r23-Cp Lab Manual

Program: B.Tech.
Regulations: R23
Year & Sem: I-I
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LAB
Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
GIET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUK, Accredited by NAAC and ISO:2015 Certified.
NH-16, GIET Campus, Velugubanda (V), Rajanagaram (M), Rajamahendravaram-533296, AP, India.
Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

GIET ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUK, Accredited by NAAC and ISO:2015 Certified.
NH-16, GIET Campus, Velugubanda (V), Rajanagaram (M), Rajamahendravaram-533296, AP, India.
VISION
To evolve as a Premier Engineering Institution in the Country with its continues strive for
excellence in Education, Research and Technological Services.
MISSION
 To generate the community of highly learned students with greater acquirement of knowledge
and to apply it professionally with due consideration for ecological, economic and ethical
issues.
 To provide knowledge-based technological services at the best satisfaction of society and for
the industrial needs.
 To foster the research and disseminate research findings.
 To build in capabilities for advancing education, technology, values, management and research
at international standards.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
VISION
 To explore innovative approaches to enhance and expand learning opportunities through
the integration of various technologies.
 To build a strong research and teaching environment that responds to the real-time
challenges of the industry
MISSION
 To inculcate the blend of competence, aptitude of knowledge and investigate flair
through devising an ambient environment for sustainable learning.
 To transform attitude, values, priorities by changing mindset and instill positive outlook
for socially conscious intellectual development.
 Incubate, apply and spread innovative ideas to evolve the department as a centre of
excellence in thrust areas

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO):

PEO 1 Provide a strong foundation required to comprehend, analyse, design and develop
solutions to real world computing problems.
PEO 2 Expose the students to industry practices for providing computing solutions using current
models and techniques.
PEO 3 Enable the students to pursue higher studies and active research.
PEO 4 Foster sustained professional development through life-long learning to adapt new
computing technologies

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO):
PO1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4. Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context of technological
change

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)
PSO1 Ability to apply their skills in the field of algorithms, networking, web design, cloud
computing and databases.
PSO2 Ability to develop and deploy software solutions for real world problems.
PSO3 Gain knowledge in diverse areas of Computer Science and experience an environment
conducivein cultivating skills for successful career, entrepreneurship, research and higher
studies.
.

Syllabus
UNIT I
WEEK 1
Objective: Getting familiar with the programming environment on the
computer and writing the first program.
Suggested Experiments/Activities:
Tutorial 1: Problem-solving using Computers.
Lab1: Familiarization with programming environment
i) Basic Linux environment and its editors like Vi, Vim & Emacs etc.
ii) Exposure to Turbo C, gcc
iii) Writing simple programs using printf(), scanf()
WEEK 2
Objective: Getting familiar with how to formally describe a solution to a
problem in a series of finite steps both using textual notation and graphic
notation.
Suggested Experiments /Activities:
Tutorial 2: Problem-solving using Algorithms and Flow charts.
Lab 1: Converting algorithms/flow charts into C Source code.
Developing the algorithms/flowcharts for the following sample programs
i) Sum and average of 3 numbers
ii) Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa
iii) Simple interest calculation
WEEK 3
Objective: Learn how to define variables with the desired data-type, initialize
them with appropriate values and how arithmetic operators can be used with
variables and constants.
Tutorial 3: Variable types and type conversions:
Lab 3: Simple computational problems using arithmetic expressions.
i) Finding the square root of a given number
ii) Finding compound interest

iii) Area of a triangle using heron’s formulae
iv) Distance travelled by an object
UNIT II
WEEK 4
Objective: Explore the full scope of expressions, type-compatibility of variables
& constants and operators used in the expression and how operator
precedence works.
Tutorial4: Operators and the precedence and as associativity:
Lab4: Simple computational problems using the operator’ precedence and
associativity
i) Evaluate the following expressions.
a. A+B*C+(D*E) + F*G
b. A/B*C-B+A*D/3
c. A+++B---A
d. J= (i++) + (++i)
ii) Find the maximum of three numbers using conditional operator
iii) Take marks of 5 subjects in integers, and find the total, average in float
WEEK 5
Objective: Explore the full scope of different variants of “if construct” namely if-
else, nullelse, if-else if*-else, switch and nested-if including in what scenario
each one of them can be used and how to use them. Explore all relational and
logical operators while writing conditionals for “if construct”.
Tutorial 5: Branching and logical expressions:
Lab 5: Problems involving if-then-else structures.
i) Write a C program to find the max and min of four numbers using if-else.
ii) Write a C program to generate electricity bill.
iii) Find the roots of the quadratic equation.
iv) Write a C program to simulate a calculator using switch case.
v) Write a C program to find the given year is a leap year or not.

WEEK 6
Objective: Explore the full scope of iterative constructs namely while loop, do-
while loop andfor loop in addition to structured jump constructs like break
and continue including when each of these statements is more appropriate to
use.
Tutorial 6: Loops, while and for loops
Lab 6: Iterative problems e.g., the sum of series
i) Find the factorial of given number using any loop.
ii) Find the given number is a prime or not.
iii) Compute sine and cos series
iv) Checking a number palindrome
v) Construct a pyramid of numbers.
UNIT III
WEEK 7:
Objective: Explore the full scope of Arrays construct namely defining and
initializing 1-D and 2-D and more generically n-D arrays and referencing
individual array elements from the defined array. Using integer 1-D arrays,
explore search solution linear search.
Tutorial 7: 1 D Arrays: searching.
Lab 7:1D Array manipulation, linear search
i) Find the min and max of a 1-D integer array.
ii) Perform linear search on1D array.
iii) The reverse of a 1D integer array
iv) Find 2’s complement of the given binary number.
v) Eliminate duplicate elements in an array.
WEEK 8:
Objective: Explore the difference between other arrays and character arrays
that can be used as Strings by using null character and get comfortable with
string by doing experiments that will reverse a string and concatenate two
strings. Explore sorting solution bubble sort using integer arrays.

Tutorial 8: 2 D arrays, sorting and Strings.
Lab 8: Matrix problems, String operations, Bubble sort
i) Addition of two matrices
ii) Multiplication two matrices
iii) Sort array elements using bubble sort
iv) Concatenate two strings without built-in functions
v) Reverse a string using built-in and without built-in string functions
UNIT IV
WEEK 9:
Objective: Explore pointers to manage a dynamic array of integers, including
memory allocation & value initialization, resizing changing and reordering
the contents of an arrayand memory de-allocation using malloc (), calloc (),
realloc () and free () functions. Gainexperience processing command-line
arguments received by C
Tutorial 9: Pointers, structures and dynamic memory allocation
Lab 9: Pointers and structures, memory dereference.
i) Write a C program to find the sum of a 1D array using malloc()
ii) Write a C program to find the total, average of n students using structures
iii) Enter n students data using calloc() and display failed students list
iv) Read student name and marks from the command line and display the
student details along
with the total.
v) Write a C program to implement realloc()
WEEK 10:
Objective: Experiment with C Structures, Unions, bit fields and self-referential
structures (Singly linked lists) and nested structures
Tutorial 10: Bitfields, Self-Referential Structures, Linked lists
Lab10 : Bitfields, linked lists
Read and print a date using dd/mm/yyyy format using bit-fields and
differentiate the same without using bitfields

i) Create and display a singly linked list using self-referential structure.
ii) Demonstrate the differences between structures and unions using a C
program.
iii) Write a C program to shift/rotate using bitfields.
iv) Write a C program to copy one structure variable to another structure of the
same type.
UNIT V
WEEK 11:
Objective: Explore the Functions, sub-routines, scope and extent of variables,
doing some experiments by parameter passing using call by value. Basic
methods of numerical integration
Tutorial 11: Functions, call by value, scope and extent,
Lab 11: Simple functions using call by value, solving differential equations
using Eulerstheorem.
i) Write a C function to calculate NCR value.
ii) Write a C function to find the length of a string.
iii) Write a C function to transpose of a matrix.
iv) Write a C function to demonstrate numerical integration of differential
equations using Euler’s method
WEEK 12:
Objective: Explore how recursive solutions can be programmed by writing
recursive functions that can be invoked from the main by programming at-
least five distinct problems that have naturally recursive solutions.
Tutorial 12: Recursion, the structure of recursive calls
Lab 12: Recursive functions
i) Write a recursive function to generate Fibonacci series.
ii) Write a recursive function to find the lcm of two numbers.
iii) Write a recursive function to find the factorial of a number.
iv) Write a C Program to implement Ackermann function using recursion.
v) Write a recursive function to find the sum of series.

