CHAPTER 1: Meaning and Relevance of ● Published books, newspapers and

History magazine clippings published at the time

● Government publications
DEFINITION OF HISTORY: ● Oral histories
History - from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning ● Records of organizations
'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation’ ● Autobiographies and memories
- The past as it is described in written ● Printed ephemera
documents, and the study thereof. ● Artifacts, e.g. clothing, costumes, furniture
- History lets you travel through a world of ● Research data, e.g. public opinion polls
books, documents, artifacts, digital media,
and images to places. Characteristics of primary sources:
- Study of past events, particularly in human ● Can either be first-hand observation/
affairs analysis, or accounts contemporary with
- Whole series of past events connected the events described
with someone or something ● Document events, people, viewpoint of the
- Might be written on the papyrus, walls time
temples, coliseums, sphinx, obelisks, and ● When research is more era, rather than
other monumental relics of the past event driven, scope of possible primary
- The reason why humanity invented the sources broadens considerably
social science of history is for the present ● Represent one person’s perspective;
civilization to decipher the exciting events frequently will be used with secondary/
that happened in the past that shaped the tertiary sources to broaden the lens
present and possibly affect the future. through which a researcher is looking at
- History lets you travel through a world of an event, era, or phenomenon
books, documents, artifacts, digital media, ● It is important when using anything as a
and images to places. primary source that the researcher be
- Studying history is excellent at developing cognizant of and sensitive to the bias of
attributes for life and a range of skills for the observer/ analyzer that created the
employment, and it provides you with primary source, and also to the broader
curiosity and creativity to understand the cultural biases of the era in which the
world primary source was created.
● The researcher’s perspective, or the
RELEVANCE OF HISTORY: arguments or points for which a
History is inescapable. It studies the past researcher plans to use primary sources
and legacies of the past in the present. Far from as evidence, is significant in determining
being a “dead” subject, it connects things through what sources will be primary.
time and encourages its students to take a long ● Reproductions of primary sources remain
view of such connections. primary for many research purposes.
TWO CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL DATA:
History is being written based on the actual SECONDARY SOURCE- something that was not
evidence, manuscripts, and written documents made by someone or by a group of people who
which provide sources of historical information. participated in the historical era which is being
These two categories of historical data were studied.
PRIMARY SOURCE AND SECONDARY ● Are usually created by historians and
SOURCE. scholastic writers based on their
interpretation of the primary sources
PRIMARY SOURCE- it provides direct or firsthand ● Are sources of historical data which are
evidence about an event, object, person, or work created later or after the historical event
of art. which is being studied and provided by the
● it contains “firsthand” knowledge about people who were not present in that event.
historical events, figures, and people. ● It describes, discusses, interprets,
● it provides compelling and direct evidence comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
of human activity summarize, and process primary sources.
● are the things that were created or in use
during the period which is being studied. Examples of a secondary source are:
● are actual records that have survived from ● Publications such as textbooks, magazine
the past. articles, book reviews, commentaries,
Some examples of primary source formats encyclopedias, almanacs, biography,
include: thesis, dissertations, interviews, news,
● Archives and manuscript material reports, movies, news articles, scholarly
● Photographs, audio recordings, video journals, transcriptions, and dictionaries.
recordings, films
● Journals, letters and diaries
● Speeches
● Scrapbooks
TWO WAYS OF EVALUATING HISTORICAL As it is regarded that history is very
DATA: important in protecting the genuine identity of a
There are two ways on how to examine historical certain race, state, and country, every primary and
sources for the scholastic writers and historians to secondary source that serves as relics of the past
validate the authenticity of the sources that they must be properly evaluated through the process of
have collected to be used as the reference of the science and thorough investigation with the aid of
historical account that they are going to publish. internal and external criticisms.
These are INTERNAL CRITICISM AND
EXTERNAL CRITICISM. CHAPTER 2: Analyzing Primary Sources

1. INTERNAL CRITICISM (POSITIVE/ HIGHER A primary source includes documents or

CRITICISM) artifacts created by a witness to or participant in
- looks within the data itself to try to an event. They can be firsthand testimony or
determine the truth-facts and the evidence created during the time period that you
reasonable interpretation; (what have you are studying. It provides compelling and direct
observed) evidence of human activity and these sources are
- it includes looking at the personal data actual records that have survived from the past.
provider’s apparent or possible motives. Good reading is about asking questions of
- it indicates the accuracy, trustworthiness, your sources. You must keep in mind several
and integrity of the materials to which factors when reading primary sources. Reading
historical data will be based primary sources requires that you use your
*INTERNAL CRITICISM is that part of the historical imagination. Imagining possible
historical method which determines the historicity scenarios to address your own concerns will aid
of the facts contained in the document. It is not of your comprehension. This process is all about
absolute necessity that the document be proven your willingness and ability to ask questions of the
genuine; even forgeries or documents with material, imagine possible answers, and explain
truncated truths may contain available material. your reasoning.
