SHREEYASH PRATISHTHAN’S

SHREEYASH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC), CHH. SAMBHAJINAGAR

MICRO-PROJECT REPORT

NAME OF DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER DEPARTMENT

ACADEMIC YEAR:- 2024-25
SEMESTER: 5TH

COURSE NAME: OSY

COURSE CODE: 22516

MICRO-PROJECT TITLE: Process Synchronization Library

PREPARED BY:
Abhishek Ramesh Kolape EN. NO : 2210920128
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr:Abhishek Ramesh Kolape of 5 Semester of Diploma

in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of Institute SHREEYASH COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC) has successfully
completed MicroProject Work in Course of OSY for the academic year 2023-24
as prescribed in the I-Scheme Curriculum.

Date : Enrollment No : 2210920128

Place :CHH.Sambhajinager Exam Seat No :

PROF:R.B.Kshirsagar PROF: A.C NAIK PROF: S.S KHANDAGAE

Signature Signature Signature

Guide HOD Principal

Seal of Institute
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our profound gratitude to our guide
R.B.Kshirsagar who guided us endlessly in framing and completion of
MicroProject. He guided us on all the main points in that Micro-
Project. We are indebted to his constant encouragement, cooperation
and help. It was his enthusiastic support that helped us in overcoming
of various obstacles in the Micro-Project.
We are also thankful to our Principal S. S. KHANDAGALE & HOD
A. C. NAIL, Faculty Members and classmates for extending their
support and motivation in the completion of this Micro-Project.

Abhishek Ramesh Kolape EN. NO : 2210920128

Annexure-1
 Micro-Project Proposal
(Format or Micro-Project Proposal about1-2pages)

Title of Micro-Project:
Process Synchronization Library

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project (minimum30-50words)

2.0 In Operating System design, the Process Synchronization Library is
critical for ensuring that processes or threads can cooperate and share
resources without conflict. The aim of such a library is to coordinate processes
in a way that avoids issues like race conditions, deadlocks, and inconsistencies
in data.

3.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

4.0 1. Understanding of Synchronization Concepts
2. Proficiency with Synchronization Primitives
3. Deadlock Detection and Avoidance
4. Development of Multi-threaded Programs
5. Critical Thinking in Synchronization Problem Solving
6. Understanding of Bounded Waiting and Fairness

5.0 Proposed Methodology (Procedure in brief that will be followed to

do the micro- project) in about 100 to 200 words).

1. Requirements Gathering
2. Design Phase
3. Implementation Phas
4. Concurrency Testing
5. Performance Optimization
6. Documentation and API Guidelines
7. Integration with Operating System (OS
8. User Feedback and Iterative Improvement

Annexure-1
6.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity. The following is for Reference, The
Activities can be Added / reduced / Modified )

Name of
Sr.
Details of Planned Planned Responsible
No. Week activity Start date Finish date Team Members
1 1 &2 Discussion & Finalization 16/01/2024 17/01/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
of Topic
2 3 Preparation of the Abstract 17/01/2024 20/01/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
3 4 Literature Review 21/01/2024 23/01/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
4 5 Submission of 25/02/2024 25/01/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
Microproject Proposal
( Annexure-I)
5 6 Collection of information 01/02/2024 04/02/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
about Topic
6 7 Collection of relevant 05/02/2024 08/02/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
content / materials for the
execution of Microproject.
7 8 Discussion and submission 09/02/2024 13/02/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
of outline of the
Microproject.
8 9 Analysis / execution of 15/02/2024 18/02/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
Collected data /
information and
preparation of Prototypes /
drawings / photos / charts /
graphs / tables / circuits /
Models / programs etc.
9 10 Completion of Contents of 01/03/2024 03/03/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
Project Report
10 11 Completion of Weekly 03/03/2024 05/03/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
progress Report
11 12 Completion of Project 05/04/2024 07/04/2024 Abhishek Kolpae
Report ( Annexure-II)
12 13 Viva voce / Delivery of Abhishek Kolpae
Presentation
 Micro-Project Report
Format for Micro-Project Report (Minimum 4 pages)

Title of Micro-Project:- Process Synchronization Library

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50words.This is a modified version of

the earlier one written after the work)
Forests and natural habitats play a vital role in sustaining biodiversity, regulating the climate, and providing
essential ecosystem services. However, they face numerous threats from deforestation, habitat destruction,
and climate change. This project aims to understand the significance of preserving these ecosystems and
propose sustainable solutions for long-term conservation.

