)dx = (7 + e) x + C .
18.
2 x2 8 4
2 2
8 4
7 3 x dx = 7 x dx 3 x dx
(1 + t + t + t )dt
= 1 dt + t 2 dt + t 4 dt + t 6 dt
=t+
x 2 3 x5
+C
14 20
t
t
4 + 5t + C = t 3 2t 2 + 5t + C
3
2
4
22.
1
3 4
dx = x dx x dx
7
4
1
x2
= ex + 2
+C
3
2
4t + 5 dt = 3 t dt 4 t dt + 5 dt
1 x 2 3 x5
+C
7 2 4 5
w2
w3
6
+C
2
3
21.
= 5w w2 2w3 + C
2
7 4 x
1 +1
2 x
2 1
2 x2
25.
+C
dx = x 2 dx =
3
3
3 1 +1
1
9
9
dx = 5 dx = dx = x + C
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2 x
4x
=
+C =
+C
3 3
9
2
26.
544
dz = 1 dz = 1 z + C = z + C
Section 14.2
1 +1
1 1
1 x 4
dx = x 4 dx =
27.
+C
8
4
4 1 +1
4 x2
4
3
33.
1 x4
x4
+C =
+C
4 3
3
28.
(3x)3 dx = 27 x3 dx = 27 x
4 x
+C
27 3 + 1
4 x 2
2
=
+C =
+C
27 2
27 x 2
29.
x3
dx
3+1
3u 4
1
1
du = (3u 4)du = 3 u du 4 du
5
5
5
2
1 u
3
4
= 3 4u + C = u 2 u + C
5 2
10
5
1
= 2 z dz 5 dz
7
1 z2
1
= 2 5z + C = z 2 5z + C
7 2
7
34.
3
1
dx = x3 dx 3 x 3 dx
3
3
x
35.
1 1
1 x
dx = e dx
36
1
1
=
e x dx = e x + C
36
36
12 3 e
(u
+ eu )du = u e du + eu du
1 x3+1
x 3+1
=
3
+C
3 + 1
3 3 +1
1 x4
3
x 2
x4
=
3
+C =
+
+C
2
3 4
12 2 x 2
30.
2 x3 x 4 dx = 2 x
36.
dx x 4 dx
1 x 2 x 3
+C
2 2 3
1
1
=
+
+C
2
4x
3 x3
31.
3w2
2
2 3w2
32.
e s
y
3
2 e
y
y
+
3
2
= 3
=
3
2
dw = w2 dw w2 dw
2
3
37.
1 y
e dy
6
y4
y3 1 y
2
+ e + C
4
3 6
3 y 4 2 y3 e y
+
+C
4
3
6
(2
1
1
x 3 4 x dx = 2 x 2 3x 4 dx
= 2
s
dy
= 2 x 2 dx 3 x 4 dx
3 w3 2 w1
w3 2
=

+C =
+
+C
2 3 3 1
2 3w
4
u e+1 u
+e +C
e +1
= 3 y 3 dy 2 y 2 dy +
ds = 4 e ds = 4e + C
38.
545
x2
3
2
x4
5
4
4 x 2 12 x 4
+C =
+C
3
5
0 dt = 0 t + C = C
3 x2
7
39.
+ 6 x dx
5
2 x
2
1
x 3 7x 2
=
+ 6 x dx
5
2
1
1
7
= x 3 dx x 2 dx + 6 x dx
5
2
5
44.
45.
1 x3 7 x2
x2
=

+ 6
+C
5 5 2 1
2
3x
7 x + 3x2 + C
25
40.
u+
= u 3 du + u
=
4
3
z3
+ 2z2 + 4z + C
3
(3u + 2)
du = (27u 3 + 54u 2 + 36u + 8)du
u4
u3
u2
+ 54 + 36
+ 8u + C
4
3
2
27 4
u + 18u 3 + 18u 2 + 8u + C
4
1
2
1
2
46.
du
12
du
2
2
15
1
dx
2
x
1
dx
5 x

1
25
= 4 x 4 x 5 + 1 dx
= 4
+C
(x
=
=
42.
47.
x4
x3
x2
3 + 5
15 x + C
4
3
2
( x3 + 8x2 + 7 ) dx = ( x7 + 8x6 + 7 x4 ) dx
x8
x7
x5
=
+ 8
+ 7 +C
8
7
5
x8 8 x 7 7 x 5
=
+
+
+C
8
7
5
43.
48.
x2
5
2
x2
3
2
+ x+C
v3
v 4
+ 3v 2
+C
3
4
2v 3
1
+ 3v +
+C
3
2v 4
6e
u3
u + 1 du = 6eu u 2 u 3 du
= 6e
u2
9
2
9
u4
+C
4
2u 2 u 4
= 6e
+C
9
4
u
+ 3
4
5
1
3
x ( x + 3)dx = x 2 + 3x 2 dx
( 2v4 + 3v2 2v3 ) dv

= ( 2v 2 + 3 2v 5 ) dv
v
= 2
x
5x
x3 +
15 x + C
4
2
3
5
x5
4
20 x 5
=
5x 5 + x + C
3
+ 5 ( x 3)dx = x3 3x 2 + 5 x 15 dx
x5
1
3u 3
=
+ 2u 2 + C
4
41.
1
1
1
du = u 3 + u 2
u
4
3
dz = z 2 + 4 z + 4 dz
z3
z2
+ 4 + 4z + C
3
2
1
2
= 27
5
3
( z + 2)
+C
3
2x 2
=
+ 2x 2 + C
5
546
49.
z 4 + 10 z 3
2z2
dz =
Section 14.3
1 z 4 10 z 3
+ 2 dz
2 z 2
z
1. N (t ) =
1
= z 2 + 10 z dz
2
1 z3
z2
= + 10 + C
2 3
2
z3 5z 2
=
+
+C
6
2
50.
51.
x4 5x2 + 2 x
e x + e2 x
ex
40, 000 = 800(5) + 200e5 + C , so
C = 40, 000 4000 + 200e5
N (t ) = 800t + 200et + 6317.37

d
( y ) = 84t + 24
dt
t2
y = (84t + 24)dt = 84 + 24t + C1
2

2. Since y =
e x e2 x
dx = +
dx
ex ex
x
= 1 + e dx
= 42t 2 + 24t + C1
Since y(8) = 2891 , we have
2891 = 42(8) 2 + 24(8) + C1 = 2880 + C1 , so
= x + ex + C
52.
( x + 1)
x
dx =
C1 = 2891 2880 = 11 , and y = 42t 2 + 24t + 11 .
x + 2x +1
y (t ) = ydt = 42t 2 + 24t + 11 dt
dx
x2
= ( x 4 + 2 x + x 2 )dx
t3
t2
= 42 + 24 + 11t + C2
3
2

x5
x 2 x 1
+ 2
+
+C
5
2
1
x5
1
=
+ x2 + C
x
5
=
= 14t 3 + 12t 2 + 11t + C2

Since y(2) = 185, we have
185 = 14(2)3 + 12(2)2 + 11(2) + C2
= 182 + C2 , so C2 = 185 182 = 3 .
53. No, F(x) G(x) might be a nonzero constant.

54. a.
= 36, 000 200e5 6317.37
dx =
= 800t + 200et + C
Since N(5) = 40,000, we have
1 2
2
x 5 + dx
2
5
x
5x
3
1 x
= 5 x + 2 ln x + C
5 3
dN
dt = 800 + 200et dt
dt
y (t ) = 14t 3 + 12t 2 + 11t + 3
( )
d
F ( x) =
xe x = xe x + e x (1) = e x ( x + 1)
dx
b. There is only one.

55. Because an antiderivative of the derivative of a
function is the function itself, we have
d 1
1
dx 2 dx = 2 + C .
x +1
x +1
547
Problems 14.3
1.
5. y = 3x 2 + 4 x
y = (3x 2 + 4 x)dx = x3 + 2 x 2 + C1
dy
= 3x 4
dx
y = (3 x 4)dx =
Using y (1) =
y (1) = 2 implies 2 = 1 + 2 + C1 , so C1 = 1.
3x
4x + C
2
y = ( x3 + 2 x 2 + 1)dx =
13
gives
2
1 2
y(1) = 3 implies 3 = + + 1 + C2 , so
4 3
13 3(1) 2
=
4(1) + C
2
2
13 11
= +C
2
2
3x 2
Thus C = 1, so y =
4x + 1 .
2
2.
C2 =
Using y(3) =
x2
+ x + C1
2
y(0) = 0 implies 0 = 0 + 0 + C1 , so C1 = 0 .
y = ( x + 1)dx =
x2
x3 x 2
y = + x dx =
+
+ C2 .
6
2
2
y(0) = 5 implies 5 = 0 + 0 + C2 , so C2 = 5 . Thus
x3 x 2
+C
3
2
19 33 32
19
gives
= +C
2
3 2
2
y=
19 9
= +C
2 2
y = 2 x dx = x 2 + C1
x3 x 2
+5.
3
2
y (1) = 3 implies that 3 = 1 + C1 , so C1 = 2 .

x3
+ 2 x + C2
3
y(3) = 10 implies 10 = 9 + 6 + C2 , so C2 = 5 .
y=
y = x 2 + 2 dx =
x
5
x3 x 2
+
+5.
6
2
7. y = 2 x
Thus, C = 5, so y =
3. y =
x 4 2 x3
19
19
. Thus y =
+
+ x+ .
4
3
12
12
6. y = x + 1
dy
= x2 x
dx
y = x 2 x dx =
x 4 2 x3
+
+ x + C2
4
3
dx = 5 x
12
dx = 5
x2
1
2
x3
x4
y = + 2 x 5 dx =
+ x 2 5 x + C3 .
3
12
y(0) = 13 implies that 13 = 0 + 0 0 + C3 , so
+ C = 10 x + C
y(9) = 50 implies 50 = 10 9 + C , 50 = 30 + C,
C = 20.
Thus y = 10 x + 20.
C3 = 13 . Therefore y =
y(16) = 10 4 + 20 = 60
8. y = e x + 1
4. y = x 2 + 2 x
x4
+ x 2 5 x + 13 .
12
y = e x + 1 dx = e x + x + C1
x3
y = x + 2 x dx = + x 2 + C
3
8
1
y(2) = 1 implies 1 = + 4 + C , so C = .
3
3
y = e x + x dx = e x +
x3
1
+ x2 .
3
3
1
1 1
y (1) = + 1 =
3
3 3
x2
x3
y = e x +
+ 1 dx = e x +
+ x + C3
2
6
y (0) = 1 implies 1 = 1 + 0 + C1 , so C1 = 0 .
x2
+ C2
2
y(0) = 2 implies 2 = 1 + 0 + C2 , so C2 = 1 .
Thus y =
548
Section 14.3
y(0) = 3 implies that 3 = 1 + 0 + 0 + C3 , so

C3 = 2 . Thus y = e x +
9.
p=
x3
+ x+2.
6
function is p = 5000 3q
dr
= 0.7
dq
13.
r = 0.7 dq = 0.7 q + C
14.
dr
1
= 10 q
dq
16
When q = 0, then c = 2000, so C = 2000. Thus

the cost function is c = q 2 + 75q + 2000 .
15.
0.08 3
q 0.8q 2 + 6.5q + C. If q = 0, then
3
c = 8000, from which C = 8000. Hence
0.08 3
c=
q 0.8q 2 + 6.5q + 8000. If q = 25,
3
1
substituting gives c(25) = 8079 or $8079.17.
6
= 275q 0.5q 2 0.1q3 + C . When q = 0, r must

2
dc
= 0.08q 2 1.6q + 6.5
dq
c = 0.08q 2 1.6q + 6.5 dq
Thus r = 275 q 0.3q 2 dq

16.
be 0, so C = 0 and r = 275q 0.5q 0.1q .
dc
= 0.000204q 2 0.046q + 6
dq
c = (0.000204q 2 0.046q + 6)dq
r
= 275 0.5q 0.1q 2 .
q
Thus the demand function is
Since r = pq, then p =
= 0.000068q3 0.023q 2 + 6q + C
When q = 0, then c = 15,000, from which
C = 15,000. The cost function is
p = 275 0.5q 0.1q 2 .
12.
dc
= 2q + 75
dq
c = (2q + 75)dq = q 2 + 75q + C
1
p = 10 q .
32
dr
= 275 q 0.3q 2
dq
dc
= 1.35
dq
When q = 0, then c = 200, so 200 = 0 + C, or

C = 200. Thus c = 1.35q + 200.
1
1
r = 10 q dq = 10q q 2 + C
16
32
When q = 0, then r = 0, so C = 0 and

1
r = 10q q 2 . Since r = pq, then
32
r
1
p = = 10 q . The demand function is
q
32
11.
3q3
.
2
c = 1.35dq = 1.35q + C
If q = 0, r must be 0, so 0 = 0 + C, C = 0. Thus
r = 0.7q. Since r = pq, we have
r 0.7q
p= =
= 0.7 . The demand function is
q
q
p = 0.7.
10.
r
3q3
= 5000 3q
. Therefore the demand
q
2
c = 0.000068q3 0.023q 2 + 6q + 15, 000. When

q = 200, substitution gives c(200) = 15,824.
dr
= 5000 3(2q + 2q3 ), so
dq
P2
P
+ 2P + C
17. G = + 2 dP =
50
25
When P = 10, then G = 38, so 38 = 2 + 20 + C,

from which C = 20. Thus
1
G = P 2 + 2 P + 20 .
50
r = (5000 6q 6q3 )dq
3q 4
+C
2
When q = 0, then r = 0, so C = 0 and
3q 4
r = 5000q 3q 2
. Since r = pq, then
2
= 5000q 3q 2
549
18.
dy
= 1.5 x
dx
x2
+C
2
When x = 1, then y = 57.3, so
y = (1.5 x )dx = 1.5 x
57.3 = 1.5 0.5 + C, or C = 59.3. Thus y = 1.5 x 0.5 x 2 + 59.3 .

19. v =
( P1 P2 ) r
dr =
2l
( P1 P2 ) r 2
4l
Since v = 0 when r = R, then 0 =

v=
20.
( P1 P2 ) r 2 ( P1 P2 ) R 2
+
4l
dr
= 100 3q 2
dq
4l
+C
( P1 P2 ) R 2
4l
+ C , so C =
( P1 P2 ) ( R 2 r 2 )
4l
( P1 P2 ) R 2
4l
. Thus
r = 100 3q 2 dq = 100q q3 + C
When q = 0, then r = 0, so C = 0 and r = 100q q3 . Since r = pq, then p =
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
2q
p
2q 2
When q = 5, then p = 75, so =
21.
r
= 100 q 2 .
q
dc
= 0.003q 2 0.4q + 40
dq
75
3
= .
2(25)
2
c = 0.003q 2 0.4q + 40 dq = 0.001q3 0.2q 2 + 40q + C
When q = 0, then c = 5000, so

5000 = 0 0 + 0 + C, or C = 5000. Thus c = 0.001q3 0.2q 2 + 40q + 5000 . When q = 100, then c = 8000. Since
8000
Total Cost c
dc
= $80 . (Observe that knowing
= , when q = 100, we have c =
= 27.50
100
Quantity
q
dq
when q = 50 is not relevant to the problem.)
Avg. Cost = c =
22.
f ( x) = 30 x 4 + 12 x
f ( x) = (30 x 4 + 12 x)dx = 6 x5 + 6 x 2 + C1
f (1) = 10, so 10 = 6 + 6 + C1 and C1 = 2.

f ( x) = 6 x5 + 6 x 2 2
f ( x) = (6 x5 + 6 x 2 2)dx = x6 + 2 x3 2 x + C2
550
Section 14.4
Thus
f (965.335245) f (965.335245)
= [(965.335245)6 + 2(965.335245)3 2(965.335245) + C2 ]
[(965.335245)6 + 2(965.335245)3 2(965.335245) + C2 ]
= 3,598, 280, 000

1. Using the values given,
dT
= 0.5(70 60)e0.5t = 5e0.5t
dt
dT
dt = 5e 0.5t dt = 10e0.5t + C
dt
T (t ) =
2. The number of words memorized is v(t).

35
v(t ) =
dt = 35ln t + 1 + C .
t +1
Problems 14.4
1. Let u = x + 5 du = 1dx = dx
( x + 5)
2.
[dx] = u 7 du =
15( x + 2)
u8
( x + 5)8
+C =
+C
8
8
dx = 15 ( x + 2)4 [dx] = 15
( x + 2)5
+ C = 3( x + 2)5 + C
5
3. Let u = x 2 + 3 du = 2 x dx
2
2
5
2 x x + 3 dx = x + 3 [2 x dx] = u du =
( x 2 + 3)
=
u6
+C
6
+C
4. Let u = x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 du = (3x 2 + 10 x)dx.
( 3x
)(
+ 10 x x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 dx
) (
1
= x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 3x 2 + 10 x dx
= u du =
u2
+C
2
( x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 )
=
2
+C
551
10. Let u = x 5 du = dx.

1
1
x 5 dx = ( x 5) 2 [dx]
5. Let u = y 3 + 3 y 2 + 1 du = 3 y 2 + 6 y dy
3 y2 + 6 y
)(
y3 + 3 y 2 + 1
= u du =
5
3
+C
3 3
y + 3 y2 + 1
5
2
5
3
(5t 3 3t 2 + t )18
+C
18
12.
5
1
(3x 1)3 dx = 3 (3x 1)3 [3 dx ]
5 1
5
du = u 3 du
3
3 u
3
4x
dx = 2 x 2 7
( 2x2 7 )
9
2 x2 7 )
(
=
+C
10
10
dx =
1
(7 x 6)4 [7 dx]
7
1 4
1 u5
u
du
=
+C
7
7 5
(7 x 6)5
+C
35
(3x3 + 7 ) dx = 19 (3x3 + 7 )
4
3
1 ( 3x + 7 )
=
+C
x
9 x 2 dx
+C
36
13. Let v = 5u 2 9 dv = 10u du
[4 x dx]
u (5u
9)14 du =
1
(5u 2 9)14 [10u du ]
10
1 14
1 v15
(5u 2 9)15
v dv =
+C =
+C
10
10 15
150
9. Let u = 2 x 1 du = 2 dx .
14.
1
2
2 x 1dx = (2 x 1) dx
2
9 x 1 + 2 x dx =
1
1
= (2 x 1) 2 [2 dx]
2
3 x3 + 7 )
(
=
+C = 2 x5 +C
1
2
5 u 2
5(3 x 1)2
=
+C =
+C
3 2
6
8.
( x 5) 2
(7 x 6)
17
7. Let u = 3 x 1 du = 3 dx
+C
11. Let u = 7 x 6 du = 7 dx
+C
(15t 6t + 1)(5t 3t + t ) dt
= (5t 3 3t 2 + t )17 [(15t 2 6t + 1)dt ]
=
1
2
u3
u1/ 2
1/ 2
u du =
) (3 y 2 + 6 y ) dy
2
3
6.
dy
2
3
= y3 + 3 y 2 + 1
2
3
2
9 1 + 2x
=
3
4
3
2
3
2
+C
3
1 12
1 u
1
u du =
+ C = (2 x 1) 2 + C
2
2 3
3
552
3 1 + 2 x2
2
9
1 + 2 x2
4
3
2
+C
1
2
[4 x dx]
15. Let u = 27 + x5 du = 5 x 4 dx
1
4
4
5 3
5
4 x 27 + x dx = 5 27 + x
1
3
Section 14.4
24.
5 x 4 dx
4
3
+C
16. Let u = 4 5x du = 5dx.

1
9
9
(4 5 x) dx = 5 (4 5 x) [5 dx]
1
1 u10
1
= u 9 du =
+ C = (4 5 x)10 + C
5
5 10
50
26.
dt =
t 2 +t
20.
2 w3
3w e
[(2t + 1) dt ]
+t
+C
3 4 x4
dx =
3 x 2 + 4 x3 dx
x + x
3
6 x2 6 x
1 3x2 + 2 x3 dx
dw = e w 3w2 dw = e w + C
dx =
3 x 2 + 4 x3
28. Let u = 1 3 x 2 + 2 x3 du = (6 x + 6 x 2 )dx.
[(6 x + 6 x 2 )dx
1 3x + 2 x
1
= du = ln u + C = ln 1 3x 2 + 2 x3 + C
u
21. Let u = 7 x du = 14 x dx
1 7 x2
1 u
7 x2
xe dx = 14 e [14 x dx] = 14 e du
2
1
1
= eu + C = e7 x + C
14
14
x e
[(1 + 2 x + 6 x 2 )dx]
= ln x3 + x 4 + C
22.
dx
x +x
1
= du = ln u + C
u
19. Let u = t 2 + t du = (2t + 1)dt

t 2 +t
x + x 2 + 2 x3
2
27. Let u = x3 + x 4 du = (3x 2 + 4 x3 )dx
5 3t + 7
5
e
[3 dt ] = e3t + 7 + C
3
3
(2t + 1)e dt = e
= eu du = eu + C = et
12 x 2 + 4 x + 2
= ln[( x + x 2 + 2 x3 )2 ] + C
3x
3t + 7
5e
1 6 x 5
30 x 4 dx
e
30
x + x + 2x
= 2 ln x + x 2 + 2 x3 + C
3e dx = e [3 dx]
= eu du = eu + C = e3 x + C
18.
dx =
1 6 x5
e
+C
30
17. Let u = 3 x du = 3 dx
3x
25. Let u = x + 5 du = dx
1
1
x + 5 [dx] = u du = ln u + C = ln x + 5 + C
3
27 + x5
5
4 6 x5
4 1
4 u3
+C
= u 3 du =
5
5 4
=
29. Let u = z 2 6 du = 2 z dz
6z
( z 2 6)5 = 3 ( z
1 4 x4 3
16 x dx
e
16
= 3 u 5 du = 3
6)5 [2 z dz ]
u 4
3
+ C = ( z 2 6)4 + C
4
4
4
1
e4 x
= e4 x + C =
+C
16
16
30.
(5v 1)4 dv = 5 (5v 1)
[5 dv]
3 (5v 1)3
+C
3
5
1
= (5v 1)3 + C
5
23. Let u = 3x du = 3dx.

4 3 x
3 x
4e dx = 3 e [3 dx]
4
4
4
= eu du = eu + C = e3 x + C
3
3
3
553
31.
39. Let u = x 2 4 du = 2 x dx
x dx = 4 x dx = 4 ln x + C
3
1
1
32.
[2 dy ]
dy = 3
1+ 2y
2 1+ 2 y
3
= ln 1 + 2 y + C
2
x2 4
dx =
12
1
2
4
[2 x dx]
x
2
1
1 12
1 u2
+C
u du =
2
2 1
2
= x 4 +C
33. Let u = s 3 + 5 du = 3s 2 ds
s2
s3 + 5 ds = 3 s3 + 5 3s
=
34.
40. Let u = 1 3x du = 3 dx.

9
1
1 3x dx = 3 1 3x [3 dx]
1
= 3 du = 3ln u + C = 3ln 1 3x + C
u
ds
1 1
1
1
du = ln u + C = ln s3 + 5 + C
3 u
3
3
2 x2
3 4 x3 dx = 2 12 3 4 x3 12 x
dx
41. Let u = y 4 + 1 du = 4 y3 dy
2y
1
= ln 3 4 x3 + C
6
1
1
36.
dt = 7
[10t dt ]
2
2
10
5t 6
5t 6
7
= ln 5t 2 6 + C
10
5 x dx = 5 x1/ 2 dx = 5
4
dy = 2 y 3e y +1dy
1 y 4 +1 3
e
4 y dy
4
1
1
= eu du = eu + C
2
2
1 y 4 +1
= e
+C
2
7t
= 2
35. Let u = 4 2x du = 2 dx
5
5
1
4 2 x dx = 2 4 2 x [2 dx]
5 1
5
5
= du = ln u + C = ln 4 2 x + C
2 u
2
2
37.
3 y 4 +1
3
2
3
2
42.
2 x 1dx = (2 x 1) 2 [2 dx]
3
=
=
+C
(2 x 1) 2
3
2
+C
3
2
(2 x 1) 2 + C
3
43. Let u = 2v3 + 1 du = 6v 2 dv

3
1
2 2v3 +1
dv = e2v +1 6v 2 dv
v e
2 5 32
x +C
3
1 u
1
e du = eu + C
6
6
3
1
= e2v +1 + C
6
=
1
38.
dx = (3 x)6 [3 dx]
6
3
(3x )
1 (3 x)5
+C
3 5
1
= (3 x)5 + C
15
=
554
44.
x2
2 x3 + 9
1
=
6
=
45.
dx =
2 x3 + 9
1
2 x3 + 9
4
13
1
3
6 x 2 dx
2
9
x
+
52.
2
3
=
+C
53.
5 x
x
5 x
x
( e + 2e ) dx = e dx + 2 e dx
4 3 y + 1dy = 4 ( y + 1)
= 4
47.
( y + 1)
4
3
4
3
1
3
54.
[dy ]
55.
(7 2 x 5 x)
+C
4
3 y2
2 ye
2
49.
x +2
dy = 2
x3 + 6 x
dx =
2
1 3 y2
1
e [6 y dy ] = e3 y + C
6
3
56.
1
1 2
3 x + 6 dx
3 x + 6 x
3 x
5x
(e + 2e e )dx
2
1
= e x dx e3 x [(3)dx] e5 x [5 dx]
3
5
57.
16 s 4
(8w
(x
+1
dx =
x
2
2x + 1
dx
+ w2 2)(6w w3 4 w6 ) 4 dw
)( x3 x6 ) dx
10
1
3 x 2 6 x5 dx
= ( x3 x 6 )
)
(
3
3
6 9
9
1 (x x )
1 3
x x6 ) + C
=
+C =
(
9
3
27
2
10
2 x5
5 (v 2)e
( 2x
2 4v + v 2
dv
)(
+ x x 4 + x 2 dx
(
) ( 4 x3 + 2 x ) dx
4
2 2
2
1 (x + x )
1
=
+ C = ( x4 + x2 ) + C
2
2
4
=
2
1
= e x e3 x e5 x + C
3
5
51.
2
3 1
= e2 4v + v [(2v 4) dv]
5 2
2
3
= e2 4v + v + C
10
1
= ln x3 + 6 x + C
3
50.
x (2x
1
(6 w w3 4 w6 ) 4 [(6 3w2 24w5 )dw]
3
1 (6 w w3 4w6 )3
=
+C
3
3
1
= (6 w w3 4w6 )3 + C
9
1
= (7 2 x 2 5 x) 4 + C
2
48.
2 3 2
(t + t + 1)7 + C
7
(8 x + 10)(7 2 x 5 x) dx
= 2 (7 2 x 2 5 x)3 [(4 x 5)dx]
= 2
(t 3 + t 2 + 1)7
+C
7
1
1
[4 x dx]
2
4 2x +1
1
= ln 2 x 2 + 1 + C
4
+ C = 3( y + 1) 3 + C
1
= e 5 x [5 dx] + 2 e x dx
5
1
= e5 x + 2e x + C
5
46.
(6t + 4t )(t + t + 1) dt
= 2 (t 3 + t 2 + 1)6 [(3t 2 + 2t )dt ]
= 2
+C
2
3
2
3
Section 14.4
3 2s + 4s 2 dx = 2 3 2s + 4s 2 [(8s 2)ds]
= 2 ln 3 2 s + 4s 2 + C
555
1
x4 + x2
2
58.
(e
3.1 2
dx = e6.2 dx = e6.2 x + C , because e6.2
65.
is a constant.
7 + 14 x
59.
dx
2 5
x
x
(e e )
1
1
dx
dx = 2 xdx
2x
2x
1
1
1
1
= (2 x) 2 [2 dx] (2 x) 2 [2 dx]
2
2
2x
(4 x x ) 2 5
= 7 (4 x x ) [(1 2 x)dx]
1
2 2 32
=
x 2x 2 + C
3
66.
dx = e2 x 2 + e2 x dx
1 2x
1
e [2 dx] 2 dx + e2 x [2 dx]
2
2
1
1
= e2 x 2 x e2 x + C
2
2
1 2 x 2 x
= e e
2x + C
2
x4
ex
dx = 3 x 4 e x dx =
67.
61. u = 4 x3 + 3x 2 4
68.
du = 12 x 2 + 6 x dx = 6 x(2 x + 1)dx
4x
x(2 x + 1)e
+3 x 4
63.
2
1 8 5x
=
5
10
5
2
64.
7x
dx = 7 e
7x
+C =
3
2
69.
5
2
16
1
dx
2 x + 5
2
1
1
1
x 2 16 [2 x dx]
[2 dx]
2
2 2x + 5
1
ln 2 x + 5 + C
2
x5
x2 + 1 + ( x6 + 1)2 dx
[10 x dx]
1
8 5x2
25
x5 2 x3
+
+ x+C
5
3
u 4 1 63u 2
+
e
[6u du ]
4 6
2
1
1
= u 4 + e63u + C
4
6
(8 5x2 ) dx = 101 (8 5x2 )
2
3
1
= x 2 16
6
3
6 3u
(u ue )du =
+ 1 dx = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 dx
(
)
3
2
1 ( x 16 )
1
=
ln 2 x + 5 + C
dx
1 4 x3 + 3 x 2 4
e
[6 x(2 x + 1)dx]
6
3
2
1
1
1
= eu du = eu + C = e4 x +3 x 4 + C
6
6
6
2
x ( x
=
62.
(x
3 x5
e [5 x 4 dx]
5
5
3
= e x + C
5
1 (2 x) 2 1 (2 x) 2
(2 x) 2
=