*We must first be certain that we know exactly When you analyze a primary source, you
what the author said and that we understand what are undertaking the most important job of the
he wrote as he understood it. historian. There is no better way to understand
*The student or research-worker must be events in the past than by examining the sources-
permeated with an earnest desire to reach the whether journals, newspaper articles, letters, court
truth and must be, as far as it lies within his power, case records, novels, artworks, music or
indifferent to the results of his inquiry or criticism. autobiographies – that people from that period left
behind.
2. EXTERNAL CRITICISM (LOWER CRITICISM) Everybody can be a historian, including
- applies experimental science to certify you. As such, you will approach a source with a
the authenticity of the material that holds different set of experiences and skills, and will
the data in which historical information will therefore interpret the document differently.
be based; external factors; physical Remember that there is no one right interpretation.
attributes of the document (ex. If the pen However, if you do not do a careful and thorough
used in the document or letter already job, you might arrive at a wrong interpretation.
existed in that time/ past) In order to analyze a primary source you
- it entails such physical and technical need information about two things: the document
tests as the dating of paper when a itself and the era from which it comes. You can
document is written base your information about the time period on the
- it involves knowledge of when certain readings you do in class and on lectures. On your
things existed, or it supports the claim own you need to think about the document itself.
whether it is possible or impossible to exist The following questions may be helpful to you as
- it evaluates the authenticity and you begin to analyze the sources:
genuineness of data 1. Look at the physical nature of your source. This
*EXTERNAL CRITICISM is that part of the is particularly important and powerful if you are
historical method which determines the dealing with an original source such as an actual
authenticity of the source. old letter, rather than a transcribed and published
*The document must be viewed from every version of the same letter. What can you learn
possible angle. from the form of the source? Was it written on a
fancy paper in elegant handwriting, or a scrap
Internal and external criticisms are both paper, scribbled in pencil? What does this tell you?
critical in studying history for it is society’s 2. Think about the purpose of the source. What
collective memory. Every historian scrutinizes the was the author's message or argument? What was
evidence of the past to describe past events with he/ she trying to get across? Is the message
accuracy. Historians play a significant role in our explicit, or is there an implicit message as well?
society in the sense that they are the keepers of 3. How is the author trying to convey the
the most critical events in the history of his messages? Which methods is he/she using?
generation and the previous generation.
4. What do you know about the author? Race, sex, For better understanding, the “6 C’s of
class, occupation, religion, age, region, political Analyzing Primary Sources” stated below to
beliefs? Does any of this matter? How? explain how Philippine society started and formed.
5. Who constituted the intended audience? Was 1. Content. The main idea of the document or
this source meant for one person’s eyes, or for the source, the list of important points, phrases,
public? How does that affect the source? words, and sentences for images, describe what
6. What are the careful reading of the text or even you see.
an object tell you? How does the language work? This must be acknowledged, as the document
What are the important metaphors or symbols? shall describe in detail to highlight information to
What can the author’s choice of words tell you? reveal what the document is all about. This also
could be great quotes.
The 6 C's that guide as to effectively analyze 2. Citation. You must identify the creator of the
primary sources: document and the time when it is created.
1. Content (What is the main idea?) There are times that a document did not specify
- You must identify the main idea. For an author at all. In some cases, if no name is
documents, list important points, phrases, given you will have to give an educated guess
words and sentences. For images, based on clues within the document. It may give a
describe what you see. place or a year then you may search and find the
2. Citation (Who created the source?) person related to the main idea of content.
- You must identify the creator of the 3. Communication. The biases of the author. A
document and the time it is created. bias is prejudice or a tendency to see something in
3. Communication (Is the source reliable?) a particular way. The point of view of the author.
- You must identify the biases of the author. The explanation for this in a nutshell: was the
A bias is a prejudice or a tendency to see source reliable? It is very important to question
something in a particular way. Also, it is what you see in order to determine the reliability of
important for you to examine the point of the source.
view of the author. There will be separate 4. Context. To understand what is going on in the
discussion about the author’s point of world, country, region, or locality when the
view. document is created.