WEEK 13:
Objective: Explore the basic difference between normal and pointer variables,
Arithmetic operations using pointers and passing variables to functions using
pointers
Tutorial 13: Call by reference, dangling pointers
Lab 13: Simple functions using Call by reference, Dangling pointers.
i) Write a C program to swap two numbers using call by reference.
ii) Demonstrate Dangling pointer problem using a C program.
iii) Write a C program to copy one string into another using pointer.
iv) Write a C program to find no of lowercase, uppercase, digits and other
characters using pointers.
WEEK14:
Objective: To understand data files and file handling with various file I/O
functions. Explore the differences between text and binary files.
Tutorial 14: File handling
Lab 14: File operations
i) Write a C program to write and read text into a file.
ii) Write a C program to write and read text into a binary file using fread() and
fwrite()
iii) Copy the contents of one file to another file.
iv) Write a C program to merge two files into the third file using command-line
arguments.
v) Find no. of lines, words and characters in a file
vi) Write a C program to print last n characters of a given file

LESSON PLAN
COURSE: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LAB
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24
SEMESTER:I-I FACULTY NAME:Ms.B.SAI DEEPTHI

No. of
S.No.
Sub Topic Names Teaching Aid Classes
Unit/Topic No.
Require
i) Basic Linux environment and its editors like

Vi, Vim & Emacs etc.
1 Projector 3
ii) Exposure to Turbo C, gcc
iii) Writing simple programs using printf(), scanf()
i) Sum and average of 3 numbers

ii) Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice
2 Projector 3
versa
iii) Simple interest calculation.
i) Finding the square root of a given number
ii) Finding compound interest
3 Projector 3
iii) Area of a triangle using heron’s formulae
iv) Distance travelled by an object
i) Evaluate the following expressions.

b. A/B*C-B+A*D/3
c. A+++B---A
4 d. J= (i++) + (++i) Projector 3
ii) Find the maximum of three numbers using

conditional operator
iii) Take marks of 5 subjects in integers, and find
the total, average in float

i) C program to find the max and min of four
numbers using if-else.
ii) C program to generate electricity bill.
iii) Find the roots of the quadratic equation.
5 Projector 3
iv) C program to simulate a calculator using
switch case.
v) C program to find the given year is a leap year
or not.
i) Find the factorial of given number using any
loop.
ii) Find the given number is a prime or not.
6 Projector 3
iii) Compute sine and cos series
iv) Checking a number palindrome
v) Construct a pyramid of numbers
i) Find the min and max of a 1-D integer array.
ii) Perform linear search on1D array.
iii) The reverse of a 1D integer array
7 Projector 3
iv) Find 2’s complement of the given binary
number.
v) Eliminate duplicate elements in an array.
i) Addition of two matrices
ii) Multiplication two matrices
iii) Sort array elements using bubble sort
8 iv) Concatenate two strings without built-in Projector 3
functions
v) Reverse a string using built-in and without
built-in string functions

i) C program to find the sum of a 1D array using
malloc()
ii) C program to find the total, average of n
students using structures
iii) Enter n students data using calloc() and
9 Projector 3
display failed students list
iv) Read student name and marks from the
command line and display the student details
along with the total.
v) C program to implement realloc()
i) Create and display a singly linked list using
self-referential structure.
ii) Demonstrate the differences between
10 structures and unions using a C program. Projector 3
iii) C program to shift/rotate using bitfields.

iv) C program to copy one structure variable to
another structure of the same type.
i) C function to calculate NCR value.
ii) C function to find the length of a string.
iii) C function to transpose of a matrix.
11 Projector 3
iv) C function to demonstrate numerical
integration of differential equations using Euler’s
method
i) recursive function to generate Fibonacci
series.
ii) recursive function to find the lcm of two
numbers.
12 iii) recursive function to find the factorial of a Projector 3
number.
iv) C Program to implement Ackermann function
using recursion.
v) recursive function to find the sum of series.

i) C program to swap two numbers using call by
reference.
ii) Demonstrate Dangling pointer problem using
a C program.
13 iii) C program to copy one string into another Projector 3
using pointer.
iv) C program to find no of lowercase,
uppercase, digits and other
characters using pointers.
i) C program to nd read text into a file.
ii) C program to nd read text into a binary file
using fread() and fwrite()
iii) Copy the contents of one file to another file.
iv) C program to merge two files into the third
14 file using command-line Projector 3
arguments.
v) Find no. of lines, words and characters in a
file
vi) C program to print last n characters of a
given file.
Total No. of hours: 42
Textbooks:
1. Ajay Mittal, Programming in C: A practical approach, Pearson.
2. Byron Gottfried, Schaum' s Outline of Programming with C, McGraw Hill
Reference Books:
1. Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language, PrenticeHall of
India
2. C Programming, A Problem-Solving Approach, Forouzan, Gilberg, Prasad, CENGAGE

INDEX
1. Basic Linux environment and its editors like Vi, Vim & Emacs etc.
2. Exposure to Turbo C, gcc
3. Writing simple programs using printf(), scanf()
4. Sum and average of 3 numbers
5. Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa
6. Simple interest calculation
7. Finding the square root of a given number
8. Finding compound interest
9. Area of a triangle using heron’s formulae
10. Distance travelled by an object
11. Evaluate the following expressions.
i. A+B*C+(D*E) + F*G
ii. A/B*C-B+A*D/3
iii. A+++B---A
iv. J= (i++) + (++i)
12. Find the maximum of three numbers using conditional operator
13. Take marks of 5 subjects in integers, and find the total, average in float
14. C program to find the max and min of four numbers using if-else.
15. C program to generate electricity bill.
16. Find the roots of the quadratic equation.
17. C program to simulate a calculator using switch case.
18. C program to find the given year is a leap year or not.
19. Find the factorial of given number using any loop.
20. Find the given number is a prime or not.
21. Compute sine and cos series
22. Checking a number palindrome
23. Construct a pyramid of numbers.
24. Find the min and max of a 1-D integer array.
25. Perform linear search on1D array.
26. The reverse of a 1D integer array
27. Find 2’s complement of the given binary number.

28. Addition of two matrices
29. Multiplication two matrices
30. Sort array elements using bubble sort
31. Concatenate two strings without built-in functions
32. Reverse a string using built-in and without built-in string functions
33. C program to find the sum of a 1D array using malloc()
34. C program to find the total, average of n students using
structures
35. Enter n students data using calloc() and display failed students list
36. Read student name and marks from the command line and display the
student
37. details along with the total.
38. C program to implement realloc()
39. Create and display a singly linked list using self-referential structure.
40. Demonstrate the differences between structures and unions using a C
41. program.
42. C program to shift/rotate using bitfields.
43. C program to copy one structure variable to another structure of
Thesame type.
44. C function to calculate NCR value.
45. C function to find the length of a string.
46. C function to transpose of a matrix.
47. C function to demonstrate numerical integration of differential
48. equations using Euler’s method
49. recursive function to generate Fibonacci series.
50. recursive function to find the lcm of two numbers.
51. recursive function to find the factorial of a number.
52. C Program to implement Ackermann function using recursion.
53. recursive function to find the sum of series.
54. C program to swap two numbers using call by reference.
55. Demonstrate Dangling pointer problem using a C program.
56. C program to copy one string into another using pointer.
57. C program to find no of lowercase, uppercase, digits and other

58. characters using pointers.
59. C program to write and read text into a file.
60. C program to write and read text into a binary file using fread() and
61. fwrite()
62. Copy the contents of one file to another file.
63. C program to merge two files into the third file using command-line
64. arguments.
65. Find no. of lines, words and characters in a file
66. C program to print last n characters of a given file

Linux Environment and Its Editors

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Basic Linux environment and its editors like Vi, Vim & Emacs etc.
2.Software Required:
Linux
3.Theory:
Creating a basic Linux environment and installing text editors like Vi, Vim, and Emacs can be
done on a Linux-based system. Here's a step-by-step guide to set up a basic Linux environment
and install these text editors:
1. **Choose a Linux Distribution**:
You can choose a Linux distribution that suits your preferences. Popular choices include
Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, CentOS, and others. You can download the ISO image of the
distribution you prefer from the official website and install it on a virtual machine or a physical
computer.
2. **Install Linux**:
Follow the installation instructions for your chosen Linux distribution. During the installation,
you will be asked to create a user account and set a password. Ensure that you have internet
access.
3. **Update the System**:
After installation, open a terminal and update your system to ensure you have the latest
software packages. Use the package manager that comes with your distribution:
On Debian/Ubuntu:
```bash
Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
```
On Fedora:
```bash
sudodnf update
```
4. **Install Text Editors**:
- **Vi/Vim**:
Vi is usually pre-installed on most Linux distributions. You can also install Vim (an improved
version of Vi) if it's not already installed:
```bash
sudo apt install vim # On Debian/Ubuntu
sudodnf install vim # On Fedora
```
- **Emacs**:
You can install Emacs using your distribution's package manager:
```bash
sudo apt install emacs # On Debian/Ubuntu

sudodnf install emacs # On Fedora
```
5. **Usage**:
- To open a terminal, you can use the built-in terminal emulator in your Linux distribution.
You can typically find it in your applications or use a keyboard shortcut (e.g., Ctrl+Alt+T).
- To use Vi or Vim, open a terminal and type `vi` or `vim` followed by the name of the file you
want to edit. For example:
```bash
vi filename.txt
```
- To use Emacs, open a terminal and type `emacs` followed by the name of the file you want to
edit. For example:
```bash
emacs filename.txt
```
6. **Learn the Editors**:
Vi, Vim, and Emacs have steep learning curves, especially if you're new to them. You can find
online tutorials, documentation, and books to help you get started and become proficient with
these editors.