+C =
2x + C
3
1
2
2
3
(4 x x 2 ) 4
= 7
+C
4
7
= (4 x x 2 )4 + C
4
60.
x
x2 + 1
dx +
x5
x6 + 1
dx
1
1
1
[2 x dx] + x6 + 1
2
2 x +1
6
6
1
1 x +1
2
= ln x + 1 +
+C
1
2
6
1
1
= ln x 2 + 1
+C
6
2
6 x +1
+C
(
(
7x
1
+C
dx
e
7
7
556
)
)
6 x5 dx
70.
x 1 + ( x 1)2 dx = x 1 [dx] + ( x 1)
= 3ln x 1 +
71.
Section 14.4
[dx]
( x 1) 1
1
+ C = 3ln x 1
+C
x 1
1
8 x5 )( x3 x6 )8 dx
1
1
4
3
6 8
=
[4 dx] ( x x ) [(3 x 2 6 x5 )dx]
2 4x + 1
3
1
4 ( x3 x 6 )7
= ln 4 x + 1
+C
7
2
3
1
4
= ln 4 x + 1 + ( x3 x 6 ) 7 + C
2
21
4 x + 1 (4 x
72.
(r
73.
+5
dr = r 6 + 10r 3 + 25 dr =
3x + 1
1 7 5 4
r + r + 25r + C
7
2
1
1
x
1
1
1
2
dx = (3 x + 1) 2 [3 dx]
[2 x dx]
dx = (3x + 1) dx 2
2
3
2 x +3
x +3
x + 3
3
2
1 (3 x + 1) 2 1
=
ln x 2 + 3 + C = (3 x + 1) 2 ln x 2 + 3 + C
3
9
3
2
74.
x2
3x2 + 5 ( x3 + 1)3 dx = 6 3x2 + 5 [6 x dx] 3 ( x
+ 1) 3 [3x 2 dx]
1
1 ( x3 + 1)2
1
1
= ln 3x 2 + 5
+ C = ln 3x 2 + 5 + ( x3 + 1)2 + C
6
3
6
6
2
75. Let u = x du =
1 12
1
x dx =
dx .
2
2 x
e x
dx = 2 e x
dx
x
2 x
= 2 eu du = 2eu + C = 2e x + C
76.
(e
77.
3e dx = e5 3e x + C , because e5 3e is a constant.
1 + e2 x
4e x
dx =
1 1 e2 x
+
dx
4 e x e x
1
e x + e x dx
4
1
1
= e x [1 dx] + e x dx
4
4
1 x 1 x
= e + e +C
4
4
=
557
78.
1
1 2 1
+ 9 dt = 2 + 9 dt
t
t
t2
t2
= 2
1 +9
t
3
2
83. y =
+C
y(2) = 3 implies 3 =
x2 + 2 x ln ( x
x +1
x + 2x
(2 x + 2)dx
+ 2 x dx
2x + 2
1
dx
ln x 2 + 2 x
2
x2 + 2 x
1
1 u2
1
u du =
+ C = ln 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
2
2 2
4
80. Let u = 8 x 4 = 2 x 3 du =
8 13
x dx
3
84. y = ( x + 1)3 / 2
3
y = ( x + 1) 2 dx =
3 2x3 8 1 3 u
xe dx = 8 e 3 x 3 dx = 8 e du
3
3 3 4
= eu + C = e 8 x + C
8
8
3
8 x4
2
64
32 + C1 C1 = , so
5
5
5
2
64
y = ( x + 1) 2
5
5
5
64
2
y = ( x + 1) 2 dx
5
5
1
(3 2 x)2 [2 dx]
2
1 (3 2 x)3
1
=
+ C = (3 2 x)3 + C
2
3
6
1
11
y(0) = 1 implies 1 = (27) + C , so C = .
6
2
1
3 11
Thus y = (3 2 x) + .
6
2
y = ln
2 ( x + 1) 2 64
x + C2
7
5
5
2
7
4
64
=
x + C2
( x + 1) 2
35
5
4
64
y(3) = 0 implies 0 =
128 (3) + C2 , so
35
5
7
832
4
64
832
C2 =
. Thus y =
( x + 1) 2
x+
.
35
35
5
35
1
1
1
[2 x dx] = ln x 2 + 6 + C
2
2 x +6
2
1
1
y(1) = 0 implies 0 = ln(7) + C , so C = ln 7 .
2
2
1
Thus y = ln x 2 + 6 ln 7 , or
5
2
( x + 1) 2 + C1
5
y (3) = 0 0 =
81. y = (3 2 x) 2 dx =
82. y =
1
5
+ C1 , so C1 = . Thus
2
2
5
y = x 1 + .
2
5
1
5
y = x 1 + dx = dx + dx
2
2
x
5
= ln x + x + C2
2
5
y(1) = 2 implies that 2 = 0 + + C2 , so
2
1
C2 = . Thus
2
5
1
1 5
1
y = ln x + x = ln + x .
2
2
x 2
2
4 1 2
= + 9 + C
3t
x2
y = x 2 dx = x 1 + C1
3
2
79. Let u = ln x 2 + 2 x du =
x2 + 6
7
558
85. V (t ) =
=
Section 14.5
Problems 14.5
dV
dt = 8e0.05t dt
dt
8
e0.05t [0.05 dt ]
0.05
1.
dx
2x2
2 x6 8 x 4
4x
=
+
2 x2 2 x2 2 x2
dx
1
4
2
= x dx + 4 x dx 2 dx
x
x5 4 3
=
+ x 2 ln x + C
5 3
= 160e0.05t + C
The house cost $350,000 to build, so V(0) = 350.
350 = 160e0 + C = 160 + C
190 = C
V (t ) = 160e0.05t + 190
dl
12
dt =
dt
dt
2t + 50
= 6 ln 2t + 50 + C
Since the expected life span was 63 years in
1940, l(0) = 63.
63 = 6 ln 50 + C
C = 63 6 ln 50 39.53
l (t ) = 6 ln 2t + 50 + 39.53
86. l (t ) =
2.
3.
9 x2 + 5
5
3x dx = 3x + 3x dx
3
5
= x 2 + ln x + C
2
3
( 3x
+2
2 x3 + 4 x + 1dx
(
) ( 6 x2 + 4) dx
3
1 ( 2 x + 4 x + 1)
=
+C
l (58) = 6 ln 166 + 39.53 70.20

The expected life span for people born in 1998
(58 years after 1940) is about 70 years.
1
2
1
2 x3 + 4 x + 1
2
3
2
3
2
87. Note that r > 0.

B
Rr
Rr B1
C =
+ dr =
dr + 1 dr
2K
r
2K r
1
R
r dr + B1 dr
=
2K
r
2
R r
=
+ B1 ln r + B2
2K 2
Thus we obtain C =
2 x6 + 8 x 4 4 x
4.
x2 + 1
dx =
2
1 ( x + 1)
=
Rr
+ B1 ln r + B2 .
4K
3
4
1
3
3x)dx = e3 x + 2 x 2 + C
88. f ( x) = (e
3
2
1
1
1

f = 2 implies 2 = e3 + C , so
3
6
3
13 1
C = e3 . Thus,
6 3
1
3
13 1
f ( x ) = e3 x + 2 x 2 + e3 ,
3
2
6 3
1
13 1
f (2) = e8 6 + e3
3
6 3
1 8
3
= (2e 2e 23) 983.12
6
3x+2
5.
1
2 x3 + 4 x + 1
3
2 2
x +1
3
3
4
3
2
+C
1
1
x 2 + 1 4 [2 x dx]
3
4
+C
+C
dx = 9 (2 3 x)1/ 2 dx
2 3x
1
= 9 (2 3x) 1/ 2 [3 dx]
3
(2 3 x)1/ 2
= 3
+ C = 6 2 3 x + C
1
2
6.
2 xe x
e
x2
= ln e
559
x2
dx =
1
e
2 +C
x2
2 xe x 2 dx
7.
7x
( )
dx = eln 4
7x
dx = e(ln 4)(7 x ) dx
13.
1
e(ln 4)(7 x ) [7 ln 4 dx]
7 ln 4
1
=
e(ln 4)(7 x ) + C
7 ln 4
5e 2 x
8.
9.
( )
1
e
7 ln 4
t
ln 4 7 x
+C =
14.
7x
4
+C
7 ln 4
1
1 (ln 5)t
=
e(ln 5)t [ln 5 dt ] =
e
+C
ln 5
ln 5
5t
=
+C
ln 5
x2
4
dx
=
14
x
2
xe
15.
x
x
x2
4 e 4 + C = 7 x 2 4e 4 + C
2
2
e
x
+ x e + ex + dx
x
1
= e x dx + x e dx + e x dx + e dx
x
x e+1 ex 2
+
+ e ln x + C
e +1
2
dx =
+C
7
2 dx
x
1 7x
e
7
Note that since x 2 + 9 > 0 for all values of x, the

absolute value bars are not needed.
6 x 2 11x + 5
2
= 2x 3 +
.
3x 1
3x 1
18. By using long division on the integrand,

5 4x2
4
3 + 2 x dx = 2 x + 3 3 + 2 x dx
1
[2 dx]
= (2 x + 3)dx 2
3 + 2x
6 x 2 11x + 5
2
dx = 2 x 3 +
dx
3x 1
3
x
1
1
1
[3 dx]
= 2 x dx 3 dx + 2
3 3x 1
2
= x 2 3x + ln 3x 1 + C
3
Thus
x2

5 x3
45 x
x2 + 9 dx = 5 x x2 + 9 dx
45
1
[2 x dx]
= 5 x dx
2
2 x +9
5
45
= x 2 ln( x 2 + 9) + C
2
2
11. By long division,
dx = e x

2 x 4 6 x3 + x 2
dx
x2
16
= 2 x3 2 x 2 4 x 7
dx
x2
1
2
= x 4 x3 2 x 2 7 x 16 ln x 2 + C .
2
3
dx
= ex +
dx = e86 x [6 dx]
1
= e +C
7
x
1
= 14 x dx 2 2 e 4 x dx
2
10.
ex
(2)dx]
7
x
x2
4 3 x 2
= 14 x dx 2 xe 4 dx
= 14
6 (e
2x
5
ln(7e2 x + 4) + C
14
= e86 x + C = e43 x
dt = (eln 5 )t dt = e(ln 5)t dt
x2
2
x
7
e
4
7e2 x + 4 dx = 14 7e2 x + 4[7e
= x 2 + 3x 2 ln 3 + 2 x + C
19.
(3 x + 2)( x 4)
3 x 2 10 x 8
dx =
dx
12.
x 3
x3
11
3 2
= 3x 1
dx = x x 11ln x 3 + C
2
x 3
x +2
3 x
2
=
3
560
dx =
x +2
3
2
3
x +2
+C =
2
9
dx
2 x
x +2
+C
20.
5e s
1 + 3es
Section 14.5
( )
5
1
[3e s ds ]
3 1 + 3e s
5
= ln(1 + 3e s ) + C
3
4
5 x3 + 2
4
dx = 3 5 x 13 + 2 1 x 23 dx
21.

3 2
3
= 3 x 3 + 2 + C
22.
1+ x
1 2
dx = 2 1 + x 2
3
2
+C
2
ln x
1 (ln x)
dx = (ln x) dx =
+C
x
2
x
1
= ln 2 x + C
2
24.
0.6
dt =
2
3
(3 t 3 / 2 )0.6 t1/ 2 dt
3
2
31.
1.6
2 (3 t 3 / 2 )1.6
5
3t t
=
+C =
+C
3
1.6
12
25.
26.
32.
9 x5 6 x 4 ex3
7x
dx = 2
2
x dx
3
3
e x +1 dx = x 2 (e x +1 )1/ 2 dx
3
2 x 2+1 3 2 2 x 2+1
e
2 x dx = 3 e dx
3
( x + 3) ln( x + 3) dx = 8 ln( x + 3) x + 3 dx
= 8ln ln( x + 3) + C
ln (r + 1)
1
dr = [ln(r + 1)]2
dr
r +1
r
+
1
1 3
= ln (r + 1) + C
3

x+3
3
x + 6 dx = 1 x + 6 dx = x 3ln x + 6 + C
t (3 t t )
x
=
x ln
29.
23.
( )
ln ( 2 x )
( 2x )
= 2 ln ln ( 2x 2 ) + C
1 ln 3 ln x
3ln x
e
+C =
+C
ln 3
ln 3
28.
1 12
2 x dx
1 2
2
1 + x
+ C = 4 1+ x
= 2
3
3
ln x
eln 3
3ln x
27.
dx =
dx
x
x
1
ln 3
=
e(ln 3) ln x
dx
ln 3
x
1 (ln 3) ln x
=
e
+C
ln 3
ds =
e2 + x e 2 x dx = ee2 x + 1 xe +1 x 2 + C
e +1

2x
x3 + x 2 x 3
x2 3 dx = x + 1 + x 2 3 dx
1
[2 x dx]
= ( x + 1)dx +
2
x 3
x2
=
+ x + ln x 2 3 + C
2
e
6
9
dx = x3 x 2 x dx
7
7
7
9 4 2 3 e 2
=
x x x +C
28
7
14
34.
4 x ln 1 + x 2
1 + x2
= ln 1 + x
561
dx =
4 x 12 ln 1 + x 2
1 + x2
) dx
2
2
2x
ln 1 + x
dx =
+C
2
1 + x 2
35.
6 x 2 ln( x3 + 1) 2
3
x +1
42.
dx
6 x2
= [2 ln( x3 + 1)]1/ 2
dx
3
x + 1
=
36.
[2 ln( x3 + 1)]3 / 2
3
2
2
3 x + 2
= 3 e
37.
38.
12
( x +2)
2
1
2
2
xe x + 2 dx
43.
12
2
2
x
x
2
dx = 3e x + 2 + C
+
x2 + 2 x 1 dx = 2 x2 + 2 x1 ( 2 x 2 x
=
ln 7 dx
4
x 4x
1
1
4
2
= ( x 4 x) [(4 x3 4)dx] ln 7 dx
4
3
1 4
= ( x 4 x) 2 (ln 7) x + C
6
x x 2
( x + 1) ln ( x2 + 1)
dx
2x
dx
2
ln x + 1 x + 1
= ln ln x 2 + 1 + C
x3 1
2x
2
+ C = ln 3 / 2 ( x3 + 1) 2 + C
3
44.
xe x
ex + 2
1
12
1
x2
2 xe x 2 dx
dx = e + 2
ex + 2
1
2
2
+ C = ex + 2 + C
1
2
(3x + 1)[1 + ln(3x + 1)]2 dx

5
1
3 dx
[1 + ln(3 x + 1)]2
3
3x + 1
5
=
+C
3[1 + ln(3 x + 1)]
=
) dx
1
ln x 2 + 2 x 1 + C
2
45.
( e x + 6 )
e
dx = e x + 6
e x + 6 )
(
=
e x dx
39.
2 x 4 8 x3 6 x 2 + 4
x3
dx
6 4
= 2 x 8 + dx
x x3
1
= 2 x dx 8 dx 6 dx + 4 x 3 dx
x
1
46.
dx
2
8 x + 1 e x 8 + e x
2
1
1
e x dx
=
[8 dx ] (1) 8 + e x
8 8x + 1
40.
e x + e x
e x e x dx = e x e x ( e
1
x
x
8 x 6 ln x + 4
+C
2
2
2
= x 2 8 x 6 ln x
+C
x2
= 2
+C
8 + e x
1
= ln 8 x + 1 +
+C
8
1
1
1
= ln 8 x + 1
+C
8
8 + e x
+ e x dx
= ln e x e x + C

x
1
x + 1 dx = 1 x + 1 dx = x ln x + 1 + C
562
47.
(x
+ ex
x 2 + e dx = x x 2 + e x 2 + e
1
= x2 + e
2
=
48.
1 2
x +e
5
x ln x
)(
2
1 ( x + e)
[2 x dx] =
Section 14.5
5
2
3
2
1
2
53. eln( x
+C
54.
+C
55.
( )
x ln x
(1 + ln x )dx = eln 3
(1 + ln x )dx
1
e(ln 3) x ln x [(ln 3)(1 + ln x)dx]
ln 3
1 (ln 3) x ln x
1 ln 3 x ln x
=
e
+C =
e
+C
ln 3
ln 3
49.
56.
3x ln x
+C
ln 3
1
2
2
38
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
57.
1
2
32 3 12
8 2 x dx
8 2 x 2 + 3
3 16 2
32 32
2
8 x + 3
+C
50.
23
f ( x ) + ln( f ( x ))
dx = e f ( x ) eln( f ( x )) dx
= e f ( x ) [ f ( x) dx]
dr
200
=
dq (q + 2)2
r = pq, then p =
1
x dx
r 100
=
.
q q+2
The demand function is p =
1
3
= 6(ln x) + C
s
2
2
ds = e s
51.
3
3
e s
3
2
= e s + C
3
(q + 2)1
+C
1
200
+C
q+2
When q = 0, then r = 0, so 0 = 100 + C, or
200
100q
+ 100 =
. Since
C = 100. Hence r =
q+2
q+2
3
2
x(ln x)2 / 3 dx = 2 (ln x)
ln x + ln e x
dx
x
x
ln x + x
ln x
=
+ 1 dx
dx =
x
x
3
2
2 + 3 + C
(8
)
=
x
36 2
( ) dx =
ln xe x
r = 200(q + 2)2 dq = 200
dx = 1 dx = x + C
= e f ( x) + C
x (8 x ) + 3dx = 8 x + 3 x dx
3
2
+1)
ln 2 x
1
= (ln x) dx + 1 dx =
+ x+C
2
x
( )
is simply x 2 + 1. Thus
1
ln( x 2 +1)
dx = ( x 2 + 1)dx = x3 + x + C
e
3
dx
5
2
5
2
58.
3 12
2 s ds
100
.
q+2
dr
900
=
dq (2q + 3)3
r = 900(2q + 3)3 dq
ln 3 x
1
1
dx = (ln x)3 dx
52.
3x
3
x
= 900
1
(2q + 3) 3 [2 dq]
2
= 450
(2q + 3)2
225
+C =
+C
2
(2q + 3)2
When q = 0, then r = 0, so 0 = 25 + C or
225
C = 25. Hence r =
+ 25 . Since
(2q + 3) 2
1 (ln x)4
1
=
+ C = ln 4 x + C
3
4
12
563
r 25
225
=
q q q(2q + 3)2
r = pq, then p =
62.
1 (2 I ) 2
C=
dI
2
2
1
1
1
= dI (2 I ) 2 [2 dI ]
2
4
25
9
The demand function is p =
1
.
2
q (2q + 3)
59.
dc
20
=
dq q + 5
1
1 (2 I ) 2
= I
+ C1
1
2
4
20
1
dq = 20
dq = 20 ln q + 5 + C
q+5
q+5
When q = 0, then c = 2000, so
2000 = 20 ln(5) + C, or C = 2000 20 ln 5.
Hence c = 20 ln q + 5 + 2000 20 ln 5
c=
2I
I
=
+ C1
2
2
3
3
4
+ C1 , so
implies = 1
4
4
2
I
The consumption function is C =
2
C (2) =
q+5
= 20 ( ln q + 5 ln 5 ) + 2000 = 20 ln
+ 2000
5
q+5
+ 2000.
The cost function is c = 20 ln
5
60.
63.
dc
= 3e0.002q
dq
c = 3e0.002 q dq = 3
1
e0.002q [0.002 dq]
0.002
The cost function is c = 1500e
0.002 q
C = I
1
dI = 3 dI 1 I 2 dI
4
6
3
1 I2
3
I
= I
+ C1 = I
+ C1
1
4
6
4
3
2
+ 500.
Thus C =
dC
1
=
dI
I
12
3
I
+ C1 .
I
4
3
C(25) = 23 implies that 23 =

1
dI =
I2
1
2
71
.
12
The consumption function is
3
1
71
C= I
I+ .
4
3
12
C(9) = 8 implies that 8 = 2 3 + C1 , or C1 = 2 .
I +1 .
The consumption function is C = 2
3
5
25 + C1 , so
4
3
C1 =
+ C1 = 2 I + C1
Thus C = 2 I + 2 = 2
3
.
4
2I 3
+ .
2
4
C1 =
dC 3
1
=
dI 4 6 I
1
3 I 2
C =
4
6
= 1500e0.002q + C
When q = 0, then c = 2000, so 2000 = 1500 + C,
or C = 500.
61.
dC 1
1
=
dI 2 2 2 I
I +1 .
64.
dc
100
= 10
dq
q + 10
100
c = 10
dq = 10q 100 ln q + 10 + C
q
+ 10
ln q + 10 C
c
Avg. cost = = 10 100
+
q
q
q
When q = 100, then avg. cost = 50, so
ln(110) C
+
50 = 10 100
, or
100
100
C = 100(40 + ln (110)). Thus
c = 10q 100 ln q + 10 + 100(40 + ln(110))
564
Section 14.5
Evaluating c when q = 0 gives fixed cost:

c(0) = 100 ln(10) + 100(40 + ln (110)) 4240.
The fixed cost is $4240.
b.
dc 100q 3998q + 60
=
dq
q 2 40q + 1
a.
2
0.04q 2 + 4
0.9
+C
=
3
0.06
dc
100(40)2 3998(40) + 60
=
dq q = 40
(40) 2 40(40) + 1
= $140 per unit
2
Thus c = 10 0.04q 2 + 4 + C . When
dc
by using long
dq
q = 0, then c = 360, so 360 = 10(4) 2 + C , or

3
division:
100q 2 3998q + 60
c=
dq
q 2 40q + 1
2
C = 280. Hence c = 10 0.04q 2 + 4 + 280 .
When q = 25, then c = 10(9) 2 + 280 = $550 .
2q 40
= 100 +
dq
2
q 40q + 1
1
= 100 dq +
[(2q 40)dq]
2
q 40q + 1
c.
Thus c = 100q + ln q 2 40q + 1 + C. When

q = 0, then c = 10,000, so
10,000 = 0 + ln(1) + C, so C = 10,000.
If c = f(q), then f(q + dq) f(q) + dc

dc
= f (q) +
dq . Letting q = 25 and
dq
dq = 2, we have
dc
f (23) = f (25 2) f (25) +
(2)
dq q = 25
= 550 + 13.50(2) = $523
Hence c = 100q + ln q 40q + 1 + 10, 000 .

When q = 40, then
c = 4000 + ln(1) + 10,000 = $14,000.
67.
dV
8t 3
=
dt
0.2t 4 + 8000
8t 3
V =
If c = f(q), then
dc
f (q + dq ) f (q ) + dc = f (q) +
dq
dq
Letting q = 40 and dq = 2, we have
dc
f (42) = f (40 + 2) f (40) +
(2)
dq q = 40
0.2t 4 + 8000
= 10 0.2t 4 + 8000
( 0.2t 4 + 8000)
= 10
1
2
= 14,000 + 140(2) = $14,280
dt
12
0.8t 3 dt
1
2
+C
Thus V = 20 0.2t 4 + 8000 + C . If t = 0, then

V = 500, so 500 = 20 8000 + C ,
500 = 20 1600 5 + C , 500 = 800 5 + C , or
C = 500 800 5 . Hence
3
dc 9
=
q 0.04q 2 + 4
66.
dq 10
a.
2 dq
0.06
q
b. To find c, we integrate
c.
3
9
q 0.04q 2 + 4dq
10
3
2
0.9
2 + 4
=
0.04
q
0.06
65.
c=
dc
9
9
27
25 9 = 5 3 =
=
10
2
dq q = 25 10
= $13.50 per unit
V = 20 0.2t 4 + 8000 + 500 800 5 .

When t = 10, then
V = 20 10, 000 + 500 800 5
= 20(100) + 500 800 5 $711 per acre.
565
68.
dr
a
ae q
ae q
=
=
=
dq e q + b (eq + b)e q 1 + be q
r=
ae q
q
b.
1
1
dq = a
[be q dq ]
b 1 + be q
Thus S =
I
I
5.4 3 + C1 . When I = 24,
2
3
then S = 3, so 3 = 12 5.4 3 8 + C1 , or
I
I
5.4 3 + 1.8 . If C is
2
3
the total national consumption (in billions of
dollars), then C + S = I, or
I
I
C = I S = I 5.4 3 + 1.8 .
3
2
C1 = 1.8 . Thus S =
dS
5
dI =
dI
dI
( I + 2) 2
Therefore, C =
( I + 2) 1
+ C1
1
c.
5
+ C1 . If C is the total national
I +2
consumption (in billions of dollars), then
5
C1 .
C + S = I, or C = I S. Hence C = I +
I +2
1
When I = 8, then C = 7.5, so 7.5 = 8 + C1 , or
2
5
C1 = 1 . Thus S = 1
. If S = 0, then
I +2
5
5
0 = 1
=1 5 = I + 2 I = 3
I +2
I +2
Thus S =
70. a.
dI
I 1.8 I 3
I 5.4 3
=
+ C1 =
I + C1
2 33 1
2 33
3
a
Now r = 0 when q = 0, so 0 = ln(1 + b) + C ,
b
a
or C = ln(1 + b). Hence
b
a
a
r = ln(1 + be q ) + ln(1 + b)
b
b
a
1+ b
= ln
b 1 + be q
r
a
1+ b
p= =
ln
q bq 1 + be q
= 5 ( I + 2) 2 dI = 5
1
1.8
dS
dI =
2 3 2
dI
3I
1 1.8 23
I dI
=
3
3
2
1 + be
a
= ln(1 + be q ) + C
b
69. S =
S=
I
I
+ 5.4 3 1.8 .
2
3
From (b), when I = 81, then

81
81
C = + 5.4 3
1.8 = 40.5 + 16.2 1.8
2
3
= 54.9
Thus consumption is $54.9 billion when
income is $81 billion.
d. If C = f(I), then
f(I + dI) f(I) + dC = f ( I ) +
dC
dI . Let
dI
I = 81 and dI = 3. Then
f (78) = f (81 3) f (81) +
dC
(3)
dI I =81
17
(3) = 53.2 . Thus when income
30
is $78 billion, then consumption is
approximately $53.2 billion.
= 54.9 +
If C is total national consumption (in

billions of dollars), then
1
dC
dS
1.8
. Thus
= 1
= 1
2 3 2
dI
dI
3I
1
dC
1.8
= 1
2 3 3(81) 2
dI I =81
1 1.8 17
= 1
.
=
2 27 30
566
Section 14.6

1. Divide the interval [0, 10] into n subintervals of equal length x, so x =
10
. The endpoints of the subintervals
n
10 10 10
10
10
, 2 , 3 , ... , (n 1) , and n = 10 . Letting Sn denote the sum of the areas of the
n
n n
n
n
rectangles corresponding to right-hand endpoints, we have
10 10 10 10
10 10
Sn = R + R 2 ++ R n
n n n n
n n
are 0,
10
10
10
10
600 0.5 + 600 0.5(2) + + 600 0.5(n)
n
n
n
n
10
10
600n 0.5 {1 + 2 ++ n}
n
n
10
10 n(n + 1)
600n 0.5
n
n 2
10
[600n 2.5(n + 1)]
n
n +1
= 6000 25
n
Now take the limit of Sn as n
=
n + 1
1
lim Sn = lim 6000 25
= lim 6000 25 1 + = 6000 25 = 5975
n
n
n
The total revenue for selling 10 units is $5975.

n
Problems 14.6
1. f(x) = x, y = 0, x = 1
1
S3 , x =
3
1 1 1 2 1
S3 = f + f +
3 3 3 3 3
3 1 1 2 3 1 6 2
f = + + = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2
The area is approximately
sq unit.
3
2. f(x) = 3x, y = 0, x = 1
1
S5 , x =
5
1 1 1 2 1
S5 = f + f + f
5 5 5 5 5
9
5
3 1 4 1 5 1 3 6 9 12 15 1 45 9
=
+ f + f = + + + + =
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
sq units.
567
3.

6. f(x) = 3x + 2; [0, 3]
3
x =
n
3 3
3 3
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
3 3
3
= f ++ f n
n n
n
f ( x) = x 2 , y = 0, x = 1
1
4
1 1 1 2 1
S4 = f + f + f
4 4 4 4 4
11
4 9 16
= + + +
4 16 16 16 16
1 30 15
=
=
4 16 32
15
32
S 4 , x =
4.
3 1 4
4+ 4 f 4

3 9
(1 ++ n) + 2n
n n
3 9 n(n + 1)
27(n + 1)
=
+ 2n =
+6
n n
2
2n
sq units.
f ( x) = x 2 + 1 , y = 0, x = 0, x = 1
1
2
1 1 1
S2 = f +
2 2 2
3 3
3
3 + 2 ++ 3 n + 2
n n
n
S 2 , x =
7. a.
2 1 5 8 1 13 13
f = + = =
8
2 2 4 4 2 4
Sn =
1 1 2
n
+ 1 + + 1 ++ + 1
n n n
n
1 1
(1 + 2 ++ n) + n
n n
1 1 n(n + 1)
=
+ n
n n
2
n +1
=
+1
2n
=
13
sq units.
8
5. f(x) = 4x; [0, 1]

1
x =
n
1 1
1 1
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
1 1
1
= f ++ f n
n n
n
b.
1 1
n
4 ++ 4
n n
n
4
4 n(n + 1)
=
[1 ++ n] =
2
2
n
n2
2(n + 1)
=
n
=
n +1
lim Sn = lim
+ 1
n 2n
1
1
= lim +
+ 1
n 2 2n
1
3
= + 0 +1 =
2
2
n
2 2 2
2
+ 2 ++ n
n n n
n
8. a.
Sn =
2 22 2
1 + 22 ++ n 2
n n2
8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
6
n3
=
568
4(n + 1)(2n + 1)
3n 2
lim Sn = lim
b.
4(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Section 14.6
4 2n 2 + 3n + 1
= lim
n
3n 2
3n 2
4
3 1 4
8
= lim 2 + +
= (2 + 0 + 0) =
2
n n 3
3
n 3
9. f(x) = x, y = 0, x = 1
1
x =
n
1 1
1
Sn = f ++
n n
n
1 n +1 1 1
=
= 1 +
2 n
2 n
1
lim Sn =
2
n
1
The area is
sq unit.
2
n 1
1 n(n + 1)
1 1 1
[1 ++ n] =
f n = ++ =
2
n n
2
n n n
n2
10. f(x) = 3x, y = 0, x = 1

1
x =
n
1 1
1 1 1 1
n
Sn = f ++ f n = 3 ++ 3
n n
n n n n
n
3
3 n(n + 1) 3 n + 1 3 1
=
[1 ++ n] =
=
= 1 +
2
2
2 n
2 n
n
n2
3
lim Sn =
2
n
3
The area is
sq units.
2
11.
f ( x) = x 2 , y = 0, x = 1
x =
1
n
2
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
f ++ f n = ++ n
n n
n n n n
n
1 2
1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
1 ++ n 2 =
6
n
n3
Sn =
1 2n 2 + 3n + 1 1
3 1
= 2 + +
2
6
6
n n2
n
lim Sn =
1
3
The area is
1
sq unit.
3
569
12. y = x 2 , y = 0, x = 1, x = 2
1
n
1 1 1
1
1
1
Sn = f 1 + + f 1 + 2 + " f 1 + n
n n n
n
n
n
2
2
1 1
1
= 1 + + " + 1 + n
n n
n
1
1 1
1
1
= 1 + 2 + + " + 1 + 2n + n 2
2
n
n n
n
n 2
x =
1
2
1 2
2
n + (1 + " + n) + 2 (1 + " + n )
n
n
n
2 n(n + 1) 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

= 1+
2
6
n2
n3
=
n + 1 1 2n 2 + 3n + 1
+
n
6
n2
3 1
1 1
= 1 + 1 + + 2 + +
n n2
n 6
= 1+
lim Sn = 1 + 1 +
The area is
13.
1 7
=
3 3
7
sq units.
3
f ( x) = 3x 2 , y = 0, x = 1
x =
1
n
Sn =
2
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
f ++ f n = 3 ++ 3 n
n n
n n n n
n
3 2
3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 2n 2 + 3n + 1 1
3 1
1 ++ n 2 =
=
= 2 + +
3
2
3
6
2
2
n n2
n
n
n
lim Sn = 1
The area is 1 sq unit.
570
14.
Section 14.6
f ( x) = 9 x 2 , y = 0, x = 0
20
3
n
3 3
3 3
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
2
3 2
3 3
= 9 ++ 9 n
n n
n
3
3
= 9n 12 ++ n 2
n
n
x =
16.
0 9 dx
Let f(x) = 9
4
x =
n
4 4
4 4
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
4
4
= [9 ++ 9] = 9n = 36
n
n
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= 27
6
n3
9 2n + 3n + 1
9
3 1
= 27
= 27 2 + + 2
2
2
2
n
n
n
lim Sn = 27 9 = 18
Sn = 36
0 9 dx = nlim
The area is 18 sq units.

