E>^I HOC QIJ^OC GI.A.

H A N^OI
m A I TRONG N H U A N

HA NOi NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

 DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOT

MAI TRONG NHUAN

OIA HOA MOI TRl/OlNG

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI - 2001

 Chiu track nhiem xudt ban:
Giam doc NGUYEN VAN THOA
Tong bien tap NGUYEN THIEN GIAP

Nguai nhan xet: TS. TRINH HAN

Bien tap: TS. LUONG LANG

Siia bdi: NGUYEN THI THUY

Trinh bay bin: NGOC ANH

DjA HOA MOI TRUONG

Ma so : 01.164,DH2001. 33.2000.
In O
l CKD cuon tai Nha in Oai hex. Qu6c gia Ha N6i.
So xuat ban: 29/33/CXB. So trich ngang 306KH/XB.
In xong v^ nop liru chi^u Qu^ III nam 2001
 L d l NOI DAU

Dia hi')a me')i trUeing la khoa hoc lien ngdnh dua tren nen
itciiig ciia dm hem hoc, hoa hoc vd khoa hoc moi trUdng. Do mdi ra
ideii gdn day, nen ddi tUcing, muc tieu, ngi dung vd phUcing phdp
• nghien cdu cua dia hoa moi trUdng dang lien tuc dUeic he) sung
inJiej cdc thdnh ti/u mdi cila cc'ic khoa Iwc lien quan. O nUdc ta cdc
>van de dia hoa. moi trUefng cung mdi dUcJc gidng day thu nghiem
• CO etc cap den trong cdc nghien cUu ve dia chat moi trUdng, dia
dioa y hoc each day khong Idu. Trong tinh hinh do, viec bien sogn
.ine)t qiiyen gido trinh hodn chinh ve dia hda moi trUdng cho bgc
idui hoc Id hct sdc kho khan. Tuy nhien, do dot hoi cua cdng tdc
tgidiig day vd nghien cdu khoa hoc, tren cci sd tong help cdc tdi
divu da coiig be) lien quan vd hinh nghiem gidng day chuyen de
luiy tin nam 1992 d Dai hoc Tong heJp Hd Ncji trUdc day, chung
itoi mqnh dan thU nghiem xdy dUng gido trinh "Dia hoa moi
tvucing"
Gido trinh Dia hoa moi trUdng" trinh hdy nhUtig net cd
biin ve ddc trUng dia hoa cua me")! trUdng tU nhien vd 6 nhiem
mdi trUdng, nguon gdc vd hdnh vi cdc nguyen to vd hctp chat hoa
hoc trong moi trUdng cdng nhu tdc dong cua chung tdi sdc khoe
'Con ngUdi. Gido trinh ndy c6 the phuc vu cho vice hoc tap vd
.itf'hi^n cdu cua sink vien vd hoc vien cao hoc cdc ngdnh dia chat
cei nidi trUdng. Khi gictng day gido trinh dia hoa moi trUdng cho
smh vien dia chat c6 the lUcJc gidm bc'ft chUeing 2 (dqc trUng dia
hoa cua moi trUeing tU nhien) vd chUdng 3 (di chuyen cdc nguyen
to trong moi tritdng tU nhien) de tang thdi lUcfng cho cdc phdn
3
con Igi. Khi hoc gido trinh ndy, sink vien moi trudrig c6 the g,dm
bdt ngi dung chUdng 5 (dia hoa 6 nhiem) de ddnh thdi giar di
sdu vdo cdc ngi dung khdc.
Gido trinh dia hoa moi trudiig cUng c6 the Id mot tdi ieu
tham khdo cho cdc nhd nghien cdu^bdo ve, quan ly tdi nguyen
thien nhien vd moi trUdng.
Tdc gia xin trdn trgng cam On GS. TSKH. Dang Trmg
Thugn, TS. LUu Ddc Hdi, PGS.TS. Nguyen Van Phdvd PGS.TS.
Phgm Hiing Viet da dong gop, bd cung nhieu y kie'n quy idu
trong qua trinh hodn chinh de cUdng vd ban thdo.
Xin cam On Hoi dong khoa hoc vd Ban chu nhiem Khoa Dia
chat TrUdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc TU nhien thugc Dai hgc Qudcgia
Hd Ngi, cdc dong nghicp, cdc sinh vien vd cdc cgng tdc vien da
dong vien chia se kho khan khi bien sogn, hodn thien bdn vt vd
ban thdo cua gido trinh ndy.
Tuy da rat cdgang nhUng tdc gia chdc chdn rang gido trin h
''Dia hoa moi trUdng" van khong trdnh khoi nhdng sai sot. Tdc
gia rat mong nhan dUdc vd het sdc biet an ve nhdng y kien ding
gop cua cdc nhd khoa hgc vd sinh vien de giup hodn chinh gido
trinh ndy ngdy mot tot han.

Tdc gia
 MUC LUC

Tra ng
Idii noi dau 3
Chuang 1: Nhiem vu vd phuangphdp nghien cUu dia hod
nidi trUdng 7
/. /, Me'n trUeing 7
1.2. Dia hod me'n trUeing 1]
Chuang 2: Mot so ddc trung diet hod cua moi trudng tU
njiien 23
2.1.Ddc trUug cei bdn cua moi trUeing tU nhicn 23
2.2.Mot sdycu tddiih hUe'ing te'ii MTTN 31
2.3. Dele- dicni dia liod mdi tru'dng khi (khi quyc'ii) 36
'2.4. Ddc diem dia hoa moi trUiiiig nUe'ic (thuy quycn) 52
2.5. Ddc diem dia hoa c6 phong hod 68
2.(-). Dia hoa men trUcing dot 81
2.7. Ddc die-m dia hod im'n trUdng tram tich 92
2.8.Ddc diem dia hod sink quycn 102
('huang 3: Ddc diem di chuyen cdc nguyen to hod hgc
trong moi trudng tU nhien 112
3.1.Cdc yen to chinh dnii hUeing den sU di chuyen cua cdc
nguyen tdtrong moi tru'dng tU nhien 112
3.'2. Dang di chuyen cdc nguyen to hod hgc trong moi trUdng
tif nhicn 118
3.3.Dgc diem top trung, phdn tdn cdc nguyen to hod hgc..124
5
 3.4. Phdn logi nguyen to theo ddc diem di chuyen 12('
3.5. Di chuyen cdc nguyen to do hogt dong ky thudt cua con
ngUdi 12H
Chuang 4: Cdc chu trinh sinh dia hod 134
4.1. Chu trinh sinh dia hod thUc vat 134
4.2. Chu trinh sinh dia hod dong vat 138
4.3. Chu trinh sinh dia hoa mot so nguyen td. 146
Chuang 5: Dia hod 6 nhiem 167
5.1. O nhiem 167
5.2. NgUcing sinh thdi vd khd ndng dong hod chat 6 nhiem
cua moi trUcing 17.^>
5.3.Dia he')a cdc chdt thdi 178
5.4. O nhiem moi trUdng khi. 201
5.5. O nhiem moi trUdiig nUdc 213
5.6. O nhiem moi trUdng ddt 2.30
5.7. O nhiem moi trUdng tram tich 2l9
Chuang 6: Dia hod y hgc 270
6.1. Dia hod moi trUdng vdi bcnh tat 270
6.2. Dia hod moi trUdng mot sd nguyen to'vd hcip chdt. ...2K<
Tai lieu thani k h a o 337
 Chuang 1

NHIEM Vy VA PHinJNG PHAP NGHIEN CllfU

OjA HOA MOI TRirOTNG

i.i MOITRIONG
1.1.1. khai niem \e moi trutmg
-M(it ciit-h tlfin giiin nhat ta co the hieu "Moi trUdng la tat ca
idling gi trU tt')i rii" (Environment is everything but me). Mt')i
tndiig fiia mt)t v.it the. mtit sU kien la toan bo dieu kien ben
iigiiii iinh hUfing ttii viit the hf)af sU kien do.
Moi truiing song fua fon ngUdi la doi tUting chinh ciia khoa
ht»- iiitii trUfing, Ui tt'iiig htip cac dieu kien ben ngoai c6 tinh
hi.'ing tdi sU scmg va phiit trien cua con ngUdi. D6 la dieu kien
ViV ly, hoii htx', sinh btx- va xii hoi bao quanh va co anh buting tdi
•-iUsong va phiit tnen elia fa nhan ciing nhu cong dong con ngUdi.
Mdi trUdng bao quanh lii mot p h a n cua thuy quyen, thach
tp.ven, khi quyen, sinh quyen. Moi trUdng la san pham tUdng tac
<'ui bon dia quyen va quyen tri tue tao nen dieu kien anh hudng
dca sU ton tiri va phiit trien cua loai ngUdi. Dieu kien bao quanh
fit CO the phiin ra: mdi trUdng tU nhien (moi trUdng khdng khi,
m.'i trUfing nUt'if, mtii trUting da't...) va moi trUdng xd hoi.

Moi trUting tU nhien (MTTN) la nhUng nhi^n to thien nhien

mi sU ttin tai ciia chung khong hoac it phu thuoc vao y niutin
ftn ngUdi. Cd the hieu riing moi trUdng tU nhien la to htip phUc
7
tap cac dieu kien ly - hoa - sinh hew bao quanh sinh vat va ton
ngUdi. Cac yeu to vftt ly bao gom nhiet do, do am, anh sang,
cUdng do phong xa...Cac yeu to' hoa hc)c la thanh phan va tinh
chS't hoa hoe, dSc diem dja hoa, sinh dja boa ciia mtii trUdng liao
quanh. Cac yS'u to sinh htx la toan bo sinh vat va moi quan h^
ghia chiing. Ciing co the hieu MTTN \k to hdp cac htip phin txl
nhien nhu khong khi, nUtfc, v6 phong hoa (VPH), tram tich (TT),
tho nhUdng, sinh vat. 6 day, cac t h a n h tao be mat bao gom tht'i
nhuSng, tram tich tang mkt, v6 phong hoa (VPH) tao phin tren
ciing cua thach quyen .
Moi trUdng xa hoi la tong the cac quan he giua ngUdi va
ngUdi, cac the che chinh tri, dieu kien kinh te, truyen thong, van
hoa, ton gijio...
Nhu vay moi trUdng la to htip phUe tap ciia cac yeu to tU
nhien, kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa bao quanh va anh hUd.ig tdi t h e
gidi vat cha't, sinh vkt va con ngUdi.
1.1.2. Chiirc ndng ciia moi trudng
Mdi trUdng co 3 chUc nkng cd ban: la khdng gian song; la ndi
cung cap tai nguyen (nguyen lieu, nhien lieu, theng tin...); la ndi
chiia dung phe thai dc cdn ngUdi tao ra trong cuoc song va bojit
dong san xuat ciia minh.
Moi trUdng la khong gian sdng(KGS). De ton tai va phat
trien, con ngUdi c^n co mot khong gian v6i mot pham vi (do Idn)
vk mot chat luting nha't djnh. KGS (dien tich dat hinh quan dkn
ngUdi) ngay cang bj thu hep do dan so tSng nhanh (bang 1.1- Ko
h^u ciia GS. Le Thgic Can, 1996).
 Itdng 1.1. Moi quan he qiiia dien tich binh quan dau ngirdi
va sutcinc dan so
Ndni Dan so Dien tich binh quan
(x.10^)

1 trieu nam trutic CN 0,125 120.000 ha/ngUdi

10 van nam trUdc CN 1 15.000 ha/ngudi

1 van nam tri/dc CN 5 3.000 ha/ ngudi

Nam dau tien cua CN 200 75 ha/ ngudi

1650 4 27,5 ha/ ngudi

1840 1.000 15 ha/ ngudi

1930 2.000 7,5 ha/ ngudi

1994 5.000 3,0 ha/ ngudi

2010 7.000 1,88ha/ ngUdi

Chat luting khong gian song dUtic do bang nhieu thong so

khiic nhau. Khong gian .song dat chat lUting cao thi phai c6 cac
tilling .so vat ly, hoii htjc, sinh hoc, sinh dia boa, dia chat...toi Uu,
hill hoii (thoa man nhu cau tam ly tham my ciia con ngUdi). Chat
Uiting khong gian song bien doi theo thdi gian va tuy thuoc vao
I: rinh do khoa hoc ky thuat kinh te nui con ngUdi dat dUdc
Cung cap tdi nguyen la chUc nSng dac biet quan trong ciia
iut'»i trUdng. Tai nguyen (TN) la toan bo nguyen vat lieu
(material), niing lUting (energy) va thong tin (information) co
trong tU nhien va vij tru ma con ngUdi cd the khai thac de sU
dung. NhUng thting tin ve hi quyet cong nghe, phat rninh khoa
hoc la loai tiii nguyen diic biet - tai nguyen tri tue.
 Tai nguyen bao gom: tai nguyen thien nhien la siin phiun
ciia cac qua trinh tU nhien va tai nguyen con ngUdi (tai nguye n
nhan van) gan lien vdi yeu to con ngUdi (tri tue, van hoii, k i n h
nghiem, hieu biet, v.v...). NgUdi ta con phan biet tai nguyen taii
tao dUtic (renewable resource) v^ tai nguyen khdng tai tao dutite
(unrenewable resource). Nhom thU nhat la nhUng tai nguyen cfO
the phuc hoi dUtic tinh chat hoac so' ludng sau qua trinh sii diinig
nhu nang lUdng mat trdi, nang lUdng gid, thuy trieu t^i nguyem
sinh htx;. Tai nguyen khong tai tao cd gidi ban ve sd lUtJng. ste
mat di hoac bien doi tinh chat ban dau sau qua trinh sU dunjg
nhu khoang san (ke ca nhien lieu chay nhu than da, dAu nici, khu
dot), ky quan dja chat (geotope), thong tin di truyen quy hitum
trong thien nhien. Con ngUdi cdn tad ra nhieu vat lieu mtii. i-iiic
dang nang luting va thong tin mdi nhu cac chat ban d^n, nanjg
lUdng nguyen tii, v.v...

Con ngUdi khai thac ngay cang nhieu cac loai tai nguyem
khac nhau. Khai thac set dung tai nguyen la boat d^ng phiiit
trien. Neu khai thac va sU dung khdn kheo, khong lam hiii deiii
quyen Itii cua the he sau dUtic coi la mot boat dong phat triern
bin viing. NgUtic lai, khai thac tki nguyen mot each v6 td chUc;,
lam can kiet, dUdc coi 1^ boat ddng phat trien khong ben vijtng.
Mot chUc nang rat quan trong cua moi trUdng la chUa dUn^
phe thai va d mot mUc do nao do con cd the tieu buy nhUng gii
con ngUdi thai ra trong qua trinh san xuat va sinh boat. MoM
trUdng von tU can bSng nhd cac chu trinh sinh, dia, htia, vat Ijy
vk cac qua trinh tU nhien khac. Khi con ngUdi tac dong vao ixjl
nhien nhu khai thac va sii dung tai nguyen, th^i phe lieu vaco
mdi trUdng mdt each qua mUc se pha vd sxf. can bfing von cd ciiai
moi trUdng tU nhien. Neu con ngUdi thai vao mdi trUdng quiii

10
nhitiu phtMhiii, vutit khii nang chiu dUng ciia moi trUdng thi mdi
trudng st^' hi t") nhiem, khtmg gian sting se hi thu hep, chat liMng
nii")i trUting se hi suy giiim.
Chinh t-on ngUcii hi tiic nhan fhii yeu gay rd'i loiin ha chUc
n;"iiig mt')i trUting. liim n;iy sinh nhUng van de gay can cua moi
truiing. Trong phiim vi toan cau nhUng van de gay can niiy sinh
dt) niiVt fiin bang mtii trUdng la khi hau toiin c^u t;6 xu hudng
luing lt"'n liim nUtic bien dang cao, suy giam da diing sinh btic,
fan kit}t vii suy thoai tai nguyen, mUa axit, xuat bien Id thiing
tSng tizon, nay sinh mau t h u a n giUa moi trUdng va phat trien.
Van hoa trong xa hoi bj bien dong phUc tiip.... Vi the mdi trUdng
khong chi la van de toan cau no cdn lien quan den mdi qudc gia,
int'ii t,'ia dinh va moi ca nbiin chung ta.
De)i cdi Viet Nam, nhiing van de moi trUdng dang ndy sinh
id: Su suy giam so' lUdng va chat luting tiii nguyen: dja chat,
rung. dat. nude, gia trj canli quan; suy thoai da dang sinh hoc;
sii tiling khong hdp ly tai nguyen nUde; lang phi t;\i nguyen
khoang san (mot phan do quan ly vti t;dng nghe khai thac chUa
Ltii). lam xdi mon dat; chat lUdng men trUdng song ciia nUdc ta
(.tin thap: 6 nhiem do chat thai fiia chieh tranh. do boat dong
'-ong nghiep, ndng nghiep, xay dUng. giao thong van tai; do thi
htia fhua coi trong dung mUc tleri mt'ii tnfdng v.v..

1.2. DIA HOA MOI TRUONG

1.2.1. Ddi Urong, ndi dung nghien curu

Dia hoii mdi trUdng (DHMT) la chuyen nganh nghien ciiu
iinh hUdng cua su phan bo va tUdng tac cua cac nguyen to' hoa
hoe. fha't phong xa tiong cac thanh tao be mat (thanh tao bieu
11
sinh) ddi vdi mdi trUdng song vk con ngUdi. Cung cd the qiari
niem rSng dja boa mdi trUdng la chuyen ngiinh khoa htx; sU
dung nguyen ly va tri thUc dja boa hoc de giai quyet cac vAnde
nay sinh do con ngUdi chiem cU va khai thac mdi trUdng gay n .
DHMT cd nhiem vu nghien cUu Ijch sii hanh vi cac ngujero
to' hoa hoc trong mdi trUdng, trong cac t h a n h tao va cac qjai
trinh tU nhien va nhan sinh cd anh hUdng tdi con ngUdi va s i i h
vat.

Nhu vay ddi tUting ciia DHMT la h^nh vi nguyen td hoa Itx::
(sU phan bd, dang ton tai, sU di chuyen, pban tan, nguSni
gdc...ciia chiing) trong moi trUdng songCfvlTS), trong cac qiai
trinh, thanh tao be mat (cac qua trinh t h a n h tao bieu sinh, nhini
sinh) va moi quan he gifla hanh vi cac nguyen to va chat lUtirg;
mdi trUdng song cung nhu sUc khde cua con ngUdi.
Nhiem vu cua DHMT
TrUdc bet DHMT nghien cUu ban chat dja hoa cua ndii
trUdng sdng (MTS): dac diem hoa -ly, sinh dja boa cua ciic hipi
phan mdi trUdng, t h a n h ph^n hna hoc, dang tdn tai, lich .'li.
hanh vi, nguon gdc cac nguyen to trong MTS va cac qua trhih;
dia hoa xay ra trong MTS do.
Dia hoa mdi trUdng cd nhiem vu nghien cUu quy luat phmi
bo, tap trung, phan tan cac nguyen to hoa hoc trong cac hipi
ph&n MTS; xac dinh mUc do ddc biii , anh hUdng cua ciic ddc tdi
va cjic nguyen to cd ich ddi vdi sinh quyen va con ngUdi xuit
phat tU ban chat, vj tri ciia chiing trong bang tuSn lioan va Ij-h
sU dja hoa ciia khi, thuy, thach, sinh quyen (dja boa sinh thai)

Nghien cUu Ijch su hanh vi cac nguyen to hoa hoe trong cic
qua trinh trinh tU nhien va nhan sinh xky ra trong MTS la
12
nlut'Mii vu tpiiin Ironi'. cua D H M T . Nt}i thing nghit'^n fuu iliii lioii
' ai' tpiii tniili n h a n ^inh h.-i" gtim nghit">n fUU t-at- t-hn t r i n h tliii
hua ky t h u a t . (piv ni" va II'K- tit) di t-liuvi;-!! fUii t-iif nguyf'>n td ht>ii
hff trmiij; (-at- ()ua fnnh ^;in xiiiit, htj qiiii tliii htia t-iia fiif hiiiit tli'ing
nhiin smh ...( tli:i hoa ky tliuiit. dia hoii nhiiii .siiih).

D H M T tighi("-!i fu'u \ a xiiy dUng mo hinh t-iin hiing viit t-hiit -

nang luting vii hKMi p h a p fht^jug iiiii't fiin hiing nguyt'>n td ti'DOg
miii trUdng stVng; nghien cUu su tifh luy, diing tdn tai t-ac nguyt'-n
tt") c(') ich. cc) hill trDiig ctj t h e fon ngUdi trong mdi q u a n he vdi diit-
dieni tlia hoii t-ua iVlTS .

D H M T (-f)ti to n h a a n vu xiiy tlUng t-ti sd f u a khoa hof dia hoii

(if .Mi d u n g Va till tiio it.it. n a n g fao do plu fiia di^it. n a n g suiit
t-ay trt")Pg (tliii hoa nting nghiep).
Nghit"'n fuu ngii('>n gtx' vii b a n t-bat dia hoii fiia 6 n h i e m nidi
tlifting, xiif liip f(i St) khoa hoc dia hoii de fiii tao. sii tlung htip ly
.MT Vii till niiuyt'ai thit'Mi nhit'^n (chdng 6 nhiiim. giiim tlof to t r o n g
tiiim tifh. diit. nUrit-. k h d n g khi. ...) dutif foi la nhii'in vu dat- biet
tpian t r o n g tuii D H M T . DH.MT ciing tien h a n h ciif n g h i e n cUu
vt! biin chill tiia hnii sU tiif dong f ua iVITTN ddi vdi ciif t h a n h tao
v.'i cdng t r i n h nhiin sinh n h a m tini gitii p h a p bao ve c h u n g
(dia boii fdng t r i n h - E n g i n e e r i n g G f o c h e m i s t r y ) .

Ngoiii ra. DH.VIT fo t h e gop phiiii q u a n t r o n g trong viec

nghien eUii mdi q u a n he giUa daf tlieni diii hoa cua MTTN vdi
benh tat vii sUf khcic con ngUdi . de x u a t phUdng h u d n g plidng
henh vii fiit- hicn pluip n a n g fao sUf khoe cdng dong t r e n cd -5ti
(liii hoii litx'i ftia hoa y hiK').

D H M T t-fi y nghia k h o a btic va t h u e tien to Idn. D H M T xiif

lap t-ti sti kiioa hot- fho vief d a n h gia. du bao c h a t lUdng mcii

13
trUdng nUi3c, khi, dii't, tr^m tich..; xay dUng cd sd khoa htic da
hoa cho viec ciii tiio, biio ve va quan ly MT, sU dung lau ben lai
nguyen thien nhien, dU bao cac tai bien thien nhien ; Ket qui
nghien cUu DHMT cdn dUtic dung lam cd sd cho viec quy hoii'b
stf dung tdi Uu lanh thd, lanh hiii va tim kiem tham tld khoiiig
san cdich...
1.2.2. Md'l quan he giiiia DHMT v^ c^c nganh khoa hoc
De giai quyet cac nhiem vu cua minh, dja hoa mdi trUdig
phai dUa vao cac chuyen nganh khoa htic khac nhau nhu dja hiii
hoc, khoang vat hoc, thach hoc, sinh hoc, ciic khoa hoc ve ndi
trUdng... (hinh 1.2).

Cd sd chinh fiia DHMT la dia hoa hoc hoa hoc, cac khoa hic
ve mdi trUdng va sinh vat hoc (thd nhudng, sinh thai, sinh h).
Ngoai ra, DHMT dua vao ket qua nghien cUu cua cac ngadi
khoa hoc khac ve Trai Da't nhU: dia ly, dia mao, dja chat, da
chat mdi trUdng de ly giai cac yeu to a n h hUdng tdi dac diem cJa
hoa mdi trUdng. Toan hoc, tin htjc, vat ly, hoa hoc ciing la cdng
CU dSc luc cua DHMT trong Imh vUc thu nhan thdng tin, phiin
tich, xii ly so lieu lien quan.

Ve phan minh, DHMT gdp phan lam sang td nhieu van te

ve ban chat va nguon d nhiem mdi trUdng, dia hda bieu sinh, da
hoa nguyen to' (lam sang td vai tro ciia con ngUdi ddi vdi hanh v'l
nguyen to' trong MTTN; nguon gob va quy luat tap t r u n g hou-
phan tan eac nguyen to cd hai hoac cd ich). Ngoai ra. DH.MT
ciing la cd sd di giai quyet nhieu va'n de cua sinh thai ht.ic, sirh
ly hoc, y htx-, canh quan. v.v...

