~Qualitative Research in Advertising -it is an  ACTION RESEARCH –involves the

approach to research that uses a variety of methods and application of the steps of the scientific
involves an
interpretative,naturalistic approach to whatever is the method in the classroom problems.
focus of study (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994)

~-Qualitative Research in Social Work -the researcher WEEK 3- QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND
is essentially the main instrument in the study, rather ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE
than standardized data collection devices
What is Qualitative Research?
~Qualitative Research in Marketing -has a long
history, influenced by social research, marketing  QUALITATIVE Research formalized
rearchers embedded projective devices within the
approach of in-depth interview.
the manner at the bottom of human
situation, social phenomena or inquiries
about human behavior in daily life.
TYPES AND KINDS OR RESEARCH IN  Cresswell (1994) defines qualitative
DIFFERENT AREAS/ FIELDS research as “inquiry process of
understanding a social or human
 APPLIED RESEARCH –is designed to behavior based on building a complex,
solve practical problems of the modern holistic pictures formed with words,
world, rather than to acquire knowledge reporting detailed views of informants
for knowledge’s sake; its goal is to and conducted in natural setting.
improve human condition.  Locke, Spirduso and Silverman (1987)
emphasize that the intent of qualitative
 BASIC RESEARCH –also referred to as research is to understand a particular
fundamental or pure research, is driven social situation, event, role, group or
by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a interaction.
scientific question.  Franenkel and Wallen (1990) stress that
researchers are interested in
 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH –refers understanding how things occur.
to the systematic investigation or
statistical study of relationship among
two or more variables, without Kinds of Qualitative Research
necessarily determining cause and Participant Observation –demands
effect.
immersion in the natural setting of the research
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH –refers to participant’s.
research that provides an accurate Observation –entails the systematic noting or
portrayal of a class or a particular recording of events, behaviors and artifacts
individual situation or group. (objects) in the social setting chosen for study.
 ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH –refers
to the investigation of a culture through  In-depth Interviewing –resembles
an in-depth study of the members of the conversations, but with pre-determined
culture; it involves the systematic response categories.
collection, description, and analysis of  Focus Group Interviewing –involves 7-
data for development of theories of 10, at times 6-8 people, who are
cultural behavior. unfamiliar with one another and have
been selected because they share
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH –is an certain characteristics that are relevant
objective, systematic, controlled to the research inquiry or problem.
investigation, for the purpose of  Content and Discourse Analysis –
predicting and controlling phenomena calls for systematic examination of forms
and examining probability and causality of communication to document patterns
among selected variables. objectively-as shown in letters, emails,
minutes of meetings, policy statements
 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH –is a and a lot more.
type conducted for a problem that has Content Analysis- a research
not been clearly defined. technique that analyzes the modes of
communication such as letters, e-mails
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH –is one etc.
involving analysis of events that Discourse Analysis-is the study of
occurred in the remote or recent past.
social life, understood through analysis
of language which includes face-to-face
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESARCH –is
inductive descriptive research talk non-verbal interaction, images and
developed from phenomenological symbols
philosophy.
  Materials for Discourse Analysis: - brief as possible and to avoid
include books,newspapers, periodicals, “unnecessary words.”
brochures and advertisements
Historical Analysis- a qualitative BROAD AND SPECIFIC TOPICS
method where there is an examining of - Too broad topics will lead you nowhere.
the past events to draw conclusions and In order to narrow down broad topics to
make predictions about the future. specific one, the purpose or intent of the
Narratology –can be applied to any study must be clear.
spoken or written story.
FACTORS THAT JUSTIFY CONDUCT OF
Films, Videos and Photographs –
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
these provide visual records of events, - Lincoln and Guba (1985), on the other
especially the films and videos where hand, cite the following factors for the
capture the perspective of the filmmaker soundness and justification of qualitative
or videographer. studies
WEEK 4- IDENTIFYING INQUIRY AND
STATING THE PROBLEM 1. Credibility –refers to the
“truth value” of the qualitative
RESEARCH TOPICS
study, its applicability,
- The research topic is essentially the
consistency and neutrality.
issue one wants to investigate.
2. Validity –refers to the in-
- It may be an idea or subject that the
depth description that shows
researcher is interested in, or a problem
the complexities of variables
in our society that requires solution
and embedding of interactions
which research can help identify.
in data derived from the
- In some books, the term research topic
setting.
is used to refer to the general area of
3. Transferability –is the
inquiry.
applicability of one set of
findings to another context.
