ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT-1

Name : Bilen Lulu

ID No: UGR/30311/15

ReviewSUBMISSION
Question of Chapter 3
DATE:
Sep.21, 2023
[Company address]
1. Briefly explain intelligence? What it is composed of?
Intelligence: Is defined as a thinking power or the ability to learn or solve
problems.
Intelligence is composed of:
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
2. Define artificial intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence: means a man-made thinking power. that mimics on
behalf of human beings. Also it is a branch of computer science by which
we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think
like humans, and able to make decisions.
3. Why we need artificial intelligence?
 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the
capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
 Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do
and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
4. Write down the driving factors which accelerated the rise of AI?
 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
 Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
 Cloud computing and APIs
 The emergence of data science

5. List down disciplines which artificial intelligence requires?

AI draws from a wide range of disciplines, such as:

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  Mathematics
 Biology
 psychology
 Sociology
 computer science
 Neurons Study and statistics
6. Write the pros and cons of AI?
pros cons
 High accuracy with fewer errors  High cost
 High speed  Cannot think out of the box: work only
 High reliability for which they are trained.
 Useful for risky areas  No feelings and emotions: only harmful
 Digital assistant: E-Commerce websites for users if the proper care is not taken.
 Useful as public utility: such as a self-  Increase dependence on machines:
driving car which can make our journey humans are losing mental capabilities
safer and hassle-free, facial recognition because of dependency on machines.
for security purposes, Natural language  No Original Creativity: cannot be
processing (for search engines, for creative and imaginative
spelling checker, for assistant like Siri,
for translation like Google translate),
etc.

7. Who coined the term AI for the first time?

The term artificial intelligence was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956
when he held the first academic conference on the subject. But the journey
to understand if machines can truly think began much before that. He is
one of the founder of artificial intelligence, together with Alan Turing,
Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A.
8. Who is Alan Turing? What is his contribution to AI?
Alan Turing often considered the father of modern computer science, he
was famous for his work developing the first modern computers, decoding
the encryption of German Enigma machines during the second world war,
and detailing a procedure known as the Turing Test, forming the basis for
artificial intelligence.

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9. What are the seven stages of AI? Briefly explain each of them?
1st Stage (Sensing layer): humans acquire information from their
surrounding environments through human senses, such as sight, hearing,
smell, taste, and touch, through human organs, such as eyes, ears, and
other sensing organs, for example, the hands.
In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which perceives
information from the surrounding environment. This information is specific
to the AI application.
For example, there are sensing agents such as voice recognition for sensing
voice and visual imaging recognition for sensing images. Thus, these agents
or sensors take the role of the hearing and sight senses in humans.
2nd Stage (Interpretation layer): interpreting and evaluating input data.
3rd Stage (Interacting layer): taking action or making decisions. Robotic
movement control and speech generation are examples of functions that
are implemented in the interacting layer.
10. Based on the level of strength we can classify AI into three, briefly explain
each of them?
Weak AI or Narrow AI: currently available and only trained for one specific
tasks. E.g., Apple Siri, IBM’s Watson, Google translate, playing chess,
purchasing suggestion on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech
recognition, and image recognition.
General AI: perform any intellectual task with efficiency and like a human.
Super AI or Strong AI: machines could surpass human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties. E.g., ability
to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own are characteristics of strong AI. Super AI is still a
hypothetical concept of AI.
11. Based on the functionality we can classify AI into four, briefly explain each
of them?

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 Reactive Machines: do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions. E.g., IBM's Deep Blue system Google's AlphaGo.
Limited Memory: store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time. E.g., Self-driving cars.
Theory of Mind: understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans. This is still not developed, but researchers
are making lots of efforts and improvements for developing such AI
machines.
Self-Awareness: It is future AI and smarter than the human mind.
12. Briefly explain the mapping of human thinking to artificial intelligence
components?
The technique is mind mapping and involves visual representation of ideas
and information which makes it easier to remember and memorize facts
even in complex subjects. Here is an example of a mind map with the
essential elements of AI and the industries where Artificial Intelligence is
applied.
13. Why big data influence the rise of AI?
Big data has influenced the rise of AI in the sense that artificial intelligence
requires data to function. Humans collect data as we grow, learning from
the world around us and changing our insights based on prior knowledge.
Also refers to huge amounts of data and requires innovative forms of
information processing to draw insights, automate processes, and help
decision making. Big data can be structured data that corresponds to a
formal pattern, such as traditional data sets and databases. It also includes
semi-structured and unstructured formats, such as word-processing
documents, videos, images, audio, presentations, social media interactions,
streams, web pages, and many other kinds of content.

14. Write down some applications of AI in agriculture, health, education, and

business?