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:- (In about 50 to 150 words)

The primary aim of this micro-project is to emphasize the importance of forests and natural habitats. By
studying the methods of preservation, we seek to identify strategies to prevent deforestation, habitat
destruction, and biodiversity loss. Through afforestation, sustainable forestry practices, community
involvement, and legal frameworks, the project seeks to explore solutions for protecting forests and
wildlife. Ultimately, the benefits include raising awareness, promoting conservation efforts, and proposing
practical steps for sustainable development.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list if more Cos are addressed)

a) Understanding the significance of ecosystems and their contributions to environmental balance.

b) Identifying threats to forests and natural habitats such as deforestation, pollution, and climate
change.
c) Exploring sustainable forestry methods, community involvement, and legal frameworks for
conservation.
d) Proposing practical, actionable steps toward the preservation of forests and habitats.

1.0 Literature Review:- ( you can include all the resources which you have used to gather the
information for the Micro-project)

Sample:-

a) "The Environmental Impact of Deforestation" - DCC Technical Publications.

b) "Conservation Practices for Biodiversity" - DCC Tech Knowledge Publications.
c) Government Reports on Forest Conservation Acts and Wildlife Protection Policies.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its analysis (if
any).The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)

1) Write procedure/approach/technique etc. to accomplish project work.

2) Analyze the collected data (if any) generate useful information from it.
3) Write the procedure for data analysis.
4) Contribution of an individual member may also be noted (did what work).
6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects
1) Drawing of the prototype, drawings of the survey, presentation of collected
data/findings/observation.
outputs.
2) Generated information visually in form of appropriate drawings/tables/charts/graphs.
3) Draw/design the prototype/model/of the desired equipment/instrument/machine part etc.

7.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this Micro-Project

(It is not necessary that every micro-project should develop all the following skill/abilities/outcomes.
However, some of the abilities mentioned below may be common in many of the micro-projects. Hence,
you have to select appropriately form the following and you can select others also)

1) IDENTIFYING : identifying the problem and course of problem in the area related and prepare
project proposals before starting the project.
2) SERIVE : Derive different possible solutions creatively.
3) DATA COMMUNICATION : Collect relevant data from different sources (books/the internet/the
market/suppliers/experts and other through survey/interviews).
4) DESIGNING : Designing micro project with minimum required resources (low cost).
5) DEVELOPING : Develop the prototype/model/ of the desired equipment/ machine part etc.
6) TEAMWORK : Learn to work in a team and boost individual confidence.
7) TIME MANAGEMENT : Timely completion of micro project as scheduled.
8) DATA ANALYSIS : Interpretation of data, drawing and analysis of laboratory calculations etc.
9) PROBLEM-SOLVING : Develop good problem-solving skills.
10) SAFETY : Incorporate safety features in products.
11) TECHNICAL WRITING : Prepare a report of the proposed plan and final report.
12) PRESENTATION AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS : Giving working model presentation of
the micro project.
13) CONFIDENCE : Confidently, answer the questions asked about the project.
14) ACKNOWLEDGEMTNT : Acknowledge the help rendered by others in the success of the project.

9.0 Applications of this Micro-Project:- (In about 30 to 50 words)

Used in construction of network in local area. To make work easy and resource sharing is possible
very flexible. And the efficient data sharing is possible.