14
 K h o . i l i u i c h i i i l i Viii
i Toac hoc lir! hot:
\ Vatly
• Hoa hoc

K i l -.I'llM.! f)r\ Mf)\ t ik I- ho.i liiH

irir<rn<-' Mill IKl t » \ t . I l a : iliil kliiii.

0 nhiem Ml
Oia ly dia mao
Hoa hex MT Canti Quan hoc
Cong nghe W^ Khi li.raig
Sinli liiK.
Xif ly chat tha. |- Thuy van
V hiK-
Luat Jd cn;!ih bach MT i- H* di/ong
ttonh gia TOMT / i Thach hoc
- Sinh thai htx - BHciinh quan h .Khoang vat hoc
- Thd nhaong hoc - DH thd nhL'Otig I- Khoang san
- Sinh ly hoc - Thuy dia hoa
-Yhoc - OH khi quy^n
{.)i.i chill - DH trjm bch
m(>\ uifi'tiiu - OH hCru CO
- OH ky thuat

Hmh 1. 1. Moi lien h e giura OHMT va c a c n g a n h khoa h o c k h a c

1.2.3. Co so phirtmg phap luan \a phuong phap nghien cihi

I'hutin.u phiip luan fua DHMT dua vao ciif cd .sd phUdng
jihiip liiiin (lia dia fhiit mdi trUdng (DCMT), fiia khoa hof ve mdi
irifdiig. fua tlja hoa hot- vii dia hoti ciinb quan.
Trong tpia trinh nghien t-Uu, DHMT dUa vao cac tien de boa
hue. tlia htia htic. va dia boa ciinh quan .sau day:
Hanh vi nguyen td hoii hoe trong mdi trudng phu thut)c vao
(iUi tilt) ngiiyt^'n tii. eon dt) phd bien ciia no phu thuoc vat) eld ben
vUng hilt nhiin nguyen tU. Dac trUng dja hoa ciia cac nguyen td'
ht)a hoc (NTllH) trong mdi trUdng tU nhien (MTTN) bao gom ca
t-iinh (}iian (CQ) phu thiK)e vao diic tinh ciing nhu do phd bien
fiiii chung trting vd Trai Dat.

15
 Hanh vi va sU di chuyen cac nguyen tt) boa hoe trong mdi
trUdng tU nhien tuan theo cac nguyen ly ve can bang va biio toiin
khcii lUdng, phan tan nguyen td theo cd che chuyen ddng rdi.
chuyen ddng ddi lUu, khuyech tan, ddng htx- hoa hoc va can biing
hoa htic v.v.
Ddi vdi khdi lUdng mot hdp chat hoa htx: d mot thdi diem vii
khdng gian xac djnh cd ba kha nang bien ddi sau day: hdp ehiit
hoa hoc dUtic liiu gifl hoan toan d trdng khdng gian dd; bj niang
di ra khoi khong gian do bi^ng qua trinh van thuyen, bj hii'p phti
hoac chuyen hoa thanh hdp chat hoii htjc khat-. Khdi luting ciia
htip chat hoa hcic tham gia vao cac qua trinh dd trong mot he xat
dinh ludn dUdc can bang (nguyen ly can bang khdi luting va
nguyen ly bao toan vat chat).
De nghien cuii t-iin bang khdi lUting cac hdp chat hoa htx
ngUdi ta thudng sU dung khai niem "the tich gidi han" (control
volume). The tich gidi han la mdt phan khdng gian kin ma qua
cac ranh gidi ciia no to the tinh toan dUtic sU van chuyen fiia
nguyen to hoac htip chat boa htx; (NT & HCHH) va trong gidi
ban cua khdng gian dd cd the thiic hien dUtie tinh toan ddi vdi
tat ca cac NT & HC'HH ciing nhu cac qua trinh mang den boat
mang di. Cd the bieu thi the tich gidi ban cua hd chiia nUdc nhu sau:

\'hk\n mang vao K h i diioc mang vao

Phiin mang vao
theo intra hoiic iiiiiiig ra
PhSn cto .sudi lirciic ngu6n thai
mang vao t< Phan do .su6i
jL2jL.--i.^ii^ _ mang ra

Ranh gitti ciia

the tich gifii hian

Phiin mang tdi Phan mang vao

triim tich hoac tir trfiin tich
nude ngiiin hoac nifoc iigam

16
 l'hu()nu t n n h ran liiuiK kht'ii lUdng ddi vdi mdt nguyt'-n ttV
lioic h'ip fhat hoa IKH- trong the tifh gidi htin Viio thdi diem bii't
k \ ' CO d i i n g :

dm ^ inv - nir + ms - ml (1.1)

Trong tlo:
dm - sU bien tidi klitii luting trong the tifh gidi biin:
niv - khoi luting ttUtit- mang vao;
ini- - khdi lUdiig hi mang ra;
ms - khdi lifting dUtif sinh ra tlo fat- ngudn khaf nhau;
ml - khtVi lilting l.-ing dting xudng day.
Tu phUdng trinh noi trt^n cd the tinh dUtie bat ky thdng sd
Ua > Mt'u bi'"'t dxMe- cac thdng sd fdn lai Neu ta coi nUde ciia hd rd
t h . n h phiin ddng nhiit thi khfii lUting cua mdt nguyen to hoac
lit)) fhilt hoii htx- trong hd bang: tifh ham lUtiiig nguyen to hoac
h(i) fdiiit hoa ht)f dd trong nUdc vdi the titdi fua nUtic ed trong hd.
.Miif do hien tldi khdi lUting tai mot diem bat ky ciia the tich gidi
hill Viio thdi diem biVt ky (dc/dt) dUtic tinh theo phUdng trinh:
dc dc d ,r^ d c ,
..- = _v. — + — (D. — ) + r (1.2)
dt dx dx dx
trtngdd:
V - van tdc chat long; dt/dx la gradien ndng do trong chat
Bug;
D - he sd khuech tan/phan tan;
r - phiin mang vao hoac mang ra ciia nguyen to hoftc htip
f hilt boii hoc lien quan vdi cac qua trinh bt^n trong
he hoac sU lang dong.
PhUdng trinh (1.2) chi khac phUdng trinh (1.1) d chd nd the
hitn sU thay ddi khdi lildng trong mdt ddn vi the tich va mot 4dn
' ••^\: t-:;'';: -v^uoc c:/A Wf-, :-^v;' [

: M-rQiflW^'
vi thdi gian. Do dd dc/dt the hien ty le bien ddi ndng dp ngu>-dn
to va blip chat boa htx; (NT& H('HH) d mdt thdi gian vii nitiit diii
diem xac djnh trong ehat long viin tldng. Su thay ddi khdi lUting
ciia NT & HCHH d mdt diem xac djnh cd the lien quan ttiii tpiii
trinh khuyech tan phan tU, phan tan, ddi lUu, cac phan Ung hoii
hoc, sinh htic (dan den hoa tan hoac ket tua) va dac biet hi i-at'
qua trinh mang tien - mang di cua NT &. HCHH. De dae trung
cho qua trinh van chuyen eac NT & HCHH ngUdi ta tiling fhi .so
mat do ddng (flux density - Md). Mat do ddng la khtii luting NT
& HCHH van chuyen qua ddn vi dien tich tiet dien trong nitit
ddn vi thdi gian. Md ducif tinh bang tich fiia ham luting NT &
HCHH (C) vdi van tor; cua chat khi hoac chat
long (V):
Md = CV (mg/cm'-^ hoac g/ cni^/s).
Trong MTTN cd sU bien ddi cac thdng stt mdi trUdng dia boa
va ham lUting nguyen to theo phUting xac djnh (goi la gradien
dia boa). Su bien ddi dd lien quan vdi ban ehiit nguyen td va eat'
qua trinh tU nhien, nhan sinh xay ra trong mdi MTTN .
Su di chuyen cac NTHH trong MTTN dan den tap trung (tiii
cac b a n e "hang rao" dja hoa) hay phan tiin (tiii cac dj thUdng
am). Trdng MTTN tdn tiii nhieu diing barie v;i di thUdng dia
hoa khac nhau.
M'^PTN lien tuc thay ddi theo thdi gian nen phai d u n g
phUdng phap tiem can lich sU de nghien cUii su bien ddi dd.
Trong mdi trUdng fo nhieu he sinh thai khac nhau. Do dr.>
phai dung he phUdng phiip tiem ciin sinh thai de nghien tiiui
DHMT.
Cd nhieu phUdng phap nghien cUu DHMT. Tuy thutx- vixey
muc dich, ndi dung va dac didm ddi tUdng nghii^n cUu ma ebon!
cac phUdng phap nghien cUu DHMT thich htip. Tren binh didni

18
fhiing nhat fiif philting phiip DHMT bao gdm 3 nhdin chinh: Do
tiiif. khiio sat. lay niau, giam sat (monitoring) cac thdng .sd ve
DHMT; cac phUdng phap phan tich nhU boa hoc, sinh boa,
quiing phd hii'p thu nguyen tu (A.'XS), kich boat ndtron (NA),
quiing phd plasma fdng hUdng kep (ICP), phd huynh quang tia
rdnghen, mifrozonde, sae ky, danh dau phan tu( molecular
murker)..; cac phUdng phap luan giai sd lieu (dUa vao ky thuat
xii ly so lieu eua dia boa hoc, boa hoc, khoa hoc ve mdi trUdng...).
Ditiu dang lUu y la md hinh hoa , ky thuat tin hcic va may tinh,
ttutif lip dung rong rai trong nghit^n eUu dja hoii nidi trUdng. Ddi
vdi mdi nhiem vu nghien fuu DllMT khac nhau sc c6 ky thuiit
lii'y niau. xU ly thdng tin thich hop.
So vdi dia hoa hoc thdng thUdng. viec khao sat thUc te, md
tii. lay mdu tiii tliUe tlia ciia DHMT cd mot so net khac biet.
Ngoai cac thdng tin binh thUdng ciia cdng tac thUc dja dia chat,
khi nghien cUu dia boa mdi trUdng phai chu y khao sat va md ta
eac thdng sd ve dac diem dia ly, khi ban. dia iiiiio, thuy van, thUc
Viit. thd nhudng, canh quan va dac biet la boat ddng cua con
ngUdi (diem lay mau thuoc khu cdng nghiep, dd thj, gan ngudn d
nhiem, v.v...). M;it khac tai cung mdt dia diem phai lay mau
thuoc cac htip phan khac nhau fiia mdi trUdng nhu: khdng khi,
nUde, sinh vat, tram tich, v6 phong hoa...
Khi nghien cUu d nhiem mdi trUdng bang phUdng phap
DHMT can chu y nhUng diem nhu sau: a - xac dinh ham lUdng,
td htip. dang tdn tai phan bd ciia eaf NTHH trong cac loai chat
thai (khi, long, ran), trong eac di thUdng; b - Nghien cUu, theo
titii ngudn. earh thUc tham nhaji va di thuyen cac cha't d nhiem
liong mdi trudng; c - Danh gia ty le gdp phan cua cae qua trinh
tu ;ihien va nhan sinh tao nen sU tap trung hay phan tan cac
NTHH gay hai cho sinh vat; d - Xac dinh quy md, hinh thai, tinh
phan ddi ciia cae di thUdng d nhiem; e - Danh gia sinh dja hoa

19
sU tac ddng cua cae chat d nhiem ddi vdi cd the sinh vat, miic do
anh hUdng cd hai cua cac dj thUdng d nhiem; f - Tren cd sti
DHMT kien nghi cac giai phap ban che, khiic phuc d nhiem mdi
trudng.
1.2.4. Lich su ra diii va sir phat trien DHMT
DHMT la chuyen nganh khea hoc tre. Danh tU DHMT
(Environmental Geochemistry) dUdc Kothny dUa ra Ian dau tien
tai Hoi nghi cua Hoi hoa hoc My (15/9/1971) vdi nhiem vu ciia
DHMT la nghien cUu ngudn gdc, sU di chuyen tap trung cac
nguyen to trong MT de danh gia mUc do tac ddng cua etm ngUdi
len tu nhien. Day cung la nam Lien hdp qudc de ra chudng trinh
nghien cUu MT va hdi thiio dau tien ve MT dien ra d Geneve.
Tuy v.ay, ed sd DHMT da cd tU lau. Cac cdng trinh nen tang
ciia DHMT la cac bao cao hoac chuyen khao cua Venatski (ve
sinh quyen), ciia B.B. Polunov, A.I Perenman (dia boa eaiih
quan), cua A.I Fesnian, K.I. Lukashev (dja hoa bieu sinh), ciia
Fortescue (DHMT). Ngoai ra, DHMT cdn phai ke thUa cac mm
tang cua dia boa htx, cac khoa hoc Trai Da't, khoa litic va cdng
nghe mdi trUdng, hoa hoc mdi trUdng. Ngay nay DHMT dUtic
phat trien va hoan thien dan nhd cdng trinh nghien cUu cua
Beus A. A.. Grabovskaia L. I., Tikhonova N. V. , Plant J. A. &
Raiswell R (DHMT), Bobovnhikova Ts. 1, Malakhova C. G.
(DHMT da't), Kovalskii V.V (dja boa sinh thiii), Chlaral O.K.
(DHMT bien), Douglas H.K, Appleton J. D.. Thornton I. Gary M.
P., Thomas J. S . (DHMT vdi sUc khoe),, O'Neill P.(hoa mdi
trUdng)... H. Nirei (DHMT tram tich) va nhieu nha khea htx khac.
Ngay nay dja hoa mdi trUdng tiep tuc phat trien theo mot sd
hudng chinh sau:
Dia hod ky thuat phat hien va nghien eUu eac chu trinh dia
hoa ciia qua trinh siin xuat, d,ae biet la cdng nghe san xuat

20
khong phe thiii (fdng nghe siich), sii dung tdng htip tai nguyen
thit'm nhien.
Dia hod cdc chdt gdy 6 nhiem (dia hod 6 nhiem) nghien cUu
quv luiit phiin bc)', di ebuyen, ngudn gtx- chat d nhiem, tim ra
hien phap ban t;he d nhiem va lam sach mdi trUdng.
Dia hod y hgc nghien cUu anh hUdng ciia sU du thUa, thieu
hut nguyen tti' trong MT ddi vdi benh tat, sUc khoe, gdp phan xac
liip cd sd dja boa htx cho viec lua chon dia diem va bien phiip ttVi
ifu cho phdng va cbiJa benh, an dudng.
Dia hod sinh thai nghien cUu mdi quan be giUa phan bd,
liiinh vi cac nguyen to trong mdi trUdng sdng vdi bien ddi ciia the
f^idi sinh vat , gdp phan cai tad mdi trUdng de phat trien ben
•^'fmg tai nguyen sinh vat va nang cao sUc khoe con ngUdi.
Dia hod ndng nghiep nghien eUu ngudn gcic tap trung, phan
tan cac nguyen td cd ich va cd hai treng da't, de xuat bien phap
t-ai tao, sU dung da't htip ly.
Dia hda tai bien cd nhiem vu xac lap cd sd dja boa hoc de dU
bao cac tai bien thien nhien nhu ddng dat, nui liia va cac tai
bien khac v.v...
Dia hod cong trinh (engineering geochemistry) nghien cUu
b a n chat dja hoa cua sU tac ddng qua lai giiia cac cdng trinh va
t h a n h tao nhan sinh vdi mdi trUdng nham dam bao on djnh va
t a n g tudi thii ciia chung.
Dia hod mdi trUdng khu vUc c6 nhiem vu nghien cdu ddc
diem DHMT ddi duyen hai, dja hoa mdi trUdng dd thi, khu cdng
nghiep, khu ndng nghiep dien hinh, khu vUc nudi trdng thuy
•san....
6 Viet Nam, cac nghien cUu dja hoa mdi trUdng da dutic tien
h a n h chii yeu tU nam 1990 va tap trung theo cac hudng sau day:

21
 - Dja hda sinh thai - nghien cUu mdi quan he giUa ham
lUdng va dang tdn tai cac nguyen to (id't, flo...) trong cac t h a n h
ph^n mdi trUdng, chii yeu la dat, nUdc va thUc ph^m tdi sUc khoe
va benh tat ciia con ngUdi
- Nghien cUu va do ve dja hoa mdi trUdng khu vUc trong cac
chUdng trinh dia chat dd thj va dieu tra dja chat va khoang ^iin
do cac ddn vj thuoc Cue dja chat va khoang san Viet Nam ket
hdp vdi Dai hoc khoa hoc thu nhien Ha Ndi, Dai htx Md -dia
chat, Vien dja cha't va khoang san tien hanh (dja boa mdi trUdng
da't va v6 phong hoa dd thj va phu can, dja hoa mdi trUdng ddi
duyen hai Viet Nam...)
Dia hoa thd nhudng va da't ngap nude (dia hoa qua trinh
thdai hda da't do laterit hoa va nudi trdng thuy san, phen boa...)
do DHKHTN Ha Ndi, Phan vien Hai dUdng hoc Hai Phdng va
mdt sd ddn vj khac trien khai
- Dja boa d nhiem mdi trUdng tram tich, nUdc, khdng khi
- Ngoai ra, hudng nghien cUu dja boa phuc vu du bao tai
bien da dUdc Vien Dja cha't thuoc Trung tam Khoa htic va Cdng
nghe Qudc gia tien hanh dua tren cd sd nghien cUu hiun lUdng
radon (Rn) trong niidc, nghien ciiu tdc do lang dong tram tich
dua vao thanh phan ddng vi cua Pb.
TrUdng Dai htx Tdng htip Ha Ndi (nay la trudng Dai htx
Khoa hoc Tu nhien) la cd sd dau tien cua Viet Nam td chUc
giang day dja hoa mdi trUdng d bac diii hoc va sau dai htx (tii
1991). Hien nay mdn hoc nay ciing dUtic day cho sinh vien mot
sd' trudng Dai hdc khac nhu DHKH Hue v.v.. Nhin chung,
nghien cUu dia hoa mdi trUdng d Viet Nam cdn la van de mdi
me, nhUng chac chan trong tUdng lai se phat trien miinh me va
dUdc Ung dung rdng rai trdng nhieu Iinh vUc khoa hoc, kinh te -
xa hdi.

22
 Chuang 2

MOT SO OAC TRUNG DIA HOA CUA MOI TRUUNG TU NHIEN

2.1. DAC T R L T N G CO BAN CUA MOI T R I / O N G TlT NHIEN

(MTTN)

2.1.1. C a u truic ciia moi trxibng txi n h i e n

Nhin tOmg the. MTTN ddng nghia vdi ddi bieu sinh - ndi
xiiy ra cac quii trinh bieu sinh va hinh thanh ddi hieu sinh .
Theo A. Fesman, ed the phan biet cac qua trinh bieu sinh nhu
sau: qua trinh bieu sinh chinh thdng; qua trinh hinh thanh thd
nhudng; qua trinh ddng sinh (tich tu tram tich); qua trinh tao
t h a n h da; qua trinh thoai boa; qua trinh sinh mudi; qua trinh
hvdrogen; ciic qua trinh tich tu cd hoc, qua trinh trUtit Id dat, di
chuyen ddng biin dat da, sut lun da't, xdi Id, xdi mdn...; qua
trinh biogen (boat ddng sinh vat); qua trinh boat ddng ky thuat
cua con ngudi (technogen). Ddi bieu sinh la ddi tren ciing ciia
vd Trai da't (VTD), ndi xay ra mcii qua trinh bien ddi, t h a n h tao
dii va khoang vat trong dieu kien be mat ciia Trai da't cd sU
tham gia cua nUdc va sinh vat. A. Fesman cho rang , ranh gidi
ciia ddi bieu sinh trung vdi ranh gidi ciia sinh quyen. Gidi ban
tren la tang binh luu (d do cao 10 - 15km), gidi ban dudi (d dd
siiu 3 - 6km) la ndi sinh vat cdn cd the tdn tai dUdc. Theo K.I.
Lukashev, ddi bieu sinh la tap hdp tat ca canh quan, la Idp ao
ngoai Cling ciia vd Trai dat, nang dong nhat va da dang nhat ve

23
sU tUdng tac cua bdn dja quyen. Chinh MTTN la san pham tiia
sU tUdng tac dd va bao gom cac hdp ph^n: khi quyen, tluy
quyen, phan tren ciia thach quyen va sinh quyen (hinh 2.1)
Ve phUdng dien dja hoa, MTTN la ndi diln ra qua trinh di
chuyen cac nguyen to hoa htx dudi tac dong chii yeu ciia nude,
khdng khi, sinh vat va con ngUdi, trong dieu kien nhiet do va
ap sua't tha'p dac trUng cho be mat Trai da't.
MTTN cd mot so ddc trUng sau: la ndi cd nhiet do va ap
sua't khdng cao nhung cd bien do dao ddng Idn; la ndi nmg
ddng va da dang nhat ve cac qua trinh trao ddi nang lUting QV),
vat chat vdi vQ tru va cac ddi cua vd Trai dat la ndi cd su tuing
tac manh liet nhat giiJa bdn dja quyen va quyen tn tue; la idi
cd sU ket hdp ciia ba chu trinh: chu trinh bieu sinh - vii t u ,
chu trinh bieu sinh chinh thdng va chu trinh ndi sinh - beu
sinh (hinh 2.2); trong mdi chu trinh deu cd sU di chujeri
nguyen to boa htx, thay ddi vat cha't va tuan hoan nang lUtiig
Vi the, cd the coi ddi bieu sinh la htip phan tU nhien bet sUcda
dang, phong phii ve hinh thai, cau triic va thanh phan. MT'N
vUa la san pham cua cac qua trinh bieu sinh vUa la mdi trUcng
boat dong ciia chinh cac qua trinh dd. Do vay MTTN khcng
ngttog bien ddi ca theo khong gian va thdi gian.

24
 c
C

c
•TO?;

C3)

•o
si

H/n/i 2.7. Cau true cua moi trudng tu nhien

1 - Khi quyen va tang ozdn; 2, 3 va 4 - Thuy quyen, gdm nUdc

niat luc dia (2), nUdc bien (3) va nirdc dudi da't (4); 5 - The gidi sinh
Vat, 6 - Thd quyen va vd phong hda; 7 - Tram tich sdng, hd. ao, bien;
8 - Oa tram tich cd the chUa vi sinh vat; 9 - Cac da macma, bien chat
(khdng chUa sinh vat); 10 - Cac thanh tao nhan sinh

Sinh quyen bj chdn vui (than bun, than da, dau mo.v.v.)

MTTN la ndi duy nhat cua Trai Dat cd sinh vat, cd vat lieu
Ihtiu cd, su sdng va boat ddng ciia con ngudi, la ddi tUting lao
(ddng gan giii nhat ciia con ngUdi. la ngudn du trii ve nang
liUiing va nguyen lieu cho moi hofit ddng eiia con ngUdi, ddng
t;hdi cung la ndi ddng hoa, chUa dUng, tang trU chat thai. .
MT cd the dUtic phan ra cac hdp phdn; khi quyen
(latmospbera); thiiy quyen (hydrosphera); thiich quyen
(,'lilhosphera); sinh quyen (biosphera); quyen tri tue
(:n(>osphera).
25
 V.I. Venatski va A.I. Perenman phan chia cac thanh tao
bieu sinh ra: phiin tren thach quyen (thd nhudng, VPH, tram
tich); thuy quyen - nUdc thien nhien (nUdc mat va nUtfc tludi
da't); sinh quyen (the gidi sinh vat, TGSV).