4. Context (What was going on when it was How could you link the primary source to other
created?) things that you already know? The more
- You must understand what is going on in information you can link this to, the more likely you
the world, country, region, or locality when are to understand the bigger picture and more
the document is created. likely to remember the information.
5. Connections (What is your prior knowledge 5. Connections. Recognize the connection of the
and newly acquired knowledge?) primary source to what you already know.
- You must recognize the connection of the 6. Conclusions. To determine the contributions of
primary source to what you already know. the primary source to our understanding of history.
6. Conclusions (How does the source contribute
to your understanding about the past?) BEFORE THE ARRIVAL
- You must determine the contributions of ● Before the arrival of the Spanish invaders,
the primary source to our understanding of natives of the Philippine islands already
history. It is important to examine primary had a heritage of our own– vastly affluent
sources with a critical eye since they and colorful.
represent unfiltered records of the past. All ● The vastness of our pre-colonial culture
of these in more ways than one, can help was described in some documents written
you better understand our past and our by Spanish government officials and
nation as a whole. priests who traveled across the
archipelago.
CHAPTER 3: Content and Contextual Analysis ● Through these sources, they described
of Selected Primary Sources (Customs of the what they saw and experienced within the
Tagalogs) context of their own time.
● Remember that the context is an important
A historian’s major tool in determining the factor in order to determine the historical
past is the historical sources. “History” may importance of the text in understanding a
broaden and deepen the understanding of document, you must consider what is
economic, cultural, and social history. Our country, happening in and around the time period
the Philippines, has a rich history as well as of the historical data or event at hand to
heritages. In this present day, we classify create a full picture.
ourselves as being one of racial intermarriages; ● The “Customs of the Tagalogs” written by
having a spouse and having relatives who belong Fr. Juan de Plasencia as he described the
to different races and ethnicities. people and their social statuses in the time
As a responsible and functional member when Spaniard were completely unaware
of society, we shall understand that each of us did of our pre-colonial background.
have a social origin.
BACKGROUND OF JUAN DE PLASENCIA FR. FRANCISCO COLIN
● His real name is Joan de Portocarrero, Del On the other hand, according to Fr. Francisco
Convento De Villanueva De La Serena. Colin, a Jesuit priest, the Visayan people had
He was a Spanish Friar of the Franciscan different terms designated to each social class.
order. ● There are three kinds and classes of
● Juan de Plasencia was born in the early people: The chief’s, whom the Visayans
16th century as Juan Portocarrero in call Datu and the Tagalogs Maginoo;
Plasencia, in the region of Extremadura, ● Timaus, who are the ordinary common
Spain. He was one of the seven children people, called Maharlica among the
of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of a Tagalogs
Spanish schooner. ● The slaves, called Oripun by the Visayans
● Born in the 16th century to the illustrious and Alipin by the Tagalogs.
family of Portocarrero in Plasencia, in the
region of Extremadura, Spain. HOUSES
● Well reputed as the one who took the ● Made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm
leading role in fostering the spread of
primary education. Converted natives, MODE OF DRESSING
taught catechisms, and organized towns FOR MALE
and barangay in the Philippines. ● Headgear: Putong (symbolizes the
● Promoted the understanding of both the number of persons the wearer had killed)
Spanish language among the natives, and ● Upper: Kanggan, a jacket with short
the local languages among the sleeves
missionaries, to facilitate the task of ● Lower: Bahag
spreading Christianity. Initiated the FOR FEMALE
Reduction Policy (reduccion in Spanish), ● Baro: upper
to reduce or resettle native in central ● Camisa: lower; saya
locations. Some of his works aimed to put
an end to some injustices being committed ORNAMENTS
against natives by certain government ● A decorative object or detail that adds
officials. quality or distinction to a person, place or
thing.
ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES
● During the following years they are also GOVERNMENT
credited with the foundation of a large ● Barangay- unit of government ruled by a
number of towns in the provinces of chieftain. It consists of 30 to 100 families
Bulacan, Laguna and Rizal, such as together with their relatives and slaves.
Tayabas Caliraya, Lucban, Majayjay,
Nagcarlan, Lilio (Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, ● The chieftain’s function includes
Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycauayan. implementing laws, ensuring order and
Elected as the custos of the friars in May giving protection to his subject.