SR/
NO
INDEX
01 Introduction
 02 Objectives

03 Literature Review

04 Significance

05 Methods of Preservation

06 Technological Interventions

07 Project Implementation

08 Conclusion

09 References

Annexure-IV

MICRO-PROJECT EVOLUTION SHEET

NAME OF STUDENT : Abhishek Ramesh Kolape EN. NO : 2210920128

NAME OF PROGRAM: COMPUTER ENGINEERING SEMESTER : 5TH

COURSE NAME: OSY. COURSE CODE:22516

TITLE OF THE MICRO-PROJECT : Process Synchronization Library
COURSE OUTCOMES ACHIEVED:-

a) Understand the importance of forest and habitat

b) Analyze methods of preservation
c) Identify the role of technological interventions
d) Examine the impact of legal frameworks
e) Evaluate the role of community involvement

Sr. Poor Average Good Excellent Sub

No. Characteristic to be (Marks1-3) (Marks4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks9-10) Total
assessed
(A) Process and Product Assessment (Convert Below total marks out of 6Marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature
Review/information
collection
3 Completion of the Target as
Per project proposal
4 Analysis of Data and
representation
5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva(Convert Below total marks out of 4Marks)
7 Presentation

8 Viva

(A) (B)
Total Marks
Process and Product Individual Presentation/ Viva
10
Assessment (6 marks) (4 marks)

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

Name of Course Teacher: R.B.Kshirsagar

Dated Signature:-__________________

1.INTRODUCTION :
Process Synchronization is the coordination of execution of
multiple processes in a multi-process system to ensure that they access shared
resources in a controlled and predictable manner. It aims to resolve the
problem of race conditions and other synchronization issues in a concurrent
system.
 The main objective of process synchronization is to ensure
that multiple processes access shared resources without interfering with each
other and to prevent the possibility of inconsistent data due to concurrent
access. To achieve this, various synchronization techniques such as semaphores,
monitors, and critical sections are used.
In a multi-process system, synchronization is necessary to
ensure data consistency and integrity, and to avoid the risk of deadlocks and
other synchronization problems. Process synchronization is an important aspect
of modern operating systems, and it plays a crucial role in ensuring the correct

and efficient functioning of multi-process systems .

What is Process?
A process is a program that is currently running or a program under
execution is called a process. It includes the program’s code and all the activity it
needs to perform its tasks, such as using the CPU, memory, and other resources.
Think of a process as a task that the computer is working on, like opening a web
browser or playing a video.

2.Objectives:
The objectives of developing a Process Synchronization
Library in an Operating Systems (OSY) context aim to provide a structured and
reliable approach to managing concurrent processes and threads. Below are key
objectives:

1. Ensure Mutual Exclusion

Objective: Provide mechanisms that ensure only one process or thread can
access a critical section of code or shared resource at a time to prevent race
conditions.

Rationale: Avoid data corruption and inconsistencies when multiple processes

attempt to access shared resources simultaneously.

2. Support Multiple Synchronization Primitives

Objective: Implement various synchronization primitives such as mutexes,

semaphores, condition variables, and monitors to address different
synchronization needs.

Rationale: Different problems require different solutions (e.g., semaphores for

counting resources, condition variables for signaling between threads), so the
library should provide a comprehensive set of tools.

3. Avoid Deadlock and Livelock

Objective: Develop algorithms and mechanisms to detect, prevent, or resolve

deadlocks and livelocks, ensuring that processes do not block indefinitely while
waiting for resources.

Rationale: Deadlock can halt the entire system, and livelock leads to wasted
CPU cycles without progress, so these must be handled effectively.

4. Ensure Fairness and Avoid Starvation

Objective: Implement synchronization mechanisms that ensure fairness, so no

process is perpetually denied access to resources, and guarantee bounded waiting
to prevent starvation.
Rationale: Processes and threads must get fair access to resources to ensure
smooth operation without bias or prolonged delays.

5. Provide Efficient Locking Mechanisms

Objective: Design lightweight and efficient locking mechanisms to minimize

overhead, reduce contention, and ensure that synchronization does not introduce
significant performance bottlenecks.