Hinti 2.2. Cac chu trinh trong moi trudng tu nhien

(theo K. I. Lukashev, 1974, co sda doi)

26
 Theo B. K. Lukashev va K. I. Lukashev, MTTN gdm cd cac
htip phiin; khi tjuyen; thuy quyen (nUdc thien nhien); phan tren
I liii thach quyen (thd nhUdng, vd phong boa, tdng loos, bang
tit-h, tram tit-h sdng, hd, ttam lay va bien, md khoang san); sinh
tiuyen bj chdn vui (dau md, khi dot, than dii, than bun); sinh
(piven sdng (TGSV). Bt'^n canh dd, dUa vao dae diem cua cac
thiinh nhan sinh ed trong MTTN ngUdi ta cdn phan biet mdi
trUdng d khu cdng nghiep, mdi trUdng dd thj, mdi trUdng ndng
thdn. v.v...
2.L2. Dac d i e m h o a - ly c u a moi trUOng ti^ n h i e n
Dac diem boa ly fua MTTN the hien qua cac thdng sd':
t (nhiet do), P (ap sua't), pH, Eh (ehe do oxy hoa khii), dac
dii'mi fac phan Ung boa hoc, nang lUdng qua trinh be miit, dac
dii'mi dia hoa cua chinh cac nguyen td ed trong mdi trUdng ...
Nhiet tfp (t") khdng khi gdn mat dat va nhiet dd be mat
Trai Da't thay ddi trong khoang nhu sau:

Khu vUc Nam cue lakursk lr§c Xdmali

Nhiet do khdng khi -83°C -68°C 58°C SS'-C

Oat ddng Trung

Khu vUc Abra Arizon
bang Phi
Nhiet do thd nhudng <0°C 69°C 71,5"C 85X

Nhiet do tlUdi tuiit dat thUdng Idn hdn 0"C va dat cUe diii
khoang lOO^C d do sau 5()00-6000m. Nhiet do ddng vai trd dac
biet quan trong ddi vdi cac qua trinh vat ly, boa hoc va sinh hoc
trong MTTN.

27
 Ap sudt (P) cua mdi trUdng tU nhien thio ddng truxwi
khoang 0,n at (tiing binh luu) dtui 5000 - 6000 at (d ph.-^-- ;-.i,
day dai dUdng va phdn trdm tich d dd sau 8kni).

Do pH cua MTTN thay tkii trong khoang 0,83 - 11,6, tlai-

biet cd khi pH > 13 (nhU iiUdc thiii eac nha may hoii cha't chua
xU ly), thdng thUdng d trong khoang 3 - 9. Di3 pH phu thuoc vao
nhieu yeu td: thanh phan hoa hoc ciia mdi trUdng. sU cd niat
cua Sinn vat va vat lieu hUu cd, nhiet do. che do dxy boa khii
(Eh), va dac biet la cac boat ddng san xuat va sinh boat eua con
ngUdi v.v...
MTTN cd the dUtic phan chia thee do pH: Mdi trUdng axil
(pH < 3) nhu cac sudi nUdc ndng. vung md sunhia bj oxy boa,
nude thai cac nha may chUa xU ly; Mdi trUdng axit - axit yeu
(pH = 3 - 6,5) bad gdm nude d dam lay, than bun, nUdc mUa...;
Mdi trUdng trung tinh - kiem (pH = 6.5 - 8,5) nhU nUtie sdng,
hd, nUt3c bien; Mdi trUdng kiem manh (pH > 8,5) nhu nutic
trong thd nhUdng kiem, nUdc d vung sa mac, nUdc thai cae nha
may...
pH cd vai trd Idn trong mdi trUdng. TrUdc het, pH a n h
liUdng tdi do hoa tan cac nguyen td va hdp chat. Phiin Idn cac
nguyen to boa hoc tiio cation (Na, K, Ca, Sr, Fe...) cd do boa tan
Idn nhat trong mdi trUdng axit, giam dan trong mdi trUdng
trung tinh. Nguyen t d t a o anion (Se, Mo, V'"", As,...) boa tan tot
trong mdi trUdng kiem. Cac nguyen td ludng tinh (Al....) hoa
tan manh trong mdi trUring kiem miinh (pH>9) va axit
(pH < 4). pH Iinh hUdng den ebieu va tdc do cac phan Ung boa
hoc, den qua trinh tao phUc, ttio chat keo. Dung djch keo ben
vUng ciia cac hydroxit thUdng tiin thanh trong mdi trUdng i-o
pH Idn (mdi trUdng kiem). Ngoai ra. pH quyet ttinh su ton t:ii
28
fhi sinh vat; sinh viit chi cd the tdn tai va phiit trien trong mdi
t ri dug cd gia tri pH xac djnh va vdi bien dp giao ddng nhd.
Dt) Iinh thing eua ciic nguyen tti' boa trong MTTN phu
I hide vao do pH. pH quyet dinh sU di chuyen fiia fac nguyen
td'vi luting (cd elac Idn). cdn dd'i vdi sU di fhuyen cua nguyen to'
vi luting thi vai trd cua pH md nhiit hdn. Hanh vi fiia fac
nguyen td vi luting trong mdi trUdng tU nhien cd tinh "a dua"
tb-'o (l)i chi phtii bdi) caf nguyen t d v i luting.
Eh ciia ddi bieu sinh dao ddng trong khoang - 0,41 ^7,8 V,
fd khi Idn hdn 7,8 V (vung hi tac dt)ng ciia siin xuat cdng
nf:hiep). Eh phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td khac nhau nhu do pH,
klii nang lUu thdng khi. ham luting cac chat dxy hoa hoac khu,
vi Sinh vat, vat lieu huiu ed....
DUa vao Eh, A l . Perenman chia mdi trUdng tU nhien ra:
Mn trUdng oxy hod cd Eh > 0,15 - 0,3 (0,4) V, giau Q.^ tU do va
fii; fhiit gay oxy hoa khac. Moi trUdng khd khong cd H,S vdi
Ell < 0,4 ddi khi Eh > 0, thudng ngheo O2 tU do nhUng giau tan
tich hUu cd, khi metan. fung nhU cac ion boa tri thap nhU Fe*^,
MT*". MOI trUdng khU cd H^S vdi Eh < 0 ddi khi >0, khdng cd O,
tijdo, guiu sunfat v;i H,S.
Eh cd vai trd riit Idn trong MTTN: quyet dinh td htip cdng
siih cac khoang vat, nguyen td boa hoc, tdc do va chieu cac
plan Ung hoa htx, phan Ung sinh hoa, kha nang boiit ddng cua
si:ih vat v.v...
Vai trd tdng htip cua Eh va pH trong MTTN lai cdn Idn
hen. pH va Eh quyet djnh su tdn tai ciia the gidi sinh vat. Mdi
m>t nhdm sinh vat chi tdn tai trong mdi trUdng cd gia trj pH va
El' xae djnh. Thdng so nay quyet djnh chieu cac phan Ung hoa
hff. Mdi phiin Ung boa hoc kem theo sU trao va nhan dien tU

29
chi xay ra trong dieu kien vdi gia trj pH va Eh cu the. pH vix
Eh quyet dinh sU tdn tai, chuyen hoa cac td hdp cdng sinh
khoang vat (KV) va cong sinh nguyen td. Mdi td htip cdng sinh
KV hay td hdp cdng sinh nguyen td'chi tdn tai trong trUdng pll
- Eh xac dinh, ra khdi gidi ban ciia trUdng dd cac td htip khoang
vat va td hdp nguyen to' se hi pha huy va se chuyen thanh t;ac
td htip mdi ben vUng trong trUdng pH - Eh mdi. Do dd pH vii
Eh quyet djnh den hanh vi cac nguyen to hoa hoc trong mdi
trUdng tu nhien. Vi vay pH va Eh la chi tieu quan trong de
phan loai mdi trUdng.
Nhu vay, bien di) dao dong cac thdng sd' hoa ly neu tren ciia
MTTN rat khac nhau. NhUng thay ddi dd cd hai cho sU tdn tai
va phat trien ciia the gidi sinh vat ndi chung va con ngUdi ndi
rieng nen dUdc khoa hoc mdi trUdng quan tam nghien cUu.
Trong MTTN vdi cac dac trUng neu tren, cac phan Ung hoa
hoc cd mdt sd dac diem sau:
* Do nhiet do va ap suat khdng cao nen phan Ung boa hgc
trong MTTN cd tdc do cham va thudng hi kim ham. Su kirri
ham nay la do sU thieu hut khdi lUdng cac hdp phdn tham gia
phan Ung.
* Nhd ddng nhiet lien tuc ciia mat trdi nen cac phan Ung c6
tinh lien tuc va chu ky (heac gdn vdi chu ky).
* Cac phan Ung xay ra trong MTTN cd the la phan Ung t h u
nhiet (quang htip, bay hdi...) hoac tda nhiet (hd hap ciia t h u c
vat, ngUng tu, ddng bang...). Ca hai phan Ung dd deu can tliiett
nhu nhau va dam bao sU can bang nang lUting cua mdi trUdng;
va he sinh thiii.
* Cac phiin Ung va qua trinh xay ra trong MTTN thudng,'
khdng dat can bdng boa htx bdi vi MTTN la he md ludn ed sul
30
trao ddi vat chiYt va nang lUting vdi vU tru cung nhU vdi phan
sau fua Trai Di'i't.
* Ciic phiin Ung xjiy ra dUdng nhu khdng theo dung ty
ludng ly thuyet, do trong mdi trUdng tU nhien cd nhieu leai vat
fhiit (vd cd, hUu ed, chat sdng, chat keo...), cd sU thieu hut khdi
ludng ciia eac htip phan va sU tac ddng rat phUc tap giUa
f hung. Cac phan Ung xay ra trong mdi trUdng tU nhien hdu het
la cac qua trinh thuan nghich.
U.2. .MOT SO YEU TO ANH H l / d N G T 6 I MTTN
Cac daf trUng fiia MT sdng phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td
khaf nhau nhU dia ly, dja cha't, eac boat dt)ng nhan sinh, v.v...
2.2.1. C a c y e u to d i a ly
Cac yeu to dia ly cd anh hUdng tdi cac dae trUng MTTN
bao gdm: Vi tri dia ly (toa do dja ly, khoang each tdi bien va dai
dUdng); dac diem dia hinh (do ddc, do cao tUdng ddi, dp cao
tuyet ddi, chia cat sau, fhia cat ngang...); khi hau; thuy van.
Anh hudng cua vi tri dja ly va dja hinh den MT tU nhien
the hien qua 2 quy luat: quy luat phan hoa theo vi do, theo
khoiing each va vi tri so vdi mat trdi; quy luat phan boa theo
kinh do, theo khoang each den bien, dai lUdng. Vj tri dja ly va
dja hinh quyet dinh che do thiiy ddng lUc, dac trUng khi hau,
Idp phu tliUc vat, v.v...
Khi hau dUtic dac trUng bdi cac yeu td': bUc xa, nhiet do,
luting mUa, luting hoc hdi, do am,... Bdc xg tdng cdng thay ddi
tu 55 - 60 kcal/cm^/nam (Nam cue) den 220 keal/cm'Vnam
(sii mac), trung binh la 127 kcal/cmVnam Oiien) den 138
kcal/cm^/nam (luc dia). BUc xii la ngudn nang luting chu yeu
fiia fac qua trinh xay ra trong MT tu nhien. LUdng mUa tren
Trai Dat thay ddi tU vai chuc mmlnkm (sa mac) den 6000
31
mm/nam (dao d giUa Thai Binh Dudng). Do dm tUdng ddi ciia
Trai Dat thay ddi tU 30% den 100%. Do am phu thudc vao bt)c
hdi be mat va binh luu am. Cac thdng sd ndi tren thay ddi
treng phiim vi Idn nen khi hau tren Trai Dat rat da dang.
Dua vao nhiet do khdng khi va lUdng mUa, tUdng tac
khdng khi vdi MT tu nhien, Kionen (1936) da chia khi hau ra:
khi hau nhiet ddi am cd nhiet do lanh nhat la > 18°C va ludng
mUa > 756mm/nam; khi hau khd cd nhiet do T^B thang ndng
nhat > 10°C va luting mUa < 2 (T-+ 7) cm/nam (ddi vdi vimg phan
bd'am deu), d day T la nhiet do, va < 2 (T-+14) cm/nam (ddi vdi
vung cd luting mUa vao mua he Idn), va < 2 Tcm/nam (ddi vdi
viing cd lUdng mUa vao mua ddng Idn); khi hau ndng dn ddi
cdT°TB thang lanh nhat: -3° < T < 18°C, lUdng mua
> 2Tcm/nam (neu mUa nhieu vao mua ddng) ho,ic
> 2(T+14) cm/nam (neu mua nhieu vao mua he); khi hau lanh -
dn ddi cd do dm vUa phai, Tje thang ndng nhat > lO^C, Tpf,
thang lanh nhat < 3°C va mUa nhU vung khi hau dn ddi; khi
hau lanh bang tuyet cd TJB thang lanh <10°C va ludng mUa TB
100-200mm/nam. Trong cac vung cd dac trUng dja ly khac
nhau thi tdc do phan Ung sinh boa, boat ddng va phat trien ciia
sinh vat, hanh vi nguyen to, toe do phat tan va Ian truyen chA't
d nhiem ciing cd nhUng net khac biet.
2.2.2. C a c y e u to d i a c h a t
Cac yeu to dja chat anh hudng tdi MTTN bao gdm: che dd
kien tao, cau true dja chat, cac qua trinh dja chat va lich su
tien boa dja chat, cac tai bien dia mdi trUdng; dieu kien thanh
tad, bien ddi cac da va tram tich; the nam ciia da anh hUdng tdi
sU tham nhap cua cac tac nhan lam bien ddi cac da; tinh cha't
cd ly va thanh phdn boa htx, khoang vat va thach hoc cua da.
De dac trUng cho kha nang ciia cac da bj pha hiiy do phong ho;i

32
(() tht' dung he .<n plionu hoa- Pd (Mai Trong Nbiuin, 1984,
J'iST). Pd = Si(),/(.\it,() -+ FeO + K.O + CaO + MgO). Pd dao
ddng trong khoang O.n - 70. Pd cang Idn da cang khd pha huy
trong ilieii kit)n he- niiit Triii Dii't.
Dii fhUii Ciing nhu'u t-hat khii hoac chat oxy boa va vat lieu
luiu fd f-iing tie hi phii huy. Dac diem nay cua da dUtic the hien
quii tlung lifting khii fua da- la luting Oj can thiet de oxy hoa
fiif hop phiin Vii K\' khii cd trong dii.
Ciif yen to tlia fhiit quyet dinh nhUng dac trUng cd ban ciia
TvlTTN. nhu' chi plidi ttaf diem dia hinh. tlia mao, t h a n h phan,
tinh that dat da. tvkm tich, vd phong boa (thach quyen ndi
fhung) fiia nUt'if miit vii nUdc ngam (thuy quyen), tai bien va
t.ii nguyen dia fhiVt. Thdng qua dd eiif yeu to dia chiVt cc anh
Jiiuing rii't Idn fidn sinh tpiyen. thanh jihan. tinh fhiit cua khi
quyt'n. ihuy quyen. thafh quyen vii hoiit dr)ng nhiin sinh.
2.2.3. H o a t d o n g n h a n s i n h
Con ngUdi la nhan tdfd tac dong rat manh tdi MTTN. Quy
nid. niUf dt), ban chat sU tac ddng dd phu thudc vao dan sd',
trinh do van boa, khoa htx, ky thuat. thd che chinh trj, tap
quan... Cdng ddng loai ngUdi va tri tue cua ho tiio ra noosphera
(quyen tri tue), technosphera (quyen ky thuat), antrosphera
(ipiyen nhan sinh). Thua^ ngU quyen tri tue (noosphera) do
nha triet hoe, nha khoa htx cua Phap la E.Lepua dUa ra Idn
diiu nam 1927. Sau dd, van de nay dudc V I . Vernatski phat
trien va nhieu nha khoa htx khac (Perenman A.l, v.v..) hoan
thien. Khdi lUcJng ciia quyen tri tue khdng Idn, khoang n.lO®
tiin, chi tUdng dUdng sinh khdi ciia rUng taiga dien tich
6.000km\
Trong quyen tri tue, ben canh dang thdng tin sinh htx,
xuat hien mot dang thdng tin mdi - thdng tin xa hoi va cac
33
phUdng phap mdi luu giU, xii ly va truyen cac loai thong tin dd.
Nang lUdng ciia quyen tri tue va mUc do tieu thu nSng luting
ngay cang gia tang: thdi nguyen thuy trung binh mdi ngudi
tieu thu nang lUting kheang 8.10^ - 12.10^ jun, cdn ngay nay la
S.IO^J. Nhung dieu quan trnng hdn la tinh sinh cdng, tinh hUu
ich, tinh da dang cua nang luting dutic tang len. Nang ludng
mat trdi dUtic dCing trUc tiep. Con ngUdi cdn tao nhieu dang
nang lUdng mdi: nhiet dien, dien nguyen tii, thiiy dien, v.v...
Khdng phai toan bd nang luting do eon ngUdi tao ra duiic dung
de sinh cdng hiiu ich ma mdt phdn nang luting dd sinh nhiet
cho mdi trUdng bao quanh, gay nhieu hau qua khd ludng cho
mdi trUdng, cho cac he sinh thai.
Nhu vay, quySri tri tue cd dac trUng la giam entropi cua
minh nhUng lai lam tang entropi cua mdi trudng (phan tan cac
nguyen to' til cac md khoang san, dot chay than, ddu md, khi
thien nhien, v.v..). Cac he ciia quyen tri tue la nhUng he to
dieu khien, trong dd cd mdi quan he tUdng hd (2 chieu) tU trung
tam dieu khien den cac he va ngUtic lai. Cac mdi quan he nay
da va dang bi cac yeu to tieu cUc ciia bien ddng toan cau gay
nhieu loan. Dieu nay da thiic day viec stf dung tuy tien tai
nguyen thien nhien gay ngay cang nhieu hau qua xau cho mdi
tnfdng: d nhiem mdi trUdng va bien ddng toan cdu, tang cUdng
cac tai bien...
Trong quyen tri tue ciing xay ra manh me vdng tudn hoan
cac nguyen to'. Su di chuyen cac nguyen to trong quyen tri tue
hi chi phol bdi cac quy luat hoa ly, sinh hoa va quy luat kinh te
xa hoi phiic tap. Su phat trien ciia quyen tri tue chd yeu do cac
quy luat kinh te - xa hoi quyet dinh. Hien nay, quyen tri tue
dUdc dac trUng bdi sU bring nd ve dan sd, thdng tin, phat trien
manh ciia khoa htx ky thuat (KHKT) va dang ddn den tang

34
(-ung t-hieu euii viet- sU dung ciin kiet tai nguyen va suy thoai
mtii trUdng. Ngoiii ra, trong quyen tri tue cUng tdn tiii cae tiang
<li chuyen khiif nhau (di t;huyen nUtic. di chuyen dang khi, di
i-huyen cd hot-, di fhuyen boa ly, sinh dia boa) nhUng quan
(rong nhat lii di chuyen nhan sinh.
Mat do quyen tri tue va dan cU phan bd khdng ddng deu
trong hanh tinh va trong mdi nUdc. Quyen tri tue cd mat tlo tap
trung cao d thanh pht), ddng bang, va duyen hai.
Dac trUng cua quytiii tri tue khdng phai chi d so ngUdi ma
cdn dUtic xae dinh bang chi sd'khac nhU sd phat minh / tdng sd'
ngUdi. tdng sd ngUdi cd hoc van cao / tdng sd dan...
Van hoa - khoa htx ky t h u a t - cdng nghe (VH-KH-CN) cua
xa hdi loai ngUdi khdng ngUng phat trien nhUng vdi tdc do
khdng ddng deu giUa cac qudc gia va khu vUc. Khoa hoc va
cdng nghe mdi ed the gay ra nhUng bien ddi sau sac va manh
nie ddi vdi mdi trUdng va tai nguyen, tiio ra nhUng dot bien ve
di chuyen nguyen td hoa hoc trong MTTN. Ne^u cac phat minh
khoa htjc, cdng nghe dUtic dUng diing ddn se tang tinh hdp ly
ciia viec sii dung va bae ve tai nguyen thien nhien va mdi
trUdng, neu sii dung khdng dung dan thi dan den ket qua
ngUtic lai. Vfi'n tie phat trien VH-KH-CN cung nhU sii dung nd
trong viec khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien (TNTN), bao ve
mdi trUdng tuy thudc rdt nhieu vao che do chinh trj, he thdng
chinh sach, dieu kien kinh te- xa hdi ciia mdi qudc gia.
Tdc do phat trien kinh te va cdng nghiep boa dang dien ra
tren toan cdu vdi tdc do ngay cang Idn va khdng ddng deu giiJa
eac chau luc, cac khu vUc ciing nhU giiia cac qudc gia. Phdn Idn
file nUfic Tay, Bdc Au, Bdc A cd nen cdng nghiep v i ddi sdng
fiio hdn cac vung khac ciia hanh tinh. Trinh dd cdng nghiep

35
hoa va mUc do dd thj hoa ty le vdi trinh do phat trien KHKT vii
cdng nghe. Mac du cdng nghiep boa va dd thj hoa thiic ddy su
phat trien xa hdi, song nd lam thay ddi sau sac cac dac trUng
ly-hoa-sinh ciia MTTN. gay d nhiem mdi trUdng. Mot trong
nhUng dac trUng quan trong ciia quydn tri tue la sU gia tang
dan so va phat trien khoa hoc ky thuat-cdng nghe da va dang
lam nay sinh nhieu van de bUe xuc ve mdi trUdng: lam bien
ddng n h a n h canh quan, be mat Trai Ddt va tat ca cac thanh
tao bieu sinh, tang nhanh luting phe thai vao mdi trudng xung
quanh, gay d nhiem, tan pha mdi trUdng, thuc day cac tai bien
thien nhien, lam thiing tdng ozdn, g;iy nen hieu Ung nhii kinh,
mUa axit..., lam kiet que cae ngudn tai nguyen. MUc do khai
thac tai nguyen tang len theo mdt tdc do ngay cang Idn, dac
biet tdc do tan pha rUng va khai thac bat htip ly tai nguyen
khoang san dang tang theo cdp so' nhan ..

NhUng dieu trinh bay d tren cho thay mUc do khai thac, sii
dung tai nguyen thien nhien, kha nang bao ve tai tao mdi
trUdng cd sU thay ddi manh trong khdng gian va thdi gian. ...
Theo khdng gian, chi sd dd thay ddi bet sUc phUc tap. Cac nUtic
phat trien cd kha nang khai thac va sU dung htip ly tai nguyen
thien nhien d chinh nUdc minh hdn so vdi cac nUdc cham phat
trien.
2.3. DAC DIEM DIA HOA MOI TRlTONG KHI (KHI
QUYEN)
2.3.1. Cau true va t h a n h p h a n ciia k h i q u y e n
Khi quyen (KQ) la Idp vd khi eua Triii Dat, ed khdi lUting
khoang 5,15.10'^ tan va dUtic phan lam nhieu tdng khac nhau.
Gidi ban tren ciia KQ khdng dUtic xae dinh chinh xac, ed tht^
36
 : 1 lOOkni. Thiinh [ li.-in ho;i ht.)f vii fiit- tinh chii't v;it ly KQ
:.lia\' tldi nianli (IK-O do fiio (hinh 2.3). DUii viio tld ngUdi ta chia
Khi (pivdn thiinh ( ac tang khiif nhau: dtjl lUu, b;nh lUu, trung
luu Vii nhiet hfu (hiini' 2.1).
Ap suitt kill tiuvt^-n thay ddi tU Lit (d niUc 0km sd vdi niUc
nui'ii- hien) tien 3.10 at d tit) cao 100km. Bit'>n giao dong nhiet
do lii -100 -> L200"C. Khdi lifting ciia khi quyen tap trung chu
;,-eu fi tiing ddi luu fhieni 90"(i. fdn KQ d do cao KJOkm fhi
ihiem mdt phan trieu tdng khdi lUting KQ. Ph;in tU lUting
iriing binh cua khdng khi khd lii 28,966, mat do khdng khi khd
d ap sua't 760mm thuy ngtin la 1.2928 g/m'. Ty kbtVi ciia khdng
khi giiim theo ham .sti' mil fiia do cao.