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 In Agriculture: AI helps farmers by suggesting the nutrients they should
apply to increase the quality of the soil. AI can help farmers choose the
optimal time to plant their seeds. Intelligent equipment can calculate the
spacing between seeds and the maximum planting depth.
Applications of AI in Healthcare: Better Clinical Decision-Making, Improved
Primary Care through Chatbots, AI-enabled Robotic Surgeries, Disease
Prediction, Monitoring Health through AI-enabled Wearables, Automated
Analysis for Radiographic Images, Decreasing the Burden of EHR Usage, and
etc…
AI solutions for education: analyze enormous data sets using sophisticated
algorithms, providing personalized and adaptable learning experiences.
Students get personalized learning, immediate feedback, and access to
immersive technologies like augmented and virtual reality in education.
AI in Business: can help you automate financial business processes, which
enhances accuracy and increases efficiency. Some common finance and
accounting business applications for AI include Fraud detection. AI can help
you prevent ecommerce fraud by flagging suspicious transactions in real
time.
15. List down some well-known AI tools and platforms?
List of AI Tools and Frameworks include:
Scikit Learn, TensorFlow, Theano, Caffe, MxNet, Keras, PyTorch, CNTK, Auto
ML, OpenNN, H20: Open Source AI Platform, Google ML Kit, Microsoft
AZURE Machine Learning, oogle Cloud Prediction API, IBM Watson,
TensorFlow, Infosys Nia, Wipro HOLMES, API.AI, Premonition, Rainbird,
Ayasdi, MindMeld, Meya, and etc…

16. List down some concrete examples of AI in social media, online shopping,
and mobile phone usage?
1. Social Media:

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 • Content Recommendation: AI algorithms analyze user behavior
and preferences to recommend relevant content, such as posts,
articles, videos, or ads.
• Sentiment Analysis: AI tools can analyze the sentiment behind
social media posts and comments, helping businesses gauge
public opinion and sentiment about their brand or products.
• Facial Recognition: Some social media platforms use AI-based
facial recognition algorithms to suggest tags for people in photos
or offer face filters and effects.
2. Online Shopping:
• Product Recommendations: AI algorithms analyze user browsing
and purchase history to provide personalized product
recommendations tailored to individual preferences and needs.
• Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: AI-powered chatbots and virtual
assistants are used in online shopping to provide customer
support, answer queries, and assist with product selection.
• Fraud Detection: AI algorithms can detect patterns and anomalies
in transaction data to identify potential fraudulent activities,
ensuring secure online shopping experiences.
3. Mobile Phone Usage:
• Voice Assistants: AI-powered voice assistants like Siri, Google
Assistant, and Alexa understand natural language and perform
various tasks, such as setting reminders, answering questions, and
controlling smartphone functions.
• Predictive Text and Autocorrect: AI algorithms learn from user
typing patterns and suggest words or complete sentences, making
texting faster and more convenient.
• Personalized App Experiences: Mobile apps powered by AI can
adapt to user preferences, prioritize relevant content, and provide
personalized recommendations and notifications.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

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According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science
and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot,
or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans
think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn,
decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of
this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.
Philosophy of AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead
him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar
intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.
Programming Without and With AI
The programming without and with AI is different in following ways:
Programing without AI Programing with AI
A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can answer the
answer the specific questions it is generic questions it is meant to solve.
meant to solve.

Modification in the program leads to AI programs can absorb new modifications

change in its structure. by putting highly independent pieces of
information together. Hence you can modify
even a minute piece of information of
program without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It Quick and Easy program modification.
may lead to affecting the program
adversely.

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Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as:
 Gaming
AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on
heuristic knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing
It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural
language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems
There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special
information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation
and advice to the users.
 Vision System
These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the
computer.
For example,
o A spying airplane takes photographs which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with
the stored portrait made by forensic artist.

Types of Artificial Intelligence based on functionality

As the name suggests, the primary objective of such AI built systems is to perform
some specific function. These are further classified into following sub-categories
of Artificial Intelligence.
1. Reactive Machines
2. Limited Memory
3. Theory of Mind

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 4. Self-Awareness
Let’s explore the types of artificial intelligence classified according to functionality
in detail.

1. Reactive Machines
Probably one of the oldest categories, this AI has no memory power of its own so
they really can’t work on using previous data for better decision-making
capabilities. They replicate a human’s ability to react to different types of stimuli.
So, in a layman’s term they are reactionary to any kind of action that is performed
in front of them. And on basis of that, they are able to produce a reaction.
Remember the time when computer beat Garry Kasparov in chess? That was the
ultimate battle off between man vs machines which was won by IBM’s Deep Blue
in late 1990s. That is the type of Artificial Intelligence which is reactive with no
memory of its own.
However, it could identify all the pieces on the chessboard and how each piece
moved. It was able to defeat the intelligent human. So, it was still a basic AI
system which was still able to surpass ultimate human on their best day without
breaking a sweat.

2. Limited Memory
These are the machines with some form of memory capabilities but to a limited
extent. Hence, the name, i.e., limited memory. With such AI devices, you are able
to conclude decisions based on past data that is used for better informed
decisions for the future.
The biggest example of such models exists in Car modeling software and AI-built
GPS systems. These are able to provide useful information to users for avoiding
traffic jams, taking best possible routes and even minimizing risks of possible
accidents.