23, 1584 and held it until 1588. Passed ● Disputes between individuals were settled
away in Laguna in the year 1590. by a court made up of the chieftain and
● Datu (or dato?)- the chief who governed council of elders.
the people and were captains in their wars
whom they obeyed and reverenced; the INHERITANCE
chiefs ruled over but few people, ● The 1st son of the barangay chieftain
sometimes as many as a hundred houses, inherits his father’s position. If the 1st son
sometimes even less than thirty dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father. In
● Barangay- tribal gathering in Tagalog; a absence of male heirs, it is the eldest
family of parents and children, relatives daughter that becomes the chieftain.
and slaves
SLAVES
THE THREE CASTES ● A person becomes a slave by:
● Nobles. The “free-born” (MAHARLICA)- 1. By captivity in war
They do not pay taxes. 2. By reason of debt
● The Commoners. (ALIPING 3. By inheritance
NAMAMAHAY)- The live in their own 4. By purchase, and
houses and lords of their property and 5. By committing a crime
gold ● Slaves can be emancipated through:
● The slaves. (ALIPING SAGUIGUILID)- 1. By forgiveness
They serve their master in his house and 2. By paying debt
his cultivated land, and they can be sold 3. By condonation, and
 4. By bravery (where a slave can ARRIVAL OF SPANIARDS
possibly become a Dato) or by ● The arrival of the Spaniards during the
marriage 16th century ushered in a
three-hundred-year long process of
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS colonization of the Philippines.
● Men were in general, monogamous, while ● Spaniards conquered the Philippines with
their wives are called Asawa. no unity, no proper government, and
● Courtship begins with Paninilbihan divided tribes.
● Prior to marriage the man requires to give ● Those are some reasons why the Spanish
a dowry: easily conquered our land.
1. Bigay-kaya (a piece of land or ● We adapted their culture, traditions, and
gold); even their languages which we used until
2. Panghihimuyat (a gift for the today.
bride’s parents); ● Spain was searching for the so-called
3. Bigay-suso (for bride’s wet nurse) “Spice Island” and also with the fact that
● Marriage between couples belonging to they didn’t reach the said island for certain
different social classes was not common. reasons.
● The Spaniards arrived at Cebu and mostly
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS did what Magellan and his men did before
● Gods and Goddesses: spreading Christianity and befriending the
1. Bathala- supreme being locals.
2. Idayanale- God of agriculture ● They wanted to spread Christianity but
3. Sidarapa- God of death abused everything about it– used
4. Agni- God of fire Christianity to take advantage.
5. Balangaw- God of rainbow ● Spaniards really wanted and reasons for
6. Mandarangan- God of war colonization are the 3 G’s: God, Gold, and
7. Lalahon- God of harvest Glory.
8. Siginarungan- God of hell ● God- the conversions of natives to
● They also believed in sacred animals and Christianity
trees. ● Gold- accumulation of gold and wealth
● Glory- supremacy of Spain over Portugal
SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS as a superpower
● They believe in aswang, duwende, kapre, ● Spaniards conquered the Philippines for
tikbalang, and tiyanak. 333 years (1565-1898). The colonization
● They also believe in magical power of of the Philippines started in 1565.
amulet and charms such as anting-anting,
kulam, and gayuma or love potion. SPICES AS “PRIMARY GOAL”
● Before, spices and other resources from
LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING the islands of Moluccas was the primary
● Major Languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, goal of the Spaniards.
Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon, ● In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese
Hiligaynon, Maguindanao, and Samarnon. explorer Ferdinand Magellan (c.
These languages originated from the 1480-1521) set out from Spain in 1519
Malayo-Polynesian language. with a fleet of five ships to discover a
● System of writing: alphabets consisted of western sea route to the Spice Islands.
3 vowels and 14 consonants called *Fernão de Magalhães is Magellan's real
Baybayin. name.
● They used tap of trees as ink and pointed ● The voyage was long and dangerous, and
stick as pencil. only one ship returned home three years
● They wrote on enlarged plant leaves, bark later.
of trees or bamboo tubes. ● Although it was laden with valuable spices
from the East, such as nutmeg cinnamon,
CHAPTER 4: Historical Importance of Text in black pepper, and clove.
Understanding Philippine History ● Clove was the most valuable spice in
Europe during Magellan’s time. It was
IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL TEXT used to flavor food and Europeans also
● Historical text is an important part of the believed that its essence could improve
past and without it, memories, stories and vision, its powder could relieve fevers and
characters have less meaning. In that it could enhance intercourse when
analyzing historical events and in a time mixed with milk.
when cameras and smartphones do not ● Since spices could not be cultivated in
exist, text can help us imagine the cold places and arid in Europe, no effort
narratives. was spared to discover the quickest sea
route to the spice island.
● The Moluccas island where the spice is *Homonhon, Samar- first island
bounty, it was found in Indonesia, and was discovered by Magellan
also called Maluku island and also known *King Charles V was the king of Spain
as Spice island. when these expeditions took place.
