NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 1 Fundamental Forces YouTube Lecture Handouts

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NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 1 Fundamental Forces

YouTube Lecture Handouts
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Gravitational Force
Electromagnetic Force
Strong Nuclear Force
Weak (Nuclear) Force
For example, the elastic spring force arises due to the net attraction/repulsion between the
neighbouring atoms of the spring when the spring is elongated/compressed. This net
attraction/repulsion can be traced to the (unbalanced) sum of electric forces between the
charged constituents of the atoms. In principle, this means that the laws for ‘derived’ forces
(such as spring force, friction) are not independent of the laws of fundamental forces in
nature. The origin of these derived forces is, however, very complex. At the present stage of
our understanding, we know of four fundamental forces in nature, which are described in
brief here:
Gravitational Force
Inverse Square- works over large distances
No medium
Always attractive
Always present between two bodies with mass
The gravitational force is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of
their masses. It is a universal force. Every object experiences this force due to every other
object in the universe. All objects on the earth, for example, experience the force of gravity
due to the earth. In particular, gravity governs the motion of the moon and artificial satellites
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around the earth, motion of the earth and planets around the sun, and, of course, the
motion of bodies falling to the earth. It plays a key role in the large-scale phenomena of the
universe, such as formation and evolution of stars, galaxies and galactic clusters
Electromagnetic Force
Inverse Square- works over large distances
No medium
Attractive between unlike charges and repulsive between like charges (Coulomb՚s Law)
Present between two bodies with charge
Moving charges produce magnetic effects
The electric force between two protons, for example, is 1036 times the gravitational
force between them, for any fixed distance. Matter, as we know, consists of elementary
charged constituents like electrons and protons. Since the electromagnetic force is so
much stronger than the gravitational force, it dominates all phenomena at atomic and
molecular scales. (The other two forces, as we shall see, operate only at nuclear scales.)
Thus, it is mainly the electromagnetic force that governs the structure of atoms and
molecules, the dynamics of chemical reactions and the mechanical, thermal and other
properties of materials.
It underlies the macroscopic forces like ‘tension’ , ‘friction’ , ‘normal force’ , ‘spring force’
, etc. Gravity is always attractive, while electromagnetic force can be attractive or
repulsive. Another way of putting it is that mass comes only in one variety (there is no
negative mass) , but charge comes in two varieties: positive and negative charge. This is
what makes all the difference. Matter is mostly electrically neutral (net charge is zero) .
Thus, electric force is largely zero and gravitational force dominates terrestrial
phenomena. Electric force manifests itself in atmosphere where the atoms are ionised
and that leads to lightning.
Comparing Gravitational and Electromagnetic Forces

The electromagnetic force between two protons, is 1036 times the gravitational force
between them, for any fixed distance.
Thus, Electromagnetism dominates at atomic and molecular scales.
Governs atoms and molecules, the dynamics of chemical reactions and the mechanical,
thermal and other properties of materials.
(The other two forces, as we shall see, operate only at nuclear scales.) Thus, it is mainly
the electromagnetic force that governs the structure of atoms and molecules, the
dynamics of chemical reactions and the mechanical, thermal and other properties of
materials.
It underlies the macroscopic forces like ‘tension’ , ‘friction’ , ‘normal force’ , ‘spring force’
, etc.
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Another way of putting it is that mass comes only in one variety (there is no negative
mass) , but charge comes in two varieties: positive and negative charge.
Matter is mostly electrically neutral (net charge is zero) . Thus, electric force is largely
zero and gravitational force dominates terrestrial phenomena.
Electric force manifests itself in atmosphere where the atoms are ionized and that leads
to lightning and aurora burel Eolis.
Strong Nuclear Force (Nuclear Force or Nucleon – Nucleon Interaction)