STRATEGIES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH
4. Dependability –refers to the
TOPIC
researchers’ attempts to
- According to several authors (Silverman,
account for changing
2013; Merriam, 1998; Creswell, 2014),
conditions in the phenomenon
the following strategies may help you
chosen for study, as well as
select a research topic.
change in the design created
by increasing refined
1. Look into your own personal
understanding of the setting.
experience
5. Conformability –answers the
2. Read literature in your field of
following question: Do the
study
data help confirm the general
3. Reflect on existing issues in
findings and lead to the
society
implications?
WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE
- Research title, or research project, is a
RESEARCH QUESTIONS give focus to the
product of real world observations,
dilemmas, wide reading, selective research and serve as a guide to the
viewing (television programs, films, researchers.
documentaries, videos, etc.) meaningful - Research questions express clearly the
interactions with significant others, and specific direction of the research
deep reflection. problem as it comprises the core of the
- Research title must be original, clear, study.
concise or specific.
- Identify the main ideas behind your
TECHNIQUES FOR NARROWING DOWN A
research topic and how these are
TOPIC INTO A RESEARCH QUESTION
related to one another.
- Completing the sentence “My study is - Neuman (2007) likewise presented
about…” can also aid you in thinking of techniques to narrow down a topic into a
a research title as it asks you to capture research question:
the essence of your research in one 1. Examine the literature –Published
sentence. articles are an excellent source of
- Mention several features of your ideas for research questions.
research such as its purpose, approach, 2. Talk over ideas with others.
and methods (University of Southern 3. Relate the topic to specific
California, 2016). context.
- Wilkinson (1991, in Creswell, 2014, 26) 4. Define the aim or desired outcome
advised to create the research title as of the study.
 to help consider the kinds, methods and
sources of evidence for a new study.

2. Selective review that deliberately targets

other studies and appear to cover the
WEEK 5- IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND same topic and helps you define your
STATING THE PROBLEM new study in your own manner.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION 3. A comprehensive review which is

- The study's scope and delimitation conducted out of a desire to summarize
establish the boundaries and what is known on a given topic.
parameters of the problem inquiry and
narrows the scope of the inquiry. Kinds of literature review
- Scope and delimitation of the study sets 1. Traditional
boundaries and parameters of the  provides a quick overview of
problem inquiry and narrows down the current studies
scope of the inquiry.  helps explain why your study is
SCOPE - is the domain of your research. It important in the context of the
also refers to the specific aspects of the literature, and can help you
research that will be covered by the researcher. identify areas that need further
research
DELIMITATION - refers to the conceptual
boundaries of the research study. 2. Integrative
 allows integration of quantitative
with qualitative
BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES OF
RESEARCH 3. Syntactic
 synthesizes high quality empirical
Benefits – how the study will contribute information to answer a given
to the well-being of a person or a research question
progress of a group or society in  Conducting a systematic review
general. involves following rigorous,
Beneficiaries – people or group of predefined protocols “that
people who will benefit from the results minimize bias and ensure
of the research undertaking. transparency”.

Purposes of Statement of the Problem 4. Scoping

 Involves a broad research
Marshall and Rossman (1995) –
question that explores the current
explain clearly the purposes of the evidence base (Armstrong, Hall,
problem statement or inquiry Doyle & Waters, 2011). Helps
Statement of the Problem inform areas that are appropriate
for a systematic review.
- Major Problem: This study aims to
investigate the root causes of
CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD
narcissism, as well as its manifestations
LITERATURE REVIEW
and possible forms of intervention.
WEEK 6- LEARNING FROM THE OTHERS 1. Materials must be as recent as possible.
AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 2. Materials must be as objective and
unbiased possible.
What is a LITERATURE REVIEW? 3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
- A literature review provides an 4. Materials must not be too few but nor
too many.
overview of what has been written about
a specific topic.
- It includes practically all the information Type of Sources
and data which are authoritative and
1. Primary Sources –publications
relevant to the topic of the study as in in which researchers report the
the case of research and similar results of their studies.
scholarly undertakings. 2. Secondary Sources –
publications in which authors
describe the work of others.
Three types of literature review:
1. An initial collection to build study bank of Referencing allows you to acknowledge the
previously completed qualitative studies contribution of other writers and researchers in
your work. Referencing is also a way to give
credit to the writers from whom you have 4. Comparison and contrast – this
borrowed words and ideas. technique will lead to examining two
subjects or data in terms of one another.
Reference citations in text comprises author
surname/s, and the publication date of the WEEK 7- LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND
source within the body of the essay or report. It REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
is inserted directly after the information being
sourced from the scientific literature. WRITING COHERENT REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
Citing Related Literature Using Standard A literature review follows an essay format
Style (Introduction, Body, Conclusion), but if the
1. APA is an author/date-based style. literature itself is the topic of the essay, your
American Psychological Association essay will need to consider the literature in
2. MLA is most often applied in the arts terms of the key topics/themes you are
and humanities, particularly in the USA. examining.