3. Theory of Mind
These are the type of robots that are able to use their common sense in
interpreting data and coming up with decisions in real-time. A lot of research is

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being done to develop machines to build an innate common sense that allows
them to not just analyze data but also assess it for their greater gain.
For now, the closest possible robots are able to interpret stairs and other robots
coming from opposite direction. On basis of interpreting obstacles, the robot is
able to come up with a safe downward passage.

4. Self-Awareness
Remember those life-like bots and androids in movies? In simple words, this is the
type of AI used for creating such type of technology. Self-awareness AI is able to
even interpret human emotions and base decisions that are not just logical but
also influenced by feelings.
Sounds scary but exciting right? However, we are a long way from this technology
coming to us in any time soon. Currently this is a far fledged idea that is
constantly being expanded and worked upon in Research labs around the world.

Types of Artificial Intelligence based on Capability

As the named suggests, when we are classifying AI in this category it is all about
finding one solid ground of skills or competency for the AI-based machines.
Capability oriented AI types are also based on the functionality types that have
been elaborated.
So, basically you design an AI system and implement it on a functionality. This
helps in creating a particular capability or attribute that it is known for. These are
the capability focused AI types.
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence
2. Artificial General Intelligence
3. Artificial Super Intelligence
Let’s take a look at capability-based categories of Artificial Intelligence in depth
now.

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

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Take a look around you and you will notice that majority of current AI systems fall
under artificial narrow intelligence category. These are the devices that are able
to perform a very narrowly specific task.
You may want them to perform any unprecedented task that they were not
programmed to perform. Then they will miserably fail at this because they do not
have the capacity to improvise or grow along. In a way, these AI-built systems
under Narrow AI are more or less based on reactive machines or limited memory
AI models as well.
If you are put off by Weak AI, then you will be surprised that the most complex
predictive modeling is also performed through it. Take the example of algorithms
used by the search engines. So, despite having its limitation, it is still very
extensive with great usage in today’s world.
A lot of Software development services are focused on providing ANI systems to
devices and machines. Therefore, the scope for ANI remains widely open for
further grooming and elaboration.

2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Now this is some cool stuff as it trains, learns, understands and performs
functions like a normal human being. Artificial general intelligence systems have
multi-functional capabilities. The future of AGI systems is to allow flexibility with
more breadth for being agile and reactive.
General AI comes handy in unpredictable situations especially, where the system
has no prior experience of dealing with. So, the system will form a reaction based
on some previous data from vaguely similar situations and then act out.
However, because of the unpredictability of machines; we need to have proper
research before any advancements are made that can cause disruption to human
lives.

3. Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

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As the name suggests, artificial super intelligence is supposed to be the coolest
and smartest AI. It is not just supposed to outsmart us all but also to be first in
processing and making decisions that are even better in rationality in comparison
to humans.
One of the downsides to such technology like Super AI would be it causes an
uncontrollable change that forever reshapes our human civilization. Maybe, that
change is positive but there is also the risk of it causing a valuable loss to our lives
as well.

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Summery
Types of Artificial Intelligence based on functionality: As the name suggests, the
primary objective of such AI built systems is to perform some specific function.
These are further classified into following sub-categories of Artificial Intelligence.
Reactive Machines Limited Memory Theory of Mind Self-Awareness Let’s explore
the types of artificial intelligence classified according to functionality in detail.
Reactive Machines Probably one of the oldest categories, this AI has no memory
power of its own so they really can’t work on using previous data for better
decision-making capabilities. They replicate a human’s ability to react to different
types of stimuli. So, in a layman’s term they are reactionary to any kind of action
that is performed in front of them. And on basis of that, they are able to produce
a reaction.
Limited Memory: These are the machines with some form of memory capabilities
but to a limited extent. The biggest example of such models exists in Car modeling
software and AI-built GPS systems.
Theory of Mind: These are the type of robots that are able to use their common
sense in interpreting data and coming up with decisions in real-time. For now, the
closest possible robots are able to interpret stairs and other robots coming from
opposite direction.
Self-Awareness: In simple words, this is the type of AI used for creating such type
of technology. Currently this is a far fledged idea that is constantly being
expanded and worked upon in Research labs around the world.
Types of Artificial Intelligence based on Capability: As the named suggests, when
we are classifying AI in this category it is all about finding one solid ground of skills
or competency for the AI-based machines. Capability oriented AI types are also
based on the functionality types that have been elaborated. So, basically you
design an AI system and implement it on a functionality. This helps in creating a
particular capability or attribute that it is known for. These are the capability
focused AI types. Artificial Narrow Intelligence Artificial General Intelligence
Artificial Super Intelligence Let’s take a look at capability-based categories of
Artificial Intelligence in depth now.

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References:
chrome://history/www.google.com
chrome://history/www.imindq.com
chrome://history/brainly.in
chrome://history/blog.techliance.com
chrome://history/www.edureka.co

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