Not inverse square and only works over small distances.
No medium
Powerfully attractive between nucleons at distances of about 1 femtometre (fm, or
meter) , rapidly decreases to insignificance at distances beyond about 2.5 fm. At
distances less than 0.7 fm, the nuclear force becomes repulsive.
100 times the repulsive electromagnetic force between protons.
The nuclear force is powerfully attractive between nucleons at distances of about 1
femtometre (fm, or metre) , but it rapidly decreases to insignificance at distances
beyond about 2.5 fm. At distances less than 0.7 fm, the nuclear force becomes repulsive.
This repulsion is responsible for the size of nuclei, since nucleons can come no closer
than the force allows. The size of an atom, measured in angstroms ( , or m) , is
five orders of magnitude larger.
The strong nuclear force binds protons and neutrons in a nucleus. It is evident that
without some attractive force, a nucleus will be unstable due to the electric repulsion
between its protons. This attractive force cannot be gravitational since force of gravity is
negligible compared to the electric force. A new basic force must, therefore, be invoked.
The strong nuclear force is the strongest of all fundamental forces, about 100 times the
electromagnetic force in strength. It is charge-independent and acts equally between a
proton and a proton, a neutron and a neutron, and a proton and a neutron. Its range is,
however, extremely small, of about nuclear dimensions . It is responsible for
the stability of nuclei. The electron, it must be noted, does not experience this force.
Weak Nuclear Force (Or Interaction)

Appears only in certain nuclear processes such as the beta-decay of a nucleus
No medium
The weak nuclear force is not as weak as the gravitational force, but much weaker than
the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces
The range of weak nuclear force is of the order of
In beta-decay, the nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino.
Weak force changes the flavor of a quark, which causes a proton to change into a
neutron, or vice versa. This is what triggers nuclear fusion and causes stars to burn.
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Comparing Forces
Name Relative Range Operates among

strength
Gravitational Infinite All objects in the universe

force
Weak nuclear Very short, Sub- Some elementary particles,

force nuclear size particularly electron and neutrino
Electromagnetic Infinite Charged particles

force
Strong nuclear 1 Short, Nuclear size ( Nucleons, heavier elementary

force m) particles
Comparing ForcesComparing Forces
Faraday՚s law of induction explains the working principle of transformers, motors,

generators, and inductors. The law is named after Michael Faraday, who performed an
experiment with a magnet and a coil. During Faraday՚s experiment, he discovered how EMF
is induced in a coil when the flux passing through the coil changes.
Ultrashort wavelengths are less than 10 m long wavelengths are above 3000 m
Unifying Forces
Name of the Year Achievement In unification

physicist
Isaac Newton 1687 Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics; showed that
the same laws of motion and the law of gravitation
apply to both the domains.
Hans Christian 1820 Showed that electric and magnetic phenomena are
Oersted 1830 inseparable aspects of a unified domain;
Michael Faraday electromagnetism.
James Clerk Maxwell 1873 Unified electricity. magnetism and optics: showed that
light is an electromagnetic wave.
Sheldon Glashow, 1979 Showed that the weak nuclear force and the
Abdus Salam, Steven electromagnetic force could be viewed as different
Weinberg aspects of a single electro-weak force.
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Carlo Rubia, Simon 1984 Verified experimentally the predictions of the theory of
Vander Meer electro-weak force.
Unifying ForcesUnifying Forces
✍ Mayank
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4/3/24, 12:40 PM NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 1 Fundamental Forces YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace

Examrace: Downloaded from examrace.com [https://www.examrace.com/]

🎯 100 DSSSB (& PYQs) with Detailed Explanations (2023-2024)

3 Year Validity (Multiple Devices)

NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 1 Fundamental Forces

Comparing Gravitational and Electromagnetic Forces

Strong Nuclear Force (Nuclear Force or Nucleon – Nucleon Interaction)

Weak Nuclear Force (Or Interaction)

Name Relative Range Operates among

Gravitational Infinite All objects in the universe

Weak nuclear Very short, Sub- Some elementary particles,

Electromagnetic Infinite Charged particles

Strong nuclear 1 Short, Nuclear size ( Nucleons, heavier elementary

Comparing ForcesComparing Forces

Faraday՚s law of induction explains the working principle of transformers, motors,

Name of the Year Achievement In unification

Unifying ForcesUnifying Forces

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