Modern Language Association
Structure of a literature review
3. HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is
the most well used referencing style in 1. Introduction – often a single
the UK and Australia, and it is paragraph that introduces the
encouraged for use in the humanities. general topic and provides
4. CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are two scholarly or societal context for
separate styles but very similar. They the review.
are also widely used for history and - It also identifies the overall
economics. statement of knowledge about the
topic (e.g. methodology,
A synthesis is a discussion that draws on one evidence, problem or
or more sources. It refers to the bringing opportunity).
together of materials from different sources and
the creation of an integrated whole. 2. Body – you need to address
previous research on the topic
Types of synthesis groups according to theme,
theoretical, perspective, method
o Explanatory synthesis used or chronological
 Its primary aim is to present the development.
facts in a reasonably objective - This section draws together the
manner. Explanations given may significance of previous individual
entail descriptions, sequence of studies by highlighting the main
events or state of affairs. themes, issues and knowledge
o Argument synthesis gaps.
 Its purpose is for you to present
your own point of view with the 3. Conclusion – is often a single
support of relevant facts drawn line paragraph that provides a
from services and presented in a summary statement of the overall
logical manner. What is state knowledge of the topic.
presented may be debatable. -This section should reconnect
ideas to your introduction. It
should establish the potential
Techniques for writing a synthesis
significance of your proposed
1. Summary – you write one after the study relative to the current state
other the most relevant information and of knowledge.
sources you gathered.
2. Example or illustration – it is a ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING
RELATED LITERATURE
reference to a particularly illuminating
example or illustration that you have Ethical Relativism – refers to the view that
included in your review. values are relative in the sense that a person
feels his/her value is better than any other
3. Two (or more) reasons – a method person’s values.
where you simply state your thesis and
Ethical Principles – refers to values that are
then give reasons why it is true. Your
translated into rules or standards of conduct.
reasons need to be supported by
evidence from your data and sources. Ethical dilemma – entails a situation where
there is a felt conflict between values or
principles and a choice of action needs to be - Leedy and Omrod (2001) stress that the
decided. purpose of the study is to “understand
an experience from the research
Ethical standards – Resnik (2015) spelled out participant’s point of view”.
rules in writing literature review. - Thus, focus on the research participant
is more pronounced in this kind of
qualitative research.
Structure of the Literature Review
GROUNDED THEORY
• Focused –it presents only ideas and
- is an attempt to extract general abstract
reports on studies that are closely
theory of a process, or interaction
related to the topic.
grounded in the views of research
• Concise –the ideas should be
participants.
presented economically.
- This process uses multiple stages of
• Logical –the flow within and among
data collection and the refinement and
paragraphs should be smooth, logical
interrelationships of categories of
progression from one idea to the text.
information.
• Developed –the ideas are fully and
completely written.
• Integrative –it shows how ideas are Grounded Theory is an attempt to extract general
related and how all reviewed materials abstract theory of a process, or interaction
contribute to your topic. grounded in the views of research participants.
• Current –it exhibits up-to-date
Cresswell (1998) points out that the essence of
information related to your study.
this study is the search for the “central underlying
meaning of the research participant’s experience”.
Content analysis this kind of research examines
Week 8- UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS choice and use of words from which concepts or
TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT DATA images are vividly derived.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Leedy and Omrod (2001) stress that the purpose
of the study is to “understand an experience from
the research participant’s point of view”.
Case Study
Macmillan (1993) defines this type of research as
-Studies a person, program or event in interactive and which requires relatively extensive
a defined time frame (Leedy and Omrd, time in a site to systematically observe, interview
2001). and record processes as they occur in natural
- Cresswell (1998) says the structure of location
a case study should be the problem, the
context, the issues and the lessons
learned. Distinguishing TRUTH from OPINION
Ethnography  The validity of a statement determines
- Macmillan (1993) defines this type of whether it is fact or opinion. The
research as interactive and which following are some differences between
requires relatively extensive time in a opinions and the truth.
site to systematically observe, interview  Truth is a statement that can be
verified or proven using evidence or
and record processes as they occur in factual data, whereas an opinion is an
natural location. expression of an individual's views on a
certain topic.
Content Analysis  Truth is heavily dependent on facts,
- This research design calls for “a detailed whereas opinion is based on
and systematic examination of the assumptions and perception.
contents of a particular body of materials  In general, truth is an objective fact
for the purpose of identifying patterns. with general validity, whereas opinion is
purely subjective.
- This method identifies specific
Something is true if...
characteristics of the content of human  It can be justified or proven through
communication. the use of one's senses.