Rationale: Synchronization can be costly in terms of performance, so the

library must be optimized for minimal overhead, especially in high-concurrency
environments.

6. Guarantee Scalability

Objective: Ensure that the synchronization library is scalable and can handle a
large number of threads or processes without degrading performance, particularly
on multi-core and distributed systems.

Rationale: As systems scale up, the library must continue to perform efficiently
with increasing levels of concurrency

3.Literature Review :
Process synchronization is a
fundamental problem in operating systems, where multiple
processes or threads need to access shared resources without
conflict. Synchronization libraries provide essential tools to
handle this in a safe and efficient manner. This literature review
will explore the evolution of synchronization mechanisms, the
various approaches used in building synchronization libraries,
and challenges such as deadlocks, race conditions, and
performance trade-offs.
1. Historical Context and Early Developments
The need for process synchronization emerged with
the advent of multi-programming systems in the 1960s and
1970s. Early systems, such as those described by Dijkstra
(1965) in his work on semaphores, introduced the concept of
controlling access to shared resources through primitive
operations like P (wait) and V (signal). This was one of the
earliest formalized methods to prevent race conditions, where
processes read and write shared data concurrently, potentially
leading to inconsistency.
Dijkstra’s semaphore model laid the foundation for
subsequent developments in synchronization. Another key early
advancement was Peterson's Algorithm (1981), which provided
a simple yet effective approach to achieving mutual exclusion
without relying on hardware support. However, these early
solutions were often difficult to implement correctly, and they
lacked scalability for larger, more complex systems.

2. Modern Synchronization Primitives

Modern operating systems use a variety of
synchronization primitives, including mutexes, semaphores,
condition variables, and monitors. Each has specific advantages
depending on the scenario:

Mutexes (Mutual Exclusion) are the simplest form of

locking mechanisms used to protect critical sections. They are
widely implemented in both user-space libraries and kernel-
level synchronization mechanisms.
Semaphores, as expanded by Tanenbaum (1992), are
useful for controlling access to resources in systems where
multiple processes need limited resources. Counting
semaphores, in particular, have been used extensively in
operating system synchronization libraries like those in Linux
and Windows.
3. Deadlock and Starvation Avoidance
Mechanisms
Deadlock prevention, detection, and resolution have
been central problems in the development of synchronization
libraries. Coffman et al. (1971) formulated the conditions for
deadlock, namely mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no
preemption, and circular wait. Operating systems, as discussed
in Silberschatz et al. (2018), employ various strategies to avoid
or resolve deadlocks, such as:
Deadlock Prevention: By negating one of the
Coffman conditions, such as enforcing a strict ordering on
resource acquisition.

4. Synchronization in Multi-Core and

Distributed Systems
The rise of multi-core processors and distributed
systems has introduced new synchronization challenges.
Andrews (1991) and Gustafsson & Surer (2008) highlight that
the scalability of synchronization primitives in these
environments is a critical factor. Lock-based mechanisms,
while efficient for single-processor systems, can lead to
performance bottlenecks in multi-core systems due to excessive
contention and the overhead of context switching.

4.Significance:
The significance of a Process Synchronization
Library in an Operating System (OSY) context lies in its
critical role in managing the concurrent execution of processes
and threads. This ensures that shared resources are accessed
safely, avoiding data corruption, deadlocks, and other
concurrency-related issues. Below are the key reasons for the
importance of such a library:
1. Ensures Data Integrity
Significance: In a multi-threaded or multi-process system,
multiple processes often need to access shared resources (e.g.,
memory, files, or devices). Without proper synchronization,
simultaneous access can lead to race conditions, where the final
outcome depends on the timing of the processes. A
synchronization library ensures that critical sections of code are
executed by only one process or thread at a time, maintaining
data integrity.
Example: Imagine two threads trying to update the same file.
Without synchronization, both threads may write at the same
time, causing data corruption.