Exposure to Turbo C,gcc

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
2. Software Required:
Turbo C
3. Theory:
Exposure to Turbo C and GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) can be valuable for individuals
interested in programming and software development, especially in the C and C++ programming
languages. These two development environments have been widely used for many years and
offer different advantages.
1. **Turbo C**:
- **Overview**: Turbo C was a popular Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and

compiler for C and C++ programming in the MS-DOS environment. It was developed by
Borland and was widely used during the 1980s and 1990s.
- **Advantages**:
- Simple and easy-to-use IDE, especially for beginners.
- Well-suited for learning C and C++ programming basics.
- Provided a compact and efficient development environment for its time.
- **Disadvantages**:
- Outdated and no longer actively maintained.
- Limited compatibility with modern operating systems.

- May not support all the features of the latest C/C++ standards.
2. **GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)**:
- **Overview**: GCC is a powerful and widely used collection of compilers and tools for
various programming languages, including C, C++, and others. It is open-source software and
can be used on various platforms.
- **Advantages**:
- Cross-platform compatibility; it can be used on various operating systems.
- Supports the latest C and C++ standards and features.
- Highly configurable and extensible.
- Continuously updated and maintained by the open-source community.
- **Disadvantages**:
- May have a steeper learning curve for beginners due to its configurability.
- Requires familiarity with the command-line interface.
Exposure to both Turbo C and GCC can provide a balanced understanding of the history and
evolution of C and C++ development tools:
- Turbo C can help beginners grasp the basics of C and C++ programming in a simple and user-
friendly environment.
- GCC can be essential for those who want to work on modern and cross-platform projects, as it
provides access to the latest language features and a wide range of development tools.
In the real world, many professional C and C++ developers primarily use GCC or other modern
IDEs like Visual Studio Code, CLion, or Xcode, depending on their platform and project
requirements. However, understanding the foundations and history of these tools can be
beneficial for a well-rounded knowledge of programming in C and C++.

Simple Program Using printf( ),scanf( )
Exp No:
Date:
1. Aim:
Implement a simple program using printf( ),scanf( )
Turbo C
3. Theory:
The input and output functions used in C language.printf( ) is a output statement used to display
the output on the console deviece . scanf( ) is the input statement which is used to read the
information from the user. These functions can be used by including the header file “stdio.h” in
the program.
4. Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
printf("######");
printf("\n#");
printf("\n#");
printf("\n####");
printf("\n#");
printf("\n#");
getch();

5. Sample Input and Output:
######
#
#
####
#
#
4. Program:
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
main()
int a,b;
printf("Enter a value:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("\nEnter b value:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("\n a=%d \n b=%d",a,b);
getch();
return 0;

Enter a value: 6
Enter b value: 34
a=6
b=34
6. Result:
Successfully Executed.
7.Reference:
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/examples

Calculating Marks
Sum and Average of Three Numbers

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find sum and average of three numbers.
TURBO C
3.Theory:
 In this program, we first declared four variables x, y, z, sum.
 After that created another variable named avg with the help of float data type.
 In this avg variable, we will store the average of the number three and in the sum variable, we
will store the sum of the number three.

 After declaring the variables, we got input three numbers from the user and store those values
in the x, y, z variables.
 After this, we Calculate the sum of three numbers using the formula (sum = x + y + z ) and
stored its result in the sum variable.

 After that, we print the sum of three numbers.
 After this, we Calculate the average of three numbers using the formula (average =
sum/count) and stored its result in the avg variable.

 Finally, we printed the stored value in this avg variable on the screen with the help of printf()
function.
4.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
int a,b,c;
Calculating Marks
float sum,avg;
printf("Enter three values:");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c),
sum=a+b+c;
avg=sum/3;
printf("\nThe sum of three numbers=%f",sum);
printf("\nThe average of three numbers=%f",avg);
getch();
5.Algorithm:
1. Input: Receive three numbers, a, b, and c.

2. Sum: Calculate the sum of a, b, and c by adding them together: sum = a + b +c.
3. Average: Calculate the average by dividing the sum by 3: average = sum / 3.
4. Output: The average is the result you're looking for, representing the average of the
three numbers.

Calculating Marks
6.Flow Chart:
Enter three values: 5 6 7

The sum of three numbers=18.000000
The average of three numbers=6.000000
8.Result:
Sum and average of three number executed Successfully.
9.Reference:
https://cstutorialpoint.com/c-program-to-find-the-sum-and-average-of-three-numbers/

Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius and Vice Versa

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement aC program for conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa
TURBO C
3.Theory:
Celsius is represented by oC and Fahrenheit is represented by oF. There is a formula to convert

Celsius to Fahrenheit, using which we will be able to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit.
Similarly, there is also a formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, using which we will be able to
convert Fahrenheit to Celsius.
Formula to Convert Temperature From Celsius To Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit = (celsius * 1.8) + 32
Formula to Convert Temperature From Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius = ((Fahrenheit-32)*5)/9;
4.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
float t1, t2,c,f;
printf("Enter Temperature in Celsius : ");
scanf("%f",&t1);
printf("\nEnter Temperature in Fahrenheit : ");

scanf("%f",&t2);
//Temperature From Celsius To Fahrenheit

f=(t1*9/5)+32;
//Converting Fahrenheit into Celsius

c = ((t2-32)*5)/9;
printf("\nTemperature in Fahrenheit : %f",f);

printf("\nTemperature in Celsius : %f",c);
return 0;
}
5.Algorithm:
1. Program Start
2. Declaration of variable
3. Enter temperature in Celsius
4. Enter temperature in Fahrenheit
5. Converting conversion into Fahrenheit
6. Converting Fahrenheit into Celsius
7. Displaying result
8. Program End

6.FlowChart:
7.Sample Input and Output:
Enter Temperature in Celsius : 35
Enter Temperature in Fahrenheit : 95
Temperature in Fahrenheit : 95.000000
Temperature in Celsius : 35.000000
8.Result:
Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius and Vice Versa is Executed Successfully.
9.Reference:
https://cstutorialpoint.com/c-program-to-convert-temperature-from-celsius-to-fahrenheit-and-
fahrenheit-to-celsius/

Simple Interest Calculation

Exp No:
Date:
1. Aim: Implementing a C program to find simple interest calculation
2. Software Developed:
Turbo C
3.Theory:
Simple interest is a quick method of calculating the interest charge on a loan. In this article, we
will learn to calculate the simple interest in C programming language.
Simple interest is determined by multiplying the daily interest rate by the principal by the
number of days that elapse between payments. Divide the product of these three values to
convert the percentage value of the interest rate into decimals.
Simple Interest Formula
Si=p*t*r/100
Where P is the principal amount, T is the time, and, R is the interest rate
4. Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
float p,t,r;
float interest,amount;
printf("Enter principal amount=");
scanf("%f",&p);

printf("\nEnter time period in years=");
scanf("%f",&t);
printf("\nEnter rate of interest=");
scanf("%f",&r);
interest=(p*t*r)/100;
amount=p+interest;
printf("\n principal amount=%f ",p);
printf("\nTime period=%f",t);
printf("\nRate of interest=%f=",r);
printf("\n Simple Interest for %f years at %f rate is =%f",t,r,interest);
printf("\n The total amount=%f",amount);
getch();
4. Algorithm:
Step 1 : START
Step 2 : Declare variables p , n , r and si .
Step 3 : Read the values of variable p ( principal ) , n ( Number of years ) , r ( Rate of Interest ) .
Step 4 : calculate the values of “ si = ( p * n * r )/100 “ .
Step 5 : Display si ( simple interest ) .
Step 6 : STOP

5. Flow Chart:
Enter principal amount=500000

Enter time period in years=5
Enter rate of interest=2
principal amount=500000.000000
Time period=5.000000
Rate of interest=2.000000
Simple Interest for 5.000000 years at 2.000000 rate is =50000.000000
The total amount=550000.000000
7.Result:
Successfully Executed
8.References:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-program-for-simple-interest/

Square Root of a Given Number
Square Root of a Given Number

Exp no:
1.Aim: Implementing a C program to find the square root of a given number.
Turbo C
3.Theory:
A Square root of a number is a value that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number.
4.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
int a;
float square ;
printf("Enter the value for which you want to find sqare root::");
scanf("%d",&a);
square=sqrt(a);
printf("\n The square root of %d is =%f",a,square);
getch();
}
Enter the value for which you want to find sqareroot::346

The square root of 346 is =18.601076
6.Result:
7.Reference:
https://www.codingbroz.com/c-program-to-find-square-root-of-a-number/

Compound Interest
Compound Interest
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim: Implementing a Cprogram to find compound interest.
Turbo C
3.Theory:
Compound interest is the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit,
or in other words, interest on interest. It is the result of reinvesting interest, rather than
paying it out, so that interest in the next period is then earned on the principal sum plus
previously-accumulated interest. Compound interest is standard in finance and
economics.
Compound Interest formula:

Formula to calculate compound interest annually is given by:
Amount= P(1 + R/100)t
4.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
float principle, rate, time, CI;
/* Input principle, time and rate */

printf("Enter principle (amount): ");
scanf("%f", &principle);
printf("Enter time: ");

scanf("%f", &time);

Compound Interest
printf("Enter rate: ");

scanf("%f", &rate);
/* Calculate compound interest */

CI = principle* (pow((1 + rate / 100), time));
/* Print the resultant CI */

printf("Compound Interest = %f", CI);
return 0;
}
Enter principle (amount): 1200

Enter time: 2
Enter rate: 5.4
Compound Interest = 1333.099243
6.Result:
Successfully Executed
7.Reference:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-program-for-compound-interest/