Bar^g 2.1: IVIot so tinh chat cua cac tang KQ

Do cao Nhiet do Thanh phan

Tang
(km) CC) chu yeu
0 - 1 1 (den 16-
N^, 0-„ CO2,
Odi luu 18km d vijng xich 15 > -56
H2O...
dao)
Binh !uu 11(18)- 50 - 56 --> 2 O3
Trung
50-85 - 2 • - 92 O2' . NO*
luu
Nhiet
85- 100, hoac hdn -92 > 1200 0 / , 0*, NO*
luu

37
 Hinh 2.3. Cau true cua khi quyen (theo A. I. Perenman, 1979).
Mdi ten the hicn vbng tuan hodn ciia nUdc

Trong khi quyen cd cac phan tii khi, ciic hdp chat hoa btr,
cac hat bui. cac ion va cac gdc boa hoc tu dt), cac vi sinh va:,
v.v...Thanh phan (%) ciia khdng khi khd d Idp sat mat dst
khdng bi d nhiem iihu sau:

38
 N 78,09 Kr 1,14.10'
O 20,94 NO 2,.5.10^
Hoi nUdc 0.1 - 5 CO 1,2.10'
Ar 9,34.10^ NO;. 1.10'^
COj 3,25.10' 5.10-5
Ne 1.82.10'-' Xe 8,7. lO*"
He 5,24.10' NH3 1.10^
CH4 2.10' SO, 2.10''
Ngoai ra cdn cd ciic kim loiii vt'ii ham luting rat nhd.(Bang 2.2).

Bang 2.2. Ham luong mot sd kim loai trong khong khi
khdng bj 6 nhiem

Nguyen td hoa hoc Ham luong (pg/m')

Ag 0,05-0,1
Al 1 - 12
As 0,1 - 1,0
Ca 70 - 250
Cd 0,05- 1,5
Cu 1-4
Fe 3-20
K 60-180
Mg 170-600
Mn 0,05 - 0,33
Na 1500-5500
Pb 0,4 - 0,8

Sr 0.9-4

V 0.05-0,07
39
 Khi quyen trong thd nhudng giau hdi nUdc, CO.2, CH4, vi
sinh vat, htip chat hiiu cd, nhUng ngheo cae khi trd hdn khi
quyen tren mat dat. Thanh phdn cua khi quyen khdng chi bien
ddi nhanh chdng theo khdng gian ma cdn tien hoa theo thdi
gian. Su tien hoa, bien ddi thanh phdn khi quyen phu thudc
vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau nhUng vai trd ciia con ngUdi ng;iy
cang Idn.
Khi quyen dUde sinh ra do nhieu qua trinh khac nhau, chu
yeu la phan ra phong xa, phan Ung quang hoa, boat ddng dja
cha't va qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien sU sdng ciing nhu
hoat ddng ciia con ngUdi. Phan ra phdng xa tao ra cac khi H,
He,...; cac kim loai nhu U, Pb, v.v... Cac phan Ung quang hoa
tao O3, O2, O, NOx v.v... Cac qua trinh dja chat (boat ddng nui
Ilia, khu khi manti) lam xuat hien cac loai khi va htip chat
cung n h u nguyen to khac nhau n h u HCl, HF, H2S, 12, Brg, CO,
v.v... Qua trinh hinh thanh va^ihat trien sU sdng la cdi ngudn
ciia nhieu phan tii va hctp chat khac nhau cua khi quyen. quan
trong nhat la CO2, O2, CH4, v.v... Hoat ddng nhan smh lam
xua't hien va dua vao KQ nhieu htip chat khdng cd trong tU
nhien n h u CFC, thudc diet trU vat hai, mudi than (bd hdng),
cac chat phdng xa nhan tao, v.v... Cac qua trinh neu tren thay
ddi theo ca khdng gian va thdi gian nen Ijch su tien hoa KQ rat
phUc tap. Trong sU tien hoa dd ciia KQ vai trd cua con ngudi
ngay cang Idn va lara nay sinh nhieu van de gay can ddi vdi
mdi trUdng khi.
2.3.2. Bui t r o n g khi q u y e n
Bui la t h a n h phdn cd ban ciia khdng khi t^ tdng ddi luu.
Chung la nhflng chat cd kich thudc nhd (dudi 500pm) d dang
rdn, Idng, dUdc dac trUng bdi t h a n h phdn hoa hoc, khoang vAt
xac djnh (bang 2.2a).

40
 Sang 2 2a. Thanh p h i n v^-ngu6n goc cua mot s6 loai bui

Loai bui Thanh ph^n Nguon g d c

Bui tro, bd hdng SiOj, 2CaO.Si02, CaO, San xuat nSng luting.
CaS04, CaCOj cacbon,
Ca(AI02)2

Bui than Cacbon, than cdc... Khai thac che bien than.

Bui khoang Thach cao, xi, asbet, xi Cdng nghiep khai

mang... khoang va xay dung.

Bui cdng nghiep Thuy tinh, sunfat, Cdng nghiep hoa chat,
phophat, clorit, oxit kim thuy tinh, cdng nghiep
loai, vai, bong, stii... det.

Bui dudng phd Dau, bd hdng, can cao Giao thdng.

su, hoi chUa cac htip
chat hiiu cd, hdp chat
cua chi...

Bui go Xenluld Cdng nghiep go

Bui phan bdn, Phan bdn, thudc trU sau San xuat ndng nghiep,...
thudc trU sau

Bui nui lUa Tro, silicat, HCl v.v... Phun trao nui liia.

Bui phan hoa Phan nhuy hoa Hoat ddng ciia sinh vat.

Dua vao kich thude hiit ngUdi ta phan bui ra 2 nhdm: bui
mjn (< .3pm) va bui thd (> 3pm). Bui kich thudc cang Idn cang
sa lang nhanh, kich thUdc cang nhd cang ton tai lau trong
khcing kill. Sol khi la hdn htip nhUng phdn tU Id lUng phan tan
trong khdng khi vdi kich thucic hat keo khd lang, la ngudn gdc
tao ra cac ngUng tu hinh t h a n h may mUa.

41
 Tuy thudc vao mUc do tinh khiet cua khdng khi ma ham
luting bui thay ddi tU khoang lOpg/m^ tUdng dUdng vai tram
hat/cm^ (trdng khdng khi khdng bj 6 nhiem) den 2000 pg/m'
tUdng dUdng khoang > 10^ hat/cm^ (trong khdng khi bj d nhiem
nang).
Cac hat bui cd the cdu t h a n h tU cac chat vd cd (hat vd cd),
cac chat hiJu cd (hat hiiu cd) va hdn htip vd cd - huu cd. Cac hat
bui cd the la vi khudn trong khdng khi; sUdng mil trdng khdng
khi; pha'n, nhuy hoa; tro ciia cac ngon nui Ixla, v.v...Thanh
phdn ciia bui trong khi quyen d cac dd thj cua Hda Ky nhu sau
tdng cac chat Id liing trong khdng khi (105pg/m^); NH4* (1,3)
NO;,- (2,6), SO/- (10,6); cac chat bUu ed tan trong CgHu (6.8)
Sb (0,01); As (0,02); Cd (0,002); Cr (0,015); Cu (0,09); Fe (1,58)
Pb (0,79); Mn (0,1); Ni (0,034); Sn (0,02); Ti (0,04); V (0,05j
Zn (0,67 pg /m^).
Khi phan tich cac hat tdn tai trong tu nhien ngUdi ta phat
hien dUdc cac phan doan chUa cac chat hUu cd tan trong CeH^.
Cdng thUc ciia cac chat hitu cd cd trong hat nhu sau:
C32.4H4803.8So.o83Halozeno.o65Alkoxi o.,2
Trong so dd, cac hydroc;acbon da vdng thdm (PAH -
polycyclic aromatic hydrocacbon) dUtic nhieu ngUdi quan tam
nghien cUu vi chiing cd kha nang gay ung thu. Mot sd' htip chat
PAH dien hinh la benzo(a) - pyren va crysen. Trong khi quyen
t h a n h phd cd chUa khoang 20pgPAH/ml PAH dUtic tim thay
chu yeu trong cac pha ran, dac biet la dutic hap thu tren cac
mudi than (bd hdng). NgUdi ta che rdng ban than mudi than la
san phdm ngUng tu ciia qua trinh phan buy hydrocacbon khi
dot nhien lieu. Bd hdng rat doc, vi chUa khoang 100 vdng thdm
ngUng tu (trdng dd t:d benzo(a) - pyren , crysen) va cac kim
loai nhu Be, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, V,...
42
 Ngoai tinh fha't hoa hoc, kich thuiic cac hiit bui cd anh
hUdng Idn tdi sU tae ddng cua chung tdi con ngUdi va ddng vat.
Kich thudf hilt cang nhd, ty le dien tifh be mat eat; hat cang
Idn, kha nang hap phu cac chat vd cd va hUu cd cang tang, cang
de dang khuech tan di xa, cang de tham nhap vao cd the ngudi,
ddng vat v.v... Cdn km y rang mt'ii quan he nay chi dung trong
gidi hiin xac dinh ve kiVh thudc eac hat bui.
Cac h a t dUtic tao thanh nhd cac qua trinh tU nhien va
nhan sinh khac nhau. Cac hat ngudn gdc tU nhien cd kich
thudc < 0,2piii sinh ra do sdng bien, do khdi, do sU bay hdi cua
Ciic chat hoa hoc (tU cay, qua). Cac dxit kim loai la t h a n h phdn
chinh tao ra cac hat vd cd trong khi quyen. Cac hat nay cd the
sinh ra trong qua trinh dot chay nguyen nhien lieu chUa pyrit:
3FeS2 + 8O2 -> Fe.,0, + 6SO2
Khi nung CaCO, se xay ra phan Ung; CaCOj -> CaO + CO2
Dac biet, hien nay eac ddng cd dung xang la ngudn gdc sinh
m cac hilt chUa htip chiit eua Pb va halogen. Khi ddt chay xang
xay ra phan Ung giUa Pb(C6H^)4 va ciic chat chdng mudi cho
nhien lieu (la diclometan va dibrometan) vdi oxy:
2Pb(C,H,)4+6402+C2H,C1.2+C2H4Br2 --> 52CO2+
24H20+PbCl2+PbBr2
Cac h a t bui chUa Ba, Pb, Br, Mn, Ca, Cu, V, Zn, Mg, Be,
Ti, Fe dUtic sinh ra cdn do boat ddng ciia con ngUdi. Bui tiio ra
tU nude bien cd the chUa K, Al, 1, Na, Si, Fe, CI, Ti.
Cac hilt sol khi dUdc tao ra nhd sU tUdng tac ciia cac chat
long vdi fhitt khi va chat long vdi chat rdn. Trong KQ cdn xay
rii phan Ung oxy hoa khi SO2 t h a n h SO) va sau dd SO^+H.^O -^
H.SO,. H.SO, khi giip cac hat cd chUa NH,. CaO, v.v ...phan

4.3
Ung tao ra cac hat d the rdn (CaS04...), the long nhu
(NH4)2S04...
2NH3 + H2SO4 • (NH4)2S04
khi gi9t giot

CaO + H2SO4 • CaS04 + H2O

h^t gi9t h^t

Ngoai ra, cac hat va sol khi cdn chUa HBr, NO2, SO2, NH3,
HCl, II2O, NOs", SO3", 304''" NH4* dUtic sinh ra trong eac qua
trinh khac nhau.
Cdc hat ton tai trong KQ cd y nghia moi trUdng quan trgng:
chiing ddng vai trd chinh trong cac hien tUting tich dien ciia khi
quyen; chung duy tri can bang nhiet ciia khi quyen; cae h i t
duiic coi la nhUng hat nhan ngUng tu de tao ra giot nUdc lam mua
hoac tinh the nUt3c da; chung tham gia vao cac phan Ung boa
htx, phan Ung quang hoa trong khi quyen, chung la chat xuc
tac cho cac phan Ung (dac biet la phan Ung oxy hoa -khu).
2.3.3. C a c ion va c a c goc txi do trong khi q u y e n
Ngoai cac hat, trong khi quyen cdn cd cac ion va cac gdc
hoa hoc tu do nhU O*; - NO*, ©2"^, electron. Do mat do vat chii't
trong KQ giam theo do cao nen mat do cac ion dUdng va cac
electron trong tdng binh luu rat thap den mUc phan Ung trung
hoa gifla chung khd xay ra hoac xay ra khdng dang ke. Ket qua
la cac ion dUdng va electren cd the tdn tai kha lau trong cac
tdng cao ciia khi quyen. Nang lUdng bUc xa cua cac tia tii ngoai
khdi ddu cho cac qua trinh hinh thanh cac ion nay trong tdng
binh luu. Tuy nhien vao ban dem khdng cd anh sang mat trtii
(khdng cd bUc xa cua tia tU ngoai) thi mot so ion dUdng tai hcJp
vdi cac electron (e) tao t h a n h phan tii trung hoa.

44
 Trong khi quyen eon giip cat: gtx ho;i htx tU do cd thdi gian
hiiii huy khiif nhau (OH; CHj...). Khi cac gdc tU do gap nhau va
tuiing tiif vdi nhiiu thi phan Ung day chuyen tiio ra cac gdc tU
do hi flap tat. Nhd phiin Ung day chuyen lUii ei'u- gi'x- htia htx tU do
I o I he tdn tiii trong til iihit>n.
RH + O + O. ^^ ROD" + HO"
(RH; llytlrtxacbon no)
ROO' + RH ^ R " + ROOH
OH • + R" > ROH
'"iif hcip fhiit hoii hof trong cac hat fd the tham gia phan
Ung quang hoii (ngay ca trong dieu kien iip suii't thap va khdng
( o xuf tiif). NhUng fha't tham gia nhieu vao cac phan Ung
i|uiing liDii, hoa litx" la O;,, O,... Cac phiin Ung quang hoa ed vai
tro quan trong trong viee hinh thanh va bien dci thanh phan
t ung nhu tinh chat eiia KQ.
2.3.4. Oxy v a ozdn trong khi q u y e n
Oxy ddng vai trd quan trtjng trong Idp khi quyen thap.
llii]) fhat oxit cua hau bet cac nguyen tt") trong tU nhien deu
khii ben vii dn dinh (oxit ciia cac kim loai nhU Fe203, Ti02, cua
caf fhiit khi nhU C0.>, SO....).
Ozdn (Oj) la chat dac biet cua tdng binh lUu cd thd hap thu
t ill- bUf xa 220-320 nni, nen tang ozdn cd kha nang bao ve sinh
\at khoi tiic ddng buy diet ciia cac tia tU ngoai. Ndng do O,,
t i-ong tang binh luu khoang lOppni khi d dt) cao 25 - 30kni, be day
Idp o//)ii khoang 2-3mni.
Su phiin hi") eua O., trong KQ phu thut)f vao ty le 02/Oi. ci
(1 it'll kien fiin hdng ty le OJO,, ciia KQ la lO'', d do cao > 30km ty le
iiiiv lii 3 . 1 0 .

45
 O,, trong t u nhien dUdc hinh thanh nhd phan Ung quang
hoa va cd sU t h a m gia cua cac phdn tii khac:
hv f242nm)

O2 + ->• 0 + 0
O +O2 -^ O3
O + O2 + M (N2 hoac O2) -> O;, + M
Cha't thU ba (M) cd kha nang hap thu nang luting du thiia
t u phan Ung ndi iren, lam cho O3 ben vUng bon. Do dd, tuy xay
ra cham hdn nhUng phan Ung cd tham gia cua chat M tiio dUtic
O3 nhieu hdn.
Cd che p h a n buy va bien mat cua O;, trong tU nhien chua
dUdc biet day dCi. O3 trong tu nhien cd the mat di chii yeu de
t h a m gia vao cac phan Ung vdi oxy nguyen tii, Cl"^ , cac gtx
hydroxit va cac oxit nitd.
03 + 0 —> O2 + O,
O3 + HO -> O2 + HOO" got- hytiroxN 1 va pi-oxat
HOO" + 0 -> HO" + O2
O3+ NO -> NO2 + O2
N2O + O3 -^ 2 N O + O2
Dang luu y rdng NO dUtic tao ra trong tang binh lUu d dd
cao tha'p hdn 30km nhd phan Ung ciia oxit dinitd (NX)) vdi gdc
nguyen tii oxy t u do. Cdn d do cao > 30km thi NO dutic tiio
t h a n h dudi tac ddng ciia cac bUc xa cd kha nang phan buy nitd.
6 do cao < 30km: N2O + 0" -y 2N0
d do cao > 30kni; N2 + hv ^ N+N
N + O2 -^> NO + O

46
 Bt"'n tiinli NO, thi d o cung ddng vai trd Idn trong viet- phan
huy O, ti tdng hinh luu.
+ CIO" + O2
cr O3 ->
CIO' + 0 -> CI" + O2,
o
CIO" +
-l- NO,
NO_, -^Cl-O-N < I (clorinitrat)
O
Phan Ung tao elorinitrat (la san pham rat ben) ed vai trd
I jUiin trtmg trong viec lam giam tac dung phan buy O, cua NO,
vii C!'. iffif tinh rang 1 nginvn lU CI fd the pha buy 10"' phiin tiiozon
(T' trong khi quyen dUtic tao ra tU cac phan Ung khac
nhau; fhuyen hoii eua t lonometan (CF'M). dot chay cae chat
dUtii dung de diiy dau diin v.v
flonoint'lan (CC1,K,H) diltif sii dung nhU la fhiit liim lanh.
Chung trti d tiing ddi luu nhUng ducic khuyech tiin cham len
tiins.; binh luu va d dd dudi tiic dung cua hue xji tU ngoai .sinh ra
i.'\ ft) kha nang ph;in Ung ngay vdi O,.
CFM + hv (~ 200nm) > CT'
Vi OFM hi mot trong nhUng fha't diinh thiing tang ozdn
niiinh nhat nt'^n tU nam 1948 My va Thuy Dien da cam dung.
Sau tld fiit- nUt'if cdng nghiep phat trien khac ciing lam theo.
Cae fhat diftit- dung lam day ddu dan khi chay tjio ra htip
chat fd kha niing hii'p thu anh sang tii ngoiii dd sinh ra CI".
Nui Ida thai ra C\., va HCl vao tdng binh luu. Su chieu xii
fuii tia tu ngoiii len Ch tao thanh CI", ctin H(-l phan Ung vdi HO"
tao ra C\':

47
 hv
CI2 • CI" + CI"
HCl + 0 H ° = CI" + H.2O
Trong thuc te O3 cdn cd thd bj phan huy do t h a m gia vao
nhieu phan Ung khac chua dUtic biet.
2.3.5. Cac oxit nitd va SO2 t r o n g khi q u y e n
Oxit nitd tdn tai trong khi quyen d cac dang: oxit dinitti
(N2O), oxit nitd (NO), dioxit nitd (NO2).
Oxit nitd cd mat trong khi quyen la do boat ddng ciia vi
sinh vat va cac boat ddng nhan sinh. Ndng do oxit nitd trong
khi quyen khdng bj d nhiem la 0,25ppm.. O tang KQ thap no
khdng tham gia vao phan Ung boa htx:, iihung d tang KQ cat)
nd tham gia vao cae phan Ung hoa hoc va quang hoa:
hv
N20 — ^NO + N
N2O + 0 -> NO -f NO
NO + 0 , -^ NO2 + O2
NO2 -> NO -t- 0
hv

Cac oxit NO, NO2 (nau dd) cd mat trong khi quyen chu ydu
do boat ddng ciia con ngUdi (qua trinh ddt chay hcip chat hiru
cd, cac nhien lieu...). Luting NO^ thai vao trong khi quyen hang
nam Utic tinh cho toan cdu la 86 trieu tan. Ben canh dd, N2O cd
mat trong tdng ddi luu cung do boat ddng ciia vi sinh vat tham
gia phan Ung vdi oxy d tdng binh luu.
Khi SO2 trong khi quyen cd the tham gia vao cac phan Ung
quang hoa, cac phan Ung hoa hoc vdi NO va cac hydrocacbon,
cac qua trinh hoa hoc xay ra trong cac giot nUdc chUa mutVi

48
ifUii kali va NH,, t-iit- phan Ung be mat ciia cac hat chdt ran ed
trong khi quyen.
Khi hap thu anh Siing vdi budc sdng (X) 300 - 400nm thi
Iiliiin tu SO_, cd the hoiit ddng d dang gdc tU do.
SO, + hv ^ S02° (diing gtx; tU do)
Trong dieu kien fd anh sang tU nhien, do am eua khdng
khi tU 32- 90%, ndng do SO2 tU 5 - 30ppm va cd mat NO,, C„H,„
thi xay ra phan Ung tiio cac giot H2SO,
SO2 + I/2O2 + H2O ^ H2SO4
Phan Ung tao cac giot H2SO4 nay se dUtic thuc day manh
nhd su cd mat ciia cac hydrocacbon va oxit nitd. SO2 cd the
tham gia phan Ung vdi cac hydroxyl trong khdng khi tao ra gdc
sulfat;
HO + SO2 -> H0S0°2
HOSO"2 + O2 -^ HOS020°2
HOS020"2 + N0-> HOSO2O" + NO2
Cac hydrocacbon, NO, cac gdc hydroxyl hotit ddng thudng
CO mat trong khcii quang hoa. Phan Ung oxy boa SO2 trong
khdng khi tUdng ddi dm dien ra rat n h a n h khi cd mat ciia cac
t hat xuc tac nhu Mn'^*, Fe'"", Ni^*, Cu"^ va dac biet la NH3 trong cac
giot fiia sol khi long.
2NH3 + SO2 + H2O -> 2NH4^ + SO3'
SOr' + H2O -> H.SO,
2NH3 + H2SO4 -^ (NH4)2S04
Hdi axit H2SO4 gap khdng khi kinh se ngUng tu thanh
sUdng niu axit. Id liing trong khi quyen.

49
 Cac hat chat ran cd the ddng vai trd nhu mdt chat xuc tac
dj the cho qua trinh oxy hoa SOj.
SO2 la mot cha't d nhiem khdng khi nguy hiem, cdn dutic
kiem soat chat che.
2.3.6. C a c c h a t hufu cd t r o n g k h i q u y e n
Cho den nay ngUdi ta da phat hien dUdc hang nghin htip
cha't hflu cd khac nhau cd mat trong khi quyen. Chung bao gdm
nhieu loai khac nhau: metan, hydrocacbua thdm. alcohol,
aldehyt, htip chat hflu cd vdi luu huynh, nitd v.v. Htip chat hflu
cd trdng khi quyen thudng gap la PAH, metan, bcnzen, toluen.
axetylen, metylclorua, cloflocacbon (CFC), fltxlometaii
(freon), polyclorin dibenzo-dioxin (PCDD), dibenzofutan,
phenol, xang v.v... Trong khdng khi d cae vung ThUa Thien
Hue, Tay Nguyen, Tay Ninh, Ca Mau vao thdi chien tranh
chdng de'qudc My chUa kha nhieu dat doc mau da cam (dioxin).
Cac chat hflu cd trong khi quyen cd cac ngudn gdc khac nhau
nhUngchii yeu la tU ngudn nhan sinh: khai thac, san xuat, vi)ii
chuyen nhien lieu, xang ddu. rd ri dUdng dhg dan khi ttd't, cdng
nghiep sdn, nhudm, thieu ddt cac htip chat hflu cd v.v... Neu
khdng cd sU kiem soat va ban che nghiem ngat ddi vdi eac
ngudn thai, ham luting cac chat hflu cd trong khi quyen cd xu
hudng ngay cang tang.

Cac chat hflu cd cd mat trong khi quyen la nhflng chat de

bj dxy hoa. Nhieu hoa chdt fJ5c hai thU cap dUtic sinh ra tfl cac
phan flng nay. Cac htip cha't hflu cd trong khi quyen cd vai trt)
Idn dd'i vdi sU binh thanh, bien ddi KQ cung nhu tac dong tdi
mdi trUdng va sUc khoe con ngUdi.