15.
1 5x dx
10
Let f(x) = 5x.

2
x =
n
2 2
2
2
Sn = f 1 + + " + f 1 + n
n n
n
n
2 2
2
= 5 1 + + " + 5 1 + n
n n
n
10
2
= (1 + " + 1) + (1 + " + n)
n
n
10
2 n(n + 1)
= n +
n
n
2
10
= [n + n + 1]
n
10
= (2n + 1)
n
10
= 20 +
n
17.
x
10
0 4x dx
Let f(x) = 4x.
3
x =
n
3 3
3 3
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
3 3
36
3
= 4 4 n = [1 ++ n]
n n
n
n2
=
Sn = 20
1 5 x dx = nlim
36 n(n + 1)
n +1
1
= 18
= 18 1 +
2
2
n
n
n
Sn = 18
0 4 x dx = nlim
571
15
Sn =
3
2
1 2
1 1
1
1
+ ++ n + n
n n
n
n
n
x
15
1 1
1 1
f ++ f n
n n
n n
1 1 2
1
2
1 ++ n + [1 ++ n]
n n
n
1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 n(n + 1)

=
6
2
n3
n2
18.
1 (2 x + 1)dx
Let f(x) = 2x + 1.
4 1 3
x =
=
n
n
3 3
3
3
Sn = f 1 + + " + f 1 + n
n n
n
n

3 3
3
= 2 1 + + 1 + " + 2 1 + n + 1
n n
n

3
6
= 2n + (1 + 2 + " + n) + n
n
n
18 n(n + 1)
= 6+
+3
2
n2
n +1
= 9 + 9
n
1
= 9 + 9 1 +
n
4
+ x dx = lim Sn =
n
1 1 5
+ =
3 2 6
20.
1 ( x + 2)dx
Let f(x) = x + 2.
1
x =
n
1 1
1
1
Sn = f 1 + ++ f 1 + n
n n
n
n
1 1
1
= 1 + + 2 ++ 1 + n + 2
n n
n
1
1
= n + (1 + " + n) + 2n
n
n
1 n(n + 1)
= 1+
+2
2
n2
1 n +1
= 3+
2 n
1 1
= 3 + 1 +
2 n
2
1 7
Sn = 3 + =
1 ( x + 2)dx = nlim
2 2
x
6
+ x dx
Let f ( x) = x 2 + x .
x =
1
3 1 1 1
2 + + + 1 +
6
n n2 2 n
10
(2 x + 1)dx = lim Sn = 9 + 9 = 18
0 ( x
1 2n 2 + 3n + 1 1 n + 1
+
6
2 n
n2
0 ( x
19.
1
n
572
Section 14.7
area is composed of three subareas, A1 , A2 , and

A3 and A = A1 + A2 + A3 .
A1 = area of rectangle = (2)(1) = 2 sq units
21.
1
1
(1)(1) = sq unit
2
2
1 1 1
A3 = area of triangle = (1) = sq unit
2 2 4
Since
1 1 11
sq units, we
A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 2 + + =
2 4 4
3
11
have f ( x)dx = .
1
4
A2 = area of triangle =
1 2
x 2 + 1 dx is simply a real number. Thus
3
Dx x 2 + 1dx = Dx (real number) = 0.
2
22.
0 x <1
2 if
f ( x) = 4 2 x if
5 x 10 if
1 x < 2
y = f(x) A3
2 x3
A 1 2 A2
f is continuous and f(x) 0 on [0, 3]. Thus
x
3
0 f ( x) dx gies the area A bounded by y = f(x),

y = 0, x = 0 and x = 3. From the diagram, this
area is composed of three subareas, A1 , A2 and
A3 , and A = A1 + A2 + A3 .
A1 = area of rectangle = (1)(2) = 2 sq unit
24. 44.6 sq units

25. 14.77 sq units
1
(1)(2) = 1 sq unit
2
1
A3 = area of triangle = (1)(10) = 5 sq unit
2
Since A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 2 + 1 + 5 = 8 sq units,
A2 = area of triangle =
we have
10
26. 1.7 sq units

27. 2.4
28. 0.7
0 f ( x) dx = 8.
29. 25.5
30. 0.39

5
y = f(x)
1.
A3
A1
A2
1
x
2
3 10, 000e
0.02t
e0.02t
dt = 10, 000
0.02
= 500, 000e0.02t
)3
(
)
= 500, 000 ( e0.12 e0.06 ) 32,830
= 500, 000 e0.02(6) e0.02(3)
1
if x 1
23. f ( x) = 2 x if 1 x 2
x
1 + 2 if x > 2
f is continuous and f(x) 0 on [1, 3]. Thus
1 f ( x)dx
The total income for the chain between the third

and sixth years was about $32,830.
gives the area A bounded by y = f(x),
y = 0, x = 1, and x = 3. From the diagram, this

573
2. The total cost for the first 5 years is M(5) or

5
9.
M (5) M (0) = M ( x )dx

0
x3
90
x
+
5000
dx
=
90 + 5000 x
0
0
5
= 30 x3 + 5000 x
) 0 = 30(5)3 + 5000(5) 0
5
Problems 14.7
2.
(1 e)dx = (1 e) x
x2
5 x dx = 5
2
11.
1 3t
3 (2 x 3)dx = ( x
1
13.
3
3
1 3 4
dt = t 2 = =
1
2
6 2 3
2 x 2
x 1
dx =
2
2
=
1
2 (
3
1
2x 1
4 (2t 3t
= 160 (10) = 150

2
2
)dt = (t
3x
) 3 = 2 18 = 20
14.
1/ 2 (
3/ 2
1 17
=
2 2
1
1
y 2 2 y + 1 dy = ( y 1)2 dy = ( y 1)3
2
3
2
x dx = x 4 / 3 dx
8
8
3 128 3(128)
=
7
7
768
=
7
8 1 7
=
3 3 3
8 3 4
3x7 / 3
=
7
16
=
=8
2
8.
1 1 1
= =
4 2 4
1
9 y2
6. (4 9 y ) = 4 y
1
2
5 15
= 10 =
2 2
x2
4. 5 x dx = 5
2
2
7.
5.
8 dt = 8 1 dt = t 8 = 9 8 = 1
12.
= 4(1 e) 2(1 e) = 2(1 e)
3.
10.
5 dx = 5 x = 5(3) 5(0) = 15 0 = 15
0
w2
3w w 1 dw = w3
w
2
2
1
15
= (8) =
2
2
= 3750 + 25,000 = 28,750

The total cost for the first 5 years is $28,750.
1.
2 (
1
3/ 2
x3 x 2
x + x + 1 dx = +
+ x
3
1/ 2
15 2 37
=
4 3 12
15.
1/ 2 x2
16.
9 (
36
dx =
1
1
5
= (2) =
x 1/ 2
3
3
( z + 1)6
17. ( z + 1) dz =
1
6
1
1
t3 )
4
= 0 (48) = 48
574
36
2 3
x 2 dx = x 2 2 x = 72 0 = 72
3
9
1
=
1
32
32
0 =
3
3
Section 14.7
18.
1 x
1
3
13
2
43
3x
3x 3
dx =
4
2
27.
3 27
= 6 =
4 4
19.
0 2 x
=
20.
21.
( x3 1)
1 3
x 1
6
3
2 1 3
x 1 3x 2 dx
3 0
= 0
1
1
=
6
6
( x + 2)4
4
28.
dy = 4 ln y
29.
24.
25.
26.
e +1
30.
e dx =
)(
+ 4 x x3 + 2 x 2
= x3 + 2 x 2
0
) (
4
31.
1/ 3
10 3 pdp =
q q 2 + 3dq =
q2 + 3
3
2
1
1 2
2 [ 3 dp ]
(10
3
p
)
3 1/ 3
1
1 1 2
2
+
q
3
[2q dq]
2 1
8 8
=0
3 3
1 7x +1
4
21
4
3
( 7 x + 1)
3
4
3
dx
32.
243
243
0 =
5
5
16 1 15
=
28 28 28
x
3x 2
dx
( x + 2)4 / 3
7
1 7
= 3 x dx ( x 2 + 2)4 / 3 [2 x dx]
0
2 0
3
= x2
2
7
0
1 ( x 2 + 2)1/ 3

2
1
3
3
3
= (7 0) + [91/ 3 21/ 3 ]
2
2
3
1
1
= 7 +
3
3
2
9
2
575
28
3
1 1
+ 1dx = 7 x3 + 1 21x 2 dx
0
21
1 23
x 7 x3
0
3 x 2 + 4 x dx
1
1 20 / 3
2 [3 dx ]
x
+
(3
5)
3 1/ 3
51
x3 + 2 x 2 )
(
=
3 x + 5 dx =
2 x3
= e5 x = e5 0 = e5
1
e +1
dx = ln x 1
= ln e ln1 = 1 0 = 1
2
x 1
0 ( 3x
1/ 3
5 1 x3 2
5 3
e [3 x dx] = e x
3 0
3
5 1 0
5
= (e e ) = (e 1)
3
3
1
0 5 x
20 / 3
1
3
= (1) =
4
4
3
2
2
38
= (10 3 p) 2
= (8 27) =
9
9
9
1/ 3
1 5
e dx
0
( x 3)
= 4(ln 8 ln1)
6
22. e dx = 6 ln x
= 6 ln1 6 ln ee
e x
e
e
= 0 6e = 6e
23.
20
=4(ln 8 0) = 4 ln 8
1
3 3
2
(3x + 5) 2
9
13
2
= (125 8) = 26
9
625
369
64 =
4
4
( x 3)2
dx = 2 ( x 3) dx = 2
4
2
( x 3)3
2
dx =
( x + 2)3 dx =
84
41
33.
2 x3 + x
0 x 2 + x4 + 1
39.
dx
1 1
1
4 x3 + 2 x dx
2 0 x 4 + x 2 + 1
1
ln x 4 + x 2 + 1
2
n
= m(b a ) + b 2 a 2
2
36.
37.
1 ex
n
= my + y 2
2
a
a
95
ln e
42.
11 + e x
= 2
= 8 [ 0 (2) ] + 1 0
= 2 ln
43.
+1
1
e x
e x
dx
dx
1/ 2
1/ 2
+x
= 9 2 6
4 x 2 dx +
1/ 2
3
2 x dx
1/ 2
1 47
1

= 0 + 4 =
6
4 12
44. x dx
1
3 3
x dx
1
3
2 3
x
x4
2
4
1
1
3
9 1 81 1
=
2 2 4 4
= 43 20
= 44
576
e +1
1 +1
e
e2 + e
e(e + 1)
= 2 ln
= 2 ln e = 2
1+ e
1+ e
) 1
e x dx = 2 ln e x + 1
+1
f ( x)dx =
4 x3
=
3
1
38. 6 x
dx
1
2x
2 1
1 2
1
= 6 x 2 dx (2 x) 2 [2 dx]
1
2 1
) (
1 1 + e x
= 2 ln e1 + 1 + 2 ln(e + 1) = 2 ln
x 1 x 2 x 3
2
3
4
+
=
+
x
x
x
dx
3(
)
3
1 2 3
1
1
1 1
1
1
= 3
+
+
3
e 2e 2 3e3 22 33
1 3
3
3
3
1
=
+ +
3 e
2
2
3
2e
2
e
e
dx =
1 e x
95
1 e x
1
3
= 4 x 2 (2 x) 2 = 8 2 2 4 2
95
x
95
dx = 1 dx = x 1
1
x
= 95 1 = 94
dx =
e x
2
x
= 8
2
x2
2
= (6 + ln 19) 0 = 6 + ln 19
= 2
2 8 x dx = 8 2 x dx + 0 x dx
0
x4 x2
= +
+ ln x3 + 5 x + 1
2
4
0
1 3 x2 + 2 x
[(2 x + 2)dx]
e
2 1
41. Using long division on the integrand

2 x 6 + 6 x 4 + x3 + 8 x 2 + x + 5
dx
0
x3 + 5 x + 1
2
3x 2 + 5
= x3 + x +
dx
0
x3 + 5 x + 1
dx =
1 x2 + 2 x
1
e3 12
e
e 1
= e15 e3 =
2
2
2
1
40.
e x
1
dx = (e x + e x )
2
2
0
1
= [(e + e 1 ) + (1 + 1)]
2
1
1
= e + + 2
2
e
x2 + 2 x
3
) 0 = 12 [ln 3 ln1] = 12 ln 3
b
ny 2
34. (m + ny )dy = my +
a
2
35.
1 ( x + 1)e
45.
t2
f ( x) = 3
dt =
Section 14.7
3
3
3
= + 3 = 3
t1
x
x
e f ( x)dx = e 3 x dx = ( 3x 3ln x )
51.
46.
1
3 2
dx = 0 +
=
=
1
3 2
1
3 2
1
=
3
47.
1
3
2
3
3 2
1 dx
48.
2 0
49.
3 x3
3
3 x
2 dx 2 e
50.
f ( x) =
x et
54.
2
3
et + e t
x
1
e +e
= ln et + et
1
e + e x
e x e x
x
10
12
2 f ( x) dx = 7 6 = 1 .
55.
d 3 x3
e dx = 0. Thus
dx 2
31
1 1 1 1
= = . Thus
3 8 8 12
dx =
104
1
2
1
2 0
0 2000e
0.06t
=2 x
dt = 2000
2000 0.06t
e
0.06
$8639
dt
[(et et ) dt ]
x
e
= ln(e x + e x ) ln(ee ee )
f ( x) =
1
1
0 =
2
2
104
0
= 2 104 0
= 2 102 = 0.02
3
dx dx = 0 dx = C 2 = C C = 0
2
e t
1
3
dx is a constant, so
53. The total number receiving between a and b

dollars equals the number N(a) receiving a or
more dollars minus the number N(b) receiving b
or more dollars. Thus
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx
2 e
x2
2
1
1
= ; 2 =
2
12
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx
N (a) N (b) = Ax B dx .
6 = 2 f ( x)dx + 5 , so
1
1
= x
3
2
= f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = 4 + 3 = 7
4
= 2T 0 = 2T
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx f ( x)dx

3
2 = ( x ) 2 f ( x)dx = x dx
0
0
2
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx , so
52. = ( x 1)dx = x dx =
2 dt = 2 t
= (3 0) (3e 3) = 6 3e
7 x2
2
e dx +
7
0
[e x + e x (1)] 0
e x + e x
577
=
0
5 0.06t
1
e
[0.06 dt ]
0.06 0
2000 0.03
e
1
0.06
56.
0 ( e
t
eb d
61.
1 t a
1 t b
e [ a d ]
e [b d ]
a 0
b 0
e a eb
=
+
a
b
0
e at ebt 1 1
=
+
+
a
b a b
57.
at
1 e
a
64
36 10, 000
62.
1 e
b
64
36
63.
1
2
(100 t ) [(1) dt ]
3
2
= (10, 000)(100 t ) 2
3
64
36
3000e0.05 d = 3000
= 60, 000e0.05
59.
64.
180
90
800
10 ( 250 + 90q 3q
20
dq
200 q1/ 2
=
1
3
2
400
500
800
500
800 500 $1367.99

20
) dq = ( 250q + 45q2 q3 ) 10
+ 8q
)6
12
(8t + 10)dt = 4t 2 + 10t

81 106
(300 + t )
12
dt = 81 106
(300 + t ) 3
3
= 696 0 = 696
= 696 204 = 492
) 0700 (300 + t )4 dt
700
0
700
) (3001+ t )3
= 27 106
)0
(8t + 10)dt = 4t 2 + 10t
700
12
12
1 t 0.05
e
[0.05 d ]
0.05 0
1
1
= 27 106
3
3003
1000
1
1
= 27 106
9
27 106
10
27
27
973
=
+1 =
+1 =
= 0.973
3
1000
1000
10
) 65
75
= 1162.5 942.5 = $220

60.
= 81 106
= 60, 000 e0.05t 1
65 (0.2q + 8)dq = ( 0.1q

75
2000
10 3q
800 1/ 2
q
dq
500
400
2
= (10, 000)[216 512]
3
1,973,333
58.
800
500
dq =
= 15,000 6000 = $9000
100 tdt
= (1)(10, 000)
bt
300q
200
2000
800
500
(0.004q 2 0.5q + 50) dq

180
0.004 3
q 0.25q 2 + 50q
3
90
= 8676 3447
= $5229
=
65. G =
578
i dx = ix
R
R
= iR (iR) = 2 Ri
66. E =
Section 14.7
i k ( R x) k ( R+ x)
e
dx
+e
R 2
i 1 R k ( R x)
1 R k ( R+ x)
e
[k dx] +
e
[ k dx]
R
2 k
k R
R
i R k ( R x)
=
[k dx] e k ( R + x ) [ k dx]
e
R
2k R
i k ( R x) k ( R + x)
e
e
2k
R
i
2k
i
=
2k
=
) (
)
2 2e 2 kR = i (1 e2kR )
1 e k (2 R ) e k (2 R ) 1
(m + x)[1 (m + x)]dx = 0 ( m + x m 2mx x

A= 0
R
R
0 [1 (m + x)]dx
0 (1 m x)dx
R
67.
mx +
x2
2
m2 x mx 2
x3
3
x mx x 2
2
mR + R 2 m2 R mR 2 R3 0
2
3
=
2
R mR R 0
2
2
R m + R2 m2 mR R3 m + R m 2 mR R 2
=
2
3
=
R
R
1 m 2
R 1 m 2
68.
69.
3.5
2.5 (1 + 2 x + 3x
)dx = ( x + x 2 + x3 )
3.5
2.5
= 58.625 24.375
= 34.25
1 4
1 (4 x + 4) 1
dx = (4 x + 4)2 [4 dx] =
4 0
4
1
(4 x + 4) 2
1
4
0
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
=
=
= 1 =
= 0.05
4 4x + 4 0
16 x + 1 0
16 5 20
70.
1 3t
e dt
0
1 1 3t
e3t
e [3 dt ] =
3 0
3
=
0
1 3
e 1 6.36
3
71. 3.52
72. 0.23
579
) dx

estimate of the amount the culture grew over the
first four hours is
4
0.5
0.2t 2
0 0.3e dt 3 (34.5956) 5.77 grams.
73. 14.34
74. 3.64
Problems 14.8
60
1. In this case, f (t ) =
, n = 5, a = 0, and
t2 + 9
ba 50
b = 5. Thus h =
=
= 1 . The terms to
n
5
be added are
60
60
f (0) =
=
= 20
2
3
0 +9
2 f (1) =
2 f (2) =
2 f (3) =
2 f (4) =
2(60)
1 +9
2(60)
3 +9
2(60)
10
2 +9
2(60)
120
13
120
18
120
1.
37.9473
33.2820
28.2843
2.
2. In this case, f (t ) = 0.3e0.2t , n = 8, a = 0, and

ba 4
= = 0.5 . The terms to be
8
n
added are
f (0) = 0.3e0 = 0.3
4 f (0.5) = 4(0.3)e
2 f (1) = 2(0.3)e
0.2
4 f (1.5) = 4(0.3)e
2 f (2) = 2(0.3)e
1.8
2 f (3) = 2(0.3)e
4 f (3.5) = 4(0.3)e
1.2615
1.8820
1.3353
4 f (2.5) = 4(0.3)e
4.1884
3.6298
2.45
170
, n = 6, a = 2, b = 4
1 + x2
Simpsons
b a 4 (2) 6
=
= =1
h=
n
6
6
f (2) = 34 = 34
4 f (1) = 4(85) = 340
2 f (0) = 2(170) = 340
4 f (1) = 4(85) = 340
2 f (2) = 2(34) = 68
4 f (3) = 4(17) = 68
f (4) = 10 = 10
1200
170
2 1 + x2 dx 3 (1200) = 400
0.7328
1.25
170
f ( x) =
0.45
0.8
, n = 6, a = 2, b = 4. Trapezoidal
1 + x2
b a 4 (2) 6
h=
=
= =1
n
6
6
f (2) = 34 = 34
2 f (1) = 2(85) = 170
2 f (0) = 2(170) = 340
2 f (1) = 2(85) = 170
2 f (2) = 2(34) = 68
2 f (3) = 2(17) = 34
f (4) = 10 = 10
826
4
120
= 24
5
0.05
170
2 1 + x2 dx 2 (826) = 413
4 +9
60
60
f (5) =
=
10.2899
2
34
5 +9
The sum of the above terms is 153.8035. The
estimate of the radius after 5 seconds is
5 60
1
0 2 dt 2 (153.8035) 76.90 feet.
t +9
b = 4. Thus, h =
f ( x) =
13.9060
3.2
f (4) = 0.3e 7.3598

The sum of the above terms is 34.5956. The
580
3.
1 2
dx
1
6.
0.2
(3.4000) = 0.340
2
Actual value:
1 2
x dx
0
x3
=
3
=
0
1
0.333
3
f ( x) = x 2 , n = 4, a = 0, b = 1
Simpsons
b a 1 0
h=
=
= 0.25
n
4
f (0) = 0.0000
4 f (0.25) = 0.2500
2 f (0.50) = 0.5000
4 f (0.75) = 2.2500
f (1) = 1.0000
4.0000
1 2
0 x
dx
f ( x) =
1 2
x dx
0
x3
=
3
=
0
1
x
1
1
= (1) = 0.750
x1
4
1
, n = 6, a = 1, b = 4
x
Trapezoidal
b a 4 1
h=
=
= 0.5
n
6
f (1) = 1.0000
2 f (1.5) = 1.3333
2 f (2) = 1.0000
2 f (2.5) = 0.8000
2 f (3) = 0.6667
2 f (3.5) = 0.5714
f (4) = 0.2500
5.6214
f ( x) =
0.5
dx
(5.6214) 1.405
x
2
Actual value:
41
dx = ln x
x
1.386
7.
1
0.333
3
dx
x2
dx =
41
, n = 4, a = 1, b = 4
x2
Simpsons
b a 4 1
h=
=
= 0.75
n
4
f (1) = 1.0000
4 f (1.75) = 1.3061
2 f (2.50) = 0.3200
4 f (3.25) = 0.3787
f (4) = 0.0625
3.0673
0.25
1
(4.0000) = 0.333
3
3
Actual value:
5.
Actual value:
f ( x) = x 2 , n = 5, a = 0, b = 1
Trapezoidal
b a 1 0 1
h=
=
= = 0.2
n
5
5
f (0) = 0.0000
2 f (0.2) = 0.0800
2 f (0.4) = 0.3200
2 f (0.6) = 0.7200
2 f (0.8) = 1.2800
f (1) = 1.0000
3.4000
0 x
4.
Section 14.8
= ln 4 ln1 = ln 4 0 = ln 4
1
x
, n = 4, a = 0, b = 2
x +1
Trapezoidal
ba 20
h=
=
= 0.5
n
4
f (0) = 0.0000
2 f (0.5) = 0.6667
2 f (1) = 1.0000
2 f (1.5) = 1.2000
f (2) = 0.6667
3.5334
f ( x) =
Thus
2 x
0.5
0 x + 1 dx 2 (3.5334) 0.883
8.
0.75
(3.0673) 0.767
3
581
f ( x) =
, n = 4, a = 2, b = 4
x + x2
Simpsons
ba 42
h=
=
= 0.5
n
4

12. a = 2, b = 5, h = 0.5
0
f (2) =
4 f (2.5) = 24
2 f (3) = 20
4 f (3.5) = 44
2 f (4) = 28
4 f (4.5) = 60
f (5) = 16
192
f (2) = 0.1667
4 f (2.5) = 0.4571
2 f (3) = 0.1667
4 f (3.5) = 0.2540
f (4) = 0.0500
1.0945
4
dx
2 x + x2
9.
70
45 l (t )dt ,
0.5
(1.0945) 0.182
3
0.5
(192) = 32
3
The area is about 32 square units.
5
2 f ( x) dx
males, n = 5, a = 45, b = 70
70 45
=5
5
l (45) = 93, 717
2l (50) = 183, 232
2l (55) = 177, 292
2l (60) = 168,376
2l (65) = 155, 094
l (70) = 68,375
846, 086
h=
70
13.
55
35
3 1
= 0.5
4
=
f (1) = 1
4 f (1.5) = 4(2) =
2 f (2) = 2(2) =
4 f (2.5) = 4(0.5) =
=
f (3) = 1
l (t )dt , females, n = 4, a = 35, b = 55
55 35
=5
4
l (35) = 97,964
2l (40) = 194, 796
2l (45) = 193,164
2l (50) = 190, 784
l (55) = 93,562
770, 270
h=
55
f ( x)dx , n = 4, a = 1, b = 3
h=
45 l (t )dt 2 (846, 086) = 2,115, 215

10.
14.
f ( x)dx
f ( x) =
1
8
4
2
1
16
0.5
8
(16) =
3
3
2
1+ x
, a = 1, b = 3, n = 4
3 1
= 0.5
4
Simpsons
f (1) 1.4142
4 f (1.5) 5.0596
2 f (2) 2.3094
4 f (2.5) 4.2762
f (3) = 1.0000
14.0594
h=
35 l (t )dt 2 (770, 270) = 1,925, 675

11. a = 1, b = 5, h = 1
f (1) = 0.4 = 0.4
4 f (2) = 4(0.6) = 2.4
2 f (3) = 2(1.2) = 2.4
4 f (4) = 4(0.8) = 3.2
f (5) = 0.5 = 0.5
8.9
2
0.5
(14.0594) 2.343
dx
3
1+ x
For the actual value, we have
3 2
3
1/ 2
1 1 + x dx = 21 (1 + x) dx
3
= 2[2(1 + x)1/ 2 ] = 4 2 2 2.343
1
1 f ( x)dx 3 (8.9) 3.0
The area is about 3.0 square units.
5
582
15.
Section 14.8
=0
=
f (0) = 0.5 0.5
4 f (0.5) = 4(2.3 0.3) = 4(2) =
2 f (1) = 2(2.2 0.7) = 2(1.5) =
= 4(2) =
4 f (1.5) = 4(3 1)
2 f (2) = 2(2.5 0.5) = 2(2) =
4 f (2.5) = 4(2.2 0.2) = 4(2) =
2 f (3) = 2(1.5 0.5) = 2(1) =
4 f (3.5) = 4(1.3) 0.8) = 4(0.5) =
=0
=
f (4) = 1 1
f ( x) = 1 x 2 , a = 0, b = 1, n = 4
1 0
= 0.25
4
Simpsons
f (0) = 1.0000
4 f (0.25) = 3.8730
2 f (0.50) = 1.7321
4 f (0.75) = 2.6458
f (1) = 0.0000
9.2509
h=
Area f ( x)dx
0.25
1 x dx
(9.2509) 0.771
3
2
18. a.
dr
16.
dq = r (80) r (0) = r (80)
0 dq
[since r(0) = 0]
Using Simpsons rule with h = 10 and
dr
f (q) =
:
dq
80
f (0) = 10
=
4 f (10) = 4(9) =
2 f (20) = 2(8.5) =
4 f (30) = 4(8) =
2 f (40) = 2(8.5) =
4 f (50) = 4(7.5) =
2 f (60) = 2(7) =
4 f (70) = 4(6.5) =
f (80) = 7
=
MC =
0
8
3
8
4
8
2
2
0
35
0.5
35
km2
(35) =
3
6
dc
dq
dc
dq
dq
= c (100) c(0)
= (total cost of 100 units) (fixed costs)
= total variable costs of 100 units
Using the trapezoidal rule with h = 20 and
dc
f (q) =
to estimate the integral:
dq
f (0) = 260
2 f (20) = 500
2 f (40) = 480
2 f (60) = 400
2 f (80) = 480
f (100) = 250
2370
100 dc
20
0 dq dq 2 (2370) = $23, 700
100
10
36
17
32
17
30
14
26
7
189
dr
10
dq (189) = 630
dq
3
The total revenue is about $630.
80
17. Let f(x) = distance from near to far shore at point
b.
x on highway. Then area f ( x)dx . Using

0
MR =
dr
dq
dr
dq = r (100) r (0) = r (100)
dq
[since r(0) = 0]
= total revenue from sale of 100 units
Using the trapezoidal rule with h = 20 and
dr
g (q) =
to estimate the integral:
dq
100
Simpsons rule with h = 0.5:
583
=
=
=
=
=
=
g (0)
2 g (20)
2 g (40)
2 g (60)
2 g (80)
g (100)
3. y = 5x + 2, x = 1, x = 4
410
700
600
500
540
250
3000
100 dr
20
0 dq dq 2 (3000) = $30, 000
c.
Area = (5 x + 2)dx
1
5x2
9 87
=
+ 2 x = 48 =
2
2 2
1
25
x
5
At q = 100: total revenue = 30,000

total cost = (total var. costs) + (fixed costs)
= 23, 700 + 2000 = 25, 700
Thus maximum profit
= (total revenue) (total costs)
= 30,000 25,700 = $4300.
4. y = x + 5, x = 2, x = 4
4
x2
Area = ( x + 5)dx =
+ 5x
2
2
2
= 28 12 = 16
4
Problems 14.9
10
In Problems 134, answers are assumed to be

expressed in square units.
1. y = 4x, x = 2
Area = 4 x dx =
0
10
2
2 x2
0
=80=8
5. y = x 1, x = 5
5
x2
5
Area = ( x 1)dx =
x
2
1
x
2
2. y =
3
x + 1, x = 0, x = 16
4
16
3x 2
Area = x + 1 dx =
+ x
0 4
8
0
= 112 0 = 112
16 3
20
15 1 16
=
=8
2 2 2
x
1
x
20
584
Section 14.9
6. y = 3 x 2 , x = 1, x = 3
9. y = x 2 + 2 , x = 1, x = 2
3
Area = 3 x 2 dx = x3 = 27 1 = 26
1
40
Area =
x3
x + 2 dx = + 2 x
3
20 7 27
=
=9
3 3 3
y
x
5
7. y = x 2 , x = 2, x = 3
3 2
x dx
2
Area =
16
x3
=
3
= 9
2
8 19
=
3 3
10. y = x + x 2 + x3 , x = 1
x 2 x3 x 4
1
Area = ( x + x 2 + x3 )dx =
+
+
2
0
3
4
0
=
x
2 3
13
13
0 =
12
12
3
8. y = 2 x 2 x , x = 2, x = 1
Area =
x
3
2 x3 x 2
2 x x dx =