Triangle Using Heron’s Formulae
Triangle Using Heron’s Formulae

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implementing a C program to find area of triangle using heron’s formulae.
Turbo C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
float s1, s2, s3, s, area;
printf("\nEnter the length of three sides of triangle");
scanf("%f %f %f", &s1, &s2, &s3);
s = (s1 + s2 + s3)/2;
area = sqrt(s*(s-s1)*(s-s2)*(s-s3));
printf("Area of triangle : %0.4f\n", area);
return 0;
}
Enter the length of three sides of triangle54

87
90
Area of triangle : 2272.0667
5.Result:
Successfully completed.
6. References:
https://btechgeeks.com/c-program-to-calculate-area-of-any-triangle-using-herons-formula/

Distance Travelled by an Object

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implementing a C program to find the distance travelled by an object.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float u,a,s;
int t;
printf("enter the values");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&u);
printf("enter the value of time");
scanf("%d",&t);
s=(u*t)+(a*t*t)/2;
printf("%f",s);
return 0;

enter the values4
enter the value of time2
14.000000
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://btechgeeks.com/c-program-to-calculate-area-of-any-triangle-using-herons-formula/

Evaluate Expressions
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implementing a C program to Evaluate the following expressions.
b. A/B*C-B+A*D/3
c. A+++B---A
d. J= (i++) + (++i)
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
int A = 5, B = 10, C = 2, D = 7, E = 3, F = 4, G = 6;
int i = 5, j ,result_a, result_b, result_c;
result_a = A + B * C + (D * E) + F * G;
printf("a. Result of expression A+B*C+(D*E) + F*G is: %d\n", result_a);
result_b = A / B * C - B + A * D / 3;
printf("b. Result of expression A/B*C-B+A*D/3 is: %d\n", result_b);
result_c = A++ + ++B - --A;

printf("c. Result of expression A+++B---A is: %d\n", result_c);
j = (i++) + (++i);
printf("d. Value of J after J = (i++) + (++i) is: %d\n", j);
return 0;
4.Algorithm:
Step 1: Declare A,B,C,D,E,F,G,i,j.
Step 2: Read A,B,C,D,E,F,G,i,j Values.
Step 3: Evaluate the below expressions result_a = A + B * C + (D * E) + F * G.result_b = A / B

* C - B + A * D / 3. result_c = A++ + ++B - --A.J = (i++) + (++i).
Step 4: Print result_a,result_b,result_c,j
Step 5: Exit or terminate the program.
a. Result of expression A+B*C+(D*E) + F*G is: 70
b. Result of expression A/B*C-B+A*D/3 is: 1
c. Result of expression A+++B---A is: 11
d. Value of J after J = (i++) + (++i) is: 12
6.Result:
7.Reference:
https://www.educba.com/expression-evaluation-in-c

Maximum of Three Numbers Using Conditional Operator

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implementing a C program to find the maximum of three numbers using conditional operator.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
int num1, num2, num3, max;
printf("Enter three numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3);
max = (num1 > num2) ? ((num1 > num3) ? num1 : num3) : ((num2 > num3) ? num2 :
num3);printf("Maximum number is %d\n", max);
return 0;

4.Algorithm:
Step-1: Declare num1, num2, num3, max.
Step-2: Read num1, num2, num3 using scanf() function.
Step-3: Calculate max value using the conditional operator (ternary operator) to find the
maximum.
Step-4: Print max value.
Step-5: Exit or terminate the program.
Enter three numbers: 4 5 6
Maximum number is 6
6.Result:
7.Reference:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/conditional-or-ternary-operator-in-c/

Calculating Marks
Calculating Marks
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implementing a C program for calculatingmarks of 5 subjects in integers, and find the total,
average in float
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
int marks[5] ,i;
float total = 0.0, average;
printf("Enter marks of 5 subjects: ");
for ( i = 0; i< 5; i++)
scanf("%d", &marks[i]);
total += marks[i];
average = total / 5.0;
printf("Total marks: %.2f\n", total);

Calculating Marks
printf("Average marks: %.2f\n", average);
return 0;
Enter marks of 5 subjects: 45
56
35
50
70
Total marks: 256.00
Average marks: 51.20
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://w3codeworld.com/article/72/c-program-to-enter-the-marks-of-five-subjects-and-
calculate-total--average--and-percentage

Max and Min of Foir Numbers using If-Else
Max And Min of Four Numbers Using If-Else

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find the max and min of four numbers using if-else.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n1, n2, n3, n4;
int max, min;
printf("Enter four numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d %d", &n1, &n2, &n3, &n4);
if (n1 >= n2 && n1 >= n3 && n1 >= n4)
{
max = n1;
}
else if (n2 >= n1 && n2 >= n3 && n2 >= n4)
{
max = n2;
}
else if (n3 >= n1 && n3 >= n2 && n3 >= n4)
{
max = n3;
}
else
{
max = n4;

Max and Min of Foir Numbers using If-Else
}
if (n1 <= n2 && n1 <= n3 && n1 <= n4)
{
min = n1;
}
else if (n2 <= n1 && n2 <= n3 && n2 <= n4)
{
min = n2;
}
else if (n3 <= n1 && n3 <= n2 && n3 <= n4)
{
min = n3;
}
else
{
min = n4;
}
printf("Maximum is: %d\n", max);
printf("Minimum is: %d\n", min);
return 0;
}
Enter four numbers: 56 8 0 90
Maximum is: 90
Minimum is: 0
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3resource.com/c-programming-exercises/basic-declarations-and-expressions/c-
programming-basic-exercises-58.php

Generate Electricity Bill

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to generate electricity bill.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int unit;
float amt, total_amt, sur_charge;
printf("Enter total units consumed: ");
scanf("%d", &unit);
if(unit <= 50)
{
amt = unit * 0.50;
}
else if(unit <= 150)
{
amt = 25 + ((unit-50) * 0.75);
}
else if(unit <= 250)
{
amt = 100 + ((unit-150) * 1.20);
}
else
{
amt = 220 + ((unit-250) * 1.50);

}
sur_charge = amt * 0.20;
total_amt = amt + sur_charge;
printf("Electricity Bill = Rs. %.2f", total_amt);
return 0;
}
Enter total units consumed: 500
Electricity Bill = Rs. 714.00
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://codeforwin.org/c-programming/c-program-to-calculate-electricity-bill

Roots of Quadratic Equation

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find roots of quadratic equation.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
main()
{
double a, b, c;
double discriminant, root1, root2;
printf("Enter the coefficients of the quadratic equation (a, b, c): ");
scanf("%lf %lf %lf", &a, &b, &c);
discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;
if (discriminant > 0)
{
root1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
printf("Two real and distinct roots:\n");
printf("Root 1 = %.2lf\n", root1);
printf("Root 2 = %.2lf\n", root2);
}
else if (discriminant == 0)
{
root1 = -b / (2 * a);
printf("One real root (double root):\n");
printf("Root = %.2lf\n", root1);

}
else
{
double realPart = -b / (2 * a);
double imaginaryPart = sqrt(-discriminant) / (2 * a);
printf("Two complex roots:\n");
printf("Root 1 = %.2lf + %.2lfi\n", realPart, imaginaryPart);
printf("Root 2 = %.2lf - %.2lfi\n", realPart, imaginaryPart);
}
return 0;
}
Enter the coefficients of the quadratic equation (a, b, c): 4
Two complex roots:
Root 1 = -0.62 + 1.05i
Root 2 = -0.62 - 1.05i
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/examples/quadratic-roots

Calculator Using Switch Case

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to simulate a calculator using switch case.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char op;
double first, second;
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");
scanf("%c", &op);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &first, &second);
switch (op)
{
case '+':
printf("%.1lf + %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first + second);
break;
case '-':
printf("%.1lf - %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first - second);
break;
case '*':
printf("%.1lf * %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first * second);
break;
case '/':
printf("%.1lf / %.1lf = %.1lf", first, second, first / second);

break;
default:
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
}
return 0;
}
Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): *
Enter two operands: 3 6
3.0 * 6.0 = 18.0
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/examples/calculator-switch-case

Leap Year or Not
Leap Year or Not

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find the given year is a leap year or not.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int year;
printf("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d", &year);
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))
{
printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
}
else
{
printf("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);
}
return 0;
}

Leap Year or Not

Enter a year: 2023
2023 is not a leap year.
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/learn_c_by_examples/leap_year_program_in_c.htm

Factorial Of Given Number Using Loop
Factorial Of Given Number Using Loop

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find the factorial of given number using any loop.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i=1, f = 1, n;
printf("Input the number : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
while (i<= n)
{
f = f * i;
i++;
}
printf("The Factorial of %d is: %d\n", n, f);
return 0;
}
Input the number : 6
The Factorial of 6 is: 720
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3resource.com/c-programming-exercises/for-loop/c-for-loop-exercises-15.php

Prime or Not
Prime Or Not
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find given number is a prime or not.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int n,i,m=0,flag=0;
printf("Enter the number to check prime:");
scanf("%d",&n);
m=n/2;
for(i=2;i<=m;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
printf("Number is not prime");
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag==0)
printf("Number is prime");
return 0;
}