50
2..3.7. Vai t r d dja h o a ciia k h i q u y e n
K(^ cjuycl dinh su' fdn tai ra phat trien the gidi sinh veil
I'l'dSVi i:i: K(^ cung (-ii|) oxy va C()2; KQ cc) tang O, bao ve sinh
v.it khoi tai ddng huy tliet fua tia eUf tim; KQ li\ Idp dem can
bang nhit)t. hi Idp dieu hoii nhiet dt); khdng khi sUdi ndng, gifl
nhicn, khdng tie nhiet Triii Diit giam qua nhanh ma thay ddi tU
tu; K(^ lii mdi trUdng tii cii va sU tdn tai fiia nhieu loai sinh vat
iliif biet lii vi sinh viit. NgUtic lai. TC>SV fung trUe tiep lam bien
tloi thiinh phiin KQ vii tao can biing KQ, trong khi boat di)ng
ion ngUtii hii jihii huy fan bang dd.
KQ Id mdi trUdng eli chuyen thugn IcJi e:\xa rat nhieu
ngiiyt~'n tt) va htii) chat boa hof (oxy, hydro, nitd, CO2,...). Trong
nidi trUdng khi. van ttx Ian truyen ciia cac hdp phan cd hai va
.'-'U niiVt niiit eua htip phdn fd i'-h la rat Idn.
KQ tUdng tdc vd Idm bien ddi manh cdc dia quyen khac. KQ
trao ddi viit ehat va nang lUting vdi thiich - thuy - sinh quyen
\ a thdng qua dd thuc day moi qua trinh xay ra trong mdi
trUdng tu nhien. Nguyen nhiin cua sU tUdng tac manh gifla KQ
vdi fiif dia quyen khac la sU ehenh lech Idn ve the nang hda hex
Nil iiiUf nang lUting fua cac dia quyen. Do tUdng tac dd ma
t hiinh phiin cac dia quyen bien ddi nhanh va manh: O2 ciia khi
tpiyen oxy boa ci'ic nguyen td'cd boa tri thay ddi trong da lam
lUiit Ciin hang dien tich, nen phai giai phdng hay lay them dien
1 if b. de tao ciin bang mdi. Dieu dd thuc day qua trinh pha buy
tia, khoiing vat. C^ac kim loai cd the bj ket tua bdi sunfua hydrd
(11 ,S) t-u;i khi quyen. CO2 ciia KQ lam ket tiia met so hdp chat
n h u Zn(X),(smitsonit). PbCO:,(xerunit). thiif ddy qua trinh boa
tan ciia silic d dfing silicat, lam cho thanh phdn tram tich va tia
thay ddi. KQ la ndi xay ra hieu Ung nha kinh, due thung tdng
Dzon va t-ae hien tUting khiic anh hUdng tdi mdi trUdng sinh thai.
51
2.4. DAC DIEM DIA HOA MOI TRLfONG N C O C (THUY
QUYEN)
Thuy quyen la toan bd nudf thien nliR>n - iiUde iiiUa. nittif
mat va nUdc dudi da't, tao nen Idp vd nude eua Trai Da't. Khdi
luting ciia thuy quydn khoang 1,644.10'** tan (= 0,025% khdi
lUdng Triii Da't), tap trung chii yeu d bien va dai dUdng (chiem
86,48%), it nhat la trong khi quyen va sdng hd (0,03%) (xtMU
bang 2.3).
Bang 2.3. Mot so dac trung cua thuy quyen
(theo A.Polderwart)
Dang va ndi ton Tong the The tich, Khdi % so vdi
tai cua nude tich I/km' cua lui;>ng khoi luong
(10*km') be mat 10'^ cua thuy
Trai Dat tan quyen

Bien va dai duong 1370 268,6 1420 86,48

Sdng hd 0,5 0,1 0,5 0,03
Bang 22.0 4,3 22,0 1,33
Trong khi quyen:
- Tang ddi luu 0,013 - 0.013 -
- Tang binh luu 196,0 38,4 201,0 12,16
... 1

Thuy quyen cd vai trd rat Idn ddi vdi the gidi sinh vat va
con ngUdi vi nude cd cdu true va tinh chat khac biet.
2.4.1. C a u t r u e v a t i n h c h a t c u a nxidc
Nude la hdp chat ddn gian nhat cua O2 va H2, khdng nidu.
khdng mui, khdng vj. Trong thanh phdn ciia nUdc cd 11,19%H
va 88,81% oxy. TU 3 ddng vi cua hydro ( H i , D va T) va 6 ddng
vi oxy ( 0 ' \ 0 ' \ 0 ' ^ O", 0'* va O"^ cd the td hdp dUtie 36 kieu

52
mil if khiif nhiiu nhuiiK fhi fd 9 kieu nUt'if cau thanh tU eac
ddng vi vUng ben nidi tdn tiii trong tU nhit'm:
ih„o"' ; f)9.7;'>"., H',()'' : 0,04%
ih,o'^ ; 0.2% H'.DO'" : 0,03%
11 ,1)0'' ; 1.2.10"% H'lDO" : 5,7.10-*'%
I),()"' ; 2 . 3 . ]()'•"% D.O' : 0,9.10''%
DO'' ; -1.4.10'%
.\uiif fd t-hua 1) goi la nUdc nang. HoO,,-, phd bien nhat
t rung t u nhien vi f iVu thiinh tU 2 ddng vj vflng ben nhat.
Triliif the ky XVI11 ngUdi ta coi nUtic la mdt nguyen to hoa
hue. Miii tdi niiin 1783 khi Lavuaze tdng htip dUcic nUdc tU
hydro vi^i oxy thi mdi biet dung t h a n h phan cua nUdc la H2O.
Xutif cd dang fdu true dac biet. Mang dien tU ciia phan tU
nu-i' (••') 'liing dinh 4 canh cd the xep vao mdt hinh lap
IiliUfing lech (hinh 2.4) vdi cac gtic gifla cac htip phdn nhu sau:
H - O- H ; 104"24 (nUdc long) ; 109"5' (bang)

a) b)
Hinh 2.4. Dam may dien t u (a) va cac quy dao dien tuf {'a)
cua phan tti nude
(theo RA. Home. 1972)

53
 Khoang each gifla cac nguyen tu trong phan tu H2O la:
O - H: 0,956 A" (long) - 0,9 A" (hang)
H - H: 1,515 A" (long) - 1,62 A" (bang)
Khoang each gifla cac phan tu H2O la: 2,76A"
Trong phan tii H2O cd 5 cap dien tU: 2 cap ndm gdn nhan
oxy; 1 cap dien tu lien ket vdi phan tii hydro; 2 cap khdng tham
gia lien ket.
C6 2 quan diem ve cdu true cua nUdc: Cdu triic cua nUdc
ddng nhat vdi cau true cua bang; cau true cua nude gdm 2
mang: cau true cua bang va cau true khac bSng. Quan diem
thfl nhat khdng giai thich dUdc mdt so tinh chat ciia nude. Theo
quan diem thU hai trong cdu true cua nUdc cd do t i a t tii ciia
bang nhUng vdi do trat tu va lien ket kem hdn.
Theo O.I.A Xamoilov cdu true ciia nUtk; bao gdm mot kieu
ca'u true ciia bang va mot bo phan khac cd cdu true khac bang,
5 dd cd nhflng Id hdng va khung Id hdng du Idn de chUa dUcic
mot so phan tu nxidc txl do. Cdn Franks va Wen phu nhan nUt^k-
cd cau true ke thUa cua bang. Ho cho rang cdu true ciia nude la
tap hdp ciia nhieu dam phan tii nUdc lien ket vdi nhau lidng
mill lien ket h^'dro, gifla cac dam phan tii nUt3c lai cd cac phan
txi H2O ddn le khac. Nhu vay, nU6c cd ca'u tnic ciia bang bj hdn
tiip bdi phan tu nUdc tu do. Do cd cdu true nay nen nUtic cd cae
dac tinh vat ly dac biet sau:
Nhiet do sdi: ^ 100°C
Nhiet do ndng chay: 0°C
Nhiet do tdi ban: 374,15°C
Ap sudi tdi ban: 218,53 at
Mat do tdi han (g/cm^): 0,325

54
 Nhiet dung ndng t-hiiy d p = lat: 749 (cal)
Dt) thii'm dien mdi tUdng ddi d 20"C: 81
Do dan nhiet (Kal/cm/s/dd): ' 81
- Biing: 5,6.10^
-Nudf:(0"C): 1,43. lO"'
(45"C): 1,54.10-''
(1()0"C): 0,055.10-'
Nhiet luting thang hoa bang d T = 0"C : 677 kcal
Ngodi ra, nUdc cdn cd mot so'ddc tinh di thudng:
* Trong tat ca cac hydrit ciia nguyen td day Se - Te - S thi
H2O ed do bay hdi nhd nhat
* Trong khoang t" - 0 - 3,92"C,ty trong (d) ciia nUdc tang
khi t ' t a n g , ngoai khoang dd thi d giam khi | t°| tang .
* Trong tat ca cac chat Idng, nUdc ed sUc cang be mat Idn
nhat. nen nuc'ic cd vai trd quyet djnh dac tinh sinh ly ciia te
hiio.
* Nhd f d proton H*, dac tinh ludng cUc va sU Iinh ddng ciia
phan tii nUdc nen H2O cd kha nang boa tan va chUa trong
minh mdt lUdng rat Idn cae htip chat khac nhau (kha nang tU
liim sach cao).
* Do dan nhiet eua nUdc cao nhdt so vdi tat ca cac chdt
long khac nen H2O cd y nghia dac biet quan trong vdi cac qua
trinh xay ra trong te bao.
* Nucie cd nhiet dung Idn nhat so vdi tdt ca cac chat long
khac, d the Idng niidc cd kha nang mang va gifl dUtic nhiet nen
nUdc cd the lam giam giae ddng nhiet cua Trai Ddt.

55
 * Trong cac cha't long, nUdc cd nhiet luting bay hdi Idn
nha't, do dd nxidc tren Trai Ddt khdng bj bob hdi het dudi t a c
dung bUc xii mat trdi. Nhd vay sU sdng tren Trai Ddt cd dieu
kien xuat hien va duy tri.
* Nhiet ndng chay ciia nUdc rat Idn (chi dUng sau N H , ) .
nen bang khdng tan dot ngdt, du ddi vii ddng chay do bang:
tan khdng manh nhu lu d cac sdng do nUt'ic niUa gay ra.
* Nude cd hang so dien mdi Idn nhat nen nUt'if co anh
hudng quyet djnh den kha nang phan ly cua tdt ca cac chat boa
tan trong nUdc.
* Nude cd do nhdt giam nhe khi ap suat tang cho nen nUdc
la mdi trUdng truyen ap suat va truyen lUc ly tUdng.
* Nhu vay, nUdc la hdp phdn dac biet ciia MTTN, cd nhieu
dac tinh di thudng va vai trd rat quan trong.
2.4.2. C h u t r i n h c u a nxidc
Chu trinh cua nUdc bao gdm cac qua trinh chinh nhU bcic
hdi, ngUng tu niUa, tuyet, tao ddng chay mat va ddng chay
ngdm, tich tu d hd, bien va cac bdn nude ngdni v.v (hinh 2.5).
Nude tu dai dUdng, bien, hd, ao, sdng ngdi, ddm lay va tU thiin
the sinh vat vao khi quyen dudi diing hdi nUdc. Khi lUdng htii
nude chUa trong khdng khi vutit qua mUc bao hoa, hdi nUtic
ngUng tu lai t h a n h may, mu, sUdng, hat mUa hokc hat tuyet va
rdi xudng be mat Trai Dat. Mdi hat mUa boiic hat tuyet gdm
nhieu hat nUdc nhd ngUng tu quanh mot hat nhan ngUng tu do
hat bui tfl mat da't hoac hat mudi tU mat bien tiio thanh. MUii,
tuyet rdi xudng mat bien hoac mat dat, tU dd trd thanh nhUng
ddng nude chay vao sdng, sudi, ao, hd, ddm lay rdi trd ve bien
va dai dUdng theo nhflng con dUdng khiie nhau hoac thdm
xudng dudi mat ddt.

56
 Hinh 2. 5. V6ng tuin hoan nuoc tren Trai Oat
(con sd Id lUeJng nUdc tinh bang km'/nam)

Khoang 1/3 nang luting mat trdi dd be mat Trai Ddt hdp
thu dUtic sii dung cho chu trinh nUtic: sU bay hdi nUdc tU mat
tla. Ihdac be mat bien va dai dUdng, sU tao thanh may, sU
iigJrag tu. 60% ludng nut3c rdi xudng be mat Trai Da't trd ve khi
quy'en bdng qua trinh bdc hdi do nang lUting mat trdi, 40%
t h i n h ddng chay mat hoac nude ngam.
Ngudn nude ngtjt udc tinh khoang 46 trieu km^ tudn
hcani hang nam tren be mat Trai Dat, cung cdp cho nhu cdu
ecu tcac sinh vat Vii con ngUdi. LUting nUdc ngot dUdc con ngUdi
sd dning phan bd nhu sau: 12% cho viec san xuat dien, 8% cho
thay Itii, 4% cho cdng nghiep va 2% cho muc dich sinh boat.
Li:tiEig nude nay khdng Idn, chi bang 0,00007% dung tich thuy

57
quyen hoac 0,0035% lUdng nUdc cua cac mii bang, nhUng dutic:
luan chuyen khdng ngflng.
Chu trinh nude la hien tUting tu nhien cd tac dung thu
gom, lam sach va phan phd'i nUdc ddng thdi cung gdp phdn larri
sach mdi trUdng khi va mdi trUdng da't. Hien nay, cac hoaK
ddng nhan sinh cd nhieu tac ddng xau tdi chu trinh nUdc : 6
nhiem khi quyen de boat ddng cdng nghiep lam xuat hien muai
axit, chdn vui chat thai lam d nhiem nUdc ngam v.v.
2.4.3. T h a n h phan, phan loai ni^dfc thien nhien
Thanh phdn hoa hoc cua nUdc rat phUc tap. Nude mat vai
nude ngdm, nude sdng, hd, ao (nUdc luc dia) va nifdc bidn khac
nhau kha nhidu ve thanh phan va tinh chat (bang 2.4 va 2.,5).
VI nude bien va dai dUdng chiem khdi luting chii yeu cua thuy
quyen, nen thanh phdn hoa hoc ciia nUtic bien (bang 2.4) phiin
anh nhflng net chinh ve thanh phdn ciia thuy quydn.
De dac trUng cho sU tap trung hay phan tan cac nguyen td'
hoa hoc trong nude bien, ngUdi ta dung he sd talasofil (Td),
Td = Cx/C, trong dd Cx la ham lUdng nguyen td' trong nUdc
bien, C la clac nguyen to trong vd Trai Dat. Clo la nguyen td cdi
talasofil Idn nhat (111), cdn sdt la nguyen td cd he so Td he
nhat (1.10-^ xem hinh 2.6).
Dieu de nhan thay la nUdc bien dac trUng bdi day nguyen
td va htip phan hoa hoc dUdc sdp xep theo mUc do giam ddn
ham luting nhu sau: Na^ > Mg'^ > Ca'"; CI" > SO4''- > HCO3-.
Cdn ddi vdi nUdc luc dja lai cd day ngUdc lai: Mg^" < Na* < Ca^*;
CI- < SO42- < HCO3- (bang 2.4 va 2.5). Su khac biet cd ban nay
ddn den sU khac nhau ve tinh chdt va kha nang sU dung ciia
nUdc luc dja va nUdc bien.
58
 Ciif nguyt'u to trong nUt'ic thien nhien dUtic phan ra 2
nhdm fhinli; nhdm nguyt'n td hydrogen (nguyen tt) thuy sinh)
v;i tihdm nguyt"'!! td pirogen. Cac nguyen to hydrogen la nhUng
nguyen td'cd ham liRing kha Idn va quyet dinh thanh phan tlia
hda fua nUdf nhu H. Na, Mg, CI, Na, K, S, P, v.v...Nhdm
nguydn td pirogen hi nhflng nguyen td cd ham luting nhd trong
nift'jf va tdn tiii d dang phan tan nhU Se, Y, ddt liiem, Ac, Th,
I'a. v.v...
Bang 2.4. Thanh phan cua nude bien khong bj 6 nhiem
(veil. S = 3.5,0 "/,» va CI = 19,375 9co,theo Vinogradov A.P, 1967)

Nguyen Ham lUdng Thdi gian tdn tai

Dang tdn tai chinh
td (mg/l) (nam)

1 2 3 4

H 108.000 H,0

He 0,000005 He

Li 0,15 Li* 2,2.10'

Be 0,0000006 1,5.10^

B 4,6 B(OH)3, B(0H)20

C 28 CO3, C O j , CO3' •

N 0,5 O3, NO2. N H / , N2

0 857.000 HjO, 0,(K), s o /

F 1,3 F2(K)

Ne 0,0001 Ne(K)

Na 10,350 Na* 2 8.10*

Mg 1297 Mg^". [MgSOJ 4.5.10'

59
 1 2 3 4
Al 0.01 (AI(OH)]' 1.0.10-2
Si 3.0 Si(0H)4, Si(0H)30 8,0.10^
P 0,07 HPO%. H2PO,, 2.10*
MgP04
S 890 S04^-
CI 19.375 C"
Ar 0.6 Ar(K)
K 387.5 K* 1,1.10'
Ca 408 Ca^*, CaS0H4 8.10*
Se 0.00004 5.6.10=*
Ti 0,001 1.6.10^
V 0.003 V02(OH)22- 1,0.10^
Cr 0.00002 3,5.10^
Mn 0,002 Mn^. MnS04 1.4.10'
Fe 0,01 Fe(0H)4. FeOH2^ 1.4.10^
Co 0.0005 Co^*. C0SO4 1.8.10'
Ni 0,002 NP*. NiS04 1.8.10"
Cu^ 0.Q03 Cu^*. CUSO4. CuOH* 5.0.10"
Zn' 0.01 Zn^*, ZnS04. ZnOH* 1.8.10*
Ga 0.00003 1.4.10'
Ge 0.00006 Ge(0H)2. Ge(OH)30 7,0.10'
As 0.003 HAsOj^. H2ASO4.
H3ASO4
Se 0,0001 Se04
Br 66 Br
Kr 0.0003 Kr(K)
60
1 2 3 4
Rb 0,20 Rb* 2,7.10^
Sr 8 Sr^', SrSO^" 1,9.10' .
Y 0,0003 7,5.10'
Mo 0,01 MoO^^ 5,5.10'
Nb 0,00001 3,0.10'
Ag 0,0003 AgClj , AgClj^ 2,1.10*
Cd 0,0001 Cd'*. CdS04, CdCr 5,0.10=
In 0,0001
Sn 0,003 5,0.10=
Sb 0,0005 3,5.10=
1 0,05 IO3, 1 4.10=
Cs 0,00037 Cs* 4.0.10^
Ba 0,02 Ba^*, BaS04 8,4.10"
La 0,0000029 1,1.10"
Ce 0,0000013 6.10.10'
W 0,0001 WO^^ 1,0.10'
Au 0,000004 AUCI4 5.6.10=
Hg 0,00003 HgClj, HgCl4^- 4,1.10"
TI 0,00001 TI*
Pb 0,00003 Pb'*, PbSOj. 2,0.10'
tPb(C03)2]^
Bi 0,0002 4,5.10'
Ae 2.10'* 4,5.10=
Ra 1,0.10''° Ra'*, RaS04
Th 0,00001 3.5.10^
Pa 2,0.10"
U 0.003 [U02(C03)2f 5.0.10=

SI
 Bang 2.5. Thanh phan hoa hoc (% trpng luting)
cua nude luc dia khong bj 6 nhllm
(theo Voitkevit G.V vd Zakrutkein. 1976)

Trung
Bdc Nam Chau Chau Chau binh
Hdp phSn
My My Au A Phi toan
cdu

CO,' 33.4 32,5 40,0 36,6 32,8 35,2

SO42 15.3 8,0 12,0 13,0 8,7 12,1
CI- 7,4 5,8 3,4 5,3 5,7 5,7
SiOj(huydn 8,6 18,9 8,7 9,5 17,9 11,7
phu)
NO3 1,2 0,6 0.9 1,0 0.6 0,9
Ca'* 19,4 18,9 23,2 21.2 19,0 20,4
Mg'* 4,9 2,6 2,4 3.4 2.7 3,4
Na* 7,5 5,0 4.3 6,0 4,9 5,8
K* 1,8 2,0 2,8 2,0 2,4 2,1
(Fe.AI)^03 0,7 5,7 2,4 2,0 5,5 2,7

Trong nUdc thien nhien cac nguyen to' cd the tdn tai d nhieu
dang khac nhau: cac ion chinh (CI . S O / ' , HCO3, COj^', Na*,
K*, Mg''*, Ca'^*); khi hoa tan (oxy, COj, H.,S, N^, NH3, CH„
He...); htip chat hUu cd, cd kim vdi N, P, S (ke ca cac nguyen to
trong cd quan sinh vat va vi sinh vat trong nUdc); nguyen td vi
luting (lii, Pb, Cs, Br, 1, F, nguyen to phdng xa).
Cac nguyen td trong nUdc cd nhieu ngudn gdc khac nhiiu:
khu khi manti; hoa tan rUa lua cac loai da; tham iihiip true
tiep'tU khi quyen, sinh quyen va tac ddng ciia con ngUdi. Do
62
v;iy f liiiiih phiin lioii ht>f (-ua nUt'if thay tldi nhieu theo cii khdng
miui Vii thtii gian.
l):if didm diii hoii, thanh phiin, tinh fhiVt. khii nang sU
dung (Uii nUtif lii cti .sti tie plii'in loai nUt'if.
Dua vi'io diif diem Kb, A.l. IVrenmiin dii phi'in nUdf tU
nhien thanh fdc nhdm nhU sau: NUc'ic oxy hod cliUa O.^ tU tlo
hay fiif chat oxy hoii ( niidc ao, hd, sdng, nudf bien tang mtit...):
nUifc glay: nxidc khU khdng cliUa bydrosunhia va O^ tU do, fd
khii liiiiig khu Fe^' -> Fe*-, thUdng giip d vung dam liiy, nhiet
tldi dm. gidu CO^, CH,; nUdc H^S thudng t-hUa IhS, HS va S -.
ngheo Ov tu do. Trong mdi trUdng nUdc H.jS fiic nguyen td
nhdm Ft^ vii chancofil cd kha nang di fhuyen rat ktiiu.

Diic diem dia boa cua nUdc thien nhien la cd sd phan loai
fua K.I. Lukashev vii B.K. Lukashev (hinh 2.7). Day la bang
phiin loiii nude tUdng ddi chi tiet, thudng lam cd sd cho viec
tlanh gia kha nang sU dung ciia cac loiii nUtic. Dua vao t h a n h
liban hoa hoc, do khoang hoa, do due, dt) cUng, pH, t h a n h phdn
liUu fd va do nhiem khuan cd the phan nUdc thien nhien ra
nhieu loai dap Ung cac muc dich sU dung khac nhau nhu .sau:

63
 Thuy quy^n

uy^in

Htnh 2.6. Hf sd'talasofil cua cic nguygn td' hod hpc

(theo A.I. Perenman, 1979)

64
 (iiiing lliiiy

NifiK silic SjO,

Nut't hydro ciicbon silic HCO,-Si(X
Nitoc hvilio cacbttniit ciinxi IKX),-Cir'
Nirttc hydrt) cac bon it t canxi HCO.-Ca*-
/- NirtVc hytiro cacixjnat Ca-sunfal
.N'lak- FiCOr .SO.-Cit*-
be mill
f^ -4
Nttfic sunfat canxi
Nirac cloiua nairi (CI - Na)

NrnVc chtra Fe ; HCO,, SO4. Fc > lOmg/'l

NufVc cini-a As : As > Img/i
Ntttk chtra Br-I : Br > I^maji : I > lOmg/1
Ni/tifc sunfua hytiro : H,S > lOnig/l
NutJc metan. niio : N^, CHj
NirtTfc
niz.-tm Clorua Na (dt) kht>;ing hoa M > .^(X)mg/1
giitul. Br, Nih.CnH-.,,,,.
Nutk- clorua Ca M=-^(X) - 6(K)mg/l giiiu .Sr.
tin. Fe. Al, NHj. CO,
W Clorua hydrtKacbonat Ca M=.'^()-40mg/l cti
inat I va axil naflan.
Niiac
nguyen sinh NiitTc da kim : mi) donchedtm Mo. W... giiiu
CO, H,. Cu. i'b, Zn, Me, As. Au. Ag (Mn), Fe. Hg
CH4, H.S. Nirtjc phong xa nirik radi, ham lutrng
HCl.NH,. K a > 10 "mg/l.
SO,, .SO,. Nirdc Urani U > 10 '"ng/I
CnH:n Nirt':*: Radon Rrt > i{) eman
I^a< 1 U " R / 1

Hinh 2.7. Cac kieu dja hoa cija nude thien nhien

(theo K.I. Lukashev va B.K. Lukoshep, 1969).