● On August 10, 1519 Magellan bade
farewell to his wife and young son, neither SPREADING OF CHRISTIANITY
of whom he would ever see again, and the ● But then, their motive turned into
Armada de Molucca set sail. something greater in importance and that
● They left from Sanlúcar on September 20, is Christianity.
1519: Magellan commanded the lead ship ● They spread Christianity successfully and
Trinidad and was accompanied by four the first three that have been baptized
other ships: the San Antonio, the were Datu Zula, Rajah Humabon, and
Conception, the Victoria, and the Datu Colombu.
Santiago. ● After Magellan died, the Spanish later sent
● January 1520: The crew reached the land Miguel López de Legazpi. He arrived in
of Brazil, Río de la Plata. Cebu from New Spain (now Mexico),
● April 1520: They reached Puerto San where Spain introduced Christianity and
Julian. There became a conflict that colonization in the Philippines took place.
resulted in mutiny, rebellion against ● They have the first mass at Limasawa,
Magellan. Southern Leyte.
● May 1520: They reached the Patagonia ● The first Christian mass was held on
region. People who reside in the region March 31, 1521. It was led by Father
are called Patagones. Pedro de Valderama.
● On October 21, 1520 Magellan finally ● Magellan met with Rajah Humabon, ruler
entered the strait that he had been of the island of Cebu, who had an ill
seeking and that came to bear his name. grandson. Magellan with his men was able
*Strait of Magellan (“of All Saints”). The to cure the young boy, and in gratitude,
strait was named after him. Humabon allowed himself, his wife
● The voyage through the Strait of Magellan Humamay, and 800 of his subjects to be
was treacherous and cold, and many baptized.
sailors continued to mistrust their leader ● After Magellan died, the Spanish later sent
and grumble about the dangers of the Miguel López de Legazpi. He arrived in
journey ahead. Cebu from New Spain (now Mexico),
● In the early days of the navigation of the where Spain introduced Christianity and
strait, the crew of the San Antonio forced colonization in the Philippines took place.
its captain to desert, and the ship turned *Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was the first
and fled across the Atlantic Ocean back to governor general of the Philippines. He
Spain. At this point, only three of the conquered the Islamized Kingdom of
original five ships remained in Magellan’s Maynila in 1570. The Spanish
fleet. missionaries were able to spread
● Magellan himself was killed in battle on Christianity in the Philippines.
the voyage, but his ambitious expedition *Cebu was the first capital of the
proved that the globe could be circled by Philippines.
sea and that the world was much larger *The Philippines was previously a Muslim
than had previously been imagined. country.
*November 1520: They reached Tierra del *2 Datus in Mactan: Datu Zula and Lapu
Fuego ‘land of fire’; There was a Lapu; Datu in Cebu: Raja Humabon
bifurcation (division). Estavo Gomes
accused Magellan of treason or crime of BATTLE OF MACTAN
betraying one’s country. ● Antonio Pigafetta- The chronicler of the
*December 1520: They reached the Spanish expedition who documented the
pacific ocean. (pacific means peaceful) battle of Mactan.
*March 1521: They reached the Island of ● April 26, 1521:
Thieves. - Datu Lapu lapu opposed Datu
*March 17, 1521: Magellan and his crew Zula to pay tribute (Zula sent one
arrived at the Philippines. of his sons to represent two goats
*Enrique de Malaka (Enrique de Malacca to the captain-general).
from google)- Magellan’s slave; he was - Datu Zula requested a boatload of
from Malaysia which was conquered by his men the next night to conquer
Portugal. Lapu-lapu
*Out of five ships, only two arrived in - Magellan agreed and went to the
Maluku Islands. The two ships were battle as well.
Victoria and Conception.
*Victoria was the only ship that returned to
Spain(?).
 ● April 27, 1521: 3. Catholicism: 86% of the Philippine
- Magellan set out to Mactan at population is Roman Catholic
midnight. (3 hours before morning, 4. Last names: In 1849, Narciso Clavería y
they arrived at 5am) Zaldúa provided(?) a Spanish surnames
- After 3 hours, they reached book
Mactan. 5. Country name: Philippines was named
- Magellan negotiated with the after King Philip II of Spain
natives. 6. Western culture: social status
- Morning came, Magellan and 49 7. Education: UST was the first university in
men leaped and walked through the Philippines. It was established by
the water. Dominican friars.