Prime or Not

Enter the number to check prime:4
Number is not prime
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/examples/prime-number

Sine and cons Series
Sine and Cos Series

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Compute sine and cos series

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
// Function to calculate factorial of a number
double factorial(int n) {
double fact = 1.0;
for (int i = 1; i<= n; i++) {
fact *= i;
}
return fact;
}
int main() {
double x, sinX = 0.0, cosX = 0.0;
int n;
// Prompt the user to enter the angle in radians and the number of terms in the series
printf("Enter the angle in radians (x): ");
scanf("%lf", &x);
printf("Enter the number of terms in the series: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
// Calculate sine(x) and cosine(x) using the Taylor series expansions
for (int i = 0; i< n; i++) {
int exponent = 2 * i + 1;
double term = pow(-1, i) * pow(x, exponent) / factorial(exponent);

Sine and cons Series
sinX += term;
if (i % 2 == 0) {
// For cosine, the terms with even exponents are added
cosX += term;
}
}
// Display the results
printf("sin(x) = %.6lf\n", sinX);
printf("cos(x) = %.6lf\n", cosX);
return 0;
}
Enter the angle in radians (x): 4
Enter the number of terms in the series: 4
sin(x) = -1.384127
cos(x) = 12.533333
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.codingconnect.net/c-program-sine-series/

Number Palindrome
Number Palindrome
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Checking a number palindrome

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int num, r, sum = 0, t;
printf("Input a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
for(t = num; num != 0; num = num / 10)
{
r = num % 10;
sum = sum * 10 + r;
}
if(t == sum)
printf("%d is a palindrome number.\n", t);
else
printf("%d is not a palindrome number.\n", t);
return 0;
}

Number Palindrome

Input a number: 121
121 is a palindrome number.
Input a number: 123
123 is not a palindrome number.
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3resource.com/c-programming-exercises/for-loop/c-for-loop-exercises-38.php

Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid Of Numbers
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Construct a pyramid of numbers.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, space, rows, k = 0, count = 0, count1 = 0;
printf("Enter the number of rows: ");
scanf("%d", &rows);
for (i = 1; i<= rows; ++i)
{
for (space = 1; space <= rows - i; ++space)
{
printf(" ");
++count;
}
while (k != 2 * i - 1)
{
if (count <= rows - 1)
{
printf("%d ", i + k);
++count;
} else
{
++count1;

Pyramid of Numbers
printf("%d ", (i + k - 2 * count1));

}
++k;
}
count1 = count = k = 0;
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Enter the number of rows: 5
232
34543
4567654
567898765
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/examples/pyramid-pattern

Min and Max A 1-D Integer Array
Min And Max of A 1-D Integer Array

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find the min and max of a 1-D integer array.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int arr1[100];
int i, mx, mn, n;
printf("\n\nFind maximum and minimum element in an array :\n");
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input the number of elements to be stored in the array :");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Input %d elements in the array :\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("element - %d : ",i);
scanf("%d",&arr1[i]);
}
mx = arr1[0];
mn = arr1[0];
for(i=1; i<n; i++)
{
if(arr1[i]>mx)
{
mx = arr1[i];

Min and Max A 1-D Integer Array
}
if(arr1[i]<mn)
{
mn = arr1[i];
}
}
printf("Maximum element is : %d\n", mx);
printf("Minimum element is : %d\n\n", mn);
}
Find maximum and minimum element in an array :
------------------------------------------------
Input the number of elements to be stored in the array :5
Input 5 elements in the array :
element - 0 : 12
element - 1 : 35
element - 2 : 3
element - 3 : 90
element - 4 : 1
Maximum element is : 90
Minimum element is : 1
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3resource.com/c-programming-exercises/array/c-array-exercise-9.php

Linear Search On 1D Array

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Perform linear search on 1D array.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10], search, i, n;
printf("Enter number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integer(s)\n", n);
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
printf("Enter a number to search\n");
scanf("%d", &search);
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
{
if (a[i] == search)
{
printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, i+1);
break;
}
}
if (i == n)
printf("%d isn't present in the array.\n", search);
return 0;

}
Enter number of elements in array
Enter 4 integer(s)
12
90
-1
Enter a number to search
12
12 is present at location 1.
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programmingsimplified.com/c/source-code/c-program-linear-search

Reverse A 1D Integer Array

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to reverse a 1D integer array.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i, j, a[10], b[10];
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the array elements\n");
for (i = 0; i<n ;i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
for (i = n - 1, j = 0; i>= 0; i--, j++)
b[j] = a[i];
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
a[i] = b[i];
printf("Reverse array is\n");
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
printf("%d\n", a[i]);
return 0;
}


Enter the number of elements in array
5
Enter the array elements
12
34
9
1
0
Reverse array is
0
1
9
34
12
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3schools.in/c-programming/examples/reverse-array

2’s Complement of The Given Binary Number

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find 2’s complement of the given binary number.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 8
int main()
{
char binary[SIZE + 1], onesComp[SIZE + 1], twosComp[SIZE + 1];
int i, carry=1;\
printf("Enter %d bit binary value: ", SIZE);
/* Input 8-bit binary string */
gets(binary);
/* Find ones complement of the binary number */

for(i=0; i<SIZE; i++)
{
if(binary[i] == '1')
{
onesComp[i] = '0';
}
else if(binary[i] == '0')
{
onesComp[i] = '1';
}
}

onesComp[SIZE] = '\0';
/*
* Add 1 to the ones complement
*/
for(i=SIZE-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if(onesComp[i] == '1' && carry == 1)
{
twosComp[i] = '0';
}
else if(onesComp[i] == '0' && carry == 1)
{
twosComp[i] = '1';
carry = 0;
}
else
{
twosComp[i] = onesComp[i];
}
}
twosComp[SIZE] = '\0';
printf("Original binary = %s\n", binary);

printf("Ones complement = %s\n", onesComp);
printf("Twos complement = %s\n", twosComp);
return 0;
}


Enter 8 bit binary value: 01110111
Original binary = 01110111
Ones complement = 10001000
Twos complement = 10001001
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://codeforwin.org/c-programming/c-program-to-find-twos-complement-of-binary-number

Eliminate Duplicate Elements in An Array

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Eliminate duplicate elements in an array.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[50],i,j,k, count = 0, dup[50], n;
printf("Enter size of the array");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter Elements of the array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
dup[i] = -1;
}
printf("Entered element are: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d ",a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j = i+1; j < n; j++)
{
if(a[i] == a[j]){

for(k = j; k <n; k++)

{
a[k] = a[k+1];
}
j--;
n--;
}
}
}
printf("\nAfter deleting the duplicate element the Array is:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d ",a[i]);
}
}
Enter size of the array10
Enter Elements of the array:0 1 3 4 5 3 2 4 2 1
Entered element are: 0 1 3 4 5 3 2 4 2 1
After deleting the duplicate element the Array is:0 1 3 4 5 2
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/c-program-to-delete-the-duplicate-elements-in-an-array

Addition of Two Matrices

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program forAddition of two matrices.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
int r, c, a[10][10], b[10][10], sum[10][10], i, j;
printf("Enter the number of rows (between 1 and 100): ");
scanf("%d", &r);
printf("Enter the number of columns (between 1 and 100): ");
scanf("%d", &c);
printf("\nEnter elements of 1st matrix:\n");
for (i = 0; i< r; ++i)
for (j = 0; j < c; ++j)
printf("Enter element a%d%d: ", i + 1, j + 1);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
printf("Enter elements of 2nd matrix:\n");
for (i = 0; i< r; ++i)
for (j = 0; j < c; ++j)

printf("Enter element b%d%d: ", i + 1, j + 1);
scanf("%d", &b[i][j]);
for (i = 0; i< r; ++i)
for (j = 0; j < c; ++j)
sum[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
printf("\nSum of two matrices: \n");
for (i = 0; i< r; ++i)
for (j = 0; j < c; ++j)
printf("%d ", sum[i][j]);
if (j == c - 1)
printf("\n\n");
return 0;

Enter the number of rows (between 1 and 100): 2
Enter the number of columns (between 1 and 100): 2
Enter elements of 1st matrix:

Enter element a11: 12
Enter elements of 2nd matrix:
Enter element b11: 1
Sum of two matrices:
13 5
6 6
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/examples/add-matrix

Multiplication of Two Matrices
Multiplicationof Two Matrices

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program forMultiplicationof two matrices.

TURBO C
3.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int c, d, p, q, m, n, k, tot = 0;
int fst[10][10], sec[10][10], mul[10][10];
printf(" Please insert the number of rows and columns for first matrix \n ");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf(" Insert your matrix elements : \n ");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &fst[c][d]);
printf(" Please insert the number of rows and columns for second matrix\n");
scanf(" %d %d", &p, &q);
if (n != p)
printf(" Your given matrices cannot be multiplied with each other. \n ");
else
{
printf(" Insert your elements for second matrix \n ");
for (c = 0; c < p; c++)
for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
scanf("%d", &sec[c][d] );
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)

{
for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
{
for (k = 0; k < p; k++)
{
tot = tot + fst[c][k] * sec[k][d];
}
mul[c][d] = tot;
tot = 0;
}
}
printf(" The result of matrix multiplication or product of the matrices is: \n ");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
{
for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
printf("%d \t", mul[c][d] );
printf(" \n ");
}
}
return 0;
}
Please insert the number of rows and columns for first matrix
22
Insert your matrix elements:
11
11
Please insert the number of rows and columns for second matrix
22

Insert your elements for second matrix
22
22
The result of matrix multiplication or product of the matrices is:
4 4
4 4
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3schools.in/c-programming/examples/matrix-multiplication-in-c

Bubble Sort
Bubble Sort
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program Sort array elements using bubble sort.