65
 Nude diing trong y hgc: nxidc ndng vdi C > 20''C, nUdc lanh
cd t" = 10 - 20"C; Nude sinh hoat: nUdc kn, nUdc tdm giSt; Nurk
cong nghiep: nUdc lam ngudi (do khoang boa rat thidp), nUde Id
hdi, nude xay dUng...; Nudc diing trong ndng nghiep: nxidc d u n g
chd gia sue, nUdc tUdi cay.
2.4.4. V a i t r d d i a h o a c u a nxidc
Nxidc la yeu to'quyet dinh sU tdn tai, phat trien ciia TCJISV.
Nudc chiem da sd trong luting ciia tdt ca sinh vat: 6-5% trtinig
luting cd the ngudi, 99% trong tao. Khdi thuy cua sU sd'hg b&t
ngudn t u trong mdi trUdng nUdc bdi vi tat ca cac phan Ung sin h
hoa xay ra t h u a n Itii trong mdi trUdng nUt3c (so vdi mdi trudng
cua tat oa cac chat long cdn lai). Do dd cd the ndi khdng fd nUt^ic
khdng cd sU sdng. Nudc la bd phan bi bien ddi sau sac bcii
TGSV theo xu the dirt can bang mdi. Con ngUdi ciing lam t h a y
ddi manh thanh phdn nUdc theo xu the pha buy can bang n u d e
Nude quyet dinh chieu, tdc do va ban chat cua hau het ca c
qua trinh bieu sinh xay ra vdi sU tham gia trUc tiep cua nude
nhu thiiy phan, hydrat boa, tiio keo, rtta lua, tao phUc... Nird'f
a n h hudng rat Idn tdi cac phan Ung neu tren la vi nUdc cd cdiu
tao dien tU thuan Itii cho viec ket htip vdi cac phan tU chat khsnc
(phan bd' dien tii khdng deu, tao tinh chat ludng cue...). KicHi
thudc H* nhd cd the chui vao cau true cac khoang vat lam t a n g
nang luting ciia he va mat can bdng dien tich dan den sU giai
phdng cac cation khac (kim loai kiem, kiem dat...), ket qua Ija
pha buy cac khoiing vat dd.
Nudc cd vai trd dac biet Idn trong viec hinh t h a n h da vai
khoiing vat (KV): Nudc la tar nhiin dac biet quan trong ciia quiii
trinh phong hoa va qiiii trinh tram tich. Phan Idn KV bieu sinhi
va dii trdm tich t h a n h tao trong mdi trUdng nUtic. Trong than hi
phdn khoang vat cd nudc t h a m gia dudi nhieu dang H', O i l . ,
66
II.( ). N vide liim thiiy tldi thiinh phiin hoii hoc va cau true KV va
da. Nufif to khii niing phi) huy thi, KV (thdng qua qiiii trinh
|di()ng hoii. t-astti ho;i. v.v...). hoii tan, riia lua. dUa nhieu ion ra
ktu)i tiii. khoiin<i viit. lam fho thi, khoiing vtit cu hi pha buy va
lilt) kht)ang vat niifi. v.v...
.N'l.u v(iy nUt'if vUii la mdi trUdng, vUa hi tac nhan dac biet
quian t n i n g ddi vdi qua t n n h hinh thiinh, phii buy dii, khoiing
viit trong mdi trildng tU nhidn.
NiMf fd vai trd Idn trong van fhuyen va phan bt) viit chat:
Ciif tiong fhciy (nhiit hi ddng fhay mat) cd kha nang van
f h u y e n mtit khdi luong kin viit chat. Vat chat do iiUdc van
( h u y e n tdn tai d nhieu dang khiif nhau: ion. vat lieu cd hoc,
ket.i, fh.'it Id lUng, htip fhat phUc... Viit chat d tiling ion va phUc
fd the bi mang tii xa nhiit, vat fhiit d dang cd hdc hi mang di d
qu,ang dUdng ngiin nhat.
.N'vrdc tldng vai trd Idn trong viec di chuyen, tap trung, phan
t a n nguyen to hoii hof trong MTTN. Ciic nguyen td cd the di
f h u y e n d 3 triing thiii nin, long, khi, trong dd di chuyen d trang
thm Ic ng quan trong nhat. phd bien nhdt vi tuyet diii da so
NTHH di fhuyen trong mdi trudng nUtic, dac biet la Na*, K*,
Ca*-. Mg*^ H*, HCO{ (Perenman, 1979). Di chuyen trong mdi
trifdng- nUtic la diing di chuyen cd cUdng do, phiim vi va khdi
lUcing di chuyen Idn nhat. Ngoai ra, nUdc cd anh hUdng quyet
ttiiih tt.ii diing tdn tai cua nguyen t d h o a hoc trong MTTN.
Tf'an lai, nUdc quyet dinh ciic phan Ung hoa hoc va sinh hoa
.Ka y ra trong mdi trUdng tU nhicn. Nutic vUa la mdi trUdng vUa
la tiic nhiin cua cac phiin Ung va ciif quii trinh )^ay ra trong
M'TTN. Nudc vUa cd the lam siicb mdi trUdng, lai vUa cd the
liim lam truyen d nhiem tU dat, vd phong hoa sang cac dia
iiuycn Vii mdi trUdng khiic.
67
 Nudc gdn lien vdi con ngUdi va nen van minh nhan loai.
Lich sii chi ra rdng, hang loiit thanh phd' va nen van minh ciia
the gidi hi bien mat do can ngudn nUdc vi khi hgiu thay ddi.
2.5. DAC DIEM DIA HOA v 6 PHONG HOA
Hdp phan dac biet quan trong ciia MTTN la th,ach quyen.
Trong DHMT, ngUdi- ta quan tam den phan tren cung cua
thach quyen, ndi c6 anh hudng Idn tdi mdi trudng sdng ciing
n h u sU tdn tai va phat trien ciia xa hdi loai ngUdi. Phdn tren
ciing dd bao gdm vd phong boa, dat va tram tich.
2.5.1. D a c d i e m c h u n g v 6 p h o n g hoa
Hien cd nhieu quan diem khac nhau ve qua trinh phong
hoa va v6 phong hoa. B.B. Polunop cho rdng phong hoa hi toan
bo qua trinh xay ra tren be mSt. Qua trinh phong boa dting
nghia vdi qua trinh bieu sinh. Theo W. P. Keller thi tdt ca qua
trinh dang xay ra tren be mat Trai Dat dUdc goi la qua trinh
phong hoa. Cdn A.A. Saukov cho rdng tat ca qua trinh bien ddi
da va KV ndi sinh trong dieu kien be mat Trai Dat la qua trinh
phong hoa.
ThUc chdt qua trinh phong hoa la mot dang ciia qua trinh
bieu sinh, la sU bien dtii, hinh t h a n h da va KV tai chd dudi tac
dung cua cac yeu to phong hoa trong dieu kien be mat Trai
Dat. San pham tai chd ciia qua trinh dd goi la vd phong hoa
(VPH). B.M. Mikhaildp cho rdng Idp phii phong hoa la tap htip
tat ca t h a n h tao eluvi, cac san phdm phong hoa in-sttn
(tai chd).
Dac trUng cd ban cua VPH la tinh phan ddi. Theo chidu til
tren xudng, VPH cd the gdm cac ddi (khdng tinh tang tho
nhudng): laterit, htoma, set, saproht va cudi cung la da me tao v6
(bang 2.7; 2.8).

68
 VFll fd the dutif- phiin loirii dUa viio phUting thUf thiinh tiio
u'f ni: VI'11 tiin tich; Vl^H t h a m dting; VPH tiin tich - thdm
il', ng. Cat- ddi VPH vii VPH cdn dUtic phiin theo ban chdt qua
ir'inh thiinh tao. thfo diif didm thach htjc, khoiing vat, dia hoa
(b.iing 2.6; '2.1).

Bang 2.6. Phan loai san pham va deli VPH tan tich

Theo ban chat Theo dac Theo dac Theo dac diem
qua t r i n h diem diem k h o a n g vat
thach dja hoa
hoc

Oxty hoa Laterit Feraiit gt - k : gip - k - gt

Ke»'t thiic thuy phan Litoma Ferosialit k - hd - gt, k - q - g t .

BSit tfau thuy phan Set Sialit k - hd - m

Hydrat h o a / d a trdi Saprolit Da nguyen td q, pi, fn, mc...

»G/n' chii: gl - gotit , gip - gipxit, k - kaolinit, hd - hydromica,

q - thiich anh. m - montmorilonit, pi - plagitxla, fn - fenspat,
mc - mica.

Thanh phan, tinh chat cua VPH phu thudc vao t h a n h phdn
Via tinh chii't da me tiio vd, cua dung dich phong hoa, thdi gian
pihong boa. Thanh phdn va tinh chat dung dich phong hoa (pH,
E,h. hjim luting CO.^, oxy, HCO3, cac ion kim loai v^ a kim
k bac) lai phu thudc vao hoat ddng thuc vat, che do trao doi
t h o a t nUdc, dac diem dia hinh, khi hau, boat ddng nhan sinh,
tlhanh phdn va tinh chdt ciia da m? (hinh 2.9).

69
 Bang 2.7. Phan loai san pham va c;^c dtiM VPH tan tich tham tJong

Theo d§c "heo dac

Theo b^n chat quci Theo deic diem
dig'm diem
trinh thach hoc
dia hoa khoang vat

Oxy hoa + thSm dcing Laterit ket FeAl gt- k, gt

v6n+laterit d^ ong
ThOy phan. bdt diu Litoma FeSiAl k - gt • hd, k-
oxy ho^, th^m dong
q-gt.
Thuy phan, rijfa lua Set SiAl k-hd-m
Hydrat hoa, rCfa trdi Saprolit Da nguyen td q, pi, fn, mc...

Thanh phdn va tinh chat dung dich phong hoa tien hoia
phCtc tap theo tien trinh tao vd. Trong qua trinh dd dung dich
phong hoa cd the chuyen tijr kiem sang axit hokc ngUtic lai. SiJ
tien hoa nay ddn den sU bien ddi khoang vkt rdt phUc tap. Ctd
nhieu quan diem khac nhau ve bien ddi khoang vat trong VPH .
Theo Frederikson A.F va Cox J.E (1954) sU bien ddi khoang vait
trong qua trinh phong hoa phai trai qua giai doan trung gian ci
the Idng. Thuc chat dd la qua trinh thuy phan cac khoang vM
nguyen sinh va thanh tao khoang vat mdi dudi tac dung ciiai
H^ OH ... NgUtic lai, A.Kashik va I.K. Karpov (1977) cho rdng?
phong boa la qua trinh bien ddi da va khoang vat trong dieui
kien bieu sinh va coi qua trinh dd la bien chdt trao ddi tham loc
(hok tan KV kem theo thay the, sU thay the khoang vat nay
bdng khoang vkt khac xay ra sao cho pha mdi chiem ngay chdi
cua pha cii dam bao cho da va khoang vat giU dUtic trang thaii
rdn).
70
 Thf'o W.P. Ktdlfr. tuy thutic vao tUdng quan nang lUting
i;iUii tat- nhiin phong hoa vii ddi tUting phong hoa, quii trinh
bit'ii tldi khoiing Viit to the xay ra d trang thiii riin va cd the
tiiu quii giai tloiin tlung dich. Khi nang lifting cua tac nhiin
piiong hoa Idn hdn nhieu so vcii nang luting fu<« ddi tUt:ing va
sMn ph,am phong hoii thi quii trinh bien ddi KV xay ra d trang
thiii riin. Trong trUdng htip ngUdc liii, hay tUdiig quan nang
Itwng khdng nhU the thi sU bien ddi KV se trai qua triing thiii
It ng. Nhu vay, theo Keller, vao giai doan dau cua qua trinh
pihong boa sU bien dt'ii khoiing viit dien ra d triing thiii ran va
t u a n theo quan diem thU nhdt. Vao cac giai doan tiep theo cac
k hoang viit bien tldi thdng qua triing thai long.

DUii vfio cd che phong hoa trUc tiep khdng giai thich dUdc
s u fd niiit cuii fiif KV fd niUc do ket tinh rat khiic nhau (vd
d:inh hinh, ket tinh kem, ket tinh ttj't), sU cd mat Ciic ion trong
n irt^^' c-iling nhu .'ui ph.in ddi cua VPH nhu'rij^ mi cd the giiai Lhi'cu
diiftif sU ddng hinh fua kaolinit va gipxit theo plagiocla:
Khdng qua triing thai trung gian d the Idng (trUf tiep)
Fn = — > Kaolinit
^"~'~* Qua trang thai t r u n g gian (hd, mn... )

71
 Thanh phiin,
tinh chai ciia kiii
Dia hinh (d6 doc. (}uy6n va nitdc
ph4n cat, d6 cao mura
tucmg ddi,
tuvet d6i)

Nhiet d<>, d6
^m, lircmg mua
Da me

Tham
thuc vat V6 phong hoa

Nirdc mat, nutic ngiim Trim tich vii

(thanh phSn, Iinh chat, khoang .san
che do thoat nutjc) lien quan

Hinh 2.9. Moi quan he giita cdc yeu to anh hudng tdi v6
phong hod va cic thanh phin moi trudng

Theo quan diem phong hoa giiin tiep thi sU bien ddi cuii
KV nguyen sinh thanh KV ben vUng cudi ciing trong VPH
thdng qua hang loat KV trung gian. Su chuyen ddi dd dien ra
72
.-^iio fho hieu niing lifting fUii KV mdi hinh t h a n h va KV trUtif
no lii nho nhiit. (^uan diem Uiiy giai thich dUtic quii trinh phong
ho; xiiy ra tlioo gi;ii doiin. ThUf tien fho thay rang tuy thudf
vii itidu kicMi (-11 tht''. sU hien ddi vii hinh thiinh khoiing viit
trong qua trinh [ihong hoii fd the xay ra theo phUdng thUe nay
ha> phUting thUf kia.
Trong qiiii trinh hien tldi khoang viit qua pha trung gian d
the long, fiif dt')f td trong nidi trUdng de dicing tham nhiip viio
v;i LIUOC lifu gia hen !;iu trtnig ci'ic san pham phong hoii. Co che
bie n ddi khoang viit d trang thiii ran khdng t h u a n Itii cho sU
tlii'i 111 nhiip fiif tldf to tU nidi trUdng, nhat la ctic ddc tti'trong dung
dich phong hua viio khoang viit.
T h a n h phan khoang viit VPK rdt da diang. Cd the ghep cac
k h o a n g viit gap trong VFH vao cac nhdm nhU sau: Nhdm
k h o a n g viit nguyen sinh cdn sdt kii trong VPH nhU tbiicb anh
dl). innienit (in), apatit (ap). muscovit (ms), biotit (bi). fenspat
kali (in), plagitx:la (pi), v.v...; Nhdm khoiing vat bieu sinh nhU
hydromica (hd), illit (il), montmorikuiit (mn), nontronit (nn),
hai uiizit (ha), metahaluazit (nit), kaolinit (k), gotit (gt), gipxit
(gp), v.v...
('iif kieu VPH khac nhau ve t h a n h phdn dinh tinh va dinh
liffiing fiif khoiing vat. VPH feraiit giau gotit, gipxit, ngheo
k h o a n g vat set hdn cac kieu VPH litoma (ferosialit), set (sialit),
siailit siit.
Trong VPH gap hdu het cac nguyen td cua bang tudn hoan,
tii r-ihien vdi ham luting rat khac nhau. Cac kieu VPH phan biet
vdi nhau bdi ham luting cua cac nguyen to, dac biet la cua SiO;,,,

73
Al.O;, va Fe,0;,. VPH feraiit, alit, ferit ngheo SiO,, N a , 0 , KaO,
CaO..., giau FeaOj. A l A , TiO,. NgUtic lai, VPH set gidu SiO„
Na, K. Ca. ngheo F e , A . AlA;- v.v...
0 Viet Nam cd nhieu loai da me, cd khi hau nhiet ddi, thUc
vkt phong phii, dia hinh da dang nen thuan Itii cho viec hinh
t h a n h cac kieu VPH khac nhau. De phan loiii VPH cd the sU
dung cac he so dia hoa (Mai Trong Nhuan va nnk, 1985, 1995):
L, = SiO,, Ik / (Al.O, + 0,64Fe,,O,,)
L, = SiO,, Ik / (A1.,0H + 0,73Fe.,O3)
L3= SiO., l k / ( l , 4 4 F e A - A L O . )
L, = -U
Dua vao he sd nay cd the chia VPH Viet Nam ra cac kieu
dia hoa nhU sau (Mai Trong Nhuan, Ngd Quang Toan, Nguyen
T h a n h Van. 1996);
- V P H sialit L, > 1.2
- VPH sialferit sdt 1 < Li < 1.2
- VPH ferosialit 0,6 < L, < 1
- VPH feraiit 0.4 < L, < 0.6
- VPH fent cd 0 < L, < 1 .H vii L, < 0,4
- VPH alit, cd U < 0,4 va 0 < L, < 0,4; L, < 0.4
Thanh phdn ciic kieu VPH d cac vung khi hau vii da me
khac nhau rii't da dang. VPH feraiit tren da basalt Tay Nguyen
cd thanh phan hoa hex dac trUng giau Al, Fe, Ti ngheo Si, r?it
ngheo Na, K, Ca, Mg ... (hang 2.8)

74
Bang 2.8. Thanh phan hoa hoc trung binh cac ddi trong VPH litoma (A)
va VPH laterit (B) tren da basalt Tay Nguyen
i.Meti Trang Nhuan. 19H4).

Saprolit Litoma Laterit Tho nhi/dng

A B A B B 1 B 2 B 3 A B

44 69 46,3 31 43 24 52 6,93 2,20 6,52 31.36 23.30

16.83 16.64 ?5 58 28.31 38,82 45,98 22,77 28,20 30.04 i

9,68 11 14 21,85 24 77 26 25 18 53 56,17 17,83 21 53

2.53 2,27 3.83 3,71 3,15 3,22 2,28 4,15 3.78

5.48 6,45 13,71 15,05 21,77 25.56 16,66 17.22 16,50

2.57 2,30 0,029 0,026 0,10 0 016 0,016 0.026 0.025

1,27 1,06 0,064 0,027 0.07 0.062 0,075 0,066 C.043

6.93 6,35 0.24 0 171 0,17 0.172 0 12 0,057 0 167

6,61 6,67 040 0,209 0,20 0.108 0,035 0,240 0.180

0,127 0.131 0.17 0,092 0,056 0,023 0.021 0 044 0,037

0.0212 0,025 0.041 0,054 0,073 0,063 0.069 0.033 0,053

0.024 0.30 0,036 0,0231 0,0097 0,011 0.005 0,031 0,0075

0.0042 0,0055 0.0056 0,0084 0,0097 0.0051 0,0042 0,0054 0,0021

0.010 0.0188 0,013 0,0114 0,0075 0,0053 0.0073 0,010 0.0071

0.0032 0.0096 0,0012 0,0013 0,00058 0,00063 0,0015 0.0029

0,011 0.016 0,024 0,0383 0,042 0,076 0.051 0,0185 0,0335

0 048 0.0052 0,00048 0,0003 0,0005 0,0047 0.003

0,0009 0,00064 0,0005 0.0005 0,0005 0,0006 0,0007

0 023 0.050 0,028 0,0266 0,0143 0,049 0,026

0.004 0,0057 0,0053 0.0053 0.0047

BI - laterit sdt - nhcim (feraiit); B2 - laterit nhcm (alit);

B3 - laterit sdt (ferit)

75
2.5.2. Hanh vi n g u y e n to trong qua trinh phong hoa
Quii trinh phong hoa lam thay dtii dang tdn tiii va kha
nang di chuyen ciic nguyen td trong MTTN. Thanh phdn, tinh
chat VPH cung nhu hanh vi cac nguyen to boa htx- trong VPH
phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau (xem hinh 2.9) va thdi
gian phong hoa. De nghien cUu hanh vi nguyen td trong VPH
ta phai lUdng hoa cUdng dd di chuyen ci'lc nguyen te' bang cac
phUdng phap khac nhau: so sanh ham lUting % trUc tiep. .so
sanh khdi lucfng tuyet dd'i
Tuy phUdng phap so sanh ham lUcing % true tiep de thUc
hien va da dUdc dung nhieu de nghien cUu hanh vi nguyen td
trong qua trinh tao vd nhung nd khdng the lUdng boa dUtic mile
do mang di mang den thUc sU ciia cac nguyen t d h o a hoc. Trong
khi dd so siinh khdi lUting tuyet dd'i (Ni) cua cac nguyen id
trong cac ddi khac nhau cua VPH lii phUdng phap khdc phuc
nhUtic diem dd.
Ni = Ci X d X 10 (g/lOOOcm') hoac Ni = Ci.d/lOO (g/cm')
Ci - ham luting nguyen td i (%); d - dung trong tu nhien
(g/cm')
So sanh Ni ciia bat ky san pham nao trong cac ddi vdr Ni"
ciia da gdc la cd sd de tinh khdi luting (AP) mang di va mang
den, CUdng do di chuyen (Ki) cac nguyen td trong toan qua
trinh phong hoa (Lixixina, 1975).
Ki = Ni" / Ni
APi = Ni - N i "
Nguyen td cd Ki > 1 la nguyen to di chuyen ra khdi vo;
nguyen td'cd Ki < 1 la nguyen t d t a p trung trong VPH. Nguyt-n
76
to (-() \Pi > 0 la nguyt'n tti'ttut.if mang den, cdn nguyen td cd APi
< I ) 1M nguyt'-n td \n niiing di ra khdi VPH. Neu Ki = 1 vii AP = 0,
ngus'fp td khfing ili i-huyen.
IMuiting t'hiip fUii Ivixixina chi fho biet khdi luting tdng
( dn<' iiiiing (ten hiiv mang di trong toi'in qiiii trinh phong hoii,
nl uii.i.; khdng fho diet fUdng d<i di fhuyen fiia nguyen to trong
tuni- m;n doiin plion<; hoii. De khiif phuc nhUtic diem nay cdn
t n d i \i') v,-i Ki trt'-n tti sd so .sanh Ni cua caf nguyen td trong 2
do, |,honi; hoa kd nhau (Mai Trong Nhuan. 1984, 1985).
\ P , ' ' ' = Xi'^^ - N i ' ; Ki-'^' = Ni'/Ni-'*'
) rong tto; d lii ddi nam dudi vii J+1 la ddi niim tren.
Ddi vdi VPH fd ] tldi thi cdng thuc neu tren dung nhU cdng
th uf fua Lixixinii. PhUdng phap so sanh mdi nay cho biet dt'ing
lioif f Uii quii trinh phong boa, tUc hi sU bien ddi ca cUdng do di
eh uyen. thanh phan va khdi luting mang di vii mang den theo
gipii doiin Vii toan qua trinh phong boa.
Dua vao Ki cd the phan cac nguyen td ra cac nhdm:
- Nguyen td'di chuyen rat manh de phan tan (Ki'*^' > 5).
- Nguyen td di chuyen trung binh den niiinh de phan tiiin
(Ki'*';l.]5-5).
- Nguyen td khdng di chuyen (Ki''"': 0,9 - 1,1).
- Nguyen td di chuyen manh de tap trung (Ki'"^' < 0,9).
Dieu dang lUu y la cac cdng thUc tinh APi va Ki neu tren
(hi tlung khi the tich ciia da (V) khdng thay ddi. Neu the tich
t liia dii thay ddi trong qua trinh phong hoii thi phai so sanh
muc dt) di chuyen ciia cac nguyen to qua mdt nguyen to khac
dUtdc coi la khdng di chuyen. Dieu kien de coi nguyen td'khdng
di chuyen la nguyen to dd tdn tai trong KV viJng ben, cd ham
77
luting rdt thap trong nUtic chay qua VPH, cd khdi lUcfng khdng
thay ddi hay thay ddi khdng dang kd trong qua trinh phong
boa. ThUdng ngUdi ta lua chdn Ti, Zr... lam nguyen td so sanh.
Trong trUdng hdp nay APi'^*' va Ki'"" dUdc tinh nhU sau:
APi'^*' = (Ci'*VCT,''*')CTi"' . d'" - (CIVCT,') CT,"' . d'"
= CT,"' . d"' (Ci-'^V CT,-^^' - CiV CT-,')