2. Prevents Deadlocks and Race Conditions

Significance: Deadlocks occur when two or more processes
are stuck waiting indefinitely for resources that the other holds.
Race conditions happen when processes improperly access
shared resources in an unpredictable order. A well-designed
synchronization library helps avoid these problems by
providing tools like mutexes, semaphores, and monitors, which
manage resource access in a structured way.
Example: Deadlock prevention through mechanisms like
ordered resource acquisition or timeout-based locking, ensuring
processes don’t get stuck indefinitely.
3. Supports Multitasking and Parallelism
Significance: Modern systems rely heavily on parallelism
and multitasking to achieve high performance, especially on
multi-core processors. A synchronization library enables safe
concurrent execution, allowing multiple processes or threads to
run in parallel without conflicting over shared resources.
Example: In web servers, multiple threads handle incoming
requests concurrently. Synchronization primitives ensure that
shared resources (e.g., memory pools, log files) are safely
accessed by multiple threads.
4. Ensures Fairness and Avoids Starvation
Significance: Fairness in resource allocation ensures that no
process or thread is starved of resources while others continue
to operate. A synchronization library provides mechanisms like
condition variables and prioritized scheduling to guarantee fair
access to critical sections, ensuring all processes eventually get
access to the resources they need.
Example: In a system where many processes are waiting for
a lock, the library ensures that each process gets a turn,
preventing low-priority processes from waiting indefinitely.

5. Improves System Efficiency

Significance: Synchronization libraries optimize how
processes and threads interact with shared resources. By
minimizing the time spent waiting for resources, reducing
context switches, and ensuring efficient locking mechanisms
(e.g., through spinlocks or lock-free algorithms), these libraries
help improve overall system throughput and efficiency.
Example: Spinlocks might be used in situations where
locking needs to be very brief, reducing overhead compared to
traditional mutex locks.

5.Methods of Preservation:
The method of preservation for a Process Synchronization
Library in the context of an Operating System (OSY) involves techniques and
best practices to ensure the library remains reliable, efficient, and maintainable
over time. Preserving such a library is critical for ensuring the long-term stability,
compatibility, and performance of systems that rely on concurrent processes. Here
are the key methods of preservation:
 1. Version Control and Source Code Management

Method: Use a version control system (VCS), such as Git, to track changes to
the synchronization library over time.

Purpose: Version control ensures that all changes to the library are recorded,
making it easy to revert to previous versions if a bug is introduced. It also
facilitates collaboration among developers by managing multiple versions of the
code.

Example: Every update, bug fix, or optimization of the library is documented

and can be rolled back if it causes issues in a production system.

2. Comprehensive Documentation

Method: Provide thorough documentation that explains the library’s design,

functions, usage patterns, and limitations.

6.Technological Interventions:
Technological interventions for a Process Synchronization Library
in the context of Operating Systems (OSY) focus on modern tools, techniques,
and advancements that enhance the performance, scalability, and usability of
the library. These interventions address the challenges of synchronization in
multi-core and distributed environments, aiming to improve system efficiency,
avoid common pitfalls like deadlocks, and optimize concurrency control. Below
are key technological interventions:
1. Lock-Free and Wait-Free Algorithms
Intervention: Use of lock-free and wait-free algorithms to enable processes or
threads to operate without traditional locks, thereby reducing contention and
improving performance, especially in high-concurrency environments.

Technology: These algorithms use atomic operations such as compare-and-

swap (CAS) or fetch-and-add to ensure progress without blocking.

Benefit: Improves system scalability and prevents deadlocks and priority

inversion, as no process is forced to wait for a lock.

Example: A lock-free stack or queue that allows multiple threads to push or

pop items concurrently without locking the entire data structure.

2. Hardware-Assisted Synchronization
Intervention: Leverage hardware-level synchronization primitives provided by
modern processors, such as atomic instructions and memory barriers, to
enhance performance.