TURBO C
3.Theory:
Bubble Sort is the simplest sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly swapping the adjacent
elements if they are in the wrong order. This algorithm is not suitable for large data sets as its
average and worst-case time complexity is quite high.
4.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
bubble(int *a,int n)
{
int tem,count, i,j;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
count=0;
for(j=0;j<n-1-i;j++)
{
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
tem=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=tem;
count=1;
}

Bubble Sort
}
if(count==0)
break;
}
}
main()
{
int n,a[100],i;
printf("\nenter number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nenter array elements:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("\nThe elements before sorting :");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(" %d ",a[i]);
bubble(a,n);
printf("\nThe elements after sorting are:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(" %d ",a[i]);
return 0;
}
5.Algorithm:
Bubble(a,n)
Begin
For i=1 to n-1 by 1 do
For j=0 to n-1-I by 1 do
If a[j] >[j+1] then
Set tmp=a[j];

Bubble Sort
Set a[j]=a[j+1];
Set a[j+1]=tmp;
Endif
Endfor
endfor
end
Enter number of elements:5
Enter array elements: 45 9 21 3 57
The elements before sorting: 45 9 21 3 57
The elements after sorting are : 3 9 21 45 57
7.Result:
Bubble Sort Program Successfully Executed.
6.Reference:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bubble-sort/

Concatenating Two Strings Without Built-In Functions

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program forConcatenating two strings without built-in functions

TURBO C
3.Program:
void main(void)
char str1[25],str2[25];
int i=0,j=0;
printf("\nEnter First String:");
gets(str1);
printf("\nEnter Second String:");
gets(str2);
while(str1[i]!='\0')
i++;
while(str2[j]!='\0')
str1[i]=str2[j];
j++;

i++;
str1[i]='\0';
printf("\nConcatenated String is %s",str1);
Enter First String:sai
Enter Second String:deepthi
Concatenated String is saideepthi
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3schools.in/c-programming/examples/concatenate-two-strings-without-using-
strcat

Reverse A String Using Built-In and Without Built-In String Functions
Reverse A String Using Built-In and Without Built-In String

Functions
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program toReverse a string using built-in and without built-in string functions
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
char str[100];
int l, i;
printf("\n\nPrint individual characters of string in reverse order :\n");
printf(" \n");
printf("Input the string : ");
fgets(str, sizeof str, stdin);
l=strlen(str);
printf("The characters of the string in reverse are : \n");
for(i=l;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%c ", str[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}

Reverse A String Using Built-In and Without Built-In String Functions
Print individual characters of string in reverse order :
Input the string :saideepthi
The characters of the string in reverse are :ih t p e e d i a s
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/index.htm

Sum of a 1D Array Using Malloc
Sum of a 1D Array Using Malloc()

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find the sum of a 1D array using malloc().
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
int i, n;
int *a, *b, *c;
printf("Enter the size of the arrays\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
a = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
b = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
c = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
printf("Enter Elements of First List\n");
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
scanf("%d", a + i);

printf("Enter Elements of Second List\n");
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
scanf("%d", b + i);
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
*(c + i) = *(a + i) + *(b + i);
printf("Resultant List is\n");
for (i = 0; i< n; i++)
printf("%d\n", *(c + i));
return 0;

Enter the size of the arrays
Enter Elements of First List
12 23 34 1 2
Enter Elements of Second List
13456
Resultant List is
13263868
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.sanfoundry.com/c-program-compute-sum-two-one-dimensional-arrays-using-
malloc/

Total Average of N students using Structures
Total, Average of n students using Structures

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find the total,average of n students using structures.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
char name[10];
float m1,m2,m3;
float avg,total;
};
void main()
struct student s[20];
int n,i;
float tavg,sum=0.0;
printf("Enter the number of student=");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("Enter the detail of %d students\n",i+1);

printf("\n Enter Name=");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);
printf("Enter the three subject score\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&s[i].m1,&s[i].m2,&s[i].m3);
s[i].total=s[i].m1+s[i].m2+s[i].m3;
s[i].avg=s[i].total/3;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(s[i].avg>=35)
printf("\n %s has scored above the average marks",s[i].name);
else
printf("\n %s has scored below the average marks",s[i].name);
Enter the number of student=2
Enter the detail of 1 students
Enter Name=deepu
Enter the three subject score
45 56 67
Enter the detail of 2 students
Enter Name=deepthi
Enter the three subject score
78 45 78

deepu has scored above the average marks
deepthi has scored above the average marks1
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.vtuloop.com/program-13-c-programming-lab/

Display Failed Students Using Calloc()

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Enter n students data using calloc() and display failed students list.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Student
char name[50];
int rollNumber;
float marks;
};
int main()
int n;
printf("Enter the number of students: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
struct Student *students = (struct Student *)calloc(n, sizeof(struct Student));
for (int i = 0; i< n; ++i)
printf("\nEnter details for student %d:\n", i + 1);

printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", students[i].name);
printf("Roll Number: ");
scanf("%d", &students[i].rollNumber);
printf("Marks: ");
scanf("%f", &students[i].marks);
printf("\nList of failed students:\n");
for (int i = 0; i< n; ++i)
if (students[i].marks<=40.0)
printf("Name: %s\n", students[i].name);
printf("Roll Number: %d\n", students[i].rollNumber);
printf("Marks: %.2f\n", students[i].marks);
printf("\n");
free(students);
return 0;
Enter the number of students: 2
Enter details for student 1:
Name: divitha

Roll Number: 1
Marks: 90
Enter details for student 2:
Name: deepu
Roll Number: 2
Marks: 40
List of failed students:
Name: deepu
Roll Number: 2
Marks: 40.00
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Read student name and marks from the command line and display the student details
Read student name and marks from the command line and display
the student details
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Read student name and marks from the command line and display the
student details along with the total
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Student {
char name[50];
int marks;
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc< 2) {
printf("Usage: %s <number_of_students>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
int n = atoi(argv[1]);
struct Student *students = (struct Student *)calloc(n, sizeof(struct Student));
if (students == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed. Exiting...\n");

return 1;
for (int i = 0; i< n; i++) {
printf("Enter name of student %d: ", i + 1);
scanf("%s", students[i].name);
printf("Enter marks of student %d: ", i + 1);
scanf("%d", &students[i].marks);
int total = 0;
int failedCount = 0;
for (int i = 0; i< n; i++) {
total += students[i].marks;
if (students[i].marks< 40) {
failedCount++;
float average = (float)total / n;
printf("\nStudent Details:\n");
for (int i = 0; i< n; i++) {
printf("Name: %s, Marks: %d\n", students[i].name, students[i].marks);
printf("\nTotal marks: %d\n", total);
printf("Average marks: %.2f\n", average);
if (failedCount> 0) {
printf("\nFailed students list:\n");

for (int i = 0; i< n; i++) {
if (students[i].marks< 40) {
printf("Name: %s, Marks: %d\n", students[i].name, students[i].marks);
} else {
printf("\nNo students failed.\n");
free(students);
return 0;}
Enter the number of students: 2
Enter name of student 1: sai
Enter marks of student 1: 12
Enter name of student 2: deepu
Enter marks of student 2: 23
Total marks: 35
Average marks: 17.5
Failed students list:
Name: sai, Marks: 12
Name: deepu, Marks: 23
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Realloc() Function
Realloc() Function
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program for realloc() function.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
int n = 4, i, *p, s = 0;
p = (int*) calloc(n, sizeof(int));
if(p == NULL)
printf("Error! memory not allocated.");
exit(0);
printf("Enter elements of array : ");
for(i = 0; i< n; ++i)
scanf("%d", p + i);
s += *(p + i);

Realloc() Function
printf("Sum : %d", s);
p = (int*) realloc(p, 6);
printf("Enter elements of array : ");
for(i = 0; i< n; ++i)
scanf("%d", p + i);
s += *(p + i);
printf("Sum : %d", s);
return 0;
Enter elements of array : 2 3 5 4
Sum : 14
Enter elements of array : 2 3 4 5 0 1
Sum : 28
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/use-of-realloc-in-c

Singly Linked List
Singly Linked List

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to Create and display a singly linked list using self-referential structure.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
int data;
struct node *next;
};
int main()
struct node *head = NULL;
struct node *second = NULL;
struct node *third = NULL;
head = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
second = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
third = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
head->data = 1;
second->data = 2;

Singly Linked List
third->data = 3;
head->next = second;
second->next = third;
third->next = NULL;
struct node *current = head;
while (current != NULL)
printf("%d ", current->data);
current = current->next;
return 0;
123
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.prepbytes.com/blog/c-programming/self-referential-structure-in-c/