- This kind of research examines choice  It is based on facts.
and use of words from which concepts  It can be applied in real life (tested and
or images are vividly derived. verified)
Opinions
Phenomenological Study  'Comprised of statements which not
only give facts but also provide
- Cresswell (1998) points out that the
conclusions or perspectives regarding
essence of this study is the search for certain situations.
the “central underlying meaning of the  Are also the basis for making
research participant’s experience”. arguments
convincing people that certain claim is a fact
 They are often influenced by bias
 and study them profoundly with the aim
A method is a way of doing something, of discussing their origins and their
especially in a systematic way. In science, ultimate causes.
method is a series of steps taken to acquire
knowledge. Phenomenological survey of human
Philosophy of Human Person, being a existence and the subsequent
rational investigation into the nature of human transcendental reflections upon them
being, needs a method so that it can bring out brings some pieces of important information
its subject matter in a lucid and logical manner. concerning human person, which are
elaborated during the course of study of
 Observation involves carefully Philosophy of Human Person.
watching, listening to, or examining
something to gather information or Human being is a living organism who, by
understand it better. virtue of his/her anatomical structure, is
indubitably a part of the animal kingdom.
 But a mere scientific study of human
person is insufficient as it gives only
partial view of human reality while Philosophizing is the act of engaging in deep,
philosophers attempt to understand the reflective thinking or discussion to explore
ultimate causes, a total and complete fundamental questions about existence.
picture of the human person. knowledge, values, and realty.
Truth and Knowledge
Phenomenology of human existence is a Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a
philosophical approach that seeks to fact that has been verified.
understand and describe human life as it is Knowledge is simple data that ames from the
experienced from the first-person perspective. outside that pass to our senses. Itmust be
truthful to gain validity and acceptance.
 It aims to reveal the essence of human Propositions are statements about the world or
experiences by examining how reality which may or may not carry truth.
individuals engage with their
environment, others, and themselves, Knowledge is the clear awareness and
emphasizing the subjective nature of understanding of something. It is the product
existence. of questions that allow for clear answers
provided by facts.
 As a methodological tool to this effect,
we shall adopt the famous Thomistic Truth and Fact: ARE THEY THE SAME?
principle: Agere sequitur esse (as a A fact is something that's indisputable, based
being is, so does it act). In other words, on empirical research and quantifiable
the way a being acts gives us a clue to measures.
its intrinsic nature. Truth is entirely different; it may include fact,
but it can also include belief.
 This second phase that follows the Here are examples comparing truth and fact:
phenomenology of human existence is 1. Fact: "The Earth orbits the Sun.”
referred to as the transcendental Truth: "Our understanding of the universe is
phase, where the ultimate meaning of based on observable facts and scientific
the data is sought, that profound theories that reveal the Earth's place in the
meaning which confers upon the data a solar system."
meaning and renders this same data 2. Fact: "Water freezes at 0°C under standard
possible. atmospheric pressure."
Truth: "Scientific principles about the states of
Transcendental method searches for a matter help us understand how water behaves
justification and explanation that is final, in different conditions, reflecting broader truths
conclusive and exhaustive for all human about physical laws."
behaviour - activities, manifestations, cultural Doubt has a very important purpose in
products, etc. philosophy as it drives our desire to discover
We use these two methods - truth.
phenomenological and transcendental -
because human beings have two aspects,
namely, the physical and the psychic. The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
 Physical pertains to the body, the
material world, or anything that can be Human persons are biologically deficient
perceived by the senses. It involves beings. This means that we are not equipped
aspects that are tangible. measurable, with the best physical attributes among all the
and observable, often in contrast to the
mental or spiritual. beings in the world.
 Psychic pertains to the mind or soul,
often involving phenomena that are  Human persons do not have the natural
beyond the normal physical senses, ability to fly.
such as extrasensory perception,  Human persons cannot also breathe
telepathy, or other supernatural
abilities. underwater without the aid of a
 We need both objective observation breathing apparatus.
and introspection. POSSIBILITY
 Thus, our method is
inductive(general to specific) in
character - we move from phenomena
  A chance that something might exist,  A person who allows the pleasures of
happen, or be true ; dangerous drugs to rule over him
 The state or fact of being possible ; becomes a drug addict.
 Something that might be done or might In summary, the essence of
happen; transcendence is to acknowledge our
 Abilities or qualities that could make limitations, identify possibilities for
someone or something better in the development, and change ourselves for the
future. better. Through this we can be able to
TRANSCENDENCE discover or explore new things. Our
possibilities for transcendence give us the
 Exceeding usual limits or opportunity to work toward becoming better
SURPASSING; versions of ourselves.