Technology: Most modern CPUs support atomic instructions like Test-and-Set,

Compare-and-Swap (CAS), and Load-Link/Store-Conditional (LL/SC), which
enable faster and more efficient synchronization.

Benefit: Reduces the overhead of software-based locking mechanisms and

improves synchronization speed, especially on multi-core systems.

Example: Using the x86 LOCK prefix in assembly language to perform atomic
operations directly in hardware.

3. Transactional Memory
Intervention: Implement Transactional Memory (TM), a concurrency control
mechanism that simplifies synchronization by allowing a series of memory
operations to execute as a single atomic transaction.

Technology: Software Transactional Memory (STM) or Hardware Transactional

Memory (HTM) enables processes to execute critical sections optimistically,
rolling back changes if conflicts are detected.

Benefit: Avoids the need for explicit locks and reduces the complexity of
writing multi-threaded code. It also helps avoid deadlocks and provides better
scalability.

Example: Intel’s Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) for

implementing hardware transactional memory on certain processors.

4. Adaptive Locking Mechanisms

Intervention: Use adaptive locks, which dynamically adjust their locking
behavior based on the current system load or contention level.

Technology: Adaptive locks switch between different locking strategies (e.g.,

spinning, yielding, blocking) depending on whether contention is high or low.

Benefit: Improves performance by reducing unnecessary spinning when

contention is high, and avoids context switching overhead when contention is
low.

7.Project Implementation:
Project Implementation for a Process Synchronization Library in
the context of Operating Systems (OSY) involves the systematic design,
development, and testing of a library that provides essential synchronization
mechanisms such as locks, semaphores, condition variables, and other
concurrency controls. Below is an outline of the project implementation process:

1. Project Planning and Requirements Gathering

Objective: Define the scope, goals, and specific synchronization mechanisms to
be provided by the library.

Activities:Identify key synchronization primitives: mutexes, semaphores,

condition variables, spinlocks, etc.

Outcome: A clear project roadmap and list of requirements that guide the
development process.

2. Design of the Synchronization Library

Objective: Create a detailed design of the synchronization primitives and their

interactions.

Activities:API Design: Define the interfaces for each synchronization

primitive. This includes function signatures, parameters, and return values for
creating, locking, and unlocking mutexes, semaphores, etc.

Data Structures: Design efficient data structures for managing locks and
semaphores. For example, a mutex might be implemented using a combination of
atomic operations and condition variables.

Outcome: A design document outlining the structure of the library, including

flow diagrams, data structure layouts, and API specifications.
3. Implementation Phase

Objective: Build the synchronization library based on the design specifications.

Activities:Code Development: Implement the synchronization primitives. For

instance
Outcome: A working implementation of the synchronization library with basic
functionality.

4. Testing and Debugging

Objective: Test the library rigorously under various conditions to ensure it

performs as expected.

Activities:Unit Testing: Test each synchronization primitive individually.

Ensure mutexes prevent race conditions, semaphores work correctly with multiple
processes, and condition variables properly handle thread signaling.

Outcome: A robust, thoroughly tested synchronization library that works

correctly under concurrent conditions without deadlocks, race conditions, or
performance bottlenecks.

8.Conclusion:
The Process Synchronization Library plays a vital role in ensuring
the correct and efficient operation of modern operating systems by managing
concurrent processes and preventing common issues like race conditions,
deadlocks, and resource contention. In the development of such a library, several
key synchronization primitives—such as mutexes, semaphores, condition
variables, and spinlocks—serve as the building blocks for ensuring that multiple
threads or processes can access shared resources in a controlled manner.

Through the careful design, implementation, and testing of these

synchronization mechanisms, the library can significantly enhance system
performance and reliability, particularly in multi-core and distributed
environments where concurrency is a fundamental characteristic. By leveraging
advanced techniques such as lock-free algorithms, transactional memory, and
hardware-assisted synchronization, developers can ensure that the library not only
provides correctness and safety but also optimizes the performance of concurrent
applications.

9.References:
1)https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/locking/
2) https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/locking/
3) https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/locking/