3
2
2
2
7 44 37
= =
6 6 6
16
11. y = x 2 2 x , x = 3, x = 1
Area =
4
50
= (18) =
3
3
x
2 1
x3
x 2 x dx = x 2
3
3
2
18
x
3
585
12. y = 3x 2 4 x , x = 2, x = 1
Area =
15. y = 2 x x3 , x = 3, x = 0
(3x2 4 x ) dx = ( x3 2 x2 ) 2
1
Area =
(2 x x )
3
= 3 (16) = 13
32
x2 x4
dx = 2 x

2
4
123 123
= 0
=
4
4
y
40
x
2 1
5
x
13. y = 2 x x
x 2 x3
Area = (2 x x )dx = 2 x

2
2
3
2
7 10
=
6 3
9
=
2
1
16. y = e x , x = 1, x = 3
3
Area = e x dx = e x
32
= e3 e
x
1
17. A = 3 + 2 x x 2
4
, x = 1, x = 2
x
24
Area = dx = 4 ln x
1 x
= ln 16
Area =
(3 + 2x x2 ) dx
3
14. y =
2
1
x3
= 3x + x 2
= 4 ln(2) 0 = 4 ln 2
5 32
= 9 =
3 3
x
1 2
586
18. y =
1
( x 1)
Area =
21. y = x + 9 , x = 9, x = 0
, x = 2, x = 3
1
Area =
( x 1)
( x 1)1
=
1
dx = ( x 1) 2 dx
2
1
=
x 1 2
2
1
1
= (1) =
2
2
5
( x + 9)
3
2
3
2
x + 9dx = ( x + 9) 2 dx
Section 14.9
2( x + 9) 2
=
3
= 18 0 = 18
10
y
x
9
x
5
22. y = x 2 4 x , x = 2, x = 6
Area = ( x 2 4 x)dx + ( x 2 4 x)dx
1
19. y = , x = 1, x = e
x
e1
e
Area = dx = ln x = ln e ln 1 = 1 0 = 1
1
1 x
20
x
1
x
7
1
, x = 1, x = e2
x
e2 1
Area =
dx = ln x
1 x
20. y =
23. y = 2 x 1 , x = 1, x = 5
e2
1
Area =
= ln e ln1 = 2 0 = 2
y
e2
587
2 x 1 dx
1
1 5
(2 x 1) 2 [2 dx ]
1
2
(2 x 1) 2
=
3
x
1
x3
x3
= + 2x2 + 2x2
3
2
4
32 16 32
= + 0 = 16
3 3 3
= 9
1
1 26
=
3 3
26. y = x 2 + 4 x 5, x = 5, x = 1
1
Area = ( x 2 + 4 x 5) dx
5
x
1
24. y = x3 + 3x 2 , x = 2, x = 2
10
x4
2
+ x3
Area = x3 + 3 x 2 dx =
4
2
= 12 (4) = 16
25
x3
= + 2 x2 5x
3
5
8
100
3 3
= 36
x
10
27. y = e x + 1, x = 0, x = 1
Area = (e x + 1)dx = (e x + x) = (e1 + 1) 1 = e

0
25. y = 3 x , x = 2
Area =
23
3x 3
xdx = x dx =
0
4
2
1
3
( ) = 332
3(2) 3
=
0
4
x
5
3 2 2
4
28. y = x , x = 2, x = 2
Area =
x2
=
2
x
2
0
2
x dx = ( x)dx + x dx
x2
+
2
2
0
= [0 (2)] + [2 0] = 4
3
x
2
588
29. y = x +
Section 14.9
2
, x = 1, x = 2
x
32. y = x 2 , x = 2, x = 6
3
2( x 2) 2
Area = x 2 dx =
2
3
= (2 + 2 ln 2)
5
1 3
3
= + 2 ln 2 = + ln 4
2 2
2
x
2
33. y = 2 x x 2 , x = 1, x = 3
30. y = 4 + 3 x x 2
Area =
Area = (4 + 3 x x 2 )dx
3 x 2 x3
= 4x +

2
3
1
56 13
=

3 6
125
=
6
10
16
16
= 0 =
3
3
8
2
2
+ 2 ln x
Area = x + dx =
1
x
2
1
2
( 2 x x2 ) dx + 23 ( 2 x x2 ) dx
2
x3
x3
= x2 x2
3
3
4 2 4 6
= 0 = = 2
3 3 3 3
5
y
3
1 2
x
10
34. y = x 2 + 1 , x = 0, x = 4
31. y = x3 , x = 2, x = 4
0
4 3
x dx
0
Area = x dx +
2
x4
=
4
0
2
x4
+
4
Area =
= [0 (4)] + [64 0] = 68
64
76
76
0 =
3
3
25
x3
x + 1 dx = + x
3
0
2
589
35.
2
if
f ( x) = 3x
16 2 x if
0 x<2
x2
38. a.
Area = f ( x)dx = 3x dx + (16 2 x)dx

0
2
x3
0
+ 16 x x 2
)2
3
(1 x)2 dx
1
1
= (1 0) =
9
9
= [8 0] + [39 28] = 19 sq units

16
2
1
1 (1 x)3
= (1) (1 x)2 [ dx] =
1
3
3
3
21
P (1 x 2) =
b.
36. y =
c.
1
ba
1
x
dx =
aba
ba
Area =
=
d.
a
39. a.
x
a
37. a.
c.
x2
P (0 x 1) = x dx =
08
16
1
16
=
0
x2
P (2 x 4) = x dx =
28
16
41
P ( x 3) =
41
x dx =
0 f ( x)dx = 0 f ( x)dx + 1
2 4
x
16
f ( x)dx
1
+ P( x 1)
9
P (3 x 7) =
4
2
1
0
16
b.
c.
1 3
= 1 =
4 4
= 1
71
= ln 7 ln 3 = ln
11
b.
11
8
Thus, P ( x 1) = .
9
1
ba
1
(1 x)2 dx = (1 x)3
03
9
0
1
1
= (0 1) =
9
9
P ( x 1) =
1=
t
a
t a
=
sq units
ba ba ba
51
P ( x 5) =
dx = ln x
7
3
dx = ln x
e x
= ln(5) ln e = ln(5) 1
P ( x 4) =
e2
7
3
5
e
1
dx = ln x
x
e2
4
= ln e ln 4 = 2 ln 4
d.
9
7
=
16 16
P e x e2 =
= ln x
e2
e
e2
1
dx
x
= ln e 2 ln e
=21=1
40. a.
590
5/ 2 1
5
P 1 x =
(1 x )2 dx
1
2
3
5/ 2
1
1 27
3
= (1 x)3
= 0 =
9
9 8
8
1
x
2 3
1
x2
dx =
1
1
1
= +1 = 1
x1
r
r
Section 14.9
b.
y = 12
x
x
1
c.
1
dx = lim 1 [from part (a)]
r
r
x
=1 0=1
r
r 1
lim
d.
y = 12
x
x
1
41. 1.89 sq units

42. 7.18 sq units
43. The x-intercept on [1, 3] is A 2.190327947
Area = x 4 2 x3 2 dx +
1
3
A
( x4 2 x3 2) dx
11.41 sq units
y
50
x
5
44. The x-intercepts are A 0.3294085282 and B 1.539613346

Area =
B
A
(1 + 3x x4 ) dx 3.53 sq units
10
y
x
5
20
591
Problems 14.10
1. Area =
( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx = 2 ( x + 6) x 2 dx
( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx = 0 ( 2x x 2 ) dx
a
2. Area =
3. Intersection points:
x 2 x = 2 x, x 2 3 x = 0, x( x 3) = 0 x = 0 or x = 3
Area =
( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx + 3 ( yUPPER yLOWER )dx
3
4
= 2 x x 2 x dx + x 2 x 2 x dx
0
3
4. Intersection points: x( x 3) 2 = 2 x, x( x 3) 2 2 x = 0 , x ( x 3) 2 2 = 0 , x( x 2 6 x + 7) = 0 x = 0 , 3 2
(from the quadratic formula)

Area =
3 2
3 2
3+ 2
( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx + 3 2 ( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx
3+
2
x ( x 3) 2 x dx +
3
2
2
2 x x( x 3)2 dx
5. The graphs of y = 1 x 2 and y = x 1 intersect when 1 x 2 = x 1 , 0 = x 2 + x 2 , 0 = ( x 1)( x + 2) x = 1 or

x = 2. When x = 1, then y = 0. We use horizontal elements, where y ranges from 0 to 1. Solving y = x 1 for x
gives x = y + 1, and solving y = 1 x 2 for x gives x 2 = 1 y , x = 1 y . We must choose x = 1 y because
x is not negative over the given region.
1
Area = ( xRIGHT xLEFT )dy = ( y + 1) 1 y dy

0
0
6. The graphs of y = 2x and y = 2x 8 intersect when 2x = 2x 8, 4x = 8, x = 2. When x = 2, then y = 4. We
y
use horizontal elements, where y ranges from 4 to 4. Solving y = 2x for x gives x = ; solving y = 2x 8 for x
2
y 8
gives 2x = y 8, x =
.
2
4
4 y y 8
Area = ( xRIGHT xLEFT )dy =
dy
4
4 2
2
592
Section 14.10
7. The graphs of y = x 2 5 and y = 7 2 x 2
intersect when x 2 5 = 7 2 x 2 , 3x 2 = 12,

x 2 = 4, so x = 4 = 2. We use vertical
elements.
2
Area = ( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx
1
2
= [(7 2 x 2 ) ( x 2 5)] dx
1
10
10. y = x, y = x + 3, y = 0. Region appears below.

3
Intersection: x = x + 3, 2x = 3, x =
2
Area =
x
10
3/ 2
x2
=
2
3/ 2
0
x dx +
( x + 3)dx
3/ 2
3
x2
+
+ 3x
2
3/ 2
9 9
9 9 9
= 0 + + 9 + =
8 2
8 2 4
8. The curves y 2 = x and 2y = 3 x (or x = 3 2y)

intersect when y 2 = 3 2 y, y 2 + 2 y 3 = 0,
(y + 3)(y 1) = 0 y = 3 or 1. We use
horizontal elements.
Area = ( xRIGHT xLEFT ) dy

0
1
= [(3 2 y ) y 2 ] dy
0
x
3
2
11. y = x 2 + 1, x 0, x = 0, y = 3. Region appears

below.
x
5
Intersection: x 2 + 1 = 3 , so x = 2
2
Area =
[3 ( x 2 + 1)]dx =
9. y = x 2 , y = 2 x
Region appears below.
Intersection: x 2 = 2 x, x 2 2 x = 0 , x(x 2) = 0,
so x = 0 or 2.
Area =
(2x x )
2
(2 x 2 )dx
x3
4 2
4 2
= 2x
=
0 =
3
3
3
In Problems 934, the answers are assumed to be

x3
dx = x 2
x
3
8
4
= 4 0 =
3
3
593
14. y 2 = x + 1 , x = 1. Region appears below.
12. y = x 2 + 1 , y = x + 3. Region appears below.
Intersection: y 2 = 2, y = 2
Intersection: x 2 + 1 = x + 3, x 2 x 2 = 0 ,
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0, so x = 1, 2
Area = ( x + 3) x 2 + 1 dx
1
x + 2 x 2 ) dx
1 (
x2
x3
=
+ 2x
2
3
8 1
1 9
= 2+ 4 2+ =
3
2
3 2
x
5
15. x = 8 + 2y, x = 0, y = 1, y = 3. Region appears

below.
Area = (8 + 2 y )dy = 8 y + y 2
1
10
Intersection: 10 x 2 = 4, x 2 = 6, so x = 6
6
) 1
= (24 + 9) (8 + 1) = 40
13. y = 10 x , y = 4. Region appears below.
6
6
[(10 x 2 ) 4] dx
Area =
2 2
2 2 8 2
= 2 2
2 2 +
=
3
3
3
1 y 2 1 dy = 2 y y
2
3
Area =
x
16
(6 x ) dx
x3
= 6x
6 6
6 6
= 6 6
6 6 +
3
3

=8 6
16. y = x 6, y 2 = x . Region appears below.

Intersection: y 2 = y + 6, y 2 y 6 = 0,
(y + 2)(y 3) = 0, so y = 2, 3.
3
Area = ( y + 6) ( y 2 ) dy
10
y2
y3
=
+ 6y
2
3
x
10
8 125
9

= + 18 9 2 12 + =
2
3
6
594
10
Section 14.10
19. y 2 = 4 x, y = 2x 4. Region appears below.

y
Intersection: y 2 = 4 + 2 , y 2 2 y 8 = 0,
2
(y + 2)(y 4) = 0, so y = 2 or 4.
2
4 y
y
Area = + 2 dy
2 2
4
(9, 3)
x
16
(4, 2)
y2
y3
=
+ 2y
4
12
2
16
2
= 4 + 8 1 4 +
3
3
=9
17. y = 4 x 2 , y = 3x. Region appears below.

Intersection: 3x = 4 x 2 , x 2 3x 4 = 0 ,
(x + 1)(x 4) = 0, so x = 1 or 4.
Area
1 ( 4 x
4
) (3x) dx
x3 3 x 2
= 4x
+
3
2
(4, 4)
x
64
1 3 125

= 16 + 24 4 + + =
3
3 2
6
(1, 2)
20. y = x3 , y = x + 6, x = 0
x
10
Intersection: x3 = x + 6, x3 x 6 = 0,
( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 3) = 0 x = 2
x3 = 0 x = 0
2
Area = [( x + 6) x3 ] dx
18. x = y + 2, x = 6 . Region appears below.

2
Intersection: y + 2 = 6, y = 4 , y = 2
2
2
Area = 6 y 2 + 2 dy = 4 y 2 dy
2
2
y3
8 32
8
= 4y
= 8 8 + =
3
3
3 3
2
5
x2
x4
=
+ 6x
2
4
0
= (2 + 12 4) (0) = 10
10
x
10
x
8
595

2 y + 15
23. y 2 = 3 x, 3x 2y = 15 or x =
. Region
3
appears below.
2 y + 15
Intersection: y 2 = 3
,
3
21. 2 y = 4 x x 2 , 2y = x 4. Region appears below.

Intersection: x 4 = 4 x x 2 , x 2 3 x 4 = 0 ,
(x + 1)(x 4) = 0, so x = 1 or 4. Note that the
4 x x2
y-values of the curves are given by y =
2
x4
and y =
.
2
4 4 x x 2 x 4
Area =
dx
1
2 2
4 3
x2
= x
+ 2 dx
1 2
2
y 2 2 y 15 = 0, (y + 3)(y 5) = 0, so y = 3 or
5.
2
5 2
y
Area = y + 5 dy
3 3
3
1
y3
= y2 + 5 y
3
9
3
125
25
= + 25
(3 15 + 3)
9
3
256
=
9
3x 2 x3
=
+ 2x
4
1
64
3 1
= 12 + 8 + 2
6
4 6
125
=
12
5
( 253 , 5)
x
9
(3, 3)
x
8
24. y = 2 x 2 , y = x. Region appears below.

Intersection: x = 2 x 2 , x 2 + x 2 = 0 ,
( x + 2)( x 1) = 0 x = 2 or 1.
22. y = x , y = x 2 . Region appears below.
2
Intersection: x = x , x = x , x x = 0 ,
x x3 1 = 0 , so x = 0, 1.
Area =
xx
1 1
8
9
= 2 4 + 2 =
3 2
3
32
2x
x3
dx =

3
3
1
2 1
= 0 =
3
3
3
x3 x 2
Area 2 x 2 x dx = 2 x

3
2
2
1
(1, 1)
(2, 2)
(1, 1)
x
5
596
x
5
Section 14.10
25. y = 8 x 2 , y = x 2 , x = 1, x = 1. Region appears

below.
27. y = x 2 , y = 2, y = 5. Region appears below.

Area
Intersection: x 2 = 8 x 2 , 2 x 2 = 8, x 2 = 4 , so
x = 2.
Area = 8 x
1
2x
= 8x
) x
dx = 8 2 x
1
) dx
2 2
4y2
=
3
2
2 44
= 8 8 + =
3
3 3
1
45 5 4 2 2 4
= 5 52 2
3
3
3
=
2
x= y
x= y
x
x
1
28. y = x3 + x, y = 0 (x-axis), x = 1, x = 2
26. y 2 = 6 x, 3y = x + 12. Region appears below.

y 2 = 6 (3 y 12), y 2 + 3 y 18 = 0,
3
Area = [(6 y 2 ) (3 y 12)] dy
x4 x2
x4 x2
=
+
+
4
4
2
2
1
0
1 1
= 0 + [(4 + 2) 0]
4 2
27
=
4
6
3
= (18 y 2 3 y ) dy
3
y3 3 y 2
= 18 y
3
2
6
27
= 54 9 (108 + 72 54)
2
243
=
2
10
Area = ( x3 + x)dx + ( x3 + x)dx
(y + 6)(y 3) = 0, so y = 6, 3
5
y2
= y y dy = 2 ydy = 2
3
2
2
5
15
y
3
x
50
597
29. y = x3 1 , y = x 1. Region appears below. Intersection: x3 1 = x 1, x3 x = 0 , x x 2 1 = 0 ,

x(x + 1)(x 1) = 0, so x = 0 or x = 1.
0
Area = [ x3 1 ( x 1)] dx + [ x 1 ( x3 1)] dx

=
( x3 x ) dx + 01( x x3 ) dx
0
x4 x2
x2 x4
=
+

4
2
2
4
1
0
1 1 1 1 1
= 0 + 0 =
4 2 2 4 2
2
y
x
3
30. y = x3 , y = x . Region appears below. Intersection: x3 = x , x6 = x, x6 x = 0 , x x5 1 = 0 , x = 0, 1

Area =
xx
32
2x
x4
dx =

3
4
5
2 1
= 0 =
12
3 4
3
(1, 1)
x
3
1
17 4 x 1
. Region appears below. Intersection:
= , 17 x 4 x 2 = 4 , 4 x 2 + 17 x + 4 = 0 ,
x
x
4
1
(4x + 1)(x + 4) = 0, so x = or 4.
4
31. 4 x + 4 y + 17 = 0, y =
598
Area =
Section 14.10
1/ 4
17
x2
17 4 x
dx
ln
x
x
=
+
+
4
2
4
1/ 4 1
255
1 17 1
= ln + ( ln 4 17 + 8 ) =
4 ln 2
4
16
32
32
32. y 2 = x 2, x y = 5, y = 1, y = 1.
Intersection: y 2 = x 2 intersects y = 1 when x = 3; x y = 5 intersects y = 1 when x = 6;
x y = 5 intersects y = 1 when x = 4
1
y2
1
1
y3
Area = [( y + 5) ( y 2 2)] dy = ( y + 7 + y 2 ) dy =
+ 7y +
2
1
1
3
1
1 1
1 44
1
= +7+ 7 =
3 2
3 3
2
y
33. y = x 1, y = 5 2x. Region appears below.

Intersection: x 1 = 5 2x, 3x = 6, so x = 2.
2
Area = [(5 2 x) ( x 1)]dx + [( x 1) (5 2 x)]dx = (6 3x)dx + (3x 6)dx

=
1 2
1 4
(6 3 x)2
(6 3x)[3 dx] + (3x 6)[3 dx] =
3 0
3 2
6
= [0 6] + [6 0] = 6 + 6 = 12
5
y = 5 2x
y=x1
599
+
0
(3x 6) 2
6
4
2
34. y = x 2 4 x + 4, y = 10 x 2 . Region appears below.

Intersection: x 2 4 x + 4 = 10 x 2 , 2 x 2 4 x 6 = 0 , x 2 2 x 3 = 0 , (x 3)(x + 1) = 0, so x = 3, 1.
) (
) (
3
4
Area = 10 x 2 x 2 4 x + 4 dx + x 2 4 x + 4 10 x 2 dx
2
3
2(
3
4
2 x 2 4 x 6 ) dx = 2 { ( 3 + 2 x x 2 ) dx + ( x 2 2 x 3) dx}
(
3
2
3
= 6 + 4 x 2 x 2 dx +
3
4
3
x3

22 20
2 x
2
= 2 3x + x + x 3 x = 2 9 + (9) = 2{4} = 8
3
3
3 3
3
2
10
x
5
x
0 x ( 14
15
1
Area between curve and diag.

35.
=
Area under diagonal
1 x dx
+ 15
0 x dx
1
14
14 1
14 x 2 x3
14 1 1 14 1 7
Numerator = x x 2 dx = x x 2 dx =
= 0 = =
0 15
15
15 0
15 2
3
15 2 3 15 6 45
0
1 14
x2
Denominator = x dx =
0
2
1
Coefficient of inequality =
0
7
45
1
2
1
2
14
45
11 x
0 x ( 12
1
Area between curve and diag.

36.
=
Area under diagonal
1 x dx
+ 12
0 x dx
1
11 1
11 x 2 x3
11 1 1 11 1 11
Numerator = x x 2 dx =
= 0 = =
0
12
12 2
3
12 2 3 12 6 72
0
Denominator =
1
(see Problem 35).
2
Coefficient of inequality =
11
72
1
2
11
36
600
Section 14.10
37. y 2 = 3 x, y = mx
Intersection: (mx)2 = 3 x, m2 x 2 = 3x
3
m2
If x = 0, then y = 0; if x =
m2
, then y =
28
3
32
3
3
.
m
With horizontal elements,
3 / m2
0
5
100 = 87.5%
x 2 = k , x = k . Equating areas gives
k
k
( k x2 ) dx = 12 22 ( 4 x2 ) dx
x3
kx
3 x mx dx.
1
x3
= 4x
2
3
2
4
16
k =
3
3
3
2
( )
k 2 = 4 k = 4 3 = 22
x
2
3
y = x 2 1 , y = 2x + 2
Intersection: x 1 = 2 x + 2 ,
x 2 2 x 3 = 0 , (x 3)(x + 1), so x = 3 and
1. The area is
1 2 x + 2 ( x
1 dx
41. 4.76 sq units

42. Two integrals are involved.
Answer: 36.65 sq units
x3
32
= + x2 + 3x =
3
1 3
8
40. 0.23 sq units
)
3
= ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) dx
1
3

44. Three integrals are involved.

x
5
601
= 2 3 2.52
38. a.
) dx = 43 . Thus
39. y = x 2 and y = k intersect when
3
m
y
y y
y

dy =
m 3
2m 9
0
0
9
3
3
=
=
square units
2 m3 m3 2 m3
Note: With vertical elements,
Area =
3/ m
32 4 28
. Hence the
=
3 3 3
percentage above the x-axis is
Area =
the area above is
m2 x 2 3x = 0, x(m2 x 3) = 0, x = 0 or
x=
1(1 x
b. The area below is
Problems 14.11
PS =
1. D : p = 22 0.8q
S : p = 6 + 1.2q
CS =
q2
= 0.5q
= (2.5 1.25) 0 = 1.25
20
[ f (q) p0 ] dq
= [(22 0.8q ) 15.6] = (6.4 0.8q) dq

0
= 6.4q 0.4q 2
q0
PS =
4. D : p = 400 q 2
S : p = 20q + 100
) 0 = (51.2 25.6) 0 = 25.6

8
Equilibrium pt. ( q0 , p0 ) = (10, 300)
[ p0 g (q)] dq
10
PS =
=
(900 q 2 ) dq
30
3.5
3.5
= 100[(50 25) (35 12.25)]

= 225
PS =
3.5
0.5
Equilibrium pt. = ( q0 , p0 ) = (5, 5)

CS =
= (2000 1000) 0 = 1000
CS = 100(10 2 p )dp = 100(10 p p 2 )
50
q +5
q
+ 4.5
10
q0
10
Equilibrium pt. = ( q0 , p0 ) = (300, 3.5)

We use horizontal strips and integrate with
respect to p.
q3
= 900q
0
= (27, 000 9000) 0
= 18, 000
S: p=
)0
5. D : q = 100(10 2 p )
S : q = 50(2 p 1)
30
3. D : p =
(200 20q )dq
PS = [1300 (400 + q 2 )] dq
0
[300 (20q + 100)]dq
= 200q 10q 2
30
q3
= (900 q 2 ) dq = 900q
0
3
0
= (27, 000 9000) 0 = 18, 000
10
CS = [(2200 q ) 1300]
0
30
10
30
(100 q2 ) dq
q3
1000
2000
= 100q = 1000
0 =
3
3
3
2. D: p = 2200 q 2
S : p = 400 + q 2
Equilibrium point = (q0 , p0 ) = (30, 1300)
0
10
) 0 = (76.8 38.4) 0 = 38.4
30
10
CS = 400 q 2 300 dq
0
= [15.6 (6 + 1.2q )]dq = (9.6 1.2q )dq

= 9.6q 0.6q 2
[ p0 g (q)] dq
5
5
q
q
= 5 + 4.5 dq = 0.5 dq
0
0
10
10
Equilibrium pt. = ( q0 , p0 ) = ( 8, 15.6 )

q0
q0
50(2 p 1)dp = 50( p 2 p )
= 50[(12.25 3.5) (0.25 0.5)]

= 450
CS
S
(300, 3.5)
PS
[ f (q) p0 ] dq
50
=
5 dq = ( 50 ln q + 5 5q )
0 q+5
0
= [50 ln(10) 25] [50 ln(5)]

= 50[ln(10) ln(5)] 25 = 50 ln(2) 25
q
1000
602
3.5
0.5
Section 14.11
6. D : q = 100 p
p
S : q = 2 10
Integrating with respect to p,
CS =
100
3
2
= (100 p) 2
3
300
q2
= 5q
= (1500 750) 0 = 750
120
0
For CS we integrate with respect to p. From the
demand equation, q = 0 p = 20 .
100
20
p3
CS = 400 p dp = 400 p
10
3
10
2
8000
1000
= 8000
4000
= 1666
3
3
3
20
36
2
1024
= 0 512 =
3
3
36 p
PS = 10 dp
20 2
p = 2115 = 64
CS =
20
S
(8, 36)
10. a.
10
7. We integrate with respect to p. From the demand

equation, when q = 0, then p = 100.
100
84
100
84
100
(10 + 10)(30 + 20) = 1000, (20)(50) = 1000,

1000 = 1000
30 4(10) + 10 = 0, 30 40 + 10 = 0, 0 = 0
1000
,
q + 20
1000
10
q + 20
1000
10 10 dq
q + 20
30
= [1000 ln(q + 20) 20q ] 0
= 1000 ln(50) 600 [1000 ln(20)]
50
= 1000 ln 600
20
5
= 1000 ln 600
2
CS =
30
84
3
20
20
= 0 (16) 2 = (64)
3
3
2
= 426 $426.67
3
400 p 2
+5,
60
60 p = 400 p 2 + 300 , p 2 + 60 p 700 = 0 ,
11. CS 1197; PS 477
( p + 70)( p 10) = 0 p = 10 and

q = 400 102 = 300 , so equilibrium pt. is
( q0 ,
211
64
320
0
ln 2
ln 2
p=
10(100 p ) 2 [ dp ]
8. At equilibrium, p =
211 q
64 dq =
64q
ln 2
b. (p + 10)(q + 20) = 1000, p + 10 =
10 100 pdp
3
20
(100 p ) 2
3
(2
11 q
2542.307 hundred $254,000
CS =
PS
211 q = 2q +1 11 q = q + 1 q = 5 , so
CS
9. At equilibrium,
36
p2
=
10 p = (324 360) (100 200)
4
20
= 64
100
10 60 + 5 dq
100 p dp
36
300
PS =
p0 ) = (300, 10) .
603
12. Let p = f(q).
5.
40
PS = [80 f (q )] dq
0
40
80 dq
= 3200
40
40
f (q ) dq
( x + 5)3 dx = 6 ( x + 5)
dx
6( x + 5)2
+C
2
= 3( x + 5)2 + C
f (q ) dq
Use the trapezoid rule with h = 10 to estimate

40
f (q ) dq :
f (0)
2 f (10)
2 f (20)
2 f (30)
f (40)
6.
=
25 =
= 2(49) =
= 2(59) =
= 2(71) =
=
80 =
25
98
118
142
80
463
7.
8.
dx = 1 dx = 1 x + C = x + C
3.
0 (
9.
0 xe
4 x 2
dx =
=0
6 dx
1 2 4 x 2
[2 x dx]
e
2 0
2
0
13
) (
3t + 8dt =
4
3
(3)
302
302
1
1 (3t + 8) 3
=
4
3
2x 2
= 2
+ x2
0
3
2
= 2 2 2 + 64 0
3
64
256
=
+ 64 =
3
3
4.
3
302
x3 6 x + 1 dx = 2 x3 6 x + 1 ( 3x
1
2
1
1
= e0 e 4 = e 4 1
2
2
2 x + 2 x dx = 2 x + 2 x dx
0
302
6 x 2 12
2
1
= e4 x
2
x4
x2
+ 2
7x + C
1. x3 + 2 x 7 dx =
4
2
x4
=
+ x2 7 x + C
4
2.
( y 6)302
dy =
302
= 2 ln x3 6 x + 1 + C
f (q ) dq
3 ( y 6)
301
10
(463) = 2315
2
Thus PS = 3200 2315 = $885.
40
(3t + 8)
4
5 3x dx = 4 3 5 3x [3 dx]
11.
y( y + 1)
604
=
0
113 11
4
4
dy = y3 + 2 y 2 + y dy
y 4 2 y3 y 2
+
+
+C
4
3
2
12.
4 2x
4
1
4 2
dx = x dx = x x 2 + C
7
7
7
7 7
10.
4
= ln 5 3x + C
3
4
3
1
1 1
3 [3 dt ]
(3
t
+
8)
3 0
108 dx = 108 x = 108 0 = 108

0
13.
t1/ 5 t1/ 3
dt
=
t
t1/ 2 t1/ 2 dt
7 /10
t
t5 / 6
= (t 3 /10 t 1/ 6 )dt =
+C
5
t 3t
10
6
= t 7 /10 t 5 / 6 + C
7
5
14.
7
10
20.
5
6
21.
2t
22.
1 3 1
dt =
[6t 2 dt ]
3
3 1 3 + 2t 3
3 + 2t
3
1
= ln(3 + 2t 3 )
3
1
1
1 57
= [ln(57) ln(5)] = ln
3
3 5
2
3
x 3x + 2dx =
3
1 3x + 2
=
3
9
3
2
18.
1
2
3
2
(e
2 7/2
(x + x )
2y
7
2
24.
+C
25.
= ln x + 2
x 1
+C
1
+C
dx
2
+C
x
3e3 x
0 1 + e3x dx = 0 1 + e3x [3e
3x
dx]
70
dx = x
1 5 x
70
= 70 7 = 63
5 x 2 dx =
5 (5 x 2 )3 / 2
=
3
2
4 4
( x + x 2 )7 / 2 + C
7
5 2
(5 x 2 )1/ 2 [2 x dx]
2 1
1 2y
1
e [2 dy ] e2 y [2 dy ]
2
2
1
1
1
= e2 y + e2 y + C = e2 y + e2 y + C
2
2
2
=
605
5
= (5 x 2 )3 / 2
3
1
5
5
35
= (13 / 2 43 / 2 ) = (1 8) =
3
3
3
e2 y dy
2
3
1
y5 y 2
23. 10 y y + 1 dy = 10
+ y
5
2
2
2
1 1
32
= 10 + 1 10 2 2 = 111
5
2
5
2 5/ 2
+C =
+ C = 7 2 x2
9 x 2 dx
2
+C =
3 x3 + 2
27
2
3
= ln(1 + e6 ) ln(1 + 1)
1 + e6
= ln
(8 x + 4 x)( x + x ) dx
= 2 ( x 4 + x 2 )5 / 2 [(4 x3 + 2 x)dx]
= 2
19.
1
3 x3 + 2
9
= ln(1 + e3 x )
4 x2 x
16.
dx = (4 x 1)dx = 2 x 2 x + C
x
17.
x + x 2 dx = x dx + 2 x
= ln x
1 (0.5 x 0.1)5
+ C = (0.5 x 0.1)5 + C
0.2
5
1
8 1
dx = 7 2 x 2 3 [4 x dx]
3
3 4
3 7 2 x2
8x
(0.5 x 0.1)
dx
0.4
1 1
=
( 0.5 x 0.1)4 [0.5 dx]