 Extending or lying beyond the limits of
ordinary experience; The Human Body
 In Kantian Philosophy: being beyond the
a. A dignified body:
limits of all possible experience and
knowledge  Inherent with it is a dignity that needs to
be respected. His value is
 As an embodied spirit, it provides us immeasurable.
numerous opportunities to explore  Body parts have unique function through
everything around us and even within its senses. (seeing, tasting, smelling,
us. Through we enjoy a number of touching, hearing)
advantages compared to other beings,  It has a mind capable of high intellectual
still there are a number of things that we processes like thinking, willing and
naturally cannot do. feeling (soul).
 Despite these natural limitations, we  It is a body of unique person who was
have used our intellect to devise means once with us. (past) it carries with him
to achieve several feats. We now use the memory of the past.
airplanes to fly, employ scuba gear to b. Body as a component part of a person
swim underwater for extended periods,
and invented tools and machines to lift  Body is the medium
gear weights and perform other feats (tagalog:tagapamagitan) between the
well beyond our physical capabilities. self and the world.
 The ability to surpass limits is called  The body is not mere object tagged with
transcendence. Our mind is an material value.
important tool that allows us to go The human body is not a plain material
beyond many of our physical limits. As object like wood, paper, or stone etc.
persons, we are able to exercise our His value is immeasurable and
imagination and reflection to go beyond limitless.
our own thoughts and experiences.  His body should not be
 Although we have physical limitations, considered as a mode of
we can transcend them because of our payment of/for any business
spiritual dimensions. Being physically transaction.
limited in our abilities does not prevent  His body should not be
us from hoping for or aspiring to greater considered an object of pleasure,
things. or fantasy.
 Transcendence also means overcoming  There is a symbiotic relationship
oneself or being in control even if the between the body and the soul.
body reminds us of certain tendencies.
Although these tendencies are felt, the
Three conditions to meet before you can
person can govern them and ensure that
claim ownership of your body: (Dy,
they are exercised within the bounds of
Philosophy of Man)
reason.
 A person who has no control over his or  Nobody owns my body except me
her eating habit eventually becomes alone. It is mine and mine alone. The
unhealthy and develops an eating manner of ownership of the human body
disorder. cannot be equated with owning an
object.
  A person should be responsible over  Socrates (470 – 399 BC)
what he/she owns. To be responsible He is known as the greatest
is a mark of a free being. Ownership of philosopher in the Western
something is an inherent right that only Civilization.
an intelligent free being can enjoy it.
Therefore, only human beings can claim Philosophy of Socrates:
ownership. The word responsibility is  Human person is soul.
the state or fact of having a duty to deal  As a soul, he is incarnated in
with something or having control over the body for the time being.
someone.  The sustenance (food) of a
human person, as a soul, is
If you claim ownership of your own knowledge. This is the 1st
body, you should take the following nourishment.
advice:  Knowledge is not for the sake
 Eat Nutritious food of knowledge, but knowledge
 Drink healthy drinks for truth about good life.
 Take a bathe regularly  The human person is
 Sleep early obligated to know the truth
 Keep away from vices and practice it without error.
 Do not go places that will harm you  Plato (428 -347 BC)
 Maintain cleanliness in your The brightest student of Socrates.
environment He is one of the world’s best known
 Think positive thoughts and widely read and studied
3. Ownership presupposes full control philosopher.
over what he/she owns.
Main Contribution:
To claim ownership of something, a person 1. He continued the basic teachings
must demonstrate manifestations of control of his master and did some
over what he owns. Let us say, your own innovations with regards to the
body. Are you in full control to your body? philosophy of human person.
The answer is “WE” who is controlling and 2. There is a dichotomy between the
not the body. body and the soul. Which means,
When you find yourself behind bars 2.1 The soul existed prior to the
because of taking intoxicating drinks, it is body. The soul must exist before he
you who made a first decision to drink is incarcerated (put into prison) in the
before you were incarcerated. You blame body.
nobody else but yourself. “But my friend
forced me to drink.” This is not an excuse.  Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) – was a Greek
At the end of the line you are still the last philosopher and scientist born in the city
person to answer the consequence of your of Stagira in the Northern periphery of
own action. Classical Greece. He was the brightest
student of Plato.
Second Reflection: Is body an instrument? The Human Person in Their Environment
Our body is not an object, moreso, it cannot be
an instrument because an instrument is a plain Environment Philosophy is the discipline that
object. Instrument means something being studies the moral relationship of human beings
used to enhance or reinforce part of your body. with the environment and its non- human
contents.
What are the parts of the body that need
reinforcements : Sustainable Development:

a. Eyes – eyeglasses, telescope, Is the development that meets the needs of the
microscope present without compromising the ability of
b. Hand – gloves, or any particular gadgets future generations to meet their own needs.
to make job easier. It contains within it two key concepts:
c. Ear – ear piece to sharpen the sense of
hearing. 1. The concept of “needs”, in particular the
d. Feet – shoes, slippers, sandals, socks essential needs of the world’s poor; and
The Classical Philosophers 2. The idea of limitations imposed by the
state of technology and social
 organization on the environment’s ability  Sentient: having the power of
to meet present and future needs perception by the senses;
THREE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF conscious.