Ki-'^' - ( C , ' . C T / * ' ) / ( C , ' ^ ' . CT,')

trong dd: m - la da me tao vd.
Trong VPH cac nguyen td'cd the tdn tai d nhieu dang khac
nhau, chii yeu la: Khoang vat ddc lap nhu montmorilonit, illit,
haluazit, kaohnit, gotit, gipxit...( khoang vat bieu sinh), thach
anh, inmenit, clorit, fenspat kali ( cac khoang vkt ndi sinh cdn
sdt lai trong VPH).; chat keo, cac phUc cd kim; dang ion (trong
dung dich phong boa); cac khi (nhu CO.^, O.^). Khi d 3 dang cudi
cung cac nguyen to hda hoc de dang chuyen sang dang Iinh
ddng, de di chuyen ra khdi vd hoac tai phan bd lai trong VPH.
Dua vao he sd di chuyen cd the phan biet dUtic ba nhdm
nguyen to trong VPH: Nhdm nguyen td Iinh dong de phan tiin
ra khdi v6 cd Ki > 1,15; nhdm nguyen to di chuyen de tap trung
trong VPH cd Ki < 0,9 nhU Al, Fe, Zn, Cr; nhdm nguyen td
khdng di chuyen nhu Ti, Si trong thach anh (0,9 < Ki < 1,15).
Cac nguyen to Iinh ddng phan tan ra khdi VPH bao gdm N,
P, K, C (cac nguyen td'cd ich cdn cho sinh vat), Na, Ca. Mg, Cu,
Zn, Mo... (la nguyen td'cd ich d ndng do thap). Si ( khdng dtic
h^i doi vdi sinh vat), Pb, Cd, As, Hg (nit ddc, cd hiii cho sinh
vat d ndng do nhd). Theo mUc dg giam kha nang di fhuyen
trong VPH cd the xep ciic nguyen tt) hoii hoc. cac ion viio day
S > CI > (N, P) > U''" > Na > K > Ca > Mg > Fe''* > Si > Cu > Zn
> Pb > Mo > U^* > Fe'* > Al > Ti...
78
 Dieu dang luu y l;i ihiy tii chuyen cac nguyen tti'neu tren se
t h a y ddi tuy thiitK- v.io diif diem dii mi^', fhe do trao ddi nUck.
kip phu thiif Viit Vii tliii- biet la cac tac ddng nhiin sinh. Phan
Itin fiif boat d()ng nhiin sinh lien quan tdi viec thai cac hoa chdt
Vao nut'lf niiit. niMc ngiim, vao dat va VPH deu lam tiing rdt
fiio hoiif ha rii't thii'p pH, FJi. Ca 2 dieu kien dd (pH, Eh rat
t h a p . pH riit fao) deu thuiin Itii cho sU di chuyen ciia da so cac
kim loai.
Caf nguyen tti tli fhuyen manh trong quii trinh phong hoa
t h u d n g f d ban kinh ion Idn hoac boa tri nhd (Na, K, Ca, Cu, Zn,
Ctl. I'b...), hoiif hoa tri nit Idn (N, P. S...). Chung cd the ion
hiQiic riit nhd dt> ti^io ion hoii tan trong nUtic nbu Na, K... hoac
ri.-i't Idn. de tiio ra fiic phUc anion de tan trong mdi trUdng nUtic
n h u N O / , CI . HCO;,, SO,-. SiOr ... Mat khac, cac nguyen to
hoa t n nhd. ban kinh Idn thUdng tao ciic khoang vat kem ben
v-di quii trinh phong hoii (plagiocla...). Trong cac khoiing vat dd,
cihung thudng chiem khoang trdng giUa ctif ddn vi cdu true tinh
t h e (giua fiic tU dien SiO, hoac biit dien AlO^) nen de dang hi
proton H* t u a nUtic vdi pH = 5.5 - 8,5 day ra khdi khoang vat
tirong quii trinh phong hoa.
Ciif nguyen to k(2m Iinh ddng trong VPH cd hanh vi khiic
bit^t. Thu()c nhdm nay cd Al, Fe, Ti, Zr, U'*, v.v... Dd hi nhung
nguyen td thiiy phan, de tao cac hydroxit, oxit khd tan trong
k hoang pH phd bien ciia VPH (4-8,0). Nhin chung, chung la
n hdng nguyen to dUtic tap trung tUdng dd'i (nhd mang di tuyet
did] cua cac hdp phan Iinh ddng) va tSp t r u n g tuyet dd'i trong
VPH.
Cd the phiin biet dUcic hai phu nhdm nguyen td thuy phan.
P'hu nhdm thU nhdt hi nhUng nguyen to ma hoa tri v;i hanh vi
cilia chung trong VPH it phu thuoc vao dieu kien oxv hoa khii
n h u Al, Ti, Zr. Trong VPH chung kem Iinh ddng, dUtic tap
tr-ung tUdng ddi Ik chinh. Phu nhdm tliU hai lii nhUng nguyen

79
td ma hoa tri va hanh vi ciia chung phu thudc nhieu v^o Eh
cua mdi trUdng phong hoa nhu Fe, U. Trong dieu kien Eh thap
sdt tdn tai d dang Fe'^* va Iinh ddng, bi mang di ra khdi vd. Cdn
U lai d dang Lf* kem Iinh ddng va cd the dUtic tap trung trong
VPH. NgUtic lai, trong dieu kien oxy hoa thi U'* chuyen hoii
t h a n h U*'* (phUc uranin) Iinh ddng va bi mang di ra khdi VPH,
cdn Fe'* chuyen thanh Fe'* dUdc tich luy lai dUtii dang cac
hydroxit, oxit Fe'^*. Ca hai nguyen to nay deu cd the diwc tap
trung tUdng ddi va tap trung tuyet ddi (do mang tU ndi khiic
den). Ngoai ra, dUdi tac dong cua cac axit hUu cd trdng dat, ca
Al, Ti, Zr, Fe, U deu trd nen Iinh ddng trong VPH dudi diing
phUc cd kim. Do hanh vi khac biet ciia Fe^* va Fe'* nen sdt la
nguyen to tao nen tinh da dang ve mau sac, cau tijo va thanh
phdn ciia cac kieu VPH. Fe va PA la htip phan chinh ciia VPH
laterit, dUtic tao t h a n h trong dieu kien nhiet ddi. VPH laterit
gdm chii yeu la cac khoang vat oxit, hydroxit nhdm, sat tU do.
Dac trUng cd ban cua kieu VPH nay la Fe'* vii Al dUtic tap
trung cao d phan tren cung tao nen Idp vd ran chdc ngan cfich
VPH vdi dait, ban che sU di chuyen cac nguyen td cd ich tU tren
xudng hoac dudi len, can trd qua trinh sinh trUdng cua ddt.
Dieu dd dan den thoai hoa ddt, giam tdc do hinh tbiinb dat, vii
cung vdi xdi mdn lam tdng ddt ngay cang mdng, nang sudt t-iiy
trdng giam. Qua trinh laterit hoa nhu vay xay ra manh trong
cac viing khi hku nhiet ddi am nhU d Viet Nam. De ban did
qua trinh laterit hoa cd hai cho ndng nghiep, cdn tang do t h e
phii thUc vat (thUc vat than gd, re sau cang tdt), tang do am, vii
cho ngap nUdc thudng xuyen, ban die su thay ddi niiinh mUc
nudc ngdm theo mua trong nam v.v...
VPH la hdp phdn rat quan trong cua MTTN. Phan Idn cac
boat ddng nhan sinh xay ra tren dat va VPH. VPH la nen
mdng cua hdu bet cac cdng trinh va thanh tiio nhan sinh. VPH
la ndi chUa dUng nhieu leai tai nguyen khoiing san nhu nhdm
(bauxit), sdt, vang, da quy, dat hiem, set, kaolin, hot miiu,
80
pusolan, dii ong vii tliit- biet la nUdc ngdm . VPH la cd sd ciia
t.ing diit trdng, hi ntii chUa dUng, tiing trU phe thai. Thanh
[ihiin vii tinh fhiit VPH t^d y nghia rat Idn ddi vdi viee nghien
f Uu dia hoii moi trUdng. VPH giau hiit set va khoang vat set,
htij) chat keo cd khii niing tang trU lUu giU doc td v^ cac nguyen
t(")' fd ich cao, NgUdc liii, VPH giau thach anh, c;ic khdang vat
nguyen sinh khac, tdi xdp cd kha nang Idn tieu buy doc td,
nhung cung khdng thuan Idicho viec luu giU nguyen td'cd ich.
Ngoai ra. qua trinh phong boa cdn thuc day vdng tuan
hoiin nguyt'^n to tU dii me den VPH - dat - sinh vat... Nhd qua
trinh phong hoii ciic nguyen to dUtic chuyen tU trang thai khd
di fhuyen (trong cac khoang vat nguyen sinh cua da me) sang
triing thai de di chuyen (ion trong dung dich phong boa, dang
keo, diing phUf cd kim. v.v...). Phong hoa cd the phat tan cac
nguyen td ddc biii vao mdi trUdng ddt, nUdc. Phong hoa cung
tiio dieu kien thuan Idi de chuyen cac nguyen td'cd ich tU trong
da Viio da't va vao sinh vat. Phong boa dUtic t^oi la giai doiin ddu
cua quii trinh hinh thanh ddt va tram tich.
2.6. DIA HOA MOI TRUONG DAT

2.6.1. D a n lieu c h u n g ve d a t
Diit la mdt the tU nhien ddc lap dUtic t h a n h tao tren be mat
Trai Dat dudi tiic ddng ciia cac chdt vd cd va hUu cd (da me, khi
hau, dia hinh, thdi gian, sinh vat va liojit ddng ciia chung) va
fd do phi. Do phi la dac tinh cd't Idi, dac tinh phan biet ciia dat.
Ddt dUtif cau thanh tU ba pha: Pha rdn (KV nguyen sinh, thU
sinh. Viit lieu hflu cd, chat keo); pha long (dung dich dat chUa
t:.'if hdp chdt vd cd, liUu cd...); pha khi (khi trong Id hdng, khi hap
thu trong htit keo nhu O.,, CO2, NH,...).
Dac diem rat quan trong ciia dat la tinh phan ddi. Cac
tdng ddt (A,,, A,B,(^,) khac nhau ve t h a n h phdn vn tinh chdt

81
(hinh 2.10). Thanh phan va tinh chat ciia tang Ao, A va ddi khi
ca tang B cd anh hUdng Idn tdi mdi trUdng sdng.
Ddt cd dac tinh cd hoc, ly hoc xac dinh. Cac thdng sd cd ly,
hoa ly bao gdm: thanh phdn do hat, chi so deo, nhiet dung, tld
dan nhiet, kha nang hap thu va bUc xa nhiet, trong luting
rieng, do Id long, pH, Eh, v.v... Ddt cd th&nh phdn hoa hiic,
khoang vat dac trUng. Trong dat gap nhieu loai khoang vat
khac nhau - KV nguyen sinh va KV bieu sinh. Thanh phdn hoa
ht5c cua dat da dang. phUc tap va dac trUng bdi sU cd mat cua
hdu het cac nguyen to trong bang tudn hoan vdi ham lUdng rat
khac nhau.

Ag- Tdng thiini muc (cfty, co, lii kh6, canh m u c . )

bi vi sinh vat phan giai th^nh mun
A,- 'Ting rira irdi. ten xdp, nhi^u kfii c.lu vi6n. giilu nii6c

••:•:•-,.••.•, iv».-:--:;'-^.'\ if

^^^^^J^^^^:^:f^
B - T5ng tich tu c4c ch^t rata tr6i a c&c tfeg tr6n xu6'ng
i'l»: ''.\eo -.•;'.'j.V'..--": ~'.i

••. ••^•r.*i . v . - •• - • " ••••. "•*.' IP

•iS;:.--;.;:«^:.»- ?3
(-: ' 'O , " G i " 0 ' : " c i C - Tdng tich tu cac cluli dr.I troi
•O
c
a c&c tdng tren xu6ng va dirtji 16n

! V-'t'l'-'" ^ ^ "guy^n S'"*i '^hir.i bi pliong hoiS

Hinh 2.9. So dS mit d t cau tao phlu dien dat

82
 Dat dUfJc hinh thiinh nhd ba nhdm quii trinh: Qiiii trinh
p h o n g boa phiin buy fiit- KV nguydn sinh tao cac KV bieu sinh
(set hoii, litoma boa. laterit hoa), phong hoii sinh h(x\ tao tiing mun
nitmg. Dat f:dn ducit- hinh thanh nhd nhdm t}ua trinh phan giai
htip chat hUu fd (xiif thUf vat) hinh t h a n h nen viit lieu liUu cd
nit'ii: axit bumic. axit fulric va vi sinh vat (qua trinh tifh luy
r-niin). Su hinh thanh dat cdn phu thutif vao quii trinh, hien
ctfii , di chuyen, nia trdi, phiin bd lai san pham vd ed, hUu cd,
fat- phUc cd kim. Nhd dd cac chat nhU axit va phUc cd kim d
t a n g A. B dUtic: dUa xudng tdng C v.v... (hinh 2.10)
Cd the coi da't la san pham tUdng tac giUa cac tac nhiin
khiic nhau; thi nit." (M), sinh vat (SV), khi hau (KH), dia hinh
(DH), nudc ( H / ) ) , boat ddng ciia con ngUdi (CN) va thdi gian
CT). Cd the bieu dien mdi quan he dd di/di diing ham sd:
D = f (M. SV. KH. DH, H.O, CN, T); D - la diic tinh ciia
tti^it (thiinh phan. tinh fh;i't, be day).
('iic tac nhiin hinh thiinh ddt cd thd thay ddi theo thdi gian,
k h d n g gian nen dac tinh cua dat cung bien ddi phUc tap.
2;,6.2. T h a n h phan cua d a t
Thiinh phan boa htx- cua dat gdm ciic chdt vd cd, hUu cd,
c hiit ked, Thdnh phdn vd cd bao gdm KV nguyen sinh va KV
bieu sinh. chiem liiim luting Uu the trong ddt vii VPH; KV
n guyen sinh cua da me bao gdm hai loai -loai ben vUng vdi qua
tirinh phong boa nhU: thach anh, rutin, manhetit, hematit,
apiitit... va hi bien ddi trong quii trinh phong boa nhU mica,
IV'iisfat. plagiocla... KV bieu sinh giip trong dat va VPH bao
g((iin flic KV ciia nhdm set nliU hydromica, montmorilonit,
U'ontronit, kaolinit, haluasit,... cac KV hydroxit, oxit, Al, Fe
n h u gdtit, hydrgotit. hydragilit (gipxit)... Ngoai ra, trong mdt
sti' loai diit fdn fhiia KV mutii (NaCl), KV nhdm thach cao,

83
nhdm cacbonat, nhdm sunfat Fe, Al. Day Ik nhijtng khoang v,^i
hiem gkp trong dat va VPH.,Thanh phdn KV dat ke thUa
th^nh phdn KV ciia VPH tUdng Ung.
Thdnh phdn hiJCu cd cua ddt gom hainhdm chinh: Nhdm car
hdp chdt hflu cd chUa N, bao gdm md, sacarit (cacbuahydro)
protein, lignin va ddn xudt ciia chung, nhdm nay chiem
10 - 15% tdng luting hiJu cd trong da't; Nhdm thU hai la chdt
miin, chiem 80 - 85% vkt lieu hiiu cd. Chat mun la san phdm
phan buy tan dU thUc vgit va ddng vat.
Thdnh phdn chdt keo: Chat keo trong ddt rdt phd bien vh
dUtic chia ra hai nhdm: Chat keo vd cd (kee hinh thanh ti(
montmorilonit, baidelit, haluasit; hydroxit ciia Si, Mn. Fe vii
AI); chdt keo hflu cd (ked miin, cd the vi khudn, keo cd trong n^
cay). Cac chdt keo cving vdi cac chdt bi hdp thu (cac ion) tat'
nen phflc hdp thu trong ddt.
Thdnh phdn nguyen to cua ddt trong pha rdn vd pha lon^
Id khdc nhau. Th&nh phdn hoa hoc ciia pha rdn kha phUc tap
(bang 2.9). Tdng ham lUdng cua O, Si, Al, H, C, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg,
Ti, Ni, CI, P v^ Mn chiem 99,8 % cua pha rdn, ham luting cua
ta't ca cac nguyen tdcon lai chi cd 0,2 %.
Ddi vdi thuc vat, cac nguyen td dinh dudng vi lUcfng trong
da't la B, Na, Cu, Mn, Zn, V va Mg (cac nguyen td tham gia vao
thanh phdn enzimX Vdi ham lUdng rat thdp trong ddt (xap xi
IxKfng vet) chung la nguyen to cd ich, nhung the hien tinh doc khi r)
ham lUdng cao. Cac nguyen to' dinh dudng da luting la C, H, (),
N, P, S, K, Fe, Ca. Tuy nhien vdi ham lUdng rat Idn mot sd
nguyen td" nhU S, K cd the trd nen bat Idi dd'i vdi thUc vkt.
Txi bang 2.9 ta tha'y rdng thanh phdn cd ban cua ddt gdn
gidng thanh phdn cd ban cua vd Trai Ddt, tuy nhien cd diem
84
khif hu't l;i (lilt gniii (". N. P, S hdn. Trong dii't fi'if nguyen td
hoii liof t(in t.'ii ''i r;it iihieu thing khiif nhau; fhiing liiin oxy tdn
till trotiK (-ii<- klioiing viit nguyen sinh (plagiot-la, thiich anh...),
lliu .-mil (khoang vtit set...) trong fhii't mun, trong nUtic. cdn
hydro cd niiit trong nildf, fhiit mun. fiic htii) chkl hUu cd. trong
f.if iixit vo (-d. trong mutii vii trong chdt keo, Caf bon l,a t h a n h
phiin chinh fua fhiit miin. cacbonat... Nitd tham gia viio t h a n h
phan fhinh t-ua fhiit mun, vi khudn N. fdn phti't pho cd trong
thanh phan cua Ca,(PO,),, trong vat lieu hUu cd, v.v... Kali d
dang mudi dtin giiin, trong fhdt keo. trong silioat va
iilumosilifat. v,v.. (Tu- nguyt'Mi to kiin loai fdn fd the tdn liu dudi
dang htip fhiit phUf ft) kim.
Bang 2.9: Thanh phan hoa hoc pha r i n cua da't

Nguyen td Ham IU(3ng Nhom theo

(%) khoang
ham luong
0 55
1 > 10%
Si 20
Al 7,0
H 5,0 II : 5 - 10%
C 5,0
K 2
Fe 2
Ca 1 III : 1 - 5%
Na 1
Mg
1
Ti 0,4
IV: 0,1 - 1,0%
N 0,1
85
 CI 0.1
p 0,08
Mn 0,06
Cr V:0.01 -0,1 %
0,01
V
0,01
Zn 0,001
Th 1.10-®
Be Vi < 10^
1.10=*
Hg
3.10'
Pha long bao gdm cac chdt vd cd ( fat: ion Ca. Mg,
Na, K. NH4-^ CO3'-, C1-, SO,'-, NO.,, keo Al, Fe, Mn, v,v...). chdt
hflu cd (axit hflu cd tan trong nudc nhu crenat natri, Ca, Mg,
Fe, Al). Ty le chat vd cd - hflu cd ciia ddt cang xudng sau cjing
tang.
Ngoai ra trong dat cdn gap nhieu hdp chat hoa hoc d dang
khi: CO2, O,. NH3, H2S, CH4, H20(hdi nudc).
Tuy thudc vao thanh phdn, tinh chat, do day ciia dat mh
kha nang tang trfl, tieu buy ddc td ciia ddt rat khac nhau. Ddt
giau khoang set, phdn hat min, giau vat lieu hflu cd thuan Itii
cho viec tang trfl doc td, luu giijt nguyen td cd ich va vi khudn
gay benh. Ddt giau thach anh, khoang vat nguyen sinh khdn^
thich htip cho viec tang trfl ddc td, ngUiic lai thich hcfp cho vief-
tieu buy ddc to va it cd kha nang luu gifl nguyen td cd ich vfi
chat dinh dUdng.
2.6.3. Di c h u y e n cac n g u y e n to hoa hoc trong dat
Su di chuyen ciic nguyen to boa htsc trong dat cung p h u
thudc vao ban chii't nguyen td va dieu kien, tinh chdt ciia qu»
trinh phong hoa va tao thanh tang thd nhudng.
86
 Tu thiinh phiin hoii hoc cd the thay riing trong ddt thUdng
( d (-,-!(- nguy(--n td tiip trung cao nhu P, S, N, S, C, V, Br, B. Ham
lU'.ing fUii F, As trong ttat cung tUdng dUdng h;im lUiing cua
( h u n g trong thafh quyen. Cdn Na bi mang di vdi kbtii luting
Idn. Trong fiif nguyt'm Id nhdm kiem thd thi Ca va Sr bi mang
(li mi.inb nhat. (^dn ciic nguyen td nhdm sat (Ni, Co, Mn, Cr) cd
liani luting trong dat thap hdn trong thi iiu! 1,5 Ian, vi chung hi
niiing di d dang htip fhiit phUf vdi axit hUu fd vii aniin. Cac
kiiai loai niing nhU Cu. Hg, Pb. Cd cung hi mang di ra khdi ddt.
Dita vao dang di chuyen va tac nhan di chuyen,
K. 1.Lukashev (1963) da chia ra cac kieu tap trung va phan tan
ng uven to trong dat nhU sau: Tap trung va phan tiin do sinh
v a t : tap trung va phiin tan tan du thdm dong; tap trung va
))h,an tiin do nudc; tap (rung va phan tiin do khi.
Loiii tap trung va phan tan do sinh vat cua ciic NTHH rat
tlac trung cho tang mun va tang tap trung than bun. Vi sinh
va t cd vai trd Idn trong sU hinh t h a n h tang dd va di chuyen
N"rHH. Nhd quii trinh phiin buy tan du thUc vat va ddng vat
inia nhieu nguyen tti dUdf giai phdng vao dii't. Chung liii tham
giira vao thi\nh phan fua tang mun va cac heip chdt hflu cd phUc
tiiip khiic ciia dat, va dUtic tap trung d dd. Nhieu nguyen to' vi
lUt.ing va vi lUting tham gia vao qua trinh tdng hdp mun va nudi
sdmg sinh vat. Dd la cac nguyen tci sinh vat Ca, K, Mg, Na, P,
S, N, O va cac nguyen td vi luting: I, Bi. Mo, Zr. Cu, Co, Ni,
Mm, Sr, CI, V.v.v...
Ddt cua viing ddng cd Taiga dac trUng bdi .sU tap trung
intiinh nhdt cac nguyen to do sinh vat ("hung tdp trung yeu nhiit
trcmg dat vung khd han, vung nui cao, vung bang vinb ciiu.
Quii trinh tiip trung va phan t a n tan du - thdm dong ciia
(ac: nguyen to thUdng xay ra do sU mang di cac nguyen td'cd dp
87
boa tan Idn (ra khdi tdng tan du) va tap trung d tdng thdm
ddng. Qua trinh tan dU tham dong do cac yeu td sau d;iy quyet
dinh: dieu kien khi hau; thanh phan cua da, dkc diem dia hinh.
Bang 2.10. Sir tham gia ciia c;ac nguyen to vi luong va vi lugng trong
cac qua trinh thanh tao tho nhudng

Loai thanh tao, Cac nguyen Cac nguyen

Loai qua trinh h0p phdn thd t d vT iUdng td vi luong
nhudng chinh chinh

Phong hoa tan

Tan du tao (+)Ti,Zr,
du-
thanh thd Si. Al, Fe. 0. H Au. Pt, Th,
vdng tuan hoan
nhudng Ga
dia chat I6n
Cung cap dinh
- Cac chat tro
du6ng cho cay, Ca, Mg, K, Na. (-) tat ca
trong md thuc
- Vong tuan S. P, Si. Al. nguyen td
vat va tan du
hoan sinh vat Fe. N. O. H, CI cdn lai
ciia chung
nho
(-) Zn. Cu.
C, H,0, S, P, Co, B. 1. Br,
Tang miin ciia
Tdng hop mun N, Se, Ni. U,
dat, tang A.
Ca, Fe Ba, Mn, Sr,
V.
Ddng hinh :
(+)Ni, Mn, Li,
Qua trinh tao
Si, Al, Fe, 0, Rb, Cs, Co,
thanh set vatdng PhUc hap thu
H,C. K Zn, Cs, Ga,
htip chat keo
Cu, Mo, Ba,
Se, Te, V,

88
 - 1
Be, Pb, Se

( + ) C u , Ni,
Cac nguyen td Ca, M g , N a , H,
Pb, Ce, Zn,
bi hap thu Al, Fe, P, S
Mn, B, 1, Bi

(-)Cu, Co.Ni,
Potzol hoa va Tang tan dU , Si, 0 , H , N a ,
Zn, Cs, V,
miin hoa A2 CI
Mn,,.