0.4 0.5
2
2 3 7 2x
=
3
2
15.
Chapter 14 Review
26.
(2 x + 1) x 2 + x
0(
dx = x 2 + x [(2 x + 1) dx] =
x2 + x
51
25
32
0 =
5
5
1
27. 2 x
2
0
( x + 1) 3
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
x
(
x
1)
+
23
= x 2 3( x + 1) 3
dx = 2 x dx ( x + 1) [dx] = 2
0
0
1
2
0
3
= 1 33 2 [ 0 3] = 4 33 2
28.
3 3 (
27
3 x 2 x + 1 dx = 3
27
3x
1
2
2

= 3 3 3 3 729 + 27
3

( )
29.
30.
t 3
t2
27
2 3
2 x + 1 dx = 3 3 x 2 x 2 + x
3
3
3
2
3
3 9 + 3 = 3(540) = 1620
3
( )
1
12
t 2
t 1
t
3
3 2
1
32
2
3
+ C = 2t 2 + 3t 1 + C =
+C
dt =
dt = t 3t dt =
1
t2 t2
t
1
2
3z3
1
2
+ z +1+
dz
z 1
z3 z 2
= 3 +
+ z + ln z 1 + C
3
z 1 dz = 3 z
x2
0
x2 + 4 x 1
5
31.
dx = x + 2
dx
=
+ 2 x 5ln x + 2
1
1
x+2
x+2
2
1
0
1
3
= (5ln 2) 2 0 = 5ln 2
2
32.
( x2 + 4)
(
x2
dx =
x 4 + 8 x 2 + 16
x2
dx
= x 2 + 8 + 16 x 2 dx
=
x3
x 1
x3
16
+ 8 x + 16
+C =
+ 8x + C
3
3
1
x
1
2 3
2 3 1
33. 9 x x + 1 dx = 9 x 2 + 1 x 2 dx
3
2
3
2
32
2
3
x + 1
32
2
= 6
+ C = 4 x + 1 + C
3
606
Chapter 14 Review
34.
5x
dx =
3x
5x 2
40.
dx
1
2
2 5 1
1 e 5 x
x 2 dx
3 5
2
2
2
e 5x + C
=
15
2
e 5x + C
=
15
2
35.
36.
e eln x
x
= ln e ln 1
=10=1
6x2 + 4
x +2x
= 2e
dx =
dx =
dx = 2 e
x3 + 2 x
(1 + e2 x )3
2 x
) +C =
dx =
=
38.
6 + e3 x
(3x2 + 2) dx
+C
x+5
5
dx = 1 + dx = x + 5ln x + C
x
x
y(1) = 3 implies 3 = 1 + 0 + C, so C = 2. Thus
y = x + 5ln x + 2
42. y =
(1 + e2 x )3
+C
8
In Problems 4358, answers are assumed to be

dx
(
)
2
= ( 6 + e3 x ) 3e3 x dx
1
6 + e3 x )
(
1
=
+C =
3x
6 + e3 x
3 x ln10
103 x dx = 3 e 2
1 2x
e [2 dx] + 3 dx
2
1
= e2 x + 3 x + C
2
1
1 1
y (0) = implies that = + 0 + C , so
2
2 2
1
C = 1. Thus y = e2 x + 3 x 1
2
dx = ln x
x3 + 2 x
dx
x 2 + 3x + 7
5 x3 + 15 x 2 + 35 x
2x + 3
=
+
dx
x 2 + 3x + 7
x 2 + 3x + 7
1
[(2 x + 3) dx]
= 5 x dx +
2
x + 3x + 7
5x2
=
+ ln x 2 + 3x + 7 + C
2
41. y = e2 x + 3 dx = e2 x dx + 3 dx
1
(1 + e2 x )3 [2e2 x dx]
2
39.
x3 + 2 x
37.
e1
5 x3 + 15 x 2 + 37 x + 3
43. y = x 2 1 , x = 2, y 0. Region appears below.

Area =
( x2 1) dx
2
x3
= x
3
1
8
1 4
= 2 1 =
3
3 3
+C
dx
3x
2
ln10 3ln10
e2
= 3
2 dx
3ln10
3x
2 32x ln10
2
e
+C =
10 2 + C
ln10
ln10
2 103 x
+C
ln10
x
2
607
44. y = 4e x , x = 0, x = 3. Region appears below.

3
Area = 4e x dx = 4e x
100
= 4(e3 1)
x
3
45. y = x + 4 , x = 0. Region appears below.

Area =
x + 4dx = ( x + 4) [dx] =
4
5
1
2
( x + 4) 2
3
2
2( x + 4) 2
=
3
=
4
16
16
0 =
3
3
x
5
46. y = x 2 x 6, x = 4, x = 3. Region appears below.

2
x3 x 2
x3 x 2
Area = ( x x 6) dx + ( x x 6) dx =
6x
6x
3
4
2
2
2
4 3
2
9
8
64

8
67
= 2 + 12 8 + 24 9 18 2 + 12 =
2
3

3
2
3
2
10
x
10
608
Chapter 14 Review
47. y = 5 x x 2 . Region appears below.
50. y = x3 1 , x = 1. Region appears below.

5
5 x 2 x3
5

Area = 5 x x 2 dx =
2
0
3
x4
1
Area = x3 1 dx =
x
4
125
125 125
=
0 =
3
6
2
3 5
= + = 2
4 4
10
x
3
x
10
48. y = 4 x , x = 1, x = 16. Region appears below.

Area =
16 4
xdx =
16
4x 4
x dx =
5
1
4
51. y 2 = 4 x , x = 0, y = 2. Region appears below.
16
Area =
128 4 124
=
5 5
5
4
y2
y3
dy =
4
12
=
0
8
2
0 =
12
3
x
5
2
x
16
52. y = 3x 2 5, x = 0, y = 4. Region appears below.

3x 2 5 = 4, 3x 2 = 9, x 2 = 3, so x = 3.
1
+ 2, x = 1, x = 4. Region appears below.
x
4 1
4
Area = + 2 dx = ( ln x + 2 x )
1 x
1
= [ln(4) + 8] [0 + 2] = 6 + ln 4
49. y =
Area =
[4 (3x 2 5)] dx
[9 3 x 2 ] dx = (9 x x3 )
= 9 3 3 3 0 = 6 3
x
5
x
0
609
3
0
53. y = x 2 + 4 x 5 , y = 0. Region appears below.
Area =
2
5/ 2
x 2 + 4 x 5 = 0 , (x + 5)(x 1) = 0, so x = 5, 1.
1
Area = x + 4 x 5 dx
5
[(10 x 2 ) ( x 2 x)]dx
(10 + x 2 x 2 )dx
5/ 2
x 2 2 x3
= 10 x +
2
3
2
25 125
16
= 25 +
20 + 2 +
8 12
3
243
=
8
x3
= + 2 x2 5x
3
5
1
125
= + 2 5 +
+ 50 + 25 = 36
3
3
5/ 2
15
x
5
54. y = 2 x 2 , y = x 2 + 9 . Region appears below.
56. y = x , x = 0, y = 3. Region appears below.
2 x 2 = x 2 + 9, x 2 = 9 , so x = 3
3
x = 3 , so x = 9.
) ( )
Area = x 2 + 9 2 x 2 dx
3
2x 2
Area = 3 x dx = 3 x
0
= (27 18) 0 = 9
x3
= 9 x 2 dx = 9 x
3
3
3
= (27 9) (27 + 9) = 36
3
18
3
x
16
x
3
57. y = ln x, x = 0, y = 0, y = 1. Region appears

below.
55. y = x x, y = 10 x . Region appears below.
y = ln x x = e y
x 2 x = 10 x 2 , 2 x 2 x 10 = 0,
Area = e y dy = e y
5
(x + 2)(2x 5) = 0, so x = 2 or .
2
= e 1
x
5
610
Chapter 14 Review
58. y = 2 x, y = x 3, y = 0, y = 2. Region appears

below.
62.
1000
33
10
3q + 70
Area = [( y + 3) (2 y )] dy
2
= (4 + 2) 0 = 6
3
1000 (3q + 70) 2

=
1
3
2
33
63.
100
0.008e0.008t dt =
1
3
3
2q dq = 100dq
2 q 2 dq
59. r = 100
2
2
64.
3
3
q2
= 100q
2
+ C = 100q 2q 2 + C
3
2
0 4000e
=
100
0
0.05t
4000 0.05t
e
0.05
When q = 0, then r = 0. Thus 0 = 0 0 + C, so

1
r
= 100 2q 2 = 100 2q . Thus
q
= (9 3x)dx + (3x 9)dx

0
q3 7 2
+ q + 6q + C
60. c = q + 7q + 6 dq =
3 2
When q = 0, then c = 2500. Thus
2500 = 0 + 0 + 0 + C, so C = 2500. Hence
q3 7 2
c=
+ q + 6q + 2500 . When q = 6, then
3 2
c = $2734.
3x2
= 9x
3x 2
9x
+
0 2
3
27
27
= 27 0 + (24 36) 27
2
2

= 15 square units
16
4000 0.25
e
1 $22, 722
0.05
15 (250 q 0.2q
1 5 0.05t
[0.05 dt ]
e
0.05 0
Area = [(9 2 x) x]dx + [ x (9 2 x)]dx
p = 100 2q .
2
[0.008 dt ]
= e0.8 + 1 0.5507
dt = 4000
65. y = 9 2x, y = x; from x = 0 to x = 4. Region

appears below. Intersection: x = 9 2x, 3x = 9, so
x = 3.
C = 0. Hence r = 100q 2q 2 . Since r = pq,

then p =
100 0.008t
= e0.008t
25
10
2000
3q + 70
3
10
2000
[13 10] = $2000
=
3
61.
33
1 33
1
(3q + 70) 2 [3 dq ]
3 10
1
0
2
= (2 y + 1) dy = ( y 2 + y )
dq = 1000
)dq
y = 9 2x
25
q 2 0.2q3
= 250q
2
3
15
3125
= 6250 312.5
(3750 112.5 225)
3
$1483.33
y=x
x
4
611
1
66. y = 2 x 2 , y = 2 5x; from x = 1 to x = .
3
68. D : p = (q 5) 2
S : p = q 2 + q + 3
2 x 2 = 2 5 x, 2 x 2 + 5 x 2 = 0,
5 41
x=
(from the quadratic formula),
4
x 2.85 or 0.35.
Area =
1/ 3
CS =
(q 5)2 9 dq = (q 5) 9q
3
0
2
27
125
=
18
0 = $14 thousand
3
3
3
$14,667
[(2 5 x) 2 x 2 ]dx
1/ 3
5 x 2 2 x3
= 2x
2
3
1
5 2
2 5 2
= 2 +
2 3
3 18 81
340
=
square units
81
69.
qn
q0
n
dq
= (u + v) dt
0
q q
ln q q
qn
q0
= (u + v)t 0
ln qn q ln q0 q = (u + v)n
ln q0 q ln qn q = (u + v)n
15
ln
q0 q
= (u + v)n
qn q
n=
x
5
q q
1
ln 0
u + v qn q
as was to be shown.
67. D : p = 0.01q 2 1.1q + 30
S : p = 0.01q 2 + 8

CS =
q0
20
20
0
0
=
=
0.01q 2 1.1q + 30 12 dq
( 0.01q
20
q0
20
20
[ p0 g (q)] dq = 0
( 4 0.01q )
2
4 l
( P1 P2 )
0
2 l
( P1 P2 ) R
2 l
r R 2 r 2 dr
0 ( R
r r 3 dr
R
0.01q3 1.1q 2
+ 18q
3
PS =
( P1 P2 ) R 2 r 2 r 4
=

2
2 l
4
1.1q + 18 dq
2
80
= 220 + 360 0 = 166

3
3
( P1 P2 ) ( R 2 r 2 )
70. Q = 2 rv dr = 2 r
[ f (q) p0 ] dq
( P1 P2 ) R 4 R 4 ( P1 P2 )
=
4
2 l
8 l
As was to be shown.
=
( P1 P2 ) R 4 R 4
0
2 l
4
2
12 0.01q 2 + 8 dq
20
0.01q3
dq = 4q
80
1
= 80 0 = 53
3
3
612
dr
71. Case 1. r 1
b. Total number of units sold

r +1 1/ x
1/ x
1 1/ x
u
g ( x) = ku r du = u r du =
1
1
k
r +1
80
= 40t 0.25t 2
1
x r 1 1
r +1
1
1
(r + 1) x r 2 =
g ( x) =
r
r +1
x +2
Case 2. r = 1
1/ x 1
1 1/ x
g ( x) = ku 1du =
du
1
1
k
u
1/ x
1
= ln u
= ln 0 = ln x
1
x
1
1
g ( x) = =
r
x
x +2
=
= f (t )dt =
c.
3. a.
Total revenue
R
30
0
30
)0
c.
= (500 25) 0 = 475

25
20
(100 2t )dt = (100t t 2 )
= (2500 625) (2000 400) = 275
2. a.
25
20
80
0
80
(50 + 0.2t ) (40 0.5t )dt
( 2000 17t 0.1t 2 ) dt

80
17
1
= 2000t t 2 t 3
2
30
0
= 160, 000 54, 400
(900 t 2 ) dt
Average delivered price

total revenue
=
total number of units sold
2, 002,500
=
= $111.25
18, 000
Total revenue = (m + st ) f (t )dt

=
30
0
30
= 900t t 3 = 27, 000 9000 = 18, 000

3 0
f (t )dt = (100 2t )dt = 100t t 2
f (t )dt =
= f (t )dt =
25
30
b. Total number of units sold
75. CS 1148; PS 251
20
(90, 000 + 900t 100t 2 t3 ) dt
100 3 1 4
t t
3
4 0
= 2,700,000 + 405,000 900,000 202,500
= $2,002,500
74. Two integrals are needed.

Answer: 32.75
b.
(100 + t )(900 t 2 )dt
= 90, 000t + 450t 2

= 3200 1600 = 1600
= (m + st ) f (t )dt =
72. Two integrals are needed.

80
Average delivered price

total revenue
=
total number of units sold
88,533.33
$55.33
1600
1. a.
)0
(40 0.5t )dt
51, 200
$88,533.33
3
613
Chapter 15
Thus,
0.1t
) (
1.
e0.1t
+C
0.1
= 40te0.1t + 400e0.1t + C
S (t ) = 40te0.1t + 400e0.1t + C and S(0) = 5000
5000 = 0 + 400e0 + C
C = 4600
2.
2. P (t ) = 0.1t (ln t )2 dt
Let u = (ln t ) 2 and dv = 0.1t dt, so
2 ln t
1
du = 2(ln t ) dt =
dt and
t
t

t2
= 0.05t 2
2
dt
2 ln t
= 0.05t 2 (ln t ) 2 0.05t 2
dt
t
3.
dx
dx = xe x e x dx
= xe x e x [ dx] = xe x e x + C
1
ln t 0.05t 2 dt
t
= e x ( x + 1) + C
= 0.05t 2 ln t 0.05t dt
= 0.05t 2 ln t 0.05
xe
xe
1
du = dt and v = 0.05t 2 .
t
2
dx
v = e x .
0.1t ln t dt , let u = ln t and dv = 0.1t dt, so
0.1t ln t dt = 0.05t
3 x +1
Letting u = x, dv = e x dx , then du = dx,
= 0.05(t ln t )2 0.1t ln t dt
For
xe
If u = x and dv = e3 x +1dx, then du = dx and

1
v = e3 x +1.
3
x 3 x +1
1 3 x +1
3 x +1
xe dx = 3 e 3 e dx
x
1 1
= e3 x +1 e3 x +1[3 dx]
3
3 3
x 3 x +1 1 3 x +1
= e
e
+C
3
9
1
= e3 x +1 (3x 1) + C
9
S (t ) = 40te0.1t + 400e0.1t + 4600
0.1t (ln t )
f ( x)dx = uv v du
3
3
2
2
= x ( x + 5) 2 ( x + 5) 2 dx
3
3
3
5
2
2
2
= x( x + 5) 2 ( x + 5) 2 + C
3
3 5
3
5
2
4
= x ( x + 5) 2 ( x + 5) 2 + C
3
15
= 40te0.1t + 40e0.1t dt
v = 0.1t dt = 0.1
Problems 15.1
dt = (4t ) 10e0.1t 10e0.1t (4)dt
= 40te0.1t + 40
= 0.05(t ln t ) 0.05t ln t + 0.025t + C
Let u = 4t and dv = e0.1t dt , so du = 4 dt, and

1 0.1t
v = e0.1t dt =
e
= 10e0.1t .
0.1
4te
P (t ) = 0.05(t ln t )2 0.05t 2 ln t 0.025t 2 + C
1. S (t ) = 4te0.1t dt
t2
+C
2
= 0.05t 2 ln t 0.025t 2 + C
614
4.
xe
5x
Section 15.1
dx
8.
Letting u = x, dv = e5 x dx, then du = dx,
Letting u = t, dv = et dt , then du = dt, v = e t

t
t
t
et dt = te e dt
1
v = e5 x .
5
xe
5 x
xe5 x
1
e5 x dx
5
5
5 x
5 x
xe
e
=
+
+C
5
5(5)
dx =
5.
= te t et + C = et (t + 1) + C
9.
5 x
x+ +C
5
5
6.
3x
y 4 ln y
y4 1
dy
4
4 y
y 4 ln y
y3
y 4 ln y y 4
dy =
+C
4
4
4
16
y4
4
ln( y ) 4 + C
10.
ln x dx
x
=
7.
1
dx ,
x
12 x
1+ 4x
dx
then du = 12dx, v =
x3
3
ln x dx =
Letting u = 12x, dv = (1 + 4 x)
Letting u = ln x, dv = x 2 dx , then du =
v=
2 x + 3 dx
1
1
= 3x (2 x + 3)3 / 2 (2 x + 3)3 / 2 3 dx
3
3
3/ 2 1
= x(2 x + 3)
(2 x + 3)5 / 2 + C
5
1
3/ 2
= (2 x + 3) [5 x (2 x + 3)] + C
5
1
= (2 x + 3)3 / 2 (3x 3) + C
5
3
= (2 x + 3)3 / 2 ( x 1) + C
5
y4
4
2 x + 3 dx
1
v = (2 x + 3)3 / 2 .
3
ln y dy
ln y dy =
3x
Letting u = 3x, dv = 2 x + 3 dx, then du = 3dx,
1
Letting u = ln y, dv = y3 dy , then du = dy ,
y
v=
et dt
x ln x
x 1
dx
3
3 x
1
(1 + 4 x)
2
= 4 x 1[6 x (1 + 4 x)] + C
= (2 x 1) 4 x + 1 + C
ln(4 x) dx
1
Letting u = ln(4x), dv = dx, then du = dx ,
x
v = x.
1
ln(4 x)dx = x ln(4 x) x x dx
= x ln(4 x) dx = x ln(4 x) x + C
= x[ln(4x) 1] + C
615
dx ,
1
2
1 + 4x
(1 + 4 x) 2
dx = 12 x
12dx
2
2
1+ 4x
12 x
= 6 x 1 + 4 x (1 + 4 x ) 2 + C
x3 ln x x3
x3
1
+C =
ln( x) + C
3
9
3
3
12
Chapter 15: Methods and Applications of Integration
11.
(5 x + 2)3 dx
14.
1
(5 x + 3)2 .
10
(5 x + 2)3 dx
=
x
10(5 x + 3)
1
(5 x + 3)2 dx
10
1 (5 x + 3)1
+C
5(1)
10(5 x + 3) 2 10
1
x
=
+C
2 50(5 x + 3)
10(5 x + 3)
x
12.
ln( x + 1)
2( x + 1) dx = 2 ln( x + 1) x + 1 dx
15.
(Form: u du )
ln( x + 1)
2( x + 1) dx =
3x + 5
e2 x
1 4 xe
ln x
x
ln( x + 1)
+C
4
dx
Letting u = ln x, dv = x 2 dx , then du =
2x
dx
Letting u = 4x, dv = e2 x dx , then du = 4dx,

1
v = e2 x
2
13.
dx
Letting u = 3x + 5, dv = e2 x dx, then du = 3dx

1
and v = e2 x .
2
3x + 5
3x + 5
1 2 x
e2 x dx = 2e2 x 2 e 3 dx
3 x + 5 3 2 x
=
+ e dx
2e 2 x 2
3 x + 5 3 1 2 x
=
+ e
+C
2e 2 x 2 2
1
[2(3x + 5) + 3] + C
=
4e 2 x
1
(6 x + 13) + C
=
4e 2 x
Letting u = x, dv = (5 x + 3)3 dx, then du = dx

and v =
4 xe 2 x dx = 2 xe2 x 2e2 x dx
1
2
= 2 xe2 x e2 x = e2 x (2 x 1)
1
1
1
dx ,
x
= e 4 (3) e2 (1) = e2 3e2 1
v = x .
ln x
ln x
1 1
x 2 dx = x x x dx
ln x
ln x 1
=
+ x 2 dx =
+C
x
x
x
1
= (1 + ln x) + C
x
16.
1 2 xe
3 x
dx
Letting u = 2x, dv = e3 x dx, then du = 2 dx and

1
v = e3 x .
3
616
1 2 xe
3 x
Section 15.1
dx
19.
2
2 xe3 x
2
=
e3 x dx
3
3
1
1
= 6 x(4 x) 2 2(4 x) 2 (3 dx)
3
1
= 6 x(4 x) 2 4(4 x ) 2
1 2e 3
2 + 3 3
17.
0 xe
x2
1
1 + 3
18.
= 2 9 3 10 2
20.
3 x3
4 x2
=
0
) (
1 1
1
e 1 = 1 e 1
2
2
du )
(ln x)
12
4 x2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= 4 x 2 3 x 2
2 ln x
dx = x(ln x) 2 x
dx
x
ln( x)dx , let u = ln x, dv = dx. Then

1
Thus
( )
(4 x )
= x2 + 8
ln( x)dx = x ln x x x dx = x[ln( x) 1] + C1 .
dx
= 3 x 2 4 x 2
= 3 x 2
dx
1
du dx , v = x, so
x
dx , then
du = 6x dx,
= x(ln x)2 2 ln( x)dx
2 9 3
2 ln x
du =
dx , v = x.
x
For
v = 4 x2
Letting u = (ln x)2 , dv = dx, then
dx
Letting u = 3 x 2 , dv = x 4 x 2
3 x3
(ln x)
} 1 = 2 (10
= 2 4 x ( x + 8)
1 1 2
dx = e x (2 x dx) (Form:
2 0
2
1
= e x
2
}1
= 2 4 x [3 x + 2(4 x)]
2e 7 3 4
=
e
3 3
3
2
=
[7 4e3 ]
6
9e
1
dx , then du = 3dx,
12
v = 2(4 x) .
2 3x
1 4 x dx
2 xe3 x 2e3 x
=
3
9
2e6
=
3
dx
1
2
x + 3
4 x
Letting u = 3x, dv = (4 x)
2 xe3 x 2 e3 x
=
+
3
3 3
2e3 x
=
3
3x
4 x2
1
2
(6 x dx)
( ) +C
+ 2 ( 4 x ) + C
2 4 x2
3
2
4 x2 + C
617
(ln x)
dx = x (ln x)2 2 ln( x) + 2 + C .
21.
3(2 x 2) ln( x 2)dx
24.
Letting u = ln x and dv = x 3 dx, then du =
3(2 x 2) ln( x 2)dx
and v =
= 3x ( x 2) ln( x 2) 3 x dx
3
dx
x2
Letting u = xe x , dv = ( x + 1)2 dx , then

du = ( x + 1)e x dx , v = ( x + 1) 1 .
( x + 1)2
=
xe x
+ e x dx
x +1
xe x
+ ex + C
x +1
x
ex
x +1 x
= e x 1
= ex
+C =
+C
x +1
x +1
x +1
25.
2 x
Letting u = x 2 , dv = e x dx , then du = 2x dx and

v=e .
2 x
2 x
x
x e dx = x e e (2 x dx)
26.
x
x
xe dx , let u = x, dv = e dx . Then du = dx,
dx = xe x e x dx = xe x e x + C1
= e x ( x 1) + C1 .
Thus
dx = x 2 2 xe x + e2 x dx
x3 e 2 x
2 xe x dx
3
2
x e x
dx =
xe
dx ,
x3 e 2 x
+ 2e x ( x + 1) + C
3
2
2 3x
e dx
Letting u = x 2 , dv = e3 x dx, then du = 2x dx and

1
v = e3 x .
3
1 2 3x
1 3x
2 3x
x e dx = 3 x e 3 e 2 x dx
1
2
= x 2 e3 x xe3 x dx
3
3
v = e x and
x
= x e 2 xe dx
xe
Using Problem 3 for
For
(x e
=
e dx
2 x
3 43
3 43 1
= 5 ln x x x dx
x e
4
4
3
3ln x 4 3 1
= 5
x 3 x 3 dx
4
4
e
3ln x 4 9 4 3
= 5
x3 x3
4
16 e
3ln 3 43 9 43 3ln e 43 9 43
= 5
e e
3 3
16 4
16
4
4
4
3
3 3 1
= 5 3 3 ln 3 e 3
4
4 4 4
( x + 1)2 dx
dx =
3 43
x .
4
xe x
xe x
1
dx
x
5 x 3 ln x dx
3
= 3x ( x 2) ln( x 2) x 2 + C
2
23.
x ln( x5 ) dx = 5 x 3 ln x dx
Letting u = 3 ln(x 2), dv = (2x 2)dx, then

3
du =
dx and v = x 2 2 x = x( x 2).
x2
= 3x ( x 2) ln( x 2) x( x 2)
22.
33
e dx = x 2 e x 2 e x ( x 1) + C
2 x
= e x x2 2x + 2 + C .
For
xe
3x
dx, let u = x, dv = e3 x dx, then
1
du = dx, v = e3 x , and
3
1 3x
1 3x
3x
xe dx = 3 xe 3 e dx
1
1
= xe3 x e3 x + C1.
3
9
618
Section 15.1
(2
Thus,
1 2 3x 2 1 3x 1 3x
x e dx = 3 x e 3 3 xe 9 e + C
1 3x
e (9 x 2 6 x 2) + C
=
27
2 3x
27.
3 x2
x e
Letting u = x 2 , dv = xe x dx , then du = 2x dx,

1 2
v = ex .
2
2
28.
30.
x2e x
ex
(2 x dx)
2
2
2
x2e x
ex
ex
+C =
2
2
2
( x 1) + C
5 x
x e dx
x4
2
x4
=
2
e x 2 x3e x dx
Using Problem 27 for
5 x2
e dx =
3 x2
x e
x x2
1 2
e 2 e x ( x 2 1) + C
2
2
29.
12
dx
2
2
= x ln x + x 2
[2 x dx]
= x ln x + x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 + C
e3
31. Area = (ln x)dx . Letting u = ln x, dv = dx,

1
( 2 + x ) dx = ( 2 + 2 x2 + x ) dx
= 22 x dx + x 2 x +1 dx + x 2 dx
For x 2 x +1 dx , let u = x, dv = 2 x +1 dx . Then
2x
x +1
( )
1
+ 1 ( x + 1)
2
2
x4 x2
e e x ( x 2 1) + C
2
1 x2 4
= e ( x 2 x 2 + 2) + C
2
1
2
ln x +
= x ln x + x 2 + 1 x x 2 + 1
dx,
x2 + 1 + x
=
x + x 2 + 1
x 2 + 1
1
x 2 + 1 dx , let
2
u = ln x + x + 1 , dv = dx. Then
1
du =
dx , v = x, and
x2 + 1
2
ln x + x + 1 dx
2
1 2
e x e x 4 x3 dx
2
2
dx = 22 x dx + x 2 x +1 dx + x 2 dx
1
x
1
x3
22 x 1 +
2 x +1
2 x +1 +
+C
ln 2
ln 2
3
ln 2 2
For
x2
Letting u = x and dv = xe dx, then

1 2
du = 4 x3 dx and v = e x .
2
5 x
x e dx =
ln x + x 2 + 1
dx
1
x
1 +
=
x + x 2 + 1
x 2 + 1
1 2x
2 [2 dx] + x 2 x +1 dx + x 2 dx
2
1
x
1
x3
=
22 x +
2 x +1
2 x +1 +
+C
2 ln 2
ln 2
3
ln 2 2
+x
dx
3 x
x e dx =
1
then du = dx , v = x.
x
e3
e3
1 (ln x)dx = ( x ln x) x x dx
1
1
2 x +1 and
ln 2
x
1
x +1
x +1
x +1
x2 dx = ln 2 2 ln 2 2 dx
x
1
=
2 x +1
2 x +1 + C1 . Thus
2
ln 2
ln 2
du = dx, v =
e3
e3
= ( x ln x ) dx = [ x ln( x) x]
1
= e 3 e [1 0 1] = 2e + 1
The area is (2e3 + 1) sq units.

619

du = dq, v = 10e (0.1q +1) , and
32. Area = x 2 e x dx.