SUSTAINABILITY:  Sentient beings therefore have
the capacity to feel pain, and
1. Environmental Integrity thus, suffering.
 Refers to maintaining the state of the 3. Biocentrism
environment  Is the view that not only humans
and animals, but also plants
2. Economic Efficiency should be morally considerable.
 Refers to prudence in decision making  Intrinsic value is assigned to
regarding the use of resources to ensure living things.
that there is minimum to zero waste. 4. Ecocentrism
 Prudence is the ability to regulate one’s  Regards ecosystem as holistic
actions and behaviour. entities that should be given
moral consideration
3. Equity  Ecosystem: the community of
 Demands that we use our natural living organisms in conjunction
resources in such a manner that these with the non-living components of
are conserved so that the next their environment interacting as a
generation will be able to use them. system.
 Prudence and frugality can guide us in  This view reduces all living
our use of resources. beings as mere members of the
 Frugality is being thrifty with the use of ecosystem.
one’s resources. Ancient Thinkers
Environmental Ethics is the discipline in
philosophy that studies the moral relationship Anaximander
of human beings to, and also the value and
moral status of, the environment and these  Employed the word “boundless” to
non-human contents. convey the further thought that nature is
indeterminate.
The Human Person in Environment  Boundless in the sense that no
boundaries between the warm and cold
Anthropocentrism of the moist and dry regions are
originally present within it. (Solomon and
 Refers to a philosophical world view
Higgins, 2010)
where human beings are seen as
superior to other living and non-living
Pythagoras
things.
Ecocentric Model  Creation and Destruction
 According to Anaximander’s sketch of
 It places value and importance on the entire
the genesis of the world (cosmogony),
environment and all life in it, not just the parts
that are useful to humans. More the evolution of the world begins with
broadly, ecocentric means “focused on the the generation of opposites in a certain
environment. region of Nature.
VIEWS ON THE ATTRIBUTION OF MORAL  The opposite forces caused an
CONSIDERATION imbalance that necessitated their
ultimate destruction (Price, 2000)
1. Anthropocentrism  Pythagoras described the universe as
 Only humans are assigned living embodiment of nature’s order,
intrinsic value harmony and beauty.
 Considers human beings as the  He sees our relationship with the
center of moral consideration universe involving biophilia (love of other
2. Panthocentrism living beings).
 Extends intrinsic value and thus
moral consideration to higher
forms of animals or intelligent Modern Thinker
animals such as dogs and
chimpanzees who are sentient. Immanuel Kant
 Critique of Judgement
  Expresses that beauty is ultimately a o Submetallic Luster- minerals that develop a
symbol of morality. (Kant, 1997) dull coating and are not as shinny
o Nonmetallic Luster- minerals that described
 For instance, one should not be tempted
as glassy, earthy, pearly and greasy
to plunge into the water in seascope A mineral's ability to transmit light determines
portrait. In a sense, therefore, the stance whether:
we take forward the beautiful object is o Opaque-when light that strikes the object
similar to that which we take toward does not pass through.
o Translucent- when some of the light passes
other human beings when we are
through
properly respectful of their dignity. o Transparent- when almost all the light will
completely pass through
B. Color - Is the property of a mineral that is
The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit easiest to identify
 Human existence is embodied spirit. C. Streak- Is the color of a mineral in its powdered
 Consciousnes is the state or quality form. It can be obtained by rubbing the mineral
of awareness or of being aware of an across a streak plate.
external object.. 2. MINERAL STRENGTH
 It determines how easy the mineral breaks
 EMBODIMENT ( biological and
or deforms when exposed to stress
physical presence of our bodies).
 (Tenacity, Hardness, Cleavage &Fracture)
Limitation of the Human Person as an
1. Tenacity - Refers to the mineral's
Embodied Spirit resistance to breaking or deforming
1. FACTICITY refers to the things in our life 2. Hardness - Is the measure of the mineral's
that are already given. resistance to abrasion or scratching
2. SPACIAL- TEMOPRAL BEING - we are Friedrich Mohs- is a German mineralogist
limited by space (spacial) and time ( temporal ) who devised a scale to determined the
3. The BODY as INTERMEDIARY - body limits hardness of minerals. He selected 10
our experience of the world to our world. common minerals and determined their
TRANSCENDENCE- is an ability to change, be hardness, which become the basis for
dynamic, and continually redefining one’s self determining the hardness of unknown
metals.
which works with our facticity to create change. 3. Cleavage - mineral breaks along a flat
surface or into sheets.