Differences between structures and unions

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Demonstrate the differences between structures and unions using a C program.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
struct Person
char name[50];
int age;
};
union Data {
int integerData;
float floatData;
};
int main()
struct Person person1;
strcpy(person1.name, "John");
person1.age = 25;
union Data data1;
data1.integerData = 42;

printf("Structure - Person:\n");
printf("Name: %s\n", person1.name);
printf("Age: %d\n", person1.age);
printf("\n");
printf("Union - Data:\n");
printf("Integer Data: %d\n", data1.integerData);
data1.floatData = 3.14;
printf("Float Data: %f\n", data1.floatData);
return 0;
Structure - Person:
Name: John
Age: 25
Union - Data:
Integer Data: 42
Float Data: 3.140000
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Shift/Rotate using bitfields

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to shift/rotate using bitfields.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
struct BitfieldRotation
unsigned int data : 4;
};
void leftRotate(struct BitfieldRotation *bf)
bf->data = ((bf->data << 1) | (bf->data >> 3)) & 0x0F;
void rightRotate(struct BitfieldRotation *bf)
bf->data = ((bf->data >> 1) | (bf->data << 3)) & 0x0F;
void displayBitfield(struct BitfieldRotation bf)
printf("Bitfield Data: %X\n", bf.data);

int main()
struct BitfieldRotation bitfield;
bitfield.data = 0xC;
printf("Original Bitfield:\n");
displayBitfield(bitfield);
leftRotate(&bitfield);
printf("\nAfter Left Rotation:\n");
rightRotate(&bitfield);
printf("\nAfter Right Rotation:\n");
return 0;
Original Bitfield:
Bitfield Data: C
After Left Rotation:
Bitfield Data: 9
After Right Rotation:
Bitfield Data: C
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Copy one structure variable to another structure of the same type

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to copy one structure variable to another structure of the same type.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
struct Student
char name[50];
int age;
float marks;
};
void copyStruct(struct Student *dest, const struct Student *src)
strcpy(dest->name, src->name);
dest->age = src->age;
dest->marks = src->marks;
void displayStudent(const struct Student *student)
printf("Name: %s\n", student->name);
printf("Age: %d\n", student->age);

printf("Marks: %.2f\n", student->marks);
int main()
struct Student student1 = {"John Doe", 20, 85.5};
struct Student student2;
copyStruct(&student2, &student1);
printf("Original Student:\n");
displayStudent(&student1);
printf("\nCopied Student:\n");
displayStudent(&student2);
return 0;}
Original Student:
Name: John Doe
Age: 20
Marks: 85.50
Copied Student:
Name: John Doe
Age: 20
Marks: 85.50
5.Result:
6.Reference:

NCR value using Function

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to calculate NCR value using Functions.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int fact(int z);
void main()
int n, r, ncr;
printf("\n Enter the value for N and R \n");
scanf("%d%d", &n, &r);
ncr = fact(n) / (fact(r) * fact(n - r));
printf("\n The value of ncr is: %d", ncr);
int fact(int z)
int f = 1, i;
if (z == 0)
return(f);

else
for (i = 1; i<= z; i++)
f = f * i;
return(f);
Enter the value for N and R
52
The value of ncr is: 10
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.sanfoundry.com/c-program-ncr/

Find the length of a string
Find the length of a string

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find the length of a string using Functions.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
char str[100]; int len;
printf("\nEnter the String : ");
scanf("%s",str);
len = strlen(str);
printf("\nLength of the given string is %d", len);
return(0);}
Enter the String :deepthi
Length of the given string is 7
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.codingninjas.com/studio/library/c-program-to-count-length-of-string-using-library-
function

Transpose of a Matrix using Function

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find Transpose of a Matrix using Function.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#define N 4
void transpose(int A[][N], int B[][N])
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i< N; i++)
for (j = 0; j < N; j++)
B[i][j] = A[j][i];
int main()
int A[N][N] = { { 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 2, 2, 2, 2 },
{ 3, 3, 3, 3 },
{ 4, 4, 4, 4 } };
int B[N][N], i, j;
transpose(A, B);

printf("Result matrix is \n");
for (i = 0; i< N; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < N; j++)
printf("%d ", B[i][j]);
printf("\n");
return 0;
Result matrix is
1234
1234
1234
1234
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-transpose-matrix/

Euler’s method.
Euler’s method.
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to demonstrate numerical integration of differential equations using

Euler’s method.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
double equation(double x, double y)
return x + y;
void eulerMethod(double x0, double y0, double h, double xn) {
double x = x0, y = y0;
printf("Euler's Method:\n");
printf("x\t\t y\n");
while (x <= xn) {
printf("%.4f\t%.4f\n", x, y);
y = y + h * equation(x, y);
x = x + h;
int main() {

Euler’s method.
double x0 = 0.0;
double y0 = 1.0;
double h = 0.1;
double xn = 1.0;
eulerMethod(x0, y0, h, xn);
return 0;}
Euler's Method:
x y
0.0000 1.0000
0.1000 1.1000
0.2000 1.2200
0.3000 1.3620
0.4000 1.5282
0.5000 1.7210
0.6000 1.9431
0.7000 2.1974
0.8000 2.4872
0.9000 2.8159
1.0000 3.1875
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Fibonacci Series.
Fibonacci series
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a recursive function to generate Fibonacci series.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int fibonacci(int num)
if (num == 0)
return 0;
else if (num == 1)
return 1;
else
return fibonacci(num - 1) + fibonacci(num - 2);
int main()

Fibonacci Series.
int num;
printf("Enter the number of elements to be in the series : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
int i;
for (i = 0; i< num; i++)
printf("%d, ", fibonacci(i));
return 0;
Enter the number of elements to be in the series : 10
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.scaler.com/topics/fibonacci-series-in-c-using-recursion/

LCM of two numbers
LCM of two Numbers

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a recursive function to find the lcm of two numbers.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int lcm(int a, int b)
return (a * b);
int main() {
int num1, num2;
printf("Enter the first number: ");
scanf("%d", &num1);
printf("Enter the second number: ");
scanf("%d", &num2);
printf("LCM of %d and %d is: %d\n", num1, num2, lcm(num1, num2));
return 0;

LCM of two numbers
Enter the first number: 5 3
Enter the second number: LCM of 5 and 3 is: 15
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://codeforwin.org/c-programming/c-program-to-find-lcm-of-two-numbers-using-recursion

Factorial of a numbers
Factorial of a Number
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a recursive function to find the factorial of a number.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
unsigned long longfactorial(int n)
if (n == 0 || n == 1)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
int main()
int num;
printf("Enter a non-negative integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

Factorial of a numbers
if (num < 0)
printf("Please enter a non-negative integer.\n");
else
printf("Factorial of %d is: %llu\n", num, factorial(num));
return 0;
Enter a non-negative integer: 5
Factorial of 5 is: 120
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/examples/factorial-recursion

Ackermann function using recursion

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a C Program to implement Ackermann function using recursion.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int A(int m, int n);
main()
int m,n;
printf("Enter two numbers :: \n");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("\nOUTPUT :: %d\n",A(m,n));
int A(int m, int n)
if(m==0)
return n+1;
else if(n==0)
return A(m-1,1);
else
return A(m-1,A(m,n-1));

Enter two numbers ::
13
OUTPUT :: 5
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.codezclub.com/c-implement-ackermann-function/

Sum of Series using Recursive Function

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a recursive function to find the sum of series.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
double seriesSum(int n)
if (n == 0)
return 0;
else
return 1.0 / n + seriesSum(n - 1);
int main()
int terms;
printf("Enter the number of terms in the series: ");
scanf("%d", &terms);

if (terms < 0)
printf("Please enter a non-negative integer for the number of terms.\n");
else
printf("Sum of the series: %lf\n", seriesSum(terms));
return 0;
Enter the number of terms in the series: 5
Sum of the series: 2.283333
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-program-to-find-sum-of-natural-numbers-using-recursion/

Swapping of two numbers using call by reference

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a C program to swap two numbers using call by reference.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
swap (int *, int *);
int main()
int a, b;
printf("\nEnter value of a & b: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
printf("\nBefore Swapping:\n");
printf("\na = %d\n\nb = %d\n", a, b);
swap(&a, &b);
printf("\nAfter Swapping:\n");
printf("\na = %d\n\nb = %d", a, b);
return 0;
swap (int *x, int *y)
int temp;

temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
Enter value of a & b: 30 49
Before Swapping:
a = 30
b = 49
After Swapping:
a = 49
b = 30
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.programming9.com/programs/c-programs/194-swapping-of-two-numbers-using-
call-by-reference-in-c-functions

Dangling pointer problem

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Demonstrate Dangling pointer problem using a C program.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int* createIntArray(int size)
int* arr = (int*)malloc(size * sizeof(int));
return arr;
int main()
int* arr = createIntArray(5);
for (int i = 0; i< 5; i++)
arr[i] = i + 1;
printf("Values using valid pointer:\n");
for (int i = 0; i< 5; i++)

printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");
free(arr);
printf("Values using dangling pointer:\n");
for (int i = 0; i< 5; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");
return 0;
Values using valid pointer:
12345
Values using dangling pointer:
0 0 35393552 0 5
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.prepbytes.com/blog/c-programming/dangling-pointer-in-c/