0
20
I1 = 10(q + 10)e (0.1q +1) + 10 e (0.1q +1) dq
Letting u = x 2 , dv = e x dx, then du = 2x dx and

v = ex .
20
= 10(q + 10)e (0.1q +1) 100e (0.1q +1)
2 x
For
e = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
xe
= 10e (0.1q +1) [(q + 10) + 10]
dx, let u = x and dv = e x dx, then
du = dx and v = e x .
xe
Thus
= 10e
= xe e dx = xe e = e ( x 1).
1 2 x
x e
0
2 x
dx = ( x e 2[e ( x 1)])
= (e x [ x 2 2 x + 2])
= e2
The area is (e 2) sq units.
Thus
CS = 10 I1 300e 3 I 2
35. a.
1
dx,
x
237.89
Consider
p dq . Letting u = p, dv = dq,
then du =
dp
dq , v = q. Thus
dq
dp
2 2
x ln x dx
1
(since r = pq).
dp
dq .
dq
Combining the integrals gives
dp
r = p + q dq .
dq
b. From (a), r = p dq + q
1
= ln x x 2 dx
3
1
2
x3
1
= ln x x3
3
9
1
8
1
8
= ln 2 0
9
9
3
8
7
= ln(2)
3
9
7
8
The area is ln(2) sq units.
3
9
c.
When q = 20, then p = 300e
dp
p + q dq
dq
q dr
= 0
dq = r ( q0 ) r (0) = r ( q0 )
0 dq
[since r(0) = 0].
dx
f ( x)e dx = f ( x)e f ( x)e dx . Thus

x
x
x
f ( x)e dx + f ( x)e dx = f ( x)e + C
20
For I1 , let u = q + 10, dv = e
v = e x . Using integration by parts,
= 10 (q + 10)e (01.q +1) dq 300e3 dq

0
0

I2
(0.1q +1)
f ( x )e
Letting u = f(x), dv = e x dx , then du = f ( x)dx ,
10(q + 10)e (0.1q +1) 300e3 dq
I1
dr
dp
. Thus
= p+q
dq
dq
q0
36.
20
From (b),
34. p = 10(q + 10)e(0.1q +1)

3
dp
p dq = pq q dq dq = r q dq dq
x3
x3 1
= ln x dx
3
3 x
1
3
= 400e3 + 200e1
= 10, 000e + 2000e

CS $237.89
x3
.
3
CS =
= 10 400e 3 + 200e1 300e3 (20)
Letting u = ln x, dv = x 2 dx, then du =
20
20
20
I 2 = q 0 = 20 0 = 20
33. Area =
(q + 20)
2 2
x ln x dx.
1
v=
(0.1q +1)
20
dq . Then
620
Section 15.2
37. f and its inverse f 1 satisfy the equation
r (q) =
f ( f ( x)) = x. Differentiating this equation

using the Chain Rule we get:
f ( f 1 ( x)) ( f 1 )( x) = 1. Thus
( f 1 )( x) =
1
f ( f 1 ( x))
. Now to evaluate
letting u = f 1 ( x) and dv = dx. Then

du =
So
f ( f 1 ( x))
( x) dx = xf
To evaluate
( x)
f ( f 1 ( x)) dx
x
f ( f 1 ( x))
1
f ( f 1 ( x))
dx.
we will use the fact
f ( f 1 ( x))
300t 3
t2 + 6
dx = f ( f 1 ( x)) ( f 1 )( x) dx
5(q + 4)
2
300t 3 + 1800t 1800t
t2 + 6
300t t 2 + 6 1800t
2
t +6
= 300t
1800t
u = t 2 + 6 , so du = 2t dt
Express
300t 3
t2 + 6
1800t
t 2 + 6 is irreducible. To integrate
, let
t2 + 6
( x) dx = xf 1 ( x) F ( f 1 ( x)) + C.
1. r (q ) = r (q)dq =
5 3(q + 1)3
ln
.
2
q+3
300t 3 by t 2 + 6 to reduce the fraction.
since F = f . Finally,
1
5 1
5
ln + C so C = ln 3 and
2 3
2
dt
t2 + 6
Since the degree of the numerator is greater than
the degree of the denominator, we first divide
= F ( f 1 ( x))
5
2
2. V (t ) = V (t )dt =
Hence
x
dx
5 (q + 1)3
+C
ln
2
q+3
r (q) =
that x = f ( f 1 ( x)) and

( f 1 )( x) =
dq
Since r(0) = 0, 0 =
dx and v = x.
1
q + 4q + 3
dq
q +1
q+3
15
5
= ln q + 1 ln q + 3 + C
2
2
f 1 ( x) dx we will use integration by parts,

1
15
2
5(q + 4)
2
300t 3
5(q + 4)
2
q + 4q + 3
1800t
t 2 + 6 dt = 300t dt t 2 + 6 dt
dq
= 150t 2 900 ln t 2 + 6 + C
V (t ) = 150t 2 900 ln t 2 + 6 + C
as a sum of partial
q + 4q + 3
fractions.
5(q + 4)
5(q + 4)
A
B
=
=
+
2
q + 4q + 3 (q + 1)(q + 3) q + 1 q + 3
Problems 15.2
1.
5(q + 4) = A(q + 3) + B(q + 1)

5
.
2
15
When q = 1, we get 5(3) = A(2), so A =
.
2
When q = 3, we get 5(1) = 2B, so B =
621
10 x
2
10 x
A
B
=
+
( x + 6)( x + 1) x + 6 x + 1
x + 7x + 6
10 x = A( x + 1) + B ( x + 6)
If x = 1, then 10 = 5B, or B = 2. If x = 6,
then 60 = 5A, or A = 12.
12
2
Answer
x + 6 x +1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
x+5
x+5
A
B
=
+
2
x
x
+
x
x
+1
(
1)(
1)
1
x 1
x + 5 = A(x + 1) + B(x 1)
If x = 1, then 4 = 2B, or B = 2. If x = 1, then
6 = 2A, or A = 3.
3
2
Answer
x 1 x +1
=
2 x2
2
= 2+
7.
2 x 2 15
= 2+
10 x 12
8.
x+4
2
2x + 3
x ( x 1)
x +x
x x +1
2
3x2 + 5
(x
+4
Ax + B
2
x +4
9.
A
B
+
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
x + 4 x + 4 ( x + 2)
x + 4 = A(x + 2) + B
If x = 2, then 2 = B. If x = 0, then 4 = 2A + B,
2A = 4 B = 4 2 = 2, or A = 1.
1
2
+
Answer:
x + 2 ( x + 2)2
2
A Bx + C
+
x x2 + 1
Cx + D
(x
+4
3x 2 + 5 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + (4 A + C ) x + (4 B + D)
Thus A = 0, B = 3, 4A + C = 0, 4B + D = 5. This
gives A = 0, B = 3, C = 0, D = 7.
3
7
Answer:
2
2
x +4
x2 + 4
10 x 15
x+4
2
3x 2 + 5 = ( Ax + B ) x 2 + 4 + (Cx + D)
x + 5x
10 x 15
f ( x) =
x2 + 3
x 2 + 3 = ( A + B ) x 2 + Cx + A
Thus A + B = 1, C = 0, A = 3. This gives A = 3,
B = 2, C = 0.
3
2x
Answer:
2
x x +1
(by long division).

x2 + 5x
10 x 15 A
B
=
= +
2
x
(
x
+
5)
x
x
+5
x + 5x
10x 15 = A(x + 5) + Bx. If x = 0, then
15 = 5A, or A = 3. If x = 5, then 35 = 5B,
or B = 7.
3
7
Answer: 2
x x+5
2
( )
+ 3 = A ( x + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
x2
x2 + 5x + 6
10 x 12
A
B
=
=
+
2
(
x
+
2)(
x
+
3)
x
+
2
x
+3
x + 5x + 6
10x 12 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2)
If x = 3, then 18 = B, or B = 18.
If x = 2, then 8 = A.
8
18
Answer: 2 +
x+2 x+3
x + 5x + 6
10 x 12
x2 + 3
5x 2
5x 2
A
B
= +
x
x
x
x
1
(
1)
x x
5x 2 = A(x 1) + Bx
If x = 1, then 3 = B. If x = 0, then 2 = A, or
A = 2.
5x 2
3
2
x2 x dx = x + x 1 dx
2
= 2 ln x + 3ln x 1 + C = ln x 2 ( x 1)3 + C
10.
A B
C
+
+
2
x x
x 1
2 x + 3 = Ax( x 1) + B( x 1) + Cx 2
If x = 0, then 3 = B, or B = 3. If x = 1, then
5 = C. If x = 1, then 1 = 2A 2B + C,
1 = 2A + 6 + 5, or A = 5.
5 3
5
+
Answer:
x x2 x 1
7x + 6
7x + 6
A
B
= +
+
+3
x
(
x
3)
x
x
x + 3x
7x + 6 = A(x + 3) + Bx
If x = 3, then 15 = 3B, or B = 5.
If x = 0, then 6 = 3A, or A = 2.
7x + 6
5
2
x2 + 3x dx = x + x + 3 dx
= 2 ln x + 5ln x + 3 + C
2
= ln x 2 ( x + 3)5 + C
622
11.
x + 10
x + 10
A
B
=
+
(
x
+
1)(
x
2)
x
+
1
x
2
x x2
x + 10 = A(x 2) + B(x + 1)
If x = 2, then 12 = 3B, or B = 4. If x = 1, then 9 = 3A, or A = 3.
x + 10
4
3
x2 x 2 dx = x + 1 + x 2 dx
2
= 3ln x + 1 + 4 ln x 2 + C = ln
12.
Section 15.2
2x 1
2
( x 2) 4
( x + 1)3
+C
2x 1
A
B
=
+
( x 4)( x + 3) x 4 x + 3
x x 12
2x 1 = A(x + 3) + B(x 4)
2x 1
1
1
x2 x 12 dx = x 4 + x + 3 dx
= ln x 4 + ln x + 3 + C = ln ( x 4)( x + 3) + C
13.
3 x3 3 x + 4
1 3 x3 3 x + 4
4
x2 1
4 x2 4
1
4
= 3x +
2
4
x 1
4
4
A
B
=
=
+
2
x
x
+
x
x
+1
(
1)(
1)
1
x 1
4 = A(x + 1) + B(x 1)
3 x3 3 x + 4
1
2
2
4 x 2 4 dx = 4 3x + x 1 + x + 1 dx
=
1 3x
=
+ 2 ln x 1 2 ln x + 1 + C
4 2
2
2
x 1
1 3x
+C
=
+ ln
x +1
4 2
14.
7(4 x 2 )
7(2 + x)(2 x)
=
( x 4)( x 2)( x + 3) ( x 4)( x 2)( x + 3)
7( x + 2)
A
B
=
=
+
( x 4)( x + 3) x 4 x + 3
7(x + 2) = A(x + 3) + B(x 4)
7(4 x 2 )
1
6
( x 4)( x 2)( x + 3) dx = x 4 + x + 3 dx
= 6 ln x 4 ln x + 3 + C
= ln ( x 4)6 ( x + 3) + C
623
15.
3x 4
3
3x 4
A
B
C
= +
+
x( x + 1)( x 2) x x + 1 x 2
x x 2x
3x 4 = A(x + 1)(x 2) + Bx(x 2) + Cx(x + 1)
If x = 0, then 4 = 2A, or A = 2.
7
If x = 1, then 7 = 3B, or B = .
3
1
If x = 2, then 2 = 6C, or C = .
3
7
1
3x 4
2 3
3
dx
=
+
+
x3 x 2 2 x
x x + 1 x 2 dx
7
1
= 2 ln x ln x + 1 + ln x 2 + C
3
3
= ln
16.
4 x
4
x x
x2 3 x 2
3
( x + 1)7
4 x
2
x ( x + 1)( x 1)
+C
A B
C
D
+
+
+
x x2 x + 1 x 1
4 x = Ax( x + 1)( x 1) + B( x + 1)( x 1) + Cx 2 ( x 1) + Dx 2 ( x + 1)

5
3
If x = 0, then 4 = B, or B = 4. If x = 1, then 5 = 2C, or C = . If x = 1, then 3 = 2D, or D = . If x = 2,
2
2
then 2 = 6A + 3B + 4C + 12D, 2 = 6A 12 10 + 18, or 2 = 6A 4, so A = 1.
3
1 4
52
4 x
2
dx
=
+
+
x4 x2
x x2 x + 1 x 1 dx
4 5
3
= ln x + ln x + 1 + ln x 1 + C
x 2
2
=
17.
4 1 x 2 ( x 1)3
+ ln
+C
x 2
( x + 1)5
2(3x5 + 4 x3 x)
x6 + 2 x4 x2 2dx = x6 + 2 x 4 x 2 2 ( 6 x
1
+ 8 x3 2 x dx
1
Form: du (Partial fractions not required.)
u
Answer: ln x6 + 2 x 4 x 2 2 + C
18.
x 4 2 x3 + 6 x 2 11x + 2
= x +1+
7 x 2 13x + 2
x3 3 x 2 + 2 x
x3 3 x 2 + 2 x
7 x 2 13 x + 2 7 x 2 13 x + 2 A
B
C
=
= +
+
3
2
x 3 x + 2 x x( x 1)( x 2) x x 1 x 2
7 x 2 13x + 2 = A( x 1)( x 2) + Bx( x 2) + Cx( x 1)
If x = 0, then 2 = 2A, or A = 1. If x = 1, then 4 = B, or B = 4. If x = 2, then 4 = 2C, or C = 2.
624
x 4 2 x3 + 6 x 2 11x + 2
3
x 3x + 2 x
Section 15.2
1
4
2
= x +1+ +
+
dx
x x 1 x 2
x2
+ x + ln x + 4 ln x 1 + 2 ln x 2 + C
2
x2
=
+ x + ln x( x 1)4 ( x 2)2 + C
2
=
19.
2 x2 5x 2
A
B
C
+
+
x 1 x 2 ( x 2) 2
( x 2) ( x 1)
2 x 2 5 x 2 = A( x 2) 2 + B ( x 1)( x 2) + C ( x 1)
If x = 1, then 5 = A. If x = 2, then 4 = C.
If x = 0, then 2 = 4A + 2B C, 2 = 20 + 2B + 4, or B = 7.
5
4
2x2 5x 2
7
( x 2)2 ( x 1) dx = x 1 + x 2 + ( x 2)2 dx
= 5ln x 1 + 7 ln x 2 +
20.
3x3 + 2 x 3
2
x ( x 1)
4
4
( x 2)7
+C =
+ ln
+C
x2
x2
( x 1)5
3 x 3 + 2 x 3
2
x ( x + 1)( x 1)
A B
C
D
+
+
+
2
x x
x +1 x 1
3x + 2 x 3 = Ax( x + 1)( x 1) + B( x + 1)( x 1) + Cx 2 ( x 1) + Dx 2 ( x + 1)
If x = 0, then 3 = B, or B = 3. If x = 1, then 2 = 2C, or C = 1. If x = 1, then 4 = 2D, or D = 2. If x = 2, then

23 = 6A + 3B + 4C + 12D, 23 = 6A + 9 + 4 24, or A = 2.
2 3
3x3 + 2 x 3
2
1
x 2 ( x 2 1) dx = x + x 2 + x + 1 + x 1 dx
= 2 ln x
21.
2( x 2 + 8)
3
x + 4x
3
3
x +1
+ ln x + 1 2 ln x 1 + C = + ln
+C
2
x
x
x ( x 1)2
2 x 2 + 16
x x +4
A Bx + C
+
x x2 + 4
2 x 2 + 16 = A x 2 + 4 + ( Bx + C ) x
2 x 2 + 16 = ( A + B) x 2 + Cx + 4 A
Thus A + B = 2, C = 0, 4A = 16. This gives A = 4, B = 2, C = 0.
22.
x4
4
2 x
1
1
2
=
=
4
ln
x
ln
x
+
4
+
C
=
ln
4
dx
[2
x
dx
]
dx = +
dx
2
+C
x x2 + 4
x3 + 4 x
x x2 + 4
x + 4
2( x 2 + 8)
4 x3 3 x 2 + 2 x 3
2
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x 2)
Ax + B
2
x +3
C
D
+
x +1 x 2
4 x3 3 x 2 + 2 x 3 = ( Ax + B)( x + 1)( x 2) + C ( x 2 + 3)( x 2) + D( x 2 + 3)( x + 1)
If x = 1, then 12 = 12C, or C = 1.
If x = 2, then 21 = 21D, or D = 1.
If x = 0, then 3 = 2B 6C + 3D, 3 = 2B 6 + 3, 0 = 2B, or B = 0.
625
If x = 1, then 0 = 2(A + B) 4C + 8D, 0 = 2A 4 + 8, 4 = 2A, or A = 2.

2x
4 x3 3 x 2 + 2 x 3
1
1
( x 2 + 3)( x + 1)( x 2) dx = x2 + 3 + x + 1 + x 2 dx
= ln( x 2 + 3) + ln x + 1 + ln x 2 + C
= ln ( x 2 + 3)( x + 1)( x 2) + C
23.
x3 + 8 x 2 9 x + 2
( x + 1) ( x 3)
2
Ax + B
x +1
C
D
+
x 3 ( x 3) 2
(
= ( Ax + B) ( x 6 x + 9 ) +C ( x
) (
x3 + 8 x 2 9 x + 2 = ( Ax + B )( x 3)2 + C ( x 3) x 2 + 1 + D x 2 + 1
2
) (
3x 2 + x 3 + D x 2 + 1
2
= ( A + C ) x + ( B 6 A 3C + D) x +(9 A 6 B + C ) x + (9 B 3C + D)
Thus A + C = 1, B 6A 3C + D = 8, 9A 6B + C = 9, 9B 3C + D = 2. This gives A = 1, B = 0, C = 0,
D = 2.
x
x3 + 8 x 2 9 x + 2
1
2
0
2
2
x2 + 1 ( x 3)2 dx = x2 + 1 + x 3 + ( x 3)2 dx = 2 ln x + 1 x 3 + C
24.
5x4 + 9 x2 + 3
2
x( x + 1)
A Bx + C Dx + E
+
+
x x 2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2
5 x 4 + 9 x 2 + 3 = A( x 2 + 1) 2 + ( Bx + C ) x( x 2 + 1) + ( Dx + E ) x
= A( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x3 + x) + Dx 2 + Ex
= ( A + B) x 4 + Cx3 + (2 A + B + D) x 2 + (C + E ) x + A
Thus, A + B = 5, C = 0, 2A + B + D = 9, C + E = 0, and A = 3. This gives A = 3, B = 2, C = 0, D = 1, and E = 0.
3
x
5x4 + 9 x2 + 3
2x
x( x2 + 1)2 dx = x + x2 + 1 + ( x2 + 1)2 dx
1
2
= 3ln x + ln x + 1
+C
2( x 2 + 1)
1
= ln x3 ( x 2 + 1)
+C
2
2( x + 1)
25.
14 x3 + 24 x
( x + 1)( x
2
+2
Ax + B
2
x +1
Cx + D
x2 + 2
14 x3 + 24 x = x 2 + 2 ( Ax + B) + x 2 + 1 (Cx + D) = ( A + C ) x3 + ( B + D) x 2 + (2 A + C ) x + (2 B + D)
Thus A + C = 14, B + D = 0, 2A + C = 24, 2B + D = 0.

This gives A = 10, B = 0, C = 4, D = 0.
626
14 x3 + 24 x
Section 15.2
10 x
4x
dx =
+
dx
2
2
x +1 x + 2
x +1 x + 2
2
)(
= 5
1
2
x +1
[2 dx] + 2
[2 dx]
x +2
( ) ( )
= ln ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) + C
= 5ln x 2 + 1 + 2 ln x 2 + 2 + C
5
26.
12 x3 + 20 x 2 + 28 x + 4
1 Ax + B
Cx + D
=
+
2
3( x + 2 x + 3)( x + 1) 3 x + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 1
2
12 x3 + 20 x 2 + 28 x + 4 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 + 2 x + 3)(Cx + D)
= ( A + C ) x3 + ( B + D + 2C ) x 2 + ( A + 2 D + 3C ) x + ( B + 3D )
Thus, A + C = 12, B + D + 2C = 20, A + 2D + 3C = 28, B + 3D = 4. This gives A = 4, B = 4, C = 8, D = 0.
12 x3 + 20 x 2 + 28 x + 4
1 4x + 4
8x
3 x2 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 1 dx = 3 x2 + 2 x + 3 + x 2 + 1 dx
)(
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 3
27.
3 x3 + 8 x
2
( x + 2)
Ax + B
2
x +2
1
2 ln x 2 + 2 x + 3 + 4 ln x 2 + 1 + C
)(
2
3
4
3
x2 + 1 + C
Cx + D
( x 2 + 2) 2
3x3 + 8 x = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 2) + Cx + D
= Ax3 + Bx 2 + (2 A + C ) x + (2 B + D)
Thus, A = 3, B = 0, 2A + C = 8, 2B + D = 0.
This gives A = 3, B = 0, C = 2, D = 0.
3x
3 x3 + 8 x
2x
3
1
2
( x 2 + 2)2 dx = x2 + 2 + ( x2 + 2)2 dx = 2 ln( x + 2) x2 + 2 + C
28.
3x2 8 x + 4
x3 4 x2 + 4 x 6 dx = x3 4 x 2 + 4 x 6 ( 3x
1
8 x + 4 dx
1
Form: du (Partial fractions not required.)
u
Answer: ln x3 4 x 2 + 4 x 6 + C
627
29.
2 2x

If x = 2, then 30 = B. If x = 0, then 18 = 2A + B,
18 = 2A + 30, or A = 24.
2 2x
A
B
=
+
2
(
x
+
3)(
x
+
4)
x
+
3
x
+4
x + 7 x + 12
2 2x = A(x + 4) + B(x + 3)
If x = 4, then 10 = B, or B = 10. If x = 3,
then 8 = A.
1
1 8
2 2x
10
0 x2 + 7 x + 12 dx = 0 x + 3 + x + 4 dx
=
= 8ln x + 3 10 ln x + 4
16
30.
x2 + 4 x + 3
= 3+
= 6 24 ln 3 10 (24 ln 2 15)
= 11 + 24 ln
3x + 4
x2 + 4 x + 3
3x + 4
= 3+
( x + 1)( x + 3)
200(q + 3)
2
10
3250
= 120 ln(16) + 80 ln(11)

[120 ln(6)]
22
8
1625
= 120 ln + 80 ln(11)
$161.80
3
11
) 0 on [0, 1].
+ 1)
( x + 2)2
6( x 2 + 1)
Problems 15.3
6 x2 + 1
1 6( x 2
= 6+
1. Let u = x, a 2 = 9 . Then du = dx.

dx
x
+C
(9 x2 )3 / 2 =
9 9 x2
dx
24 x 18
(by long division)

( x + 2) 2
A
B
=
+
2
x + 2 ( x + 2)2
( x + 2)
24x 18 = A(x + 2) + B
2
200(q + 3)
A
B
=
+
(q + 6)(q + 1) q + 6 q + 1
325
= 120 ln q + 6 80 ln q + 1
q
22 0
1
5
1
5
= 6 + ln 3 + ln 5 3 + ln 2 + ln 4
2
2
2
2
1
5
1
5
= 3 + ln 3 + ln 5 ln 2 ln 4
2
2
2
2
Area =
q + 7q + 6
200(q + 3) = A(q + 1) + B(q + 6)
If q = 1, then 400 = 5B, or B = 80. If q = 6,
then 600 = 5A, or A = 120.
10 120
80 325
CS =
+
dq
0 q + 6 q +1
22
( x + 2)
2
sq units.
3
10 200( q + 3)
325
32. CS =
dq
0 q 2 + 7q + 6
22
1
5
= 3x + ln x + 1 + ln x + 3
2
2
2
3
The area is 11 + 24 ln
1
If x = 1, then 1 = 2A, or A = . If x = 3, then
2
5
5 = 2B, or B = .
2
2
2 3 x + 15 x + 13
1 x2 + 4 x + 3 dx
2
1 1
5 1
= 3+
+
dx
1
2 x + 1 2 x + 3
( x + 2)2
1
24
30
= 6 +
+
dx
0
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
3x + 4
A
B
=
+
( x + 1)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 3
3x + 4 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 1)
31. Note that
30
= 6 x 24 ln x + 2
x
+ 2 0
= 8 ln 4 10 ln 5 (8 ln 3 10 ln 4)
= 18 ln(4) 10 ln(5) 8 ln(3)
3x 2 + 15 x + 13
( x + 1) dx
( x + 2)
24 x 18
628
Section 15.3
2. Let u = 2x, a 2 = 25 . Then du = 2dx.

dx
1
(2dx)
=
3
3
2
2
25 (2 x) 2 2
25 4 x 2
1
(2 x)
+C
=
2 25 25 (2 x) 2
8. Formula 32 with u = x, a 2 = 7 . Then du = dx.

dx
x
( x2 + 7)3 / 2 = 2 + C
7 x +7
x
25 25 4 x 2
9. Formula 12 with u = x, a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, k = 5.
Then du = dx.
x dx
(2 + 3x)(4 + 5 x)
+C
3. Let u = 4x, a 2 = 3 . Then du = 4 dx.

dx
(4 dx)
= 4
2
2
2
x 16 x + 3
(4 x) (4 x)2 + 3
10. Formula 37 with u = 5x, a = 2. Then du = 5 dx.

1 5x
1 25 x
5x
2 dx = 5 2 (5 dx) = 5 ln 2 + C
(4 x)2 + 3
+C
= 4
3(4 x)
11. Formula 45 with u = x, a = 5, b = 2, c = 3. Then

dx
1
3 x ln 5 x + 2e3 x + C
du = dx.
=
3x
15
5 + 2e
12. Formula 14 with u = x, a = 1, b = 1. Then
du = dx.
4. Let u = x 2 , a 2 = 9. Then du = 2x dx.

3 dx
3
(2 x dx)
3 4 = 2 2 2 2 2
x x 9
(x ) (x ) 9
2 2
3 ( x ) 9
+ C
2
9 x2
x4 9
6 x2
+C
105
+C
du = 11 dx .
dx
x 5 11x 2
7. Formula 28 with u = x, a = 3. Then du = dx.
1 + x dx =
14. Formula 20 with u = 11x , a = 5 . Then
6. Formula 8 with u = x, a = 2, b = 5. Then du = dx.
x 2 dx
3 x 2 dx
(2 + 5 x)2 = 3 (2 + 5 x)2
4
4
ln 2 + 5 x + C
= 3
25
125(2
5
)
125
x
+
1
= ln
2
x x +9 3
2 8 12 x + 15 x 2 (1 + x) 2
dx
7 dx
x(5 + 2 x)2 = 7 x(5 + 2 x)2
1
1
x
= 7
+ ln
+C
5(5 + 2 x) 25 5 + 2 x

dx
1
x
x(6 + 7 x) = 6 ln 6 + 7 x + C
dx
16 x 2 + 3
=
+C
3x
1 4
2
ln 4 + 5 x ln 2 + 3x + C
2 5
3
x2 + 9 3
+C
x
629
1
5
ln
11dx
11x
) ( 5) (
5 + 5 11x 2
11x
+C
11x

1
1 x dx
4
0 2 + x = ( x 2 ln 2 + x ) 0 = 1 2 ln 3 + 2 ln 2 = 1 ln 9 + ln 4 = 1 + ln 9
x2 3x
2 x 2 dx
x 2 dx
9
=
=
2
2
3 + 7 x 3 + 7 x 14 49 + 343 ln 3 + 7 x + C
17. Formula 23 with u = x, a 2 = 3 . Then du = dx.

1
2
2
2
x 3 dx = 2 x x 3 3ln x + x 3 + C
18. Formula 11 with u = x, a = 1, b = 5, c = 3, k = 2. Then du = dx.
dx
1
1 + 5x
(1 + 5 x)(2 x + 3) = 13 ln 2 x + 3 + C
19. Formula 38 with u = x, a = 12. Then du = dx.
1/12
12 x
xe
e12 x
dx =
(12 x 1)
144
1/12
=
0
1
1
[e(0) 1(1)] =
144
144
20. Formula 46 with u = 3x, a = 2, b = 5.

Then du = 3 dx.
1
2 + 3x
1
2 + 3x
5 + 3x dx = 3 5 + 3x (3 dx) = 3 (2 + 3x)(5 + 3x) 3ln
2 + 3x + 5 + 3x + C
21. Formula 39 with u = x, n = 2, a = 1. Then du = dx.
2 x
e dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
Applying Formula 38 on
xe
dx with u = x, a = 1 (so du = dx) gives
xe
dx = e x ( x 1) + C1 . Thus
e dx = x 2 e x 2 e x ( x 1) + C = e x x 2 2( x 1) + C = e x x 2 2 x + 2 + C
2 x

2
4 dx
x 2 (1 + x )
= 4
1
1+ x
3
3
1
= 4 + ln
= 4 + ln 4(1 + ln 2) = 2 + 4 ln
2
2
2
4
x
x
x (1 + x)
1
dx
23. Formula 26 with u = 5 x, a 2 = 1. Then du = 5 dx.
5x2 + 1
2x2
5x2 + 1
5 dx
5x2
2 5
5
5x2 + 1
=
+ ln 5 x + 5 x 2 + 1 + C
2
5x
dx =
630
Section 15.3
dx
2 x
1
2
2 x 2
ln
2 x + 2
+C

x dx
1
1
(1 + 3x)2 = 9 ln 1 + 3x + 1 + 3x + C
26. Formula 47 with u = 3x, a = 5, b = 6. Then du = 3 dx.
3 dx
11
(5 + 3x)(6 + 3x) = ln 2 + 3x + (5 + 3x)(6 + 3x) + C
27. Formula 34 with u = 5 x, a = 7 . Then du = 5dx
dx
7 5x2
1
5
( 7 ) ( 5x)
2
2(
5dx =
1 1
ln
5 2 7
7 + 5x
+C
7 5 x
28. Formula 24 with u = 3 x, a 2 = 6 . Then du = 3dx .
7x
3x 2 6 dx =
( 3)
3x
) ( 3x )
2
3 dx
7 3x
36
(6 x 2 6) 3 x 2 6 ln 3 x + 3 x 2 6 + C
8
3 3 8
29. Formula 42 with u = 3x, n = 5. Then du = 3 dx.

36
5
5
5
36 x ln(3x)dx = 36 x ln(3x)dx = 36 (3x) ln(3x)(3 dx)
4 (3x)6 ln(3 x) (3 x)6
6
=
+ C = x [6 ln(3x) 1] + C
81
6
36
5 dx
dx
3 + 4x
4
3 + 2x
x2 (3 + 2 x)2 = 5 x2 (3 + 2 x)2 = 5 9 x(3 + 2 x) + 27 ln x
+C
31. Formula 13 with u = x, a = 1, b = 3. Then

du = dx.
3
2
2(9
x
2)(1
+
3
x
)
270 x 1 + 3xdx = 270 x 1 + 3x dx = 270
15 9
+C
= 4(9 x 2)(1 + 3 x) 2 + C
32. Formula 42 with u = x, n = 2. Then du = dx.

x3 ln x x3
2
2
9
x
ln
x
dx
=
9
x
ln
x
dx
=
9
+ C = 3x3 (ln x) x3 + C
3
9
631
33. Formula 27 with u = 2x, a 2 = 13 . Then

du = 2 dx.
dx
1
1
=
(2 dx)
2
4 x 13 2
(2 x)2 13
=
38. Formula 2 with u = x3 , a = 1, b = 2. Then

du = 3 x 2 dx.
1 3x2
1
3
0 1 + 2 x3 2 ln 1 + 2 x 0
1
1
= ln 3 ln 1 = ln 3
2
2
1
ln 2 x + 4 x 2 13 + C
2
34. Formula 44 with u = 2x. Then du = 2 dx.

dx
(2 dx)
x ln(2 x) = (2 x) ln(2 x)
x dx
1
2 x
dx
16 9 x 2
+C
8x
( 2 ) ( 3x )
6x
x + 7e
4 x
2 + 2 3x2
3x
+ 7e
dx = 3
du.
2 x5 / 2
e
5
6 x5 / 2
e
+C
5
2 x 2 + 1dx =
2
3dx
3
2
= 2x2 + 1
+C
5 3/ 2
2 x dx
dx
2 x
3
2
3
2x2 + 1
2
1
2
(4 x dx)
3
2
+C
+C
5 x3 x
1 1
5
dx = x 2 x 2 dx
2x
2
2
5 3
= x x +C
6
42.
43.
x2 5 x + 6 dx = ( x 3)( x 2) dx
dx
4 x
5/ 2
3 ( 2 x + 1)
=
3x
xe x
41. Can be put in the form u n du .
= 2
37. Formula 45 with u = x , a = , b = 7, c = 4 .