1. Facticity – we use pur facticity as an excuse 4. Fracture - when a mineral breaks with lots
for our difficulties. of jagged edges.
2. SPACIAL-TEMPORAL BEING – we are 3. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
kore concerned with the past and/or future. - Is a measurement done by mineralogist to
describe the density of the mineral. It represents
3. The BODY as INTERMEDIARY- Having a the ratio of the mass of the mineral to the mass of
body may prevent us from disclosi ng what equal volume of water.
we really want to express. 1. MINING
 Is due to extract minerals (or fossil fuels)
MINERALS from deep deposits in soil by using
subsurface mining or from shallow deposits
by surface mining.
-are the building blocks of rocks.  The former method is more destructive,
These minerals that are common and abundant on dangerous and expensive including risks of
Earth's crust are known as rock - forming minerals occupational hazards and accidents.
Mineralogy is a study of the chemical makeup of Surface mining can make use of any of the
the solid, inorganic, and naturallyoccurring following three types:
compounds. 1. OPEN-PIT MINING - Machines dig holes
Mineralogist are the scientists that study the and remove the ores (e.g. Copper, iron,
minerals whom they are going to identify, analyze gravel, limestone, sandstone, marble,
and classify all the minerals that have ever been granite)
discovered on Earth.
2. DREDGING - Chained buckets and
draglines are used which scrap up the
What makes mineral is a mineral?
minerals from under-water mineral deposits.
5 (five) Characteristics/ criteria of a mineral:
3. STRIP MINING- The ore is stripped off by
1. Naturally occuring
using bulldozers, power shovels and
2. Inorganic
3. Solid
stripping wheels (e.g.
4. Crystalline Structure Phosphate rocks).
5. Can be represented by a chemical formula ROCKS
What are the Properties of a mineral? - is any solid that is naturally found on earth
1. OPTICAL PROPERTIES Petrology is the scientific study of rocks, the
- Properties of a mineral that can be seen with our materials that make up the crustal layer.
naked eye. (Luster, Color&Streak) The process wherein rocks change into
A. Luster - Is the quality of light that is being sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, and igneous
reflected on the surface of the mineral rock is called rock cycle.
Mineral can be: CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS
o Metallic Luster- minerals look like metals
and are shinny
 1. Composition - rocks contain inorganic  CREATION THEORY
- states that the divine power brings forth new
materials like minerals and organic matter beginnings.
like bits of plant and animal remains. - God created the universe in 6 days
2. Texture- texture refers to the size and  Day 1 - light & darkness
shape of mineral crystals or grains in the  Day 2 - atmospnere, sku a sea
rock.  Day 3 - lands, plants & fruit trees
 Day 4 - moon, sun & stars
3. Structure - structure means the  Day 5 - birds & sea animal
arrangement of mineral crystals or grains in  Day 6 - land anumals Adam & Eve
rocks.  STEADY STATE THEORY
MAJOR TYPES OF ROCKS - proposed by Fred Hoyle & his colleagues Herman
Bondi & Tommy Gold
1. Igneous Rocks (intrusive & extrusive) 64.7% - the universe has always been the same since densitu
2. Sedimentary Rocks (clastic, chemical & of matter is CONSTANT
organic) 7.9%  EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
3. Metamorphic Rocks(foliated & non- - as the universe continue expanding the density of
matter DECREASES over time
foliated) 27.4%  ETERNAL INFLATION THEORY
1. Igneous Rocks - States that after the big bang the formation of the
- Which are formed by the cooling of magma or universe never stopped & is continuously making
lava. other different universe
 OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
1.1. Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rocks - proposed by a Russian -born US cosmologist George
- When magma cools below the Earth's surface. Gamow
Magma that cools slowly and formed crystals - the universe exist between big bang & big crunch
1.2. Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous Rocks
- Magma that reaches the Earth's surface is called The Earth is divided into different spheres: hydrosphere, the
water portion; atmosphere, the gaseous envelop; geosphere
lava. It cools quickly and mostly found around the the solid components; and biosphere, the living component of
volcano the earth.
2. Sedimentary Rocks 1. ATMOSPHERE
- Which are formed through a process of  Is the thin, life giving gaseous envelop on earth.
 Major components
weathering and erosion. - the gaseous compounds nitrogen, oxygen and
2.1 Chemical sedimentary rocks trace gases
- Form when minerals crystallize out of water. - provide the air that people breathe and trap the
Water moves over rocks on the Earth's surface. outgoing infrared radiation to keep Earth warm
2.2 Clastic sedimentary rock  Variable components
- A water vapor and aerosol
- Forms when fragments of other rocks are - responsible for weather and climate
cemented together. - Ozone
2.3 Organic sedimentary rock  Water vapour is needed for cloud formation and
- Forms from the remains of the plants and atmospheric heat retention.
minerals. Any accumulation of sedimentary debris  Aerosols serve as condensation nuclei for the water
vapour because it can absorb, reflect, and scatter
caused by organic processes. incoming solar radiation.