- 49 men (Magellan and his crew) 8. Food: Adobo was a process to preserve
vs. 1500 natives meat
- Magellan divided his group into
two. CHAPTER 5: Examining the Author’s Main
- Cilapulapu formed three divisions Argument and Point of View
and executed the triangle strategy. Examining the Author’s Main Argument and Point
- The Battle of Mactan began. of View:
- Crossbow and musket shots were - When studying historical sources you
useless. need to be aware of the document's
- Magellan ordered some of his sources and their authors’ point of view.
men to burn the houses to terrify Point of view refers to the perspective of
the natives (20-30 houses were the author toward a particular person.
burned) In analyzing the author’s argument and point of
- Magellan ordered his men to view, you should ask yourselves the following
retreat slowly and 6-7 men questions:
remained with him. ● Who is the speaker/ source?
- Targeting Magellan, an “Indian” - Age, gender, profession/ work,
native (Indio?) attempted to hurl a social status
bamboo spear on Magellan’s face. - It is important for us to know the
- Magellan stood firm as he background of the author of a
sacrificed himself to let his men book or article, in order for us to
escape the battlefield to his death. identify if he/ she has the
*Raja Humabon was watching the credibility to write a book.
“Battle of Mactan”. ● What is the occasion?
*Jose Rizal referred to Cilapulapu - Circumstances, current situation,
as the Lapu-lapu we call today. place, time
● Who is the intended audience?
SUCCESSFULLY COLONIZED GOVERNMENT - Written privately or written to be
As Spaniards successfully founded their colonial read/ heard by others.
government. History of the Philippines from 1521 ● What is the purpose?
to 1898, also known as the Spanish colonial - Motivates, beliefs, ideology, etc.
period from 1565, was the following arrival of ● What is the subject?
Magellan in our country. Spain financed the - Topic, content, ideas
expedition. And since then the native were living in ● What is the tone?
numerous areas scattered and away from one -emotion of the author
another, the colonial government gathered then
and placed them under one community. This ANDRES BONIFACIO
process is called reduccion. At that era we were ● Andrés Bonifacio (November 30,
under colonialism, Spaniards taught us some 1863–May 10, 1897) was a leader of the
modern way of living that until this day we use Philippine Revolution and the president of
their shared knowledge to us. From kitchen tools, the Tagalog Republic, a short-lived
agriculture, education and politics. government in the Philippines.
*Frailocracy- rule of the friars; priests are the ● He founded Kataastaasan,
leaders Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga
*In the process of reduccion, natives were Anak ng Bayan on July 7, 1892 at the
brought into communities. (ex. of Spanish house of Deodato Arellano at 734 Calle El
community: churches (munisipyo), plaza) Cano cor. Azcarraga. Membership was
through blood compact symbolizing the
SPANISH INFLUENCES THAT ARE EVIDENT foundation of the secret society, which
UNTIL TODAY aimed the separation of the Philippines
1. Language: most common is “Kumusta” from Spain and the expulsion of the
from the Spanish phrase “Como estas” Spaniards in the country.
2. Numbers & Money: the currency “peso”
is the same as Spain
 ● The first Supremo of the Katipunan was DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE
Deodato Arellano, followed by Roman INDEPENDENCE
Basa and finally, Andres Bonifacio. ● June 12, 1898 (4-5pm in the afternoon)
● The Kalayaan- the official organ of the ● Kawit, Cavite; in the house of Emilio
Katipunan published with Emilio Jacinto as Aguinaldo
editor. It was published to strengthen and ● Must use the same flag
further widen the operations of the *The flag was made by Marcela Agoncillo,
organization. his daughter Lorenza, and Jose Rizal’s
*Two works of Bonifacio were published in niece, Delfina Herbosa de Natividad. It
the Kalayaan– “Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang was created in Hong Kong in the year
Lupa” and “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga 1897.
Tagalog”. *Emilio Aguinaldo designed the Philippine
flag.
PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA
● Written on March 1896 SYMBOLISM OF FLAG
● Consists of 28 stanzas and each stanzas ● TRIANGLE- signifying the distinctive
contains 4 lines emblem of the famous society of
● Bonifacio used the initials “A. I. B.” which “katipunan” which means its blood
stands for Agapito Bagumbayan, his compact inspired the masses to rise in
pseudonym along with the poem. revolution.