Then du =
1
ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
3x
du = 3dx .
= 2 3 x 2 2 ln
40. Can be put in the form
36. Formula 22 with u = 3 x, a = 2 . Then
2 3x 2
dx =
x
u du .
x2 + 1 = 2 x2 + 1 (2 x dx)
35. Formula 21 with u = 3x, a 2 = 16. Then

du = 3 dx.
2 dx
(3 dx)
= 2(3)
2
x 16 9 x 2
(3 x)2 16 (3 x)2
16 9 x 2
+C
= 6
16(3x)
= ln ln(2 x) + C
dx
Formula 11 with u = x, a = 3, b = 1, c = 2, and

k = 1. Then du = dx.
1
1
x2 5 x + 6 dx = ( x 3)( x 2) dx
x3
= ln
+C
x2
= 2 4 x ln + 7e4 x + C
4 x
=
4 x ln + 7e
+C
2
632
Section 15.3
50. Formula 41 with u = x 2 . Then du = 2x dx.

e2 x
1 3x ln x
12
1
dx = e2 x + 3
(2e2 x dx)
2x
2
e +3
dx
e
45. Formula 42 with u = x and n = 3. Then du = dx.

x4
1
3
x ln x dx = 4 ln( x) 4 + C
3 e
3
ln( x 2 )[2 x dx] = [ x 2 ln( x 2 ) x 2 ]
1
2
2
1
3 2
2
2
= [(e ln(e ) e ) (1 ln1 1)]
2
3
= (e2 + 1)
2
46. Formula 38 with u = x and a = 1. Then du = dx.
51. Formula 15 with u = x, a = 4 and b = 1. Then

du = dx.
= e2 x + 3 + C
xe x dx = e x ( x 1) = e3 (4) 1(1)
= 1 4e
47. Formula 38 with u = x and a = 3. Then

du = 2x dx.
2
x dx
4 x
2( x 8) 4 x
3
2
9 3 10 2
3
e3 x 2
= 2
(3 x 2 1) + C
9
2
2 3x
2
= e (3x 1) + C
9
= 35
3 + 2 xdx = 35
2 72 72 x + 60 x
2 2
1 x
) (3 + 2 x)
840
2 x dx
8 x2
49. Formula 43 and then Formula 41. For Formula

43, let u = x, n = 0, and m = 2. Then du = dx.
(8 x )
Now we apply Formula 41 to the last integral

with u = x (so du = dx).
= 2
633
12
(2 x dx)
1
2
0
1 1
2
= 2
0
7 2 2
=2 2 2 7
x dx = x(ln x)2 2 x(ln x) + 2 x + C
1
2
= 2 8 x 2
2
2
ln x dx = x ln x 2 ln x dx
= 8 x2
= 98 7 25 5
ln
2
=
[23(11)3 / 2 14(8)3 / 2 ]
135
2
=
253 11 224 2
135
3 + 2 xdx
3
2
)
2(9 x 4)(2 + 3 x)3 / 2
135
x 2 + 3 x dx =
48. Formula 14 with u = x, a = 3 and b = 2. Then

du = dx.
2
52. Formula 13 with u = x, a = 2, and b = 3. Then

du = dx.
3 3x
2 3x
4 x e dx = 2 x e [2 x dx]
1 35 x
7 8

58. Formula 6 with u = q, a = 1 and b = 1. Then
du = dq.
1 0.1 dq
n=
0.4 0.3 q 2 (1 q )
54. Formula 39 with u = x, n = 2, a = 3. Then

du = dx.
x 2 e3 x 2
2 3x
3x
x e dx = 3 3 xe dx
For
3x
xe
0.1
dx, use Formula 38 with u = x and
a = 3. Then du = dx.
x 2 e3 x 2 e3 x

(3x 1)
3
3 9
3x
e
[9 x 2 6 x + 2]
=
27
2 3x
x e dx =
1 1
1 q
ln
0.4 q
q
0.3
1
7
10
[10 ln 9] ln
0.4
3
3
1 20
7
ln 9 + ln 20
0.4 3
3
ln 2
ln 2 2 3 x
x e
0
e3 x
[9 x 2 6 x + 2]
dx =
27
0
8
1
[9(ln 2) 2 6 ln 2 + 2] [2]
=
27
27
2
2
[36(ln 2) 24 ln 2 + 7]
=
27
59. a.
0 1000e
b. For
10
qn
0
= ln
du can
dt
10
500te0.06t dt use Formula 38 with
500te0.06t dt
10
qn
= ln
10
e0.06t
(0.06t 1)
= 500
0.0036
0
500
[e0.6 (1.6) (1)]
=
0.0036
$16,930.75
k dx .
q0
0.04t
dq
q
= ln
1 q
q (1 q)
= 500 te0.06t dt
60.
57. Formula 5 with u = q, a = 1, and b = 1. Then

du = dq.
t = u and a = 0.06, so du = dt.
dx = 1 dx = x = 2 1 = 1
1
dt , the form
1000 9 0.04t
e
(0.04 dt )
0.04 0
9
1000 0.04t
e
=
0.04
0
1000 0.36
(e
=
1)
0.04
$7558.09
( )
0.04t
1
1
= 2 ln(4) 1 ln(2) +
2
4
1
3
= 2 ln 22 ln(2)
2
4
1
3
= 4 ln(2) ln(2)
2
4
7
3
= (ln 2)
2
4
0 1000e
be applied.
55. Integration by parts or Formula 42. For Formula

42, let u = 2x, n = 1. Then du = 2 dx.
2
1 2
1 x ln(2 x)dx = 4 1 (2 x) ln(2 x)[2 dx]
1 (2 x) 2 ln(2 x) (2 x)2
=
4
2
4
For
qn
q0
ln
1 qn
1 q0
0 ke
=
qn (1 q0 )
q0 (1 qn )
634
rt
ke
ke rt
1 T
dt = k e rt ( r dt ) =
r
r 0
rT
1 e rT
k
+ = k
r
r
10
61. a.
Section 15.4
10
400e0.06(10t ) dt = 400 e0.60.06t dt
3.
10 0.6 0.06t
e e
dt
0
0.6 10 0.06t
= 400
= 400e
dt
1 10 0.06t
= 400e0.6
(0.06 dt )
e
0.06 0
=
400e0.6 0.06t
e
0.06
$5481
10
=
0
4.
0.04(5t )
5.
f =
dt = 40 te0.2 e0.04t dt
e0.04t
(0.04t 1)
0.0016
0
6.
0.2
40e 0.2
e
(0.2 1) 1(1) $535
0.0016
62. Use Formula 38 with u = t and a = 0.07, so

du = dt.
5
0 50, 000te
0.07t
3 2
1
1 x3
x dx =
3 (1) 1
4 3
7
=
3
0
5
f =
3
1
2t 5 dt
3 (3) 3
1 t6
6 3
3
3
1 4 2
t t + 9 dt
4 0 0
1 1 4
= t 2 + 9[2t dt ]
4 2 0
f =
3
2
49
=
6
7.
1 9
f =
6 xdx =
9 1 1
8.
f =
1 32
4 x = 13
8
1
3
=
1
1 3 5
1 5
1 5
= + 5
dx =
2
1
3 1 x
2 x1 2 3
5
=
3
1
1
9
4
3
9. P =
=
2.
= 1
1
dt = 50, 000 te0.07t dt
Problems 15.4
f =
1 3 2
x + x + 1 dx
3 1 1
2
1 2 t +9
=
8
3
e0.07t
= 50, 000
(0.07t 1)
0.0049
0
50, 000 0.35
[e
(1.35) 1(1)]
=
0.0049
= $496, 640
1.
1
= [36 (3)6 ]
18
=0
1 x3 x 2
22
=
+
+ x =
2 3
2
3
1
= 40e
1
2 x x3
3
f =
5
40e0.2 te0.04t dt
0
0.2
2
1
2 3 x 2 dx
2 (1) 1
400e0.6 0.6
1
e
0.06
b. Use Formula 38 with u = t and a = 0.04, so

du = dt.
0 40te
f =
3x 2
1 2
7
(3x 1)dx =
x =
2 1 1
1 2
100
1
369q 2.1q 2 400 dq
100 0 0
1
184.5q 2 0.7 q3 400q
100
100
0
1
=
(1,845, 000 700, 000 40, 000) 0
100
= 11,050
Answer: $11,050
635
10. c =
500
1
4000 + 10q + 0.1q 2 dq
500 100 100
1
0.1q3
=
4000q + 5q 2 +
400
3
14.
17,333.33
1. Separating variables, we have

dI
= 0.0085I
dx
dI
= 0.0085dx
I
1
I dI = 0.0085 dx
ln I = 0.0085 x + C1
To solve for I, we convert to exponential
Formula
100
1 2
3000e0.05t dt
2 0 0
3000 1 2 0.05t
=
e
[0.05 dt ]
2 0.05 0
= 30, 000e0.05t
2
0
R (1 + t ) 2
dt
F1
= 30, 000 e0.1 1 3155.13
Answer: $3155.13
1 T R
1
12. C =
dt =
0
T 0
F (t )
T
R 1
TF1
=
R
TF1
R
(1 + t ) [ dt ] =
TF1
2
I = e0.0085 x +C1 = Ce0.0085 x . Since I = I 0
when x = 0, I 0 = Ce0 = C , so
I ( x) = I 0 e0.0085 x .
(1 + t )3
Problems 15.5
(1 + T )
1

3
3
1. y = 2 xy 2
dy
= 2 xy 2
dx
dy
= 2 x dx
y2
R
=
1 + 3 T + 3 2T 2 + 3T 3 1
3 TF1
=
R
1
(3 T ) 1 + T + 2T 2
3 TF1
3
2 2
R 1 + T + 13 T
F1
r ( q0 )
r ( q0 )
q0
dy = 2 x dx
1
= x2 + C
y
y=
1
dr
13. Average value =
dq .
q0 0 dq
1
r ( q0 ) r (0)
=
q0
But r(0) = 0, so avg. value =
1 1
1
dx 0.32
1 0 0 x 2 4 x + 5
500
Answer: $17,333.33
11.
f =
1
2
x +C
2. y = x 2 y 2
dy
= x2 y 2
dx
dy
= x 2 dx
y2
. Since
= [price per unit when q0 units are sold] q0 ,

we have
price per unit
when q0 units q0
are sold
avg. value =
q0
= price per unit when q0 units are sold.
636

dy
y2 = x
Section 15.5
6. y = e x y 3
dy
= e x y3
dx
dy
= e x dx
3
y
dy
x
y3 = e dx
1
= ex + C
2
2y
1
2
y =
x
2(e + C )
dx
1 x3
=
+ C1
y
3
1 1
= ( x3 + 3C1 )
y 3
1
1
= ( x3 + C )
3
y
3
y=
3
x +C
3.
dy
3x x 2 + 1 = 0
dx
dy = 3x x 2 + 1
dy = 3 x ( x
1
2
dx
dy
dx
dy
y
) dx
3
dy = 2 ( x + 1) [2 x dx]
3 ( x + 1)
y=
+C
2
+1
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
y = x2 + 1
3
2
dy
dx
=
y x
ln y = ln x + C1
ln y = ln x + ln C, where C > 0.
ln y = ln(Cx) y = Cx , where C > 0.
+C
8.
dy x
=
4.
dx y
y dy = x dx
y dy = x dx
dy
+ xe x = 0
dx
dy = xe x dx
x
dy = xe dx
y = xe x dx
y 2 x2
=
+ C1
2
2
Using integration by parts or formula 38 gives

y = (1 x)e x + C
y 2 = x 2 + 2C1
y 2 = x2 + C
5.
y
, where x, y > 0.
x
y
=
x
dx
=
x
7. y =
9. y =
dy
= y , where y > 0.
dx
dy
= dx
y
where y(1) = 1.
y2
dy
1
=
dx y 2
y 2 dy = dx
dy
y = dx
ln y = x + C1
y = e x +C1 = eC1 e x = Ce x , where C = eC1 . Thus
dy = dx
y3
= x+C
3
Given y(1) = 1, we obtain
y = Ce x , where C > 0.
637
13
= 1 + C , so
3
3
13. (3x 2 + 2)3 y xy 2 = 0, where y (0) = .
2
dy
(3x 2 + 2)3
= xy 2
dx
dy
x
=
2
2
y
(3x + 2)3
dy
x
y 2 = (3x2 + 2)3 dx
1
2
2
3
y dy = 6 (3x + 2) [6 x dx]
1
1
=
+C
2
y
12(3 x + 2)2
2
2
C = . Thus y 3 = 3 x = 3 x 2,
3
3
y = 3 3x 2.
10. y = e x y , where y(0) = 0

dy e x
=
dx e y
e y dy = e x dx
dy = e x dx
e y = ex + C
Since y(0) = 0, we have e0 = e0 + C , 1 = 1 + C,
3
we have
2
2
1
1
1
=
+ C , = + C , so
3
2
3
48
2(2)
2
Given that y (0) =
C = 0. Thus e y = e x , so y = x.
11. e y y x 2 = 0 , where y = 0 when x = 0.
ey
dy
= x2
dx
31
. Thus,
48
1
1
31
=
2
2
y
48
12(3 x + 2)
C=
e y dy = x 2 dx
dy = x 2 dx
x3
ey =
+C
3
Given that y(0) = 0, we have e0 = 0 + C , so

1 = C ey =
1
y2
x
x +3
+1 , ey =
, so
3
3
48(3 x 2 + 2)2
4 + 31(3x 2 + 2) 2
14. y + x3 y = 0 and y = e when x = 0.

dy
= x3 y
dx
dy
= x3 dx
y
dy
3
y = x dx
= 0, where y(1) = 2
dy
1
=
dx
y2
dx
y 2 dy =
x2
dx
2
y dy = x2
y3 1
= +C
3
x
x2
Now, y(1) = 2 implies C =
48(3 x 2 + 2)2
Hence, y =
x3 + 3
y = ln
.
3
12. x 2 y +
4 + 31(3 x 2 + 2)2
x4
+C
4
Given y(0) = e, ln e = 0 + C, so C = 1.
4
x4
x +1
Thus ln y =
+ 1, so y = e 4 .
4
ln y =
5
. Thus
3
y3 1 5
3
3
= + , y 3 = + 5, y = 3 + 5.
3
x 3
x
x
638
15.
Section 15.5
2
dy 3x 1 + y
=
, where y > 0 and y (1) = 8 .
dx
y
y dy
1 + y2
17. 2
xe
+2
+9
) dydx = 3xy
y2 + 9
2 2
y +9
3
1
2
3x2 + 2
3
2
x3 + 2 x + 1
[2 y dy ] =
, where y(0) = 0.
e x = 2( y 2 + 1) 1/ 2 1.
dx
19. (q + 1) 2
3x 2 + 2 dx
3
x + 2 x + 1
dc
= cq
dq
q
c dc = (q + 1)2 dq
= ln x + 2 x + 1 + C
Using partial fractions or Formula 7 for

q
(q + 1)2 dq , we obtain
1
ln c = ln(q + 1) +
+ C . Now, fixed cost is
q +1
given to be e, which means that c = e when q =
0. This implies 1 = 0 + 1 + C, so C = 0. Thus
ln( q +1) + q1+1
1
ln c = ln(q + 1) +
,
c=e
q +1
2
Now y(0) = 0 implies that (27) = ln(1) + C , so
3
C = 18. Thus
3
2 2
2
y + 9 = ln x3 + 2 x + 1 + 18 .
3
dx = y ( y 2 + 1)3 / 2 dy
1 x2
1
e [2 x dx] = ( y 2 + 1) 3 / 2 [2 y dy ]
2
2
1 x 2 1 ( y 2 + 1)1/ 2
e
=
+C
2
2
1/ 2
1 x2
e
= ( y 2 + 1)1/ 2 + C
2
1 1
1
Now y(0) = 0 gives =
+ C , so C = .
2
2
1
1 x2
1
Thus e
= ( y 2 + 1) 1/ 2 or
2
2
16. 2 y x3 + 2 x + 1
x2
3x2 3
Since y > 0, y =
+ 1 .
2
2
y + 9 dy =
3x 2 3
y2 =
+ 1
2
2
2y
xe x dx = y ( y 2 + 1)3 / 2 dy
18. x( y 2 + 1)3 / 2 dx = e x y dy, where y(0) = 0.
3x2 3
1 + y2 =
+
2
2
1
1
2 2
1
y
[2 y dy ] = 3 x dx
+
2
1
3x 2
2
1 + y2 =
+C
2
1
3
y (1) = 8 (1 + 8) 2 = + C
2
3
C=
2
Thus
1
3x 2 3
2
1 + y2 =
+
2
2
2
1
x x2 + 3
dx
2
12
1 1
y
2
e dy = 2 2 x + 3 [2 x dx]
1
1 2
2
ey =
x +3 +C
2
1
Now, y (1) = 0 e0 = (2) + C , so C = 0. Thus
2
1
1 2
1 2
2
ey =
x + 3 y = ln
x +3.
2
2
e y dy =
= 3x dx
dy
xe y
=
, where y(1) = 0.
dx
x2 + 3
c = eln( q +1) e q +1 , or c = (q + 1)e q +1 .

639
20.

23. Let N be the population at time t, where t = 0
corresponds to 1985. Since N follows
dy
xe x
= xe x y =
dx
ey
exponential growth, N = N 0 ekt . Now,

N = 40,000 when t = 0, so N 0 = 40, 000 .
y
x
e dy = xe dx
Using integration by parts or formula 38 gives
Therefore N = 40, 000ekt . Since N = 48,000
e y = e x ( x 1) + C . Now,
f (1) = 0 1 = e(0) + C , 1 = C, so
when t = 10, we have 48, 000 = 40, 000e10k ,

ln1.2
1.2 = e10k , ln 1.2 = 10k, k =
10
Thus
e y = e x ( x 1) + 1 , y = ln e x ( x 1) + 1 . Thus
f (2) = ln e2 + 1 .
21.
1
N = 40, 000e
dy
= 0.025 y
dt
N = 40, 000e
(*)
( )
t
10
0.18
(First form)
t
10
From (*), we have N = 40, 000 eln1.2 , so
ln y = 0.025t + C
Given that y = 1000 when t = 0, we have

ln 1000 = 0 + C = C. Thus
ln y = 0.025t + ln1000. To find t when money
is 95% new, we note that y would be
5%(1000) = 50. Solving
ln 50 = 0.025t + ln 1000 gives
ln1000 ln 50
120 weeks.
t=
0.025
N = 40, 000(1.2) 10
(Second form)
At year 2005, t = 20 and so
20
N = 40, 000(1.2) 10 = 40, 000(1.2) 2 = 57, 600 .
24. Exponential growth applies, so N = N 0 ekt .

When t = 0, then N = 50,000, So N 0 = 50, 000 .
Thus N = 50, 000ekt . When t = 50, then
N = 100,000, or 100, 000 = 50, 000e50 k or
ln 2
k=
. Thus
50
dr
r
= (50 4q)e 5
dq
r
e 5 dr = (50 4q)dq
r
5
( 10t )
N = 40, 000e0.018t
y dy = 0.025 dt
22.
ln(1.2)
N = 50, 000e
5e = 50q 2q + C
Since r = 0 when q = 0, we have 5(1) = C, C = 5.
t ln 2
50
( )t
N = 50, 000e
N = 50, 000e0.0138t
5e 5 = 50q 2q 2 + 5
r
2
e 5 = 10q q 2 + 1
5
2
r
= ln 10q q 2 + 1
5
5
2
r = 5ln 10q q 2 + 1
5
1
5
2
Since r = pq, p = r = ln 10q q 2 + 1 .
q
q
5
(*)
0.69
50
(First form)
From (*), N = 50, 000 eln 2
N = 50, 000(2) 50 .
When t = 100, then
t
50
, so
(Second form)
100
N = 50, 000(2) 50 = 50, 000(2) 2 = 200, 000
25. Let N be the population (in billions) at time t,

where t is the number of years past 1930.
N follows exponential growth, so N = N 0 ekt .
When t = 0, then N = 2, so N 0 = 2 . Thus
N = 2ekt . Since N = 3 when t = 30, then
640
Section 15.5
28. N = N 0 et
After 100 s, 70% remains.
3 = 2e30k
3
= e30k
2
3
30k = ln
2
3
ln
k= 2
30
0.7 N 0 = N 0 e100
0.7 = e100
100 = ln 0.7
ln 0.7
=
100
0.0035667
The half-life is
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 100
194.3 s.
0.7
ln 0.7
ln100
ln 3
Thus N = 2e 30 2 .
In 2015, t = 85 and so
85
N = 2e 30
ln 32
2e1.14882 billion.
26. Let N = population at time t and

N 0 = population at t = 0. Then N = N 0 ekt .
When t = 100, then N = 3 N 0 , so
29. Let N be the amount of
C present in the scroll
t years after it was made. Then N = N 0 et ,

where N 0 is amount of 14 C present when t = 0.
We must find t when N = 0.7 N 0 .
ln 3
.
100
Setting N = 2 N 0 and solving for t gives
3N 0 = N 0 e100k or k =
2 N0 = N0e
14
0.7 N 0 = N 0 et
t ln 3
100
0.7 = et
t = ln 0.7
ln 0.7
so t =
. By Equation 15 in the text,
t ln 3
100
2=e
t ln 3
ln 2 =
100
100 ln 2
t=
63.
ln 3
The population will double in approximately
63 years.
ln 2
, so
5730
ln 0.7
5730 ln 0.7
t=
=
2900 years.
ln 2
ln 2
5730
27. Let N be amount of sample that remains after t

seconds. Then N = N 0 et , where N 0 is the
initial amount present. When t = 100, then
N = 0.3 N 0 . Thus
30. N = N 0 et
0.1N 0 = N 0 et
0.1 = et
t = ln(0.1)
0.3N 0 = N 0 e100
0.3 = e100
100 = ln 0.3
ln 0.3
=
100
Thus 0.01204 . The half-life is
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 100
57.57 s.
ln
0.3
ln
0.3
t=
ln 0.1
By Equation 15 in the text, =

t=
100
641
ln 0.1
ln 2
5730
ln 2
, so
5730
5730 ln 0.1
19, 000 years.
ln 2
31.
dN
= kN
dt
By Equation 15 in the text, 8 =
N = Aekt
Thus t =
N 0 = Aekt0
A=
N0
ekt0
Thus N =
(e ) = N e
N0
kt
ekt0
35.
kt kt0
, or
k t t
N = N 0 e ( 0 ) , where t t0 .
32. a.
From Equation 15 in the text, 140 =

Thus =
b.
ln 2
ln 2
.
140
N = N 0 et = N 0 e
ln 2
t140
= N0 e
2
365ln
140
33. N = N 0 et
When t = 2, then N = 10. Thus 10 = N 0 e2 ,
N 0 = 10e2 . By Equation 15 in the text,
ln 2
ln 2
6
2 ln62
= 10e
ln 2
3
12.6 units.
ln 2
ln 2
.
8
5.9 days.
dA
= 200 0.50 A
dt
dA
200 0.50 A = dt
1
ln(200 0.50 A) = t + C1
0.50
ln(200 0.50 A) = 0.50t 0.50C1
= 0.50t + C2
Thus
36.
34. N = N 0 e
We want to find t when
3
N = N0
5
dP
dP
= k (150, 000 2 P)
dx
150, 000 2 P = k dx
1
ln[150, 000 2 P ] = kx + C
2
Since P(0) = 15,000, we have
1
ln[150, 000 30, 000] = C , so
2
1
1
ln[150, 000 2 P] = kx ln[120, 000].
2
2
3
t
5 N0 = N0e

3
= et
5
3
t = ln
5
t=
8ln 53
,=
Thus A = 400 1 e 2 . If t = 1,
12
A = 400 1 e 157 grams per square meter.
Thus N 0 = 10e
ln 2
8
200 0.50 A = e0.50t +C2 = e0.50t eC2

A
200 = Ce0.50t
2
Given that A = 0 when t = 0, we have C = 200,
A
t
so 200 = 200e 2
2
A
t
200 200e 2 =
2
A
2t
200 1 e =
N
365ln 2
= e 140 0.164
N0
6=
ln 53
ln 2
ln 53
642
Section 15.6
Since P(1000) = 70,000,

1
ln[150, 000 140, 000]
2
b.
1
= 1000k ln[120, 000]
2
1 ln[120, 000] ln[10, 000] ln12
k=
=
2
1000
2000
Thus
1
ln12
1
ln[150, 000 2 P ] =
x ln[120, 000]
2
2000
2
ln12
ln[150, 000 2 P ] =
x + ln[120, 000]
1000
150, 000 2 P = e
ln12 x
1000
1 + bect
M = 100,000
Since N = 50,000 at t = 0 (1995), we have
100, 000
100, 000
50, 000 =
, so 1 + b =
= 2, or
1+ b
50, 000
b = 1.
100, 000
Hence, N =
. If t = 5, then N = 60,000,
1 + ect
so
100, 000
60, 000 =
1 + e5c
100,
000 5
1 + e5c =
=
60, 000 3
5
2
e5c = 1 =
3
3
1/ 5
2
ec =
3
100, 000
Hence, N =
. In 2005, t = 10, so
t /5
1 + 23
dV
= kV
dt
1
V dV = k dt
lnV = kt + C1
V = ekt eC1
or V = Cekt . Now t = 0 corresponds to

July 1, 1996 where
V = 0.75 80,000 = 60,000, so
60,000 = C(1). Thus V = 60, 000ekt . Also
V = 38,900 for t = 9.5, so
( )
9.5k
ln
1. N =
P = 75, 000 60, 000(122 ) $74,583.
Thus V = 60, 000e 9.5
t
ln ( 389 )
7
= e 9.5 600
30
t
7
389
ln =
ln
30
9.5

600
7
9.5ln 30
t=
31.903
ln 389
600
Problems 15.6
38,900 = 60, 000e

389
= e9.5k
600
389
9.5k = ln
600
1 389
k=
ln
9.5 600
( 389
600 )
This corresponds to about 31 years and

11 months after July 1, 1996 June 2028.
1
ln12 x
P = 150, 000 120, 000e 1000
2
x
1000
= 75, 000 60, 000 12
If x = 2000, then
37. a.
ln
( )
( )
ln12 x
1000
ln[120,000]
150, 000 2 P = 120, 000e
14, 000 = 60, 000e 9.5
N=
100, 000
1+
2. N =
( )
2
3
69, 200.
1 + bect
Since M = 500, and N = 200 when t = 0, we have
500
200 =
1+ b
500 5
3
= b= .
1+ b =
200 2
2
500
Hence N =
. When t = 1 we are given
1 + 32 ect
( 389
600 )
.
643
N = 300. Thus
500
300 =
1 + 32 ec
3
500 5
1 + ec =
=
2
300 3
3 c 2
e =
2
3
4
c
e =
9
500
Hence N =
1 + 32 94
( )
N=
3. N =
500
1 + 32
( 94 )
30, 000
1+ b
30, 000
= 75
1+ b =
400
b = 74
30, 000
Hence N =
. If t = 1, then N = 1200.
1 + 74ect
Thus
30, 000
1200 =
1 + 74ec
30, 000
1 + 74ec =
= 25
1200
400 =
. When t = 2, then
74ec = 24
24 12
ec =
=
74 37
30, 000
Hence N =
1 + 74 12
37
386 .
( )
ct
1 + be
M = 40,000, and N = 20 when t = 0, so
40, 000
20 =
1+ b
40, 000
1+ b =
= 2000
20
b = 1999
40, 000
Hence N =
.
1 + 1999ect
40, 000
Since N = 100 when t = 1, 100 =
,
1 + 1999ec
40, 000
= 400
1 + 1999ec =
100
399
ec =
1999
40, 000
Hence N =
.
t
399
1 + 1999 1999
If t = 2, then N =
40, 000
399
1999
1 + bect
M = 100,000, and since N = 500 when t = 0, we
have
100, 000
500 =
1+ b
100, 000
1+ b =
= 200
500
b = 199
100, 000
. If t = 1, then
Hence N =
1 + 199ect
N = 1000. Thus
100, 000
1000 =
1 + 199ec
100, 000
= 100
1 + 199ec =
1000
1 + 1999
4. N =
5. N =
500.
199ec = 99
99
ec =
199
Hence N =
1 + bect
Since M = 30,000, and N = 400 when t = 0, we
have
100, 000
1 + 199
N=
100, 000
1 + 199
644
99
( 199
)
( )
99
199
. If t = 2, then
1990 .
6. a.
Section 15.6
dN
= N (1 N )
dt
dN
= dt
N (1 N )
dN
N (1 N ) = dt
Using Formula 5 in the Table of Integrals,
dN
N
for
, we get ln
= t + C.
1 N
N (1 N )
c.
=
=
b.
e +1
1+ e
2 (1 + e t )
2(1 + et )
1 e t
2(1 + et )
et 1
e t 1
1 et
et 1
= f (t )
2(et + 1) 2(1 + et )
2(et + 1)
Thus, f(t) is symmetric about the origin.
d. The graph of N(t) is the graph of f(t) shifted

1
unit upward. Thus, since f(t) is
2
symmetric about (0, 0), N(t) is symmetric
1
about 0, .
2
1
N (t ) = f (t ) +
2
1
N (t ) = f (t ) +
2
1
= f (t ) +
2
1
= f (t ) + + 1
2
= 1 N (t )
N (et + 1) = et
=
1
2
denominator by et .
Also, N > 0, and since M = 1, N < 1. Thus