3. Metamorphic Rocks  Ozone is another variable component of the
- Are formed from either sedimentary rocks or atmosphere that protects Earth from harmful
igneous rocks that are exposed to high pressure ultraviolent radiation of the sun.
and temperature. - Most metamorphism happens at DIFFERENT LAYER OF ATMOSPHERE
1. TROPOSPHERE
temperatures between 150-1000 degree Celsius.  is the lowest layer of the atmosphere where
3.1 Foliated metamorphic rocks exhibit parallel temperature decreases with altitude
alignment of minerals; it is arranged in stripes or  All weather phenomena occur in this layer
bands.  it's about 11km thick
EX: Granite Gneiss and Biotite Schist  Tropopause boundary between troposphere and the
next layer
3.2 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are made up of 2. STRATOSPHERE
mineral crystals that are not arranged in bands or  is the layer in which the temperature increases with
stripes. altitude due to the presence of the ozone layer
EX: Quartzite, Marble  it's about 11km to 48 km from Earth's surface
 Stratopause boundary between stratosphere and the
next layer
3. MESOSPHERE
 the temperature once again decreases with altitude,
reaching up to about -90 degree C (the coldest
Origin of the Universe temperature in the atmosphere)
 BigBang Theroy (George Lemaitre)  Meteors the Asteroids enter Earth's atmosphere
- Explains the origin of the universe from an expansion  Mesopause separate the mesosphere and the layer
which hurled matter & space. above thermosphere
- It postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe 4. THERMOSPHERE
started from a hot dense or tinu not particies  Starts about 55km and has no definite upper limit.
MAJOR EVENTS IN BIG BANG  It has least amount of atmospheric molecules, but
 Electroweak Era - the strong force became distinct & these receive most of the high energy radiation, which
inflation occured. causes the increase in temperature as altitude
 Particle Era - a period characterized by the existence increases.
of both matter and anti-matter 5. EXOSPHERE
 Era of Nucleosynthesis - protons, neutrons,  Outermost layer of atmosphere
electrons & neutrinos dominated & anti-matter
become rare. 2. HYDROSPHERE
 Eru of Nuclei - the universe was said composed of  water portion of the Earth
hydrogen & helium  the water makes up 70% of Earth's Surface
 Era of Galaxies - it was only after 1 that the tr get has  most of it is salt water from the oceans
a hong.  Groundwater is the largest reservoir of freshwater
 Era of Stars & Planets - as the galaxies duster available to human
together under gravity, the first star dies & spew  Hydrosphere is a dynamic mass of water that
heavy element into space interacts with each of Earth's spheres through the
water cycle
WATER CYCLE (also known as Hydrologic Cycle)
3. GEOSPHERE
 The largest of the four spheres, the geosphere
comprises the solid portion of the earth.
 The geosphere where divided to different layers due
to differentiation: crust,mantle and core.
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
The earth is divided into three layers namely: crust, core, and
mantle.
1. CRUST
 the earth's thin and rocky outer skin
 The crust is typically about 25 miles thick beneath
continents, and about 6.5 miles thick beneath oceans.
Most earthquakes occur within the crust.
1.1 Oceanic crust
 usually found beneath oceans and large bodies of
water.
 thinner parts
1.2 Continental crust
 mountainous regions
 thicker crust
2. MANTLE
 below the crust
 it comprises 82% of the Earth's volume
 The region just below the crust and extending all the
way down to the Earth's core is called the mantle
 starts at the Mohorovicic Discontinuity, also known
as the Moho. Moho is a density contrast from less
dense crust to denser mantle and where seismic
wave velocities increase.
2.1 Upper mantle
 Upper mantle is made up of solid rocks and makes up
the lithosphere along with the crust.
 weaker semisolid or plastic asthenosphere is below
upper mantle
 about 700km thick
2.2 Lower mantle
- About 2100 km thick, which made of hot semisolid rocks
3. CORE
 the center of the Earth
 it is made up of iron-nickel alloy, making it very dense
3.1 OUTER CORE
 2260 km thick.
 sits some 3,220 to 1,790 below the surface.
3.2 INNER CORE
 radius of 1216 km, contains mostly iron
 located some 4,000 to 3,220 mile beneath Earth's
surface
 is a solid despite its high temperature because of the
extreme pressure at the center of the Earth
TAKE NOTE:
Gutenberg discontinuity the boundary between the solid
mantle and the liquid outer core.
Bullen discontinuity or Lehmam discontinuity separate
outer core and inner core.