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Science ch10

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Science ch10

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goranshkhandelwal38
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CH-13

LIGHT (SCIENCE)

New Terms:
Rectilinear propagation of light: Light travels in a straight
line.
Incident rays: Light rays travelling towards an object.
Reflected rays: Light rays that bounce back after hitting an
object.
Reflection: Phenomenon of bouncing back of a light ray when
it falls on a surface.
Virtual image: The image formed when a ray of light reaches
our eyes, but there is no object at the apparent source of light.
Real image: Seen at the point where the image is actually
formed.
Spherical mirror: Mirrors whose surfaces may be considered
as part of a spherical surface.
Centre of curvature: Geometrical centre of the sphere of
which the spherical mirror forms a part.
Radius of curvature: The radius of the sphere of which a
curved surface forms a port.
Pole: Geometrical centre of the mirror.
Principal axis: Line passing through the pole and the centre of
curvature.
Optical centre: Mid-point of the line joining the poles of a lens.
Principal focus of lens: Point on the principle axis at which all
parallel beams converge or appear to diverge from.
Focal length: Distance between the optical center and the
principal focus of a lens.
Spectrum: Colours of the rainbow arranged in a specific order.
Dispersion: splitting of light into its seven constituent colours.
Rectilinear propagation of light:
Light travels in a straight line. A thin straight line with an
arrowhead, which shows the direction in which light travels is
called a ray. A beam is a stream of light and is shown by a
number of ray.
Do you know that there are a few important
phenomena. which occur only because of rectilinear
propagation of light?
Let us discuss some of them.
(i) The shadow of any opaque object is formed only when it
comes in the path of light.
(ii) (ii) When the sun's rays fall on a portion of the earth, it
experiences day, and the rest of the planet experiences
night.
(iii) (iii) The image in a pinhole camera forms only due to the
rectilinear propagation of light.
REFLECTION:
Light rays travelling towards an object are known as incident
rays. If they hit the object and bounce back, they are called
reflected rays. The phenomenon of bouncing back of light by a
surface is known as reflection of light.
The laws of reflection state that:
The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. Both
angles are measured with respect to the normal to the mirror.
The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane.

IMAGES:
When the image formed is larger in size than the object, it is
called magnified image and when it is smaller than the object,
it is called diminished image. When the image is right way up, it
is said to be erect while upside down image is said to be
inverted.
Types of images
Magnified /Diminished
Erect/Inverted
Real/virtual
Laterally image

Virtual images (what do you understand by virtual


image. Discuss?)
A virtual image is produced when a ray of light reaches our
eyes, but there is, in fact, no object at the apparent source of
light. The most common example is when light from an object
strikes a simple plane mirror. The reflected rays appear to
come from an identical object that is located behind the mirror.
We cannot obtain this image on a screen placed anywhere
behind or in front of the mirror. Such images are called virtual
images.
Real image:
Unlike a virtual image, a real image is seen at the point where
the image is actually formed. A good example of a real image
is the one that is obtained in a pinhole camera.
Now, we can easily summarise the properties of images formed
by a plane mirror. A plane mirror forms an image:
(i) of the same size as the object and erect.
(ii) as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
(iii) which is always virtual.
(iv) which is laterally inverted.
Spherical Images:
Mirrors whose surfaces may be considered as part of a
spherical surface.
Convex Mirror: Surfaces curved outwards are called convex
surfaces.
Concave mirror: The surfaces curved inward are called
concave surfaces.
Important terms and image formation in spherical
mirrors:
The geometrical centre of the sphere of which the mirror forms
a part is called centre of curvature.
2. The geometrical centre of the mirror formed is called the
pole.
3. The radius of the sphere of which the curved surface forms a
part is called the radius of curvature.
4. The line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature
is called the principal axis.
5. The rays of light parallel to the principal axis when incident
on a concave mirror after reflection converge at a point on the
principal axis. This point is called the principal focus.
In a convex mirror, the rays incident and parallel to the
principal axis after reflection appear to diverge from a point on
the principal axis. This point is called the principal focus.
Uses of spherical mirrors:
Uses of concave mirrors:
1. These mirrors can produce enlarged image and so are
used as shaving mirrors in salons and by dentists to
examine teeth. Also in astronomical telescopes.
2. As concave mirrors can converge the sunrays which help
in heating, they are used in solar cookers.
3. They reflect the light from bulbs and help in directing the
powerful beam of light in a particular direction and thus
are used in torches, search lights, headlights of vehicles.
Uses of convex mirrors:
1. Convex mirrors can form images spread in over a
large area. they are used as rear-view mirrors in
vehicles. They are also used in departmental stores
and supermarkets.
Lenses:
A lens may form a diminished or an enlarged image, depending
on how it is made. Telescopes and microscopes use lenses to
form images of suitable size and at required positions.
Convex lens is called converging lens as it converges the light
falling on it. Concave lens is called diverging lens as it diverges
the light falling on it.
Important terms and image formation in lenses:
1. Each surface of a lens has a centre called pole.
2. The mid-point of the line joining the poles is called optical
centre.
3. The perpendicular line joining the poles and optical centre
is called principal axis.
4. The point on the principal axis at which all parallel beams
converge or appear to diverge from is called principal
focus
5. The distance between the optical centre and the principal
focus is called focal length.
We can thus conclude from the above activity:
1. A convex lens can produce both real and virtual images.
2. When an object is placed close to the lens, an erect,
enlarged, and virtual image is formed.
3. The size of the image depends upon the distance between
the lens and the object.
Colors:
The colours of the rainbow are arranged in a specific order
called light spectrum.
It was Sir Isaac Newton who concluded for the first time that
we can get a band of seven colours from sunlight by passing it
through a glass prism. He proved that white light of the sun is
composed of seven colours. If sunlight or white light strikes a
glass prism at an angle, the light splits into seven colours.
This phenomenon of splitting of light into its seven constituent
colours is called dispersion.

INFO-BUBBLE

licensed under CC BY-SA

Newton disc: Newton's disc is a spinning wheel divided into 7


segments. Each segment has one colour of the rainbow. When
this disc is rotated very fast, it appears nearly white in colour.
This shows us that the seven colours come together to give
white. You can make your own Newton's disc and try it out.
HUNGRY BRAINS:
Mirrors are usually made by thinly coating sheets of glass with
tin amalgam. Amalgams are formed by dissolving certain
metals in mercury (quicksilver). The silver coating is held in
place and protected by a layer of varnish.

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