N
ln
= t.
1 N
N
= et
1 N
N = (1 N )et
2(et + 1)
Replace t by t then multiply numerator and
et
1
Since N (0) = , ln 2 = ln1 = 0 = C.
2
1 12
N=
f (t ) =
1
1 + e t
dN
= N (1 N ) = N N 2
dt
d2N
= 1 2N
dt 2
d2N
1
= 0 when N = .
2
1
1 2N > 0 when N < and 1 2N < 0
2
1
when N > , so there is an inflection point
2
1
when N = .
2
1
1
=
2 1 + e t
dt 2
e.
1.5
t
3
1 + e t = 2
e t = 1
t =0
7. a.
1
Thus the point 0, is an inflection point
2
on the graph.
N=
b.
645
375
5.2 2.3t
1+ e
375
375
1+ e
5.2 2.3t
1 + 181.27e2.3t
lim N =
375
= 375
1 + 181.27(0)
8. a.
N=
=
0.2524
e
2.128 x
11.
+ 0.005125
0.2524
0.005125
e2.128 x + 0.005125
0.005125
49.25
e2.128 x
0.005125
+1
49.25
1 + 195.1e2.128 x
b. If x = 0, then N
200, 000 x = e kt C = eC e kt = Ae kt , where

A = eC . Thus x = 200, 000 Ae kt . If t = 0,
then x = 50,000, so
50, 000 = 200, 000 A A = 150, 000 . Thus
49.25
0.2511 cm2.
1 + 195.1
x = 200, 000 150, 000e kt . If t = 1, then

x = 100,000, so
dT
= k (T a) where a = 10.
9.
dt
dT
= k dt
T + 10
dT
T + 10 = k dt
Thus ln(T + 10) = kt + C. At t = 0, we have
T = 28, so ln(28 + 10) = 0 + C, C = ln 38, and
ln(T + 10) = kt + ln 38.
ln(T + 10) ln 38 = kt
T + 10
Hence ln
= kt.
38
100, 000 = 200, 000 150, 000e k

150, 000e k = 100, 000
100, 000 2
ek =
=
150, 000 3
t
2
Thus x = 200, 000 150, 000 . If t = 3, then
3
8
x = 200, 000 150, 000 $155,555.56.
27
20 + 10
If t = 1, then T = 20. Thus ln
= k 1, so
38
30
15
k = ln
= ln . Hence
38
19
T
+
10
15
ln
= ln t.
38 19
12.
dN
= kN 2
dt
dN
N 2 = k dt
1
= kt + C
N
If t = 0, then N = N 0 . Thus
47 15
If T = 37, then ln = ln t
38 19
ln 47
t = 38 0.90 hr
15
ln 19
1
= C , so
N0
1
1
= kt
N
N0
1 kN 0 t + 1
=
N
N0
which corresponds to 54 minutes. Time of

murder: 4:15 A.M. 54 min = 3:21 A.M.
10.
dx
= k (200, 000 x)
dt
dx
200, 000 x = k dt
ln(200, 000 x) = kt + C
ln(200,000 x) = kt C
N=
dp
= kp( I p )
dt
This is logistic growth, so the maximum rate of
I
formation (growth) occurs when p = , which
2
is when there are equal amounts of both
enzymes.
N0
1 kN 0 t
1
+
As t
, then 1 kN 0t 0 , so
kN
0
N .
646
13.
Section 15.7
dN
= k (M N )
dt
dN
M N = k dt
ln(M N) = kt + C
If t = 0, then N = N 0 , so ln ( M N 0 ) = C .
Thus we have
ln( M N ) = kt ln ( M N 0 )
2.
(3x 1)
dx = lim
M N0
= kt
M N
M N
ln
= kt
M N0
3.
r 0
4.
1
x
5.
= 0+
1
3
23
dx
= lim e x [ dx] = lim (e x )

1
0 ( 5 + e
1 1
1
1
1 1
lim = 0 =
2
2 r r
9
2
9 18
7.
) dx = lim (5 + e ) dx
r
r 0
r
= lim 5r e r (0 1)
1
x
dx = lim
r 1
2
r 1
dx = lim 2 x 2
r
= lim 2 r 2 = diverges
r
647
1 1
= lim +
e
r e r
1
= lim 5r + 1 = diverges
r
r
e
1 1
=
e e
= lim 5 x e x
r 3
1
1
lim
2 r x 2
x
e dx
1
= lim e r + e1
dx = lim x 3 dx
= lim 3 3 r + 2 3 (4)
r
= diverges
6.
( x + 2)
( x + 2) 3
r 2
3e0.1t 3e0.3t dt
x 2
= lim
r 2
=
( x + 2) 2
= lim
Problems 15.7
dx = lim
3e0.3t dt
30
10
= lim
+
30e0 + 10e0
0.3r
r e 0.1r
e
30
10
= lim
+
(20)
0.3r
r e0.1r
e
= 0 + 0 + 20 = 20
The total amount of the drug that is eliminated is
approximately 20 milliliters.
1.
= lim 30e0.1t + 10e0.3t

r
r1
1
dx = lim dx = lim ln x
1
x
x
r
r
N = M ( M N 0 ) e kt
= lim
= lim ln r = diverges
M N = ( M N 0 ) e kt
0.1t
(3x 1) 2 [3 dx]
= lim ( ln r 0 )
M N
= e kt
M N0
0 ( 3e
ln
1.
1
= lim
r 3(3 x 1)
1
1
1
= lim
+
r
3(3
1)
6
r
1
= 0+
6
1
=
6
ln ( M N 0 ) ln( M N ) = kt
r 3 1
8.
( x + 9)
32
1 r 2
+
x
9
[2 x dx]
r 2 4
dx = lim
12.
9.
lim
( x + 1)2 dx = r
r
( x + 1) 2 dx
7x
dx = lim (7 x)
1
= lim 2(7 x) 2
r
Thus
11.
2 xe
0
dx =
k
k
lim +
=1
r r 800
k
0+
=1
800
k = 800
[ dx]
0
r
1
= lim 1 + 2
r
er
= 1 + 0 = 1
2 xe
x2
ke2 x dx = 1
lim
ke2 x
lim
2
r
= lim 2 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
r e r
Thus
k r 2 x
e [2 dx] = 1
r 2 1
14.
= lim e x
dx = lim 800
1200
x 2 dx
2 2
800 800
= lim
+
= 0+ =
r
1200
3 3
r
2 xe x dx = lim e x [2 x dx]
r
800
x 1200
r
800
= lim
1200
2 xe x dx = lim e x [2 x dx]
= lim e x
b.
x 2 dx = 1
k
=1
r x 800
800
lim
2 xe x dx + 2 xe x dx
diverges
800 x2 dx = 1
lim k
= lim 4 + 2 7 r = diverges
r
(5 3x)dx
13. a.
3
r
12
(5 3 x)dx
= lim 5 x x 2
2 r
r
= lim (0 0) 5r r 2
2
r
= lim 5r + r 2 =
2
r
1
= lim
r x + 1 r
1
1
= lim +
r 2 r + 1
1
= +0
2
1
=
2
10.
lim (5 3x )dx
(5 3x)dx = r
r
12
1
1
= lim x 2 + 9
+
= lim
r
4 r
r 2 + 9 5
1 1
= 0+ =
5 5
(5 3x)dx = (5 3x)dx + 0
=1
1
k
k
+
lim
=1
r
2
r 2e
2e2
k
=1
0+
2e 2
dx = 1 + 1 = 0.
Thus k = 2e2 .
648
15.
Chapter 15 Review
18. V = 0 e t e t dt = 0 lim
240, 000e0.06t dt
= lim
240, 000 r 0.06t

e
[0.06 dt ]
0.06 0
1
r
= 0 lim
240, 000 0.06t

e
0.06
r
240, 000 1
1
0.06 e0.06 r
r
240, 000
=
(1) = 4, 000, 000
0.06
16. = e x dx = lim e x [ dx]

xc
= lim e x
r
19.
= lim + e xc = 0 + e xc = e xc
r e r
1 x
r x 1
=
e 8 dx = lim e 8 dx
xc 8
xc
r
8
= lim e
8x
= 0+e
=e
0
(since < 0 )
= 0 .

(t + 2)
40, 000
dt
r 0 (t + 2) 2
dt = lim
40, 000 40, 000

= lim
+
2
r+2
r
40, 000
= 0+
= 20, 000 increase
2
( 18 ) xc
1. Use Formula 42 with u = x and n = 1. Then

du = dx.
x 2 ln x x 2
ln
x
x
dx
=
+C
2
4
( 18 ) xc
1 0 3x
e [3 dx]
r 3 r
1 1
= lim er
r 3 3
e3 x dx = lim
0
40, 000
xc
40, 000
t+2 0
r
2. Use Formula 27 with u = 2x, a 2 = 1 . Then

du = 2 dx.
1
1
1
(2 dx)
2 dx = 2
4x +1
(2 x)2 + 1
1 3x
e
r 3
r
1
1
= 0 = sq units
3
3
= lim
0 ( ) r
e
1
= lim
= lim
1
( 1 ) xc
= lim r + e 8
r
e8
[( )dt ]
r
xc
17. Area =
dt
Thus V =
xc
= 0 [0 1]

= lim
r ( )t
0 e
0 ( )t
= lim
e
r
= lim
r ( )t
e
r 0
649
1
ln 2 x + 4 x 2 + 1 + C
2
3. Use Formula 23 with u = 3x, a 2 = 16. Then

du = 3 dx.
2
1 2
2
2
0 9 x + 16 dx = 3 0 (3x) + 16 (3 dx)
1 1
= (3x ) 9 x 2 + 16 + 16 ln 3x + 9 x 2 + 16
3 2
8
8
= 2 13 + ln 6 + 2 13 0 + ln 4
3
3
8 6 + 2 13
= 2 13 + ln
3
4
8 3 + 13
= 2 13 + ln
3 2
4. By long division,
16 x
12
3 4 x dx = 4 + 3 4 x dx = 4 x 3ln 3 4 x + C
Or, by Formula 3 with u = x, a = 3, and b = 4. Then du = dx.

16 x
x
3
x
3 4 x dx = 16 3 4 x dx = 16 4 16 ln 3 4 x + C = 4 x 3ln 3 4 x + C
5.
15 x 2
15 x
(3x + 1)( x 2) dx = (3x + 1)( x 2) (3x + 1)( x 2) dx

For
15 x
(3x + 1)( x 2) dx, use Formula 12 with u = x, a = 1, b = 3, c = 2, and k = 1. Then du = dx.

15 x
(3x + 1)( x 2) dx = 15 (3x + 1)( x 2) dx = 15 7 2 ln x 2 3 ln 3x + 1 + C

For
(3x + 1)( x 2) dx, use Formula 11 with
u = x, a = 1, b = 3, c = 2, and k = 1. Then du = dx.

2
dx
1
3x + 1
(3x + 1)( x 2) dx = 2 (3x + 1)( x 2) = 2 7 ln x 2 + C
Thus,
15 x 2
(3x + 1)( x 2) dx
30
5
2 3x + 1
ln x 2 + ln 3x + 1 + ln
+C
7
7
7
x2
30
5
2
2
= ln x 2 + ln 3x + 1 + ln 3 x + 1 ln x 2 + C
7
7
7
7
= 4 ln x 2 + ln 3 x + 1 + C
=
650
6. The integral can be put in the form
Chapter 15 Review
u du
12. Use Formula 15 with u = x, a = 2, and b = 5.

Then du = dx.
x
2(5 x 4) 2 + 5 x
+C
2 + 5 x dx =
75
with
u = ln x.
e2
e2
e2 1 1
1
dx
=
e x ln x
e ln x x dx = ln ln x
e
13. Use Formula 38 with u = x and a = 7. Then

du = dx.
7x
7x
49 xe dx = 49 xe du
= ln ln e2 ln ln e = ln 2 ln1 = ln(2) 0 = ln 2
e7 x
= 49
(7 x 1) + C = e7 x (7 x 1) + C
49
7. Use Formula 9 with u = x, a = 2, and b = 1. Then

du = dx.
dx
1
1
x
x( x + 2)2 = 2( x + 2) + 4 ln x + 2 + C
14. Use Formula 45 with u = x, a = 2, b = 3, and

c = 4. Then du = dx.
dx
1
4x
2 + 3e4 x = 8 4 x ln 2 + 3e + C

du = dx.
dx
1 x 1
x2 1 = 2 ln x + 1 + C
15. The integral has the form

dx
9. Use Formula 21 with u = 4x and a 2 = 9 . Then

du = 4 dx.
dx
(4 dx)
= 4
2
2
2
(4 x) 9 (4 x) 2
x 9 16 x
9 16 x 2
= 4
9(4 x)
1 2
u du .
2 x ln x 2 = 4 ln x2 x dx = 4 ln ln x
+C
16. Use Formula 5 with u = x, a = 2, and b = 1. Then

du = dx.
dx
x
1
x(2 + x) = 2 ln 2 + x + C
+C
17. Long division or Formula 3. For long division,

2x
3
3 + 2 x dx = 1 3 + 2 x dx
9 16 x 2
+C
9x
10. Use Formula 42 with u = x 2 and n = 1. Then

du = 2x dx.
1
3
2
2
2
x ln x dx = 2 ( x ) ln( x )[2 x dx]
1 ( x 2 )2 ln x 2 ( x 2 )2
=
+C
2
2
22
=
= x 3
1
1
[2 dx]
2 3 + 2x
3
= x ln 3 + 2 x + C .
2
For Formula 3, use u = x, a = 3, and b = 2. Then
du = dx.
x
2x
3 + 2 x dx = 2 3 + 2 x dx
3
x 3
= 2 ln 3 + 2 x + C = x ln 3 + 2 x + C
2
2 4
1 4
1
x ln x 2 x 4 + C
4
8

du = dx.
9 dx
dx
1 x 3
x2 9 = 9 x2 9 = 9 6 ln x + 3 + C
3 x 3
= ln
+C
2 x+3
18. Use Formula 30 with u = 2x and a 2 = 9. Then

du = 2 dx.
dx
(2 dx)
2 2 = 2 2
x 4x 9
(2 x) (2 x)2 9
2
4 x2 9
+ C = 4x 9 + C
= 2
9(2 x )
9
651

22. Integration by parts
19. Partial fractions

5x2 + 2 5x2 + 2
A Bx + C
=
= +
3
2
x +x
x( x + 1) x x 2 + 1
u = x2
dv = e x dx
5 x 2 + 2 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
Then du = 2x dx and v = e x .
= ( A + B) x 2 + Cx + A
Thus, A + B = 5, C = 0, A = 2. This gives
A = 2, B = 3, C = 0.
2
5x2 + 2
3x
x3 + x dx = x + x 2 + 1 dx
x 4 + x3 + x 2
= Ax( x + x + 1) + B ( x + x + 1) + (Cx + D) x
23.
24.
ln( x + 1)
x +1
+C
1 4
1 3
3 x 2 + 2 x dx =
x + x2
4 2 2
2
2
1
[(64 + 16) (8 + 4)] = 34
2
f =
1 1 2 t
t e dt
1 0 0
2 t
e dt = t 2 et 2 tet dt
For tet dt , use Formula 38 with u = t and a =

1. Then du = dt.
2 t
2 t
t
t e dt = t e 2[e (t 1)] + C
= et (t 2 2t + 2) + C
Thus,
1
1
f = t 2 et dt = et (t 2 2t + 2) = e(1) 1(2)
0
dx
= e 2.
1
1
dx and v = 2( x + 1) 2 .
x +1
25. y = 3x 2 y + 2 xy , y > 0
1
2
= 2( x + 1) ln( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)
12
dy
= 3 x 2 + 2 x dx
y
dx
and a = 1. Then du = dt.
21. Integration by parts

u = ln(x + 1)
For t 2 et dt , use Formula 39 with u = t, n = 2,
3
= ln x + ln x 2 + x + 1 + C
x
Then du =
f =
=
= ( A + C ) x3 + ( A + B + D ) x 2 + ( A + B ) x + B
Thus, A + C = 3, A + B + D = 5, A + B = 4,
B = 3.
This gives A = 1, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1.
3 x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3
x4 + x3 + x2 dx
1 3
2x +1
= +
+
dx
2
2
x
x
x + x + 1
dv = ( x + 1)
= e x ( x 2 2 x + 2) + C
3 x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3
12
2 xe dx = 2 xe 2e dx = 2 xe 2e
2 x
2 x
x
x
x e dx = x e (2 xe 2e ) + C
x 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)
A B
Cx + D
= +
+
x x2 x2 + x + 1
dx, use integration by parts again.
Then du = 2 dx and v = e x .
3 x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3
dv = e x dx
2 xe
u = 2x
20. Partial fractions

3 x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3
e dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
For
3
ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
= 2 ln x +
2 x
dx
= 2( x + 1) 2 ln( x + 1) 4( x + 1) 2 + C
dy
= 3 x 2 + 2 x dx
y
3
2
ln y = x3 + x 2 + C1 , from which y = e x + x +C1 ,
= 2 x + 1[ln( x + 1) 2] + C
3
2
y = Ce x + x , where C > 0.
652
26. y 2 xe x
y +3
Chapter 15 Review
= 0 , y(0) = 3
30.
2
dy
= 2 xe x +3e y
dx
y(0) = 3 implies e3 = e3 + C , C = 0. Thus
2
e y = e x +3 , or y = x 2 + 3 .
27.
x 2.5
dx =
1 x 2
= lim
1 0 1 x 2
e [2 x dx]
r 2 r
dx = lim
1 r 1 x 2
e [2 x dx]
r 2 0
xe1 x dx = lim
Thus
3x1.5 1
2
2
= lim
+
r 3r1.5 3
2
= 0+
3
2
=
3
1 x 2
xe
0 2x
e
r r
e2 x dx = lim
N 0 = 100, 000 . Thus N = 100, 000ekt .

Since N = 120,000 when t = 15, then
120, 000 = 100, 000e15k
1.2 = e15k
e2 x
r 2
ln 1.2 = 15k, or k =
dx = lim
N = 100, 000e
t ln1.2
15
ln1.2
. Thus
15
= 100, 000 eln1.2
t
15
t
15
= 100, 000(1.2)
For the year 2015 we have t = 30 and
r 1
1
1
dx = lim ln x
1 2 x dx = rlim
r 2
1 2 x
1
1
= lim ln r 0 = diverges
r 2
1
1
= e+ e = 0
2
2
31. N = N 0 e kt
Since N = 100,000 when t = 0 (1985),
1
1 1
1
= lim e 2r = 0 =
2
r 2 2
2
29.
x
r 1.5
xe1 x dx + xe1 x dx
2
1
= lim e1 x
r 2
0
2
1
1
1
1
= lim e1 r + e = 0 + e = e
2
2
2
r 2
r
lim x 2.5 dx
1
r
1.5 r
= lim
28.
2
dy = 2 xe x +3 dx
dx =
2
1
= lim e1 x
r 2
r
2
1
1
1
1
= lim e + e1 r = e 0 = e
2
2
2
r 2
2
e y = e x +3 + C
1 x 2
xe
2
e y dy = 2 xe x +3 dx
xe
30
N = 100, 000(1.2) 15 = 100, 000(1.2) 2 = 144, 000
32. N = N 0 e kt
When t = 0, then N = 40,000. Thus N 0 = 40, 000
and N = 40, 000e kt . When t = 10, then
N = 80,000, so
80, 000 = 40, 000e10k
2 = e10k
10 k = ln 2, or k =
653
t ln 2
ln 2
. Thus N = 40, 000e 10 .
10
33. N = N 0 et , where N 0 is the original amount

present. When t = 100, then N = 0.95 N 0 , so we
have
N = 300 300 =
1 + 224e 6c
450 3
=
1 + 224e 6c =
300 2
3
1
224e6c = 1 =
2
2
1
e 6c =
448
0.95N 0 = N 0 e 100
0.95 = e100
100 = ln 0.95
ln 0.95
=
0.0005 (decay constant). After
100
e6c = 448
6c = ln 448
ln 448
c=
1.02
6
450
Thus N
.
1 + 224e1.02t
200 years, N = N 0 e 200 . Thus

0.95
200 ln100
N
= e 2 ln 0.95
= e 200 = e
N0
0.90 = 90%
34.
dq
= kq
dt
dq
= k dt
q
dq
q = k dt
ln q = kt + C
When t = 0, q = q0 , so ln q0 = 0 + C = C. Thus
ln q = kt + ln q0
36. N =
35. N =
7 q
,
= e 7 0.09%.
k q0
450
1 + be ct
If t = 0, then N = 2. Thus 2 =
2000
1 + be ct
When t = 0 (last year), then N = 1000. Thus
2000
1000 =
1+ b
2000
=2
1+ b =
1000
b=1
2000
. When t = 1 then N = 1100.
So N =
1 + e ct
Thus
2000
1100 =
1 + ec
2000 20
1 + ec =
=
1100 11
9
ec =
11
2000
Hence N =
. When t = 2, then
t
9
1 + 11
q = e kt eln q0 = q0 e kt
When t =
450
450
,
1+ b
450
450
= 225 , b = 224, so N =
.
2
1 + 224e ct
If t = 6, then
1+ b =
( )
N=
37.
654
2000
( )
2
9
1 + 11
1200 .
dT
= k (T 25)
dt
dT
= k dt
T 25
dT
T 25 = k dt
ln(T 25) = kt + C
Chapter 15 Review
If t = 0, then T = 35. Thus ln 10 = C, so

T 25
ln(T 25) = kt + ln 10, or ln
= kt . If
10
9
t = 1, then T = 34 and ln = k . Thus
10
t2
1
2=
10te
41. a.
e 0.06t
(0.06t 1)
dt = 10
0.0036
0
f ( x) dx
= lim
r 0
(0.007e 0.01x + 0.00005e0.0002 x )dx
= lim (0.7e0.01x 0.25e0.0002 x )

r
t1
A0 ekt dt = lim
t1
r r
= lim A0
r
A0 e kt
r k
r
0
= lim
r
ek ( t2 t1 ) 1 .
e kt2
kt1
(1)
k t t
= e ( 2 1 ) . Substituting into (1) gives
Total revenue = r (12) r (0) =
12
TR
A0 ekt dt
t1
dr
dq .
dq
3
(138) = 207
2
Simpsons
f (0) = 25
4 f (3) = 88
2 f (6) = 36
4 f (9) = 52
f (12) = 7
208
1 t1 kt
e (k dt )
k r
= lim
TR
0.25
0.7
= lim
(0.7 0.25)
0.0002 r
r e0.01r
e
= 0 0 + 0.7 + 0.25
= 0.95
40.
dr
dq
n = 4, a = 0, b = 12
b a 12 0
=
=3
h=
n
4
Trapezoidal
f (0) = 25
2 f (3) = 44
2 f (6) = 36
2 f (9) = 26
f (12) = 7
138
10
[e 0.72 (0.72 1) (1)]
0.0036
$452
t1
A0 kt2
e ekt1
k
f (q) =
39.
kt2 kt1
e
A0 kt1
A
e [2 1] = 0 ekt1 .
k
k
12
t2
If A0 e kt2 = 2 A0 ekt1 , then e kt2 = 2ekt1 ,
38. Use Formula 38 with u = t, and a = 0.06, so

du = dt.
0.06t
(e
A0 kt1
e
k
A
= 0 e kt1
k
T 25
ln
= (ln 0.9)t . If
10
T = 37,
12
ln
= (ln 0.9)t
10
ln 1.2 = (ln 0.9)t,
ln1.2
t=
1.73
ln 0.9
Note that 1.73 hr corresponds approximately to
1 hr 44 min. Thus
6:00 P.M. 1 hr 44 min = 4:16 P.M.
12
A e kt
A0 e dt = 0
k
kt
3
(208) = 208
3
b. Total variable cost c(12) c(0) =
12
A0 kt1
e ekr
k
dc
dq
dq
dc
dq
a = 0, b = 12
Using as few data values as possible, we
choose n = 1 for Trapezoidal and n = 2 for
Simpsons (n must be even).
Trapezoidal (n = 1)
f (q) =
A
= 0 e kt1 since ekr 0 as r for
k
k > 0.
655
b a 12 0
=
= 12
n
1
f (0) = 15
3
VC (142) = 142
3
Using these results and those of part (a), we
have:
Trapezoidal
P(12) 207 141 25 = 41
Simpsons
P(12) 208 142 25 = 41
h=
f (12) = 7
22
12
(22) = 132
2
Simpsons (n = 2)
b a 12 0
h=
=
=6
n
2
f (0) = 15
VC

1. C = 2000, w0 = 200
C
2000
=
114
17.5 17.5
C
C 0.005t
w(t ) =
+ w0
e
17.5
17.5
2000
2000 0.005t
=
+ 200
e
17.5
17.5
Letting w(t) = 175 and solving for t gives
2000
2000 0.005t
175 =
+ 200
e
17.5
17.5
2000
2000 0.005t
175
= 200
e
17.5
17.5
weq =
4 f (6) = 48
f (12) = 7
70
6
(70) = 140
3
To each of our results we must add on the
fixed cost of 25 to obtain total cost. Thus for
trapezoidal we get TC 132 + 25 = 157,
and for Simpsons we have
TC 140 + 25 = 165.
VC
c.
We use the relation

12 dr dc
P (12) = dq 25 . First we
0 dq dq
determine variable cost for each rule with

b a 12 0
=
= 3.
n = 4 and h =
n
4
Trapezoidal
f (0) = 15
2 f (3) = 28
2 f (6) = 24
2 f (9) = 20
f (12) = 7
94
175 2000
17.5
200 2000
17.5
= e0.005t
175 2000
17.5
0.005t = ln
200 2000
17.5
175 2000
17.5
ln
2000
200
17.5
t=
69
0.005
Thus weq = 114 and t = 69 days.
2.
3
VC (94) = 141
2
Simpsons
f (0) = 15
4 f (3) = 56
2 f (6) = 24
4 f (12) = 40
f (12) = 7
142
656
dw
1
=
(C 17.5w)
dt 3500
dw
1
=
dt
C 17.5w 3500
dw
1
C 17.5w = 3500 dt
1
1
ln C 17.5w =
t + C1
17.5
3500
ln C 17.5w =
17.5
t 17.5C1 = 0.005t + C2
3500
C 17.5w = e0.005t +C2 = eC2 e0.005t = C3e0.005t
Thus C 17.5w = C4 e0.005t , where C4 is a constant and C4 = C3 . When t = 0, then w = w0 , so

C 17.5w0 = C4 . Thus C 17.5w = ( C 17.5w0 ) e0.005t
17.5w = C + ( C 17.5w0 ) e0.005t
C C 17.5 0.005t
w0 e
+
+
17.5 17.5 17.5
C
C 0.005t
w=
+ w0
e
17.5
17.5
which is Equation 2.
w=
C
C 0.005t
+ w0
e
17.5
17.5
C
= weq , we have w(t ) = weq + w0 weq e0.005t . Simplifying the equation
Since
17.5
1
1
w(t + d ) = w(t ) w(t ) weq gives w(t + d ) = w(t ) + weq . Thus
2
2
1
weq + w0 weq e0.005(t + d ) = weq + w0 weq e0.005t + weq , or
2
1
weq + w0 weq e0.005(t + d ) = weq + w0 weq e0.005t
2
Solving for d gives
1
e0.005(t + d ) = e0.005t
2
1
e0.005t e0.005d = e0.005t
2
1
0.005d
e
=
2
1
0.005d = ln = ln 2
2
ln 2
d=
0.005
as was to be shown.
3. w(t ) =
4. BMI =
w
2
, so w = BMI h 2 with w in kilograms and h in meters. 5 feet, 8 inches equals 68 inches, or
h
1.7272 meters. The upper BMI limit then corresponds to a weight of 24.9(1.7272)2 74.28 kilograms, or about
163 pounds. So the woman would need to lose 27 pounds. On a 2200 calorie-per-day diet,
125.71 lb and the weight function is
weq = 2200
17.5
w(t) = 125.71 + (190 125.71)e0.005t = 125.71 + 64.29e0.005t.

The solution of the equation 163 = 125.71 + 64.29e0.005t is t 109. It would take about 109 days.
657

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Manual Solution Mathematical Analysis For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences 12th Edition

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What are some of the properties discussed regarding operations with integers and rational numbers?

What are some of the properties discussed regarding operations with integers and rational numbers?

What are some examples of using the properties of exponents that are discussed?

What are some examples of using the properties of exponents that are discussed?

Table of Contents

1. True; 13 is a negative integer.

2. True, because 2 and 7 are integers and 7 0.

9. False; the left side is 5xy, but the right side is

10. True; by the associative and commutative

6. False, since a rational number cannot have

15. commutative and distributive

2 is an irrational real number.

17. definition of subtraction

9. False; we cannot divide by 0.

10. False, because the natural numbers are 1, 2, 3,

21. 2x(y 7) = (2x)y (2x)7 = 2xy (7)(2x)

12. False, since the integer 0 is neither positive nor

23. (x + y)(2) = 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y

24. 2[27 + (x + y)] = 2[27 + (y + x)] = 2[(27 + y) + x]

3. False; the negative of 7 is 7 because

26. (1 + a)(b + c) = 1(b + c) + a(b + c)

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

27. x(y z + w) = x[(y z) + w] = x(y z) + x(w)

53. 4(5 + x) = 4(5) + 4(x) = 20 + 4x

52. 3(x 4) = 3(x) 3(4) = 3x 12

41. 7(x) = (7x) = 7x

43. [6 + (y)] = (6) (y) = 6 + y

47. 2(6 + 2) = 2(4) = 8

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

1. (23 )(22 ) = 23+ 2 = 25 (= 32)

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

5 x 2 = (5 x 2 )1/ 5 = 51/ 5 ( x 2 )1/ 5 = 51/ 5 x 2 / 5

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

53. (2a b + c) 2 / 3 = 3 (2a b + c)2

54. (ab 2 c3 )3 / 4 = 4 (ab 2 c3 )3 = a b c

(24 a10b15 )1/ 20

(2334 )1/ 6 6 648

57. 3w3 / 5 (3w) 3 / 5 =

56. 2 x1/ 2 (2 y )1/ 2 = 2 x 2 y

a 3b 2 a5b 4 = (a 3b 2 )1/ 4 a5b 4

51. x 2 4 xy 2 z 3 = x 2 ( xy 2 z 3 )1/ 4 = x 2 x1/ 4 y 2 / 4 z 3 / 4

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

= [(5k 2 ) 2 3]1/ 2 = 5k 2 31/ 2

72. {[(3a3 ) 2 ]5 }2 = {[32 a 6 ]5 }2

75k 4 = (75k 4 )1/ 2 = [(25k 4 )(3)]1/ 2

(6)2 6 since 6 < 0.

x x 2 y3 xy 2 = x1/ 2 ( x 2 y 3 )1/ 2 ( xy 2 )1/ 2

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

20. u 2 + (5 + 2)u + 2(5) = u 2 + 7u + 10

21. ( w + 2)( w 5) = w2 + (5 + 2) x + 2(5)

23. (2 x)(5 x ) + [(2)(2) + (3)(5)]x + 3(2)

24. (t)(2t) + [(1)(7) + (5)(2)]t + (5)(7)

25. X 2 + 2( X )(2Y ) + (2Y )2 = X 2 + 4 XY + 4Y 2

+ [(1)(5) + (1)(2)] x + (1)(5)

14. 2 [3 + 4s 12] = 2 [4s 9] = 2 4s + 9