Copy one string into another

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to copy one string into another using pointer.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include<stdio.h>
void copy_string(char*, char*);
main()
char source[100], target[100];
printf("Enter source string\n");
gets(source);
copy_string(target, source);
printf("Target string is \"%s\"\n", target);
return 0;
void copy_string(char *target, char *source)
while(*source)
*target = *source;
source++;

target++;
*target = '\0';
Enter source string
saideepthi
Target string is "saideepthi"
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://www.w3schools.in/c-programming/examples/copy-string-using-pointers

No of Lowercase,Uppercase,Digits and other characters using pointers
No of Lowercase,Uppercase,Digits and other characters using

pointers
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to find no of lowercase, uppercase, digits and other characters using
pointers.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
char str[100];
int i;
int upper=0,lower=0,num=0,special=0;;
printf("Please enter the string \n");
gets(str);
for(i=0; str[i] != '\0'; i++)
if(str[i]>='A' && str[i]<='Z')
upper++;

else if(str[i]>='a' && str[i]<='z')
lower++;
else if(str[i]>='1' && str[i]<='9')
num++;
else
special++;
printf("\nUpper case letters: %d",upper);
printf("\nLower case letters: %d",lower);
printf("\nNumbers: %d",num);
printf("\nSpecial characters: %d",special);
getch();

Please enter the string
Sai Deepthi @1
Upper case letters: 2
Lower case letters: 8
Numbers: 1
Special characters: 3
5.Result:
6.Reference:
https://code4coding.com/program-to-count-uppercase-lowercasespecial-character-and-numeric-
values-in-c/

Write and Read Text into a file

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a C program to write and read text into a file.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
FILE *file;
file = fopen("example.txt", "w");
if (file == NULL)
printf("Could not open the file for writing.\n");
return 1;
fprintf(file, "Hello, this is a sample text.\n");
fprintf(file, "Writing to a file in C is easy!\n");
fclose(file);
file = fopen("example.txt", "r");
if (file == NULL)

printf("Could not open the file for reading.\n");
return 1;
char ch;
printf("Content of the file:\n");
while ((ch = fgetc(file)) != EOF)
putchar(ch);
fclose(file);
return 0;
Content of the file:
Hello, this is a sample text.
Writing to a file in C is easy!
5.Result:
6.Reference:

write and read text into a binary file using fread() and fwrite()
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Implement a C program to write and read text into a binary file using fread() and fwrite().
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Person
char name[50];
int age;
};
int main()
FILE *file;
file = fopen("example.bin", "wb");
if (file == NULL)
printf("Could not open the file for writing.\n");
return 1;
struct Person person1 = {"deepu", 25};

struct Person person2 = {"divitha", 05};
fwrite(&person1, sizeof(struct Person), 1, file);
fwrite(&person2, sizeof(struct Person), 1, file);
fclose(file);
file = fopen("example.bin", "rb");
if (file == NULL)
return 1;
struct Person readPerson1, readPerson2;
fread(&readPerson1, sizeof(struct Person), 1, file);
fread(&readPerson2, sizeof(struct Person), 1, file);
printf("Data read from the file:\n");
printf("Person 1: Name=%s, Age=%d\n", readPerson1.name, readPerson1.age);
printf("Person 2: Name=%s, Age=%d\n", readPerson2.name, readPerson2.age);
fclose(file);
return 0;

Data read from the file:
Person 1: Name=deepu, Age=25
Person 2: Name=divitha, Age=5
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Copy the contents of one file to another file.

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
FILE *sourceFile, *destinationFile;
sourceFile = fopen("source.txt", "r");
if (sourceFile == NULL)
printf("Could not open the source file for reading.\n");
return 1;
destinationFile = fopen("destination.txt", "w");
if (destinationFile == NULL)
printf("Could not open the destination file for writing.\n");
fclose(sourceFile);
return 1;

char ch;
while ((ch = fgetc(sourceFile)) != EOF)
fputc(ch, destinationFile);
fclose(sourceFile);
fclose(destinationFile);
printf("File contents copied successfully.\n");
return 0;
Could not open the source file for reading.
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Merge two files into the third file using command-line arguments
Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a C program to merge two files into the third file using command-line arguments.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc != 4) {
printf("Usage: %s <inputFile1><inputFile2><outputFile>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
FILE *inputFile1, *inputFile2, *outputFile;
inputFile1 = fopen(argv[1], "r");
if (inputFile1 == NULL) {
printf("Could not open the first input file for reading.\n");
return 1; // Return an error code
inputFile2 = fopen(argv[2], "r");
if (inputFile2 == NULL) {
printf("Could not open the second input file for reading.\n");
fclose(inputFile1);

outputFile = fopen(argv[3], "w");
if (outputFile == NULL) {
printf("Could not open the output file for writing.\n");
fclose(inputFile1);
fclose(inputFile2);
char ch;
while ((ch = fgetc(inputFile1)) != EOF) {
fputc(ch, outputFile);
while ((ch = fgetc(inputFile2)) != EOF) {
fputc(ch, outputFile);}
fclose(inputFile1);
fclose(inputFile2);
fclose(outputFile);
printf("Files merged successfully.\n");
return 0; }
Files merged successfully
5.Result:
6.Reference:https://www.vtuloop.com/program-13-c-programming-lab/

Find no. of lines, words and characters in a file

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
void countLinesWordsCharacters(FILE *file, int *lines, int *words, int *characters)
int ch;
int inWord = 0;
*lines = *words = *characters = 0;
(*characters)++;
if (ch == '\n')
(*lines)++;
if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t' || ch == '\n') {
inWord = 0; // Not inside a word
} else if (inWord == 0) {
inWord = 1; // Inside a word

(*words)++;
int main() {
FILE *file;
char fileName[50];
printf("Enter the name of the file: ");
scanf("%s", fileName);
file = fopen(fileName, "r");
if (file == NULL) {
int lines, words, characters;
countLinesWordsCharacters(file, &lines, &words, &characters);
fclose(file);
printf("Number of lines: %d\n", lines);
printf("Number of words: %d\n", words);
printf("Number of characters: %d\n", characters);
return 0;

Enter the name of the file: sai
Could not open the file for reading.
5.Result:
6.Reference:

Print last n characters of a given file

Exp.No:
Date:
1.Aim:
Write a C program to print last n characters of a given file.
TURBO C
3.Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void printLastNCharacters(FILE *file, int n)
fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END);
long fileSize = ftell(file);
long startPosition = fileSize - n;
if (startPosition< 0)
startPosition = 0;
fseek(file, startPosition, SEEK_SET);
int ch;
putchar(ch);

int main()
FILE *file;
char fileName[50];
int n;
printf("Enter the name of the file: ");
scanf("%s", fileName);
file = fopen(fileName, "r");
if (file == NULL)
return 1;
printf("Enter the value of 'n': ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Last %d characters of the file:\n", n);
printLastNCharacters(file, n);
fclose(file);
return 0;

Enter the name of the file: deepthi
Could not open the file for reading.
5.Result:
6.Reference:

r23-Cp Lab Manual

Uploaded by

r23-Cp Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Program: B.Tech.

Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

GIET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO):

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

SEMESTER:I-I FACULTY NAME:Ms.B.SAI DEEPTHI

i) Basic Linux environment and its editors like

i) Sum and average of 3 numbers

i) Evaluate the following expressions.

ii) Find the maximum of three numbers using

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

iii) C program to shift/rotate using bitfields.

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Department of IT, GIET Engineering College

Linux Environment and Its Editors

1. **Choose a Linux Distribution**:

3. **Update the System**:

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

sudo apt update

sudo apt upgrade

4. **Install Text Editors**:

sudo apt install vim # On Debian/Ubuntu

sudodnf install vim # On Fedora

You can install Emacs using your distribution's package manager:

sudo apt install emacs # On Debian/Ubuntu

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

sudodnf install emacs # On Fedora

6. **Learn the Editors**:

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

Exposure to Turbo C,gcc

Exposure to Turbo C,gcc

- **Overview**: Turbo C was a popular Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and

- Simple and easy-to-use IDE, especially for beginners.

- Well-suited for learning C and C++ programming basics.

- Provided a compact and efficient development environment for its time.

- Outdated and no longer actively maintained.

- Limited compatibility with modern operating systems.

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

2. **GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)**:

- Cross-platform compatibility; it can be used on various operating systems.

- Supports the latest C and C++ standards and features.

- Highly configurable and extensible.

- Continuously updated and maintained by the open-source community.

- Requires familiarity with the command-line interface.

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

Simple Program Using printf( ),scanf( )

Implement a simple program using printf( ),scanf( )

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

5. Sample Input and Output:

printf("\n a=%d \n b=%d",a,b);

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

5. Sample Input and Output:

Dept of IT, GIETEngineeringCollege, Rajahmundry

Sum and Average of Three Numbers

Implement a C program to find sum and average of three numbers.

 In this program, we first declared four variables x, y, z, sum.

will store the sum of the number three.

stored its result in the sum variable.

sum/count) and stored its result in the avg variable.

printf("Enter three values:");

printf("\nThe sum of three numbers=%f",sum);

1. Choose a Linux Distribution:

3. Update the System:

4. Install Text Editors:

6. Learn the Editors:

- Overview: Turbo C was a popular Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and

2. GCC (GNU Compiler Collection):

printf("a. Result of expression A+BC+(DE) + F*G is: %d\n", result_a);