● Inspires Filipinos to unite and fight for ● THREE STARS- Luzon, Mindanao, Panay
independence. ● SUN- representing the gigantic steps
made by the sons of the country along the
ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG path progress and civilization
● Written by Andres Bonifacio in 1896 ● EIGHT RAYS- Eight provinces: Manila,
● Denounces Spain’s maltreatment of the Cavite, Batangas, Bataan, Bulacan,
Filipinos Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Laguna
(provinces that triggered the Philippine
EMILIO JACINTO Revolution; were put under martial law
● He was the Filipino General during the during the Spanish occupation)
Philippine Revolution and also the highest ● COLORS (RED, BLUE AND WHITE)-
ranking officers of the revolutionary commemorating the flag of the United
society KKK. States of America
● Emilio was given a new name when he *1899: 1st time binaliktad yung flag;
was part of this group. To the Katipunan, Filipino-American War or Tagalog
he was often referred to as Utak ng Insurgency(?)
Katipunan. *1941- 2nd time binaliktad yung flag, WWII
● He wrote under the pseudonym Dimasilaw *1943- last time; Jose Laurel, state of war
when writing for the newspaper and he
was more commonly referred to in the CHAPTER 6: Controversies and Conflicting
group as Pingkian. Views in Philippine History
● He was placed in charge of writing the *Multiperspectivity: According to Dr. Robert
guidebook for new members and current Strandling, a professor of History at the University
members of the Katipunan, which was of Chicago, said that multiperspectivity is “a way of
called Kartilya ng Katipunan. viewing, and a predisposition to view, historical
● When the leader of the Katipunan passed events, personalities, developments, cultures and
away, he continued to carry out the wishes societies from different perspectives through
of Bonifacio. The Katipunan at his time drawing on procedures and processes which are
had many factions and not all of them fundamental to history as a discipline.”
operated in the same way in their efforts to
gain their independence from Spain. Site of the First Mass
● Magdalo faction: under the leadership of ● The First recorded Christian mass was
Emilio Aguinaldo which Emilio Jacinto held on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521 at
refused to join a little island port named Mazaua. It was
● He died on April 16, 1899 at the age of 24. facilitated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama.
He died of malaria which he contracted ● Two identical accounts report this event by
during his stay in Majayjay, Laguna. eyewitness Antonio Pigafetta (1523) and
*He was born on December 15, 1875 in Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (1601).
Tondo. ● “Masawa” is a word found only in
*Other names: Pingkian, Dimasilaw, Ka Butuanon. It means brilliant light and
Ilyong crystal clear.
*Spouse: Catalina de Jesus ● Some Filipino historians have long
*Parents: Josefa Dizon & Mariano Jacinto contested the idea that Limasawa was the
*Nickname: The brain of Katipunan (Utak site of the first catholic mass.
ng Katipunan)
 ● From other sources, Mazaua means Quiazon informed that it upholds
Limasawa. Limasawa as the site of First
● The Philippine Congress referred the Mass representing “more credible
matter to the National Historical Institute possibility until a controversible
for it to study the issue and recommend a evidence to the contrary is
historical finding. established.”
● The NHI chair Dr. Samuel K. Tan ○ Limasawa is historic in that the
reaffirmed Limasawa as the site of the first first Christian Mass in the Far East
mass. was celebrated in this island on
● Today the island is popularly known as March 31, 1521 by Ferdinand
“Limasawa” although some elderly citizens Magellan.
prefer to call it “Mazaua”. ○ In 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos
● Limasawa was created into an approved Republic Act No. 7822
independent municipality on June 11, declaring Limasawa as a Tourist
1978 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. Zone in 1994.
1549. But this was not implemented due to
some problems. 2. Mazaua Island (Butuan)
● Limasawa officially became a municipality ○ Mazaua is the original name of
on August 27, 1989 after the conduct of a this municipality.
plebiscite among the populace to ratify its There are two assumptions how the municipality
independence. got its name:
● For the past centuries, innumerable ○ Before the Spanish men arrived
members of the Filipino including the top on the Island, the natives didn't
experts in education, history, religion, really have a name for their place.
politics and other subjects are still The native, unable to understand
debating. what it meant, mistakenly
interpreted the question to mean
FOUR SITES OF THE MASS “how many wives their Rajah has”.
1. Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte So he answered immediately
○ The most famous is Limasawa “Lima’y Asawa”, meaning that
Island, an island in Southern their Rajah has five wives. The
Leyte, which the Philippine Spanish too, thinking that was the
Government recognized as the answer to his question, return to
actual site of the First Mass. tell his companions that the island
○ The powerful Roman Catholic is named “Lima’y Asawa”. And
Church also recognized Limasawa from then on, the place came to
Island as the site where Magellan be called “Limasawa”.
and his crew landed and held the ○ Another assumption is that when
First Mass. the Spanish men arrived on the
○ The Embassy of Portugal in Metro island, they named it “Mazaua” for
Manila recognized Limasawa as the beauty of the place. As it is
the Mazzaua which Pigafetta their custom to add the prefix “Le”
wrote about as the Island where to mean a particular name, it
Magellan and his troops observed became the tongue of everyone in
the First Mass on Easter or the place to call it “Le Mazaua”. It
introduced Christianity to the was the local people themselves
Islands inhabitants. who later changed the spelling
○ The First Cross and the First and joined the two words into
Mass Shrine are some of the “Limasawa”.
frequently visited spots that give
tourists a rare experience of 3. Homonhon
retracing the historic footsteps of ○ During the circumnavigation of the
the Portuguese explorer globe, Ferdinand Magellan’s three
Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 who surviving vessels passed the
paved the way for the beginning of Marianas. But it did not land, even
Christianity in the country. though he was out of food after
○ The National Historical Institute crossing the Pacific Ocean. Yet he
(NHI) and Congress, through RA landed on the island of Homonhon
2733 enacted in 1960 declared on March 16, 1521, where his
that the “First Mass” in the crew managed to gather some
Philippines was held at Limasawa food despite Homonhon being
Island in Southern Leyte. uninhabited at that time.
○ On March 1, 1994, National ○ Magellan was detected by the
Historical Institute chairman and boats of Rajah Colombu of
executive director Serafin D.
 Limasawa, who guided him to ultimately to promote the nationalist
Cebu on April 7. cause.
○ Rajah Colombu was an ally of the ● Sergeant Fernando de La Madrid: led
Datu of Cebu (Rajah Humabon). the Cavite mutiny
○ On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand ● Perspective of the Spaniards
Magellan first landed in ○ Jose Montero y Vidal - a historian,
Homonhon when he discovered and Rafael de Izquierdo, who was
the Philippines. The event forever an governor-general of the
earned Homonhon a place in Philippines during that time,
history. documented how the event was
○ The Island of Homonhon which is an attempt to overthrow the
still a part of the town of Guiuan is Spanish government in the
a parish in itself under the title of Philippines.
St. John the Baptist. It consists of ● Perspective of the Filipinos leading the
8 barangays of which Casuguran mutiny
is the center where the parish ○ Based on the documentation of
church is situated. Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, a
○ Other barangays to the north of filipino historian
Casuguran: Inapulangan, Habag, ● The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the
Kanawayon, and Bitaugan Spanish regime under the reactionary
○ Barangays to the south: Culasi, governor Rafael de Izquierdo magnified
Pagbabangnan, and Cagusoan the incident and used it as an excuse to
○ There is a small island which is a clamp down on those Filipinos who had
part of Inapulangan to the been calling for governmental reform. A
north-west part of Homonhon number of Filipino intellectuals were
called Mantukonan. seized and accused of complicity with the
mutineers. After a brief trial, three priests–
4. Mahaba Island, Surigao del Norte Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and
○ Finally, another group of people in Mariano Gomez– were publicly executed.
northeastern Mindanao claimed The three subsequently became martyrs
that Magellan’s expedition actually to the cause of Philippine independence.
had the first mass in Mahaba ● The friars, fearing that their influence in
Island in Surigao del Norte. the Philippines would be a thing of the
○ “It was recorded that when past, took advantage of the incident and
Magellan was nearing the shores presented it to the Spanish Government
of Mindanao, he saw lights of a as a vast conspiracy organized throughout
settlement which he avoided and the archipelago with the object of
sailed farther north (actually destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera
south) and anchored near an sadly confirmed that the Madrid
island named Mazzaua, now government came to believe that the
marked on maps as Mahaba scheme was true without any attempt to
Island, located at latitude nine and investigate the real facts or extent of the
two thirds degrees.” alleged “revolution” reported by Izquierdo
○ Due to its proximity to Masapilid and the friars.
Islands, a larger island near the ● Convicted educated men who participated
side Magellan could have in the mutiny were sentenced life
mistaken it to be a part of the imprisonment while members of the native
island and it seems that the two clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were
are connected. In contrast, it tied and executed by garrote. This episode
would have been perceived that led to the awakening of nationalism and
way due to the low tide within the eventually to the outbreak of Philippine
area. With that Pigafetta describes Revolution of 1896.
the Island to have a sting-ray like
appearance.

CAVITE MUTINY
● January 20, 1872: Cavite Mutiny is the
brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
workers at the Cavite arsenal (Fort San
Felipe – the Spanish arsenal in Cavite),
which became the excuse for Spanish
repression of the embryonic Philippine
nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh
reaction of the Spanish authorities served