( M C u , Ni,
Tang tich luy
Tham dong Si, Al, Fe, 0 Mn, Co, Zn,
tham dpng(B)
Mo, V, Ba, Sr

Hinh thanh tang Tang tap trung

Ca, C. S, 0 , Si (-^) Sr, Ba
c:anx; CaCOj, Ca304

(+)Co, Ni,
Glei hoa Tang glei Fe
Cu

Dai ddng cd, ( + ) C u , Mn,

Fe, S, P, Si,
dam lay, quang Ni, Ba, V, B,
Al, Ca, C. 0
d vung dam lay Co.

Na, Mg. C a . K , ( + ) B , Bi, 1,

Tap trung (tich Xolonsac, vd
CI, S, C, Si, 0 , Li, Rb, Cs,
luy do nifdc) tham mudi
N Zn,Cu.

Laterit Si. 0 . Al, Fe ( + ) T i , Mn, Ni

su lUu chuyen cua dung dich nUdc trong vd phong hoa va thd
nhudng, hoiit ddng nhan sinh (thiiy ddi tham thUc vat, hd chUa
nutic. thuy Idi...). Nhd cac qua trinh nay ma tdng rvta trdi va
tiing tich tu dutic tiio thanh. Cac khoang vat va hdp chdt hda
h()f khd tan dUtic thanh tao trong cac tdng dd. Tdng tich luy
dufic tao thiinh nhd sU tham nhap ciia cac nguyen t d h o a tan tfl
89
cac tdng tren xudng va ddi khi do thiim ttong tU dudi len. Ct'i
nhieu nguyen td hoa hoc tham gia vao quii trinh tich luy n h i i
Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mo, Zn, Mg, V, Ba, Sr, v.v... Nhu vky trong;
qua trinh tan du t h a m dong cd mot sd nguyen to dutic tich lu}^
lai trong tdng t a n dU (dd la cac nguyen td trd) cdn nhflng
nguyen to Iinh ddng hi phan tan, va sau dd mdi dUtic tap t r u n g
d tdng tich luy (chiing dUtic coi la nguyen td' phan tan trong tldi
nay).
Qua trinh tap trung va phan t a n tan dU thdm dong xay r a
manh nhat d vung khi hau nhiet ddi ndng dm, d dd san p h d m
ciia qua trinh phong hoa va tao tdng thd nhudng la tang ddt dc'i
giau nhdm va sat. ngheo Mg, Ca, Na, ... Cac chat mun hi p h a n
huy manh va bi mang di khdi cac tdng tren.
O vung rUng Taiga thi tang ddt tan du la tdng potzol
khong cd ca'u true, giau HaSiO,, SiOj. O day cac nguyen to nhiJ
Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Al va cac nguyen to hiem hi mang xudng cat-
t a n g dudi - tdng tich luy cung vdi cac nguyen to khac.
Tap trung va phan t a n do ddng nudc mao d i n trong dait
xay ra manh nhat d viing ddng cd, ddm lay nhiet ddi, vung khtd
han vi d nhflng ndi dd cd ddng mao dan di len tfl cac tdng dudi sau .
Trong ddt vung khd han cd sU tap trung sunfat cloruai
(xolsonsac, ddt man). O day thUdng gap cac nguyen td tao ion.,
anion hoa tan nhU: Na, Mg, Ca, K, CI, S, Si, O, N, Bi, I, B, Rb,
Cs, Zn, Cu...
Trong da't glaij potzol, dat den - ddng cd ciia vung ddng ctd
va trung du rat phd bien sU tap trung va phan t a n cac nguyem
90
to lioii h(H- Trong thanh phan ciia chung cd Si, Fe, P, S, Ca, Al,
Cu, Mn, Ni, H, V. Fe. Al. Ti, Cr, Zr tap trung trong ddt laterit.
(^iiii trinh tiip trung vii phan tan do khi cua cac nguyen to
trong tldt ktim phd bien hdn. Mot phdn ciic chat khi trong dat
hoii tan vao nUtic dudi dat, phan khiic dUtic giai phdng tU tdng
dutii se thoat ra de di vao khi quyen. Trong da't d vung sa niijc
cd nhieu nguytm td cua ddt bi thoat vae khi quyen hdn cac
Vung khac. NgUtic lai, cac htip phdn khac nhau tU khi quyen cd
the tham nhap vao dat va hi lUu gifl lai trong dd.
Nhu viiy cd the thay rang trong cac tang khac nhau ciia
thd nhudng thi fUdng do tap trung, di chuyen fac nguyen to
hoa hoc khac nhau. Trong dieu kien thich htip mdt sd nguyen
td hofi hoc dUtic tiip trung trong qua trinh thanh tao thd
nhudng va ham luting cua chung cd the tang dan tU dudi len
theo phau dien dat. Trong mot sd'trUdng htip khac, cac nguyen
td hi p h a n tiin va ham lUdng ciia chung giam ddn tfl dUdi len.
Caf tdng khac nhau fiia thd nhUdng cd mdi trUdng dia hoa (pH,
Fh,...) khac nhau. Su phan bd kii cac nguyen to trong tdng thd
nhudng cdn do t h a n h phdn da me va dang tdn t^ii cua chung
trong dii va ddt quyet djnh.

Vi nhUng ly do ntni tren va do dac tinh sinh dia hoa ciia

minh fhi phdi nen mUc do v;i vai trd tham gia cua ciic nguyen
t(i hoii hoc trong ciic qua trinh hinh t h a n h ddt rat khac nhau
(bang 2.10). Cac qua trinh hinh t h a n h ddt cung nhU cac thanh
tiio thd nhudng dac trUng bdi sU tap trung hofic phan tan ciia
cac nguyen to khac biet.

91
2.7. DAC D I E M DIA HOA MOI TRLfONG TRAM T I C H
2.7.1. Mot so d a c d i e m t r a m t i c h
Trdm tich la san phdm vd cd, hiiu cd hay hdn htip idng;
dong do ket qua ciia cac qua trinh vat ly - hoa htx; - sinh hoc,
chUa chuyen hoa thanh da tram tich va ndm d tren be mat cqas
vung idng ddng. Ngoai cac san phdm idng dong dudi nudc cdni
cd cac phan lang dong true tiep tren be mat luc dia do gid, qua
trinh bao mdn. Trdm tich cdn bao gdm cac vkt lieu Id liing
trong nUt3c va khdng khi.
NgUdi ta cd the phan biet tram tich theo kich thudc hiit:
cuoi ( > 256 mm), cat (2 mm - 0,063 mm), bot (0,063 - 0,002 mm)'
va set (< 0,002 mm).
Trong trdm tich gap nhieu loai khoang vat khac nhau ve
ngudn gdc: khoang vat nguyen sinh cua da mtj (thach anh,
fenspat, muscovit. apatit, inmenit, monazit, ziron...), khoang
vat tao t h a n h trong qua trinh phong boa (kaolimit, gipxit.
gotit...), san phdm cua qua trinh ket tiia hoa htx; (cacbonat).
Trong tram tich rdt phd bien cac chdt keo, vat lieu hflu cd v.v.,
Thanh phdn hda hoc ciia tram tich rdt phUc tap,dac trUng
bdi sfl khac nhau ve ham lUting cac nguyen to hoa htx; (hang
2.11). Trdm tich hd ngheo sdt, mangan, canxi, natri va bo, giau
magie hdn trdm tich dai dUdng. Da trdm tich set va phien set,
trdm tich dai dUdng khac nhau khdng nhieu ve do phd bien cua
nhieu nguyen td vi luting (Si, Ti. Al, Ca, K, P...) va mdt .so
nguyen td vi lUdng (Li, Cs, Ba, B, V, TI. Ge, Se, Y...). Trong
trdm tich cac nguyen to cd the tdn tai d nhieu dang khac nhau:
92
kho.-ing Viit tl(x- liip (Si. .'\1, Fe, Ti vii fiit; nguyen td khac), thay
tht- dong hmh. ion hiij) phu, fhiit keo, phUc fd kim, vat lieu hflu
i-i) \ v Phiin Idn f.if thii't tltx' (trU urani, thori), fiif nguyen td'
dinh difdng vi Idling khdng ti.io khoiing Vijit ddc liip trong tnini
tii-h niii tdn tiii d tliuig Iinh ddng.
Ve mat ngudn gt'x^ t-d the phiin biet dUtic may loai tram tifh
iiliU s a u ;

* Luf nguyt''n (terrigenous) dUtic tiio thiinh do phong hoa

fiif da, lii ngudn chu yen ttio tram tifh vd cd, vdi lUting
thing gdp khoang 2,06.10'"g/nam.
" Sinh Viit (biogenous), bao gdm hai loiii: San phsim cdn
lai sau khi xiif sinh vat phan buy (nliU silic, canxi vdi
ludng ddng gdp khoang 4,9.10" g Si02/nam va 1,4.10'^
gCaCO/ntim) va xac sinh vat chUa bi phan buy.
* Hoa hoc, san pham cua cac qua trinh bien ddi hoa htx;
trong tram tich.
* Nhiin sinh, san pham cua cac qua trinh nhan sinh (sinh
hotit va san xuat...)
* Ngudn gdc vu tru (cosmogenic), vdi mUc ddng gdp nhd
(3,65.10'"g/nam).
NgUdi ta cung cd the phan biet dUtic cac leai tram tich theo
dieu kien thanh tiio: tram tich dUdi nUdc (sdng, hd, dam lay,
hien. dai dUdng), tram tich do bang Oiang tich). trdm tich do
gid (phong thanh) v.v.

93
 Bang 2.11. Ham lirdng trung binh cac nguyen to hoa h9C trong tram tich
luc dia, biin va dai dirong (%)„
theo Vinogradov A. P (1963)

Tram tich set dai

Hdp Tram tich hd Da tram tich (set va Tram tich
dUdng(Thai
phan nudc ngpt phien set) set bien
Binh dUdng va
Oai Tay duong)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5)
Nguyen td vT lupng
SiOj 57,29 51.3 56,5
TiO^ 0,94 0,72 0,64

AI2O3 21.24 18,0 15,6

FePj 0,00 4,75 8.2
MnO 0,12 0.09 0,065 3,4
CaO 0,31 3,50 3,4 • ^
MgO 1,73 2,30 0,86
Na20 0,21 0,89 1.7
K2O 3,53 2,75 2,5

P2O5 0,17 0,17 0,15

Nguyen td vi lifting
Li 0.0092 0.006 0,005
Rb 0,02 0,012
Cs 0.0012 0,001

Be 0,0003

94
 ' 1; (<='! (3i (4) (5)
l:Sa ()08U 0,070

B (J,UU44 OOKJ 0,013

C 1,0
N 0,06
S 0,1b 0,30
Nl 0,0095 0,0058 0,014
Co 0,002 0,001 0,0038
4
Cu 0,0057 0,003 0.013
0,008 0,013
V 0,013 0,008 0,014^
-T
'Cr < 0,010 0,01 0,0083 0,0086
J\-/1o 0,0002 0,0015 0,0009
Pb 0,002 0,0045
Sn 0,001_
—-H
0,00009 0,0000001
-f—
Au ^,0000001
--t"^-
Zr 0,02
1—
Hf 0,0006 0,013
..j......,.
Nb 0,002
Ta 0,0003
Cd 0,00003 0,00004
Oa 0,0017 0,003 0,0021^
lln 0,000005 \ 0,000007
TI 0,0001 I 0,0^1^
Ge 0,0002 j 0^0002
SSc 0,001 J 0,0013

9.5
 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
u 0,00032 0.00028 0,00013
Th 0.0011
Sb 0,00015 0,0001
As 0,00066 0,01
Se 0,00006 0,0001
Te 0,000001
CI 0,016
Br 0,0006
J 0,0001
F 0,0642 0,05 0,08
Y 0,003 ^ 0,0029

De nghien cUu dac diem mdi trUdng trdm tich ndi chung,
mdi trUdng dia hoa thanh tao trdm tich ndi nt'^ng iigUdi ta
thudng phan tich nhieu thi so khac nhau nhu pH. Eh, ham
lUdng cac cation trao diii Na". K\ Ca^\ Mg^\ ham lUiing Fe^'.
Fe''\ Fe,„rt,„„ Fe,„„,,„, C^n, ,,„, C,,,b„„.,t. v.v. DUa viio cac thdng sd
nay cd the tinh cae he sd dia hoii nliU sau,
K, = (Na" + K")/(Ca-" + Mg^^
K^ = Fe'" ,,,„ i,„y„i,/ Fe "HCL
rV.-j — r e " ii,„ ),uvnli' r e d^tan

K, = Fe'^„VFe^,„„
K5 = Cacbonat sinh vat/Cacbonat hda hoc
Gia tri cac he sd dia boa la cd sd de luan giai dac diem dia
hoa fua mdi trUdng thanh ti^io tnini tich (bang 2.12). Gia tri

96
| d i . Fh fUii t r a m tru-h i h i jihiin ;inh tlat- trUng inini tifh d tlitii
dit-ni xac tlinh fiic i-hi sd n.-iy. De nghit''n fUu diif tliem tlia hoii
I u 1 Midi triKJiiL; t r a m t i d i d thdi tlieni thiinh tao t-iin sU d u n g
ra. • he so K,. K . K . K, vii K,. ( b a n g 2.12). (iiii tri pH vii Kb f u a
iiK ,1 trUfing thiinh tiio triim tifh giao ddng t r o n g khoiing Idn.
I u. ing Ung 2-1:5 va - 0 . 7 ; 0.81V. Caf he b^e'i K.. K,. K, f u n g fho
! il ,i\ t r o n g t u nhi(''ii giip t-at- nidi trUdng klui iiiiinh . I n i n g b i n h .
\ f^ 11 vii nidi truiing ox\' hoa.
Bang 2.12. He s o chi thi c h o m o i t i u d n g dia hoa t h a n h tao tram tich

He Moi trudng thanh tao tram tich

° Oxy MOI tri/ong iBietf Chuyen Luc dia j Ca hh Cahs Ca sh

Chii t h i hoa khu • : tiep luc |
dia b i e n ; j
•r
iManhilrung Yeu
: binh

KI • j > 1 > l' 1-0.5 : <0,5

-t-
i

K2 ' < 1 ' > 1 < 1 < 1

K3 i < 1
> 1 :>1 < 1
• • + - • —
^..
>1
KA , <1 ;> 1 I> 1
<1 1-2 >2
,-L

Gfii chu: Ca hh: Cacbonat hoa hoc, Ca hs Cacbonat hoii hcic - sinh hoc,
Cci sh: Cacbonat sinh hoc

2.'(7.2. Dac d i e m dia hoa qua trinh t h a n h tao tram tich

(Jua trinh triim tifh bao gdm t h a n h tiio tram tich. bien ddi
triiim tifh t h a n h da tram tit-h v.v. Quii trinh t h a n h tao tram
tif h bao gdm ciif qua trinh sau;

97
 * Huy ddng vat lieu do quti trinh phong boa vii ciit- qua
trinh khac (boat ddng nhan sinh ...)
* Van chuydn vat lieu va idng dong mdt phdn vat lieu d
mot sd diem tren dUdng van chuyen.
* Tap trung vat lieu va lang dcmg vat lieu d bdn tram tich.
TU ngudn cap (VPH, dat, biii iixp ket va xU ly rac...), ciic vat
lieu vd cd cd the dUdc van chuyen di bdi ddng nudc d bdn danf.
manh cue. hat (trUtit Ian tren day), vat Id lUng, dung dich keti.
dung dich that. Vat lieu hUu cd cd the dUtic van chuyen chu yen
d ba dang sau cung. Cac khoang vat set, hot ket dUtic ddng
•nudc mang di thudng d thing vat chat Id liing. Dang niiy vi
dung dich ked la dang di chuyen t-hii yeu ciia cac nguyen to hg
sdt (Fe. Mn, V. Cr, N. Co), ddng, phot pho. intit phdn Ca. Mg
(dang cacbonat). Clo. luu huynh (dang sunfat), Na va K Viin
chuyen chu yeu d dring tlung dich that khdng bao hoa, cdn
bicacbonat Ca, Mg di chuyen d dang dung dich thiit khdng hiio
boa hoac dung dich that bao hoa.
De dac trUng cho do Iinh ddng cac NTHH trong mdi trUting
thanh tao tram tich ngUdi ta dung chi so Kd = Ld/I_iC la ty so
giiia luting nguyen to di fhuyen d dang dung dich that (Ld) vii
lUdng di chuydn d dang td hoc (Ix:). Theo niUc do tang ddn chi
sd Kd (tang dan do Iinh dong) cd the xep ciic NTHH vao day
nhu sau:
V -> [Cr, Be, Ga, Zn] > Mn > (Pb, Sn) -^ Ca -^ Mg > Cu > K
-> Sr -^ Na.
Phdn Idn vat lieu trdm tich dUtic: van chuyen ddng thdi d cii
hai diing dung dich that va vat chat Id lung Nhflng nguyen to

98
v,-i lop fhat ho.i doc 1(1 do hoa tiin fiing Idn t-iing tliiiit- viin
i-lui-'f n nhicii li dariL', dun.i; dii-h. .N'gUtif lai. nguyen td vii htip
I'll;) hoii hoc CO d() hoii tiin (-img nhd cang tli chuyen nhieu ti
d.iru i-(i hoc, l);lc IIH'MH hoa ly cuii nUt'if fung t:o y nghia quyet
dini till daiii; di i-huvt-n (-uii viit lieu triim tifh.
'ri-oiii.f tpiii t n n h van chuydn fung nhu liing dong. triim tifh
!)i ill ill di (-() li()(-. hoii ho(-, smh htx' v.v. Quii trinh phiin di cd
ii(.)( p n u lluKK- viio ki(-li thii't'if Vii hinh diing fiif h;it, ty Irting va
ill; -ill [ihiin h,-!t. tliif dieni dja hinh. ttie do tldng fhay v.v. Tdf
do iing tiong triim tii-h (vt) dUtif tinh tht?o dinh luiit Stock;
vt = 2(d - do)g. (D/2)Vn ;
t rong do; d vii do hi ty trong fua hr^t vii ciia nUdf;
g- hiing stVtrong luc;
r - tld nhdt t-ua nUt'if;
1)- ttuting kinh hat.
(^'iif NTHH va hdp that king dong nhd cac phan Ung trao
tld- cixy hoii. thuy phiin. hydrat hoii. ha'p phu va hap thu, tac
(lojg t-ua chii't keo, thay ddi R^h. pH. ham luting O2, (-0^, boat
(loig fiia sinh vat v.v.
Diic diem phan di boa hoc phu thudc vao do boa tan, hofit
tiin hoa htJc, the ion, he so nang lUcJng ciia NTHH, dac diem
hoi ly Vii thiich ddng lUc ciia mdi trUdng lang dong trdm tich.
Thet) thu tu tang thm thdi gian tdn tai trong dung dich (tUc
la heo thu tu giam dan tdc do lang dong) cd the xdp cac hdp
chit Viio day nhu sau; eac oxit nhdm, sat va mangan > opan
(SO ) > glaufonit > leptoclorit > siderit (FeCO.,) > eanxit,
99
tlolomit > selestin (SrSO.) > CaSO,, NaCl. KCl > Mg(;!_,.
MgSO,
Cac yeu to neu tren ciing anh hudng tdi ham lifting cat-
NTHH va htip chat cua chung trong trdm tich. Cd the bieu then
mdi phu thuoc nay dudi dang ham sd:
Cn = f(L, D. G, N. S, M, E)
Trong dd Cn- ham lUdng NTHH trong trdm tich nUdc ngot:
L- he sd the hien anh hudng ciia yeu td ngudn gdc tram tit-h:
D- hieu Ung dia chat thuy van; G- Dac diem dia chdt, N- boat
dong nhan sinh; S- sinh vat; M- thanh phdn khoang viit; K~ la
yeu td chua dutic tinh den).
Tuy thudc vao diif diem cu the cua ngudn vii mdi trUting
t h a n h tilt) trdm tifh mii mUc do anh hUdng cua cac yeu tti' do ttii
ham luting NTHH trong trdm tich khac nhau. Theo Imhoff v;i
nliUng ngudi khac (1980). cac hoiit ddng nhan sinh (fiic nh;i
may luyen kim, che tao may, chdt thai sinh boat...) d luu vue
sdng cung cap 55% kim loai nang (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd) t-ho
tram tich sdng Ruhr. 45% cdn k i do cac qua trinh tU nhien
mang den (hinh 2.11).
Dac diem qua trinh phong hoii. thiinh tao thd nhudng, xdi
mdn, riia trdi, dac didm thuy van (mat dd, luu lUdng ddng
fhay), khi hau (lUdng mUa, bdc hdi...), Idp phu thUc vat, herai
ddng nhan sinh d luu vUc sdng la nhflng yeu to anh hUdng rat
Idn tdi thanh phan hoa hoc, khoang vat cOia trdm tich.

100
 L)i, n lu il

llfll VIR
.X.I ih.ii cii.-i khu I
I cong nghiep, 6 T/.ij
l i r c,K (n'l.i
.S<ingi
'11'' } i i i n h (li.i h(i.i I X.-i th;ii ciJa .[X.i I a clra |
ihunh pho (kieu sAng 2S.vr/i^
nh.i mav). 2(>4T/a
/- ••, 1II i.u t|ii;i
l.uii giO-a
<''T''] liiiih ili^i hiKi
, ,trong t r i m ;
hinh Ihircnii!. S,'^ I7,i
I ^ jtich. I.StlT/ai

('.IL i|u.i tiinh^^::^^^ Mat ill lio

^bcfiii ninVc song i
[clang dien. 20 T/aj» dt- uriin hoae {
sinh hiwt ."idT/;!
long cong 4X.1 I J

( t) thti bieu thi su bien ddng khdi luting NTHH va hdp chat
h Oil hot- trong hd nhU sau;

KI = P - Bh + Nd - Nm + Ns - Ng '
Trong dd P- phiin NTHH hoiic hop dii't't dUtic mang den
t hfo nudf mUa. Bh- phiin do bay hdi, Nd- phdn do nUtif ngiim
naang tien. Nm- phan do nUt'ic ngam mang di. Ns- phiin mang
dien do hoiit thing nhan sinh. Ng- phan mang di do hoat ddng
Pihiin sinh.

Ngoai nhung yeu td neu tren ham lUdng NTHH trong trdm
t i(-h hien cdn phu thudc vao xa thai tU sdng. bao mdn, xdi Id bd,
hoiit dtiiig ciia tau thuyen va cac boat ddng nhan sinh khac d
ven 1)0 va tren bien.

Nhieu nhii khoa hot- cho rdng lUiing NTHH va htip fhat
hioii ht^c do boiit ddng nhan sinh va nUdc mUa cung cdp cho
1 iLitif, tram tich hd vii bien ngay cang tang. Theo Rada va fdng

101
sU (1989) thi ham lUcfng thuy ngan trong Idp trdm tit h he niiit
hien dai fiia 11 hd d Wiscocin (0,09 - 0,24 pg/g) Idn hdn triim
tich ndm dudi dd (0,04 - 0,07 pg/g). Ket tjua nghien fUu cua ('.
Naf va D. Broman (1996) cho thdy do boiit ddng nhan sinh ma
hang nam cd khoang 200 tan PAH (polycyclic aroiuiitnf
hydrocarbon), vii .3,.3 tan PCB (polyclorin byphenyl) bd s u n g
vao trdm tich bien Bantif.

2.8. DAC DIEM DIA HOA SINH QUYEN

2.8.1. T h a n h p h a n h o a h o c s i n h q u y e n

Khai niem sinh quyen dUtic E.Zuok Idn dau tien neu ra t U
TK19 (1875) Vii dutic- Venatski phat trien mot each chi tiet nhait
va day dii nhat vao nhflng nam 20 ciia tht"^ ky trUdc. Sinh
quyen (SQ) la Idp vd phUc tap ngoai cung cua Trai Ddt ma d did
cd sU boat ddng dia hoa cua sinh viit (thUc vat, ddng viit. vi
sinh vat, v.v...). SQ bao gdm toan bd thuy quyen, phdn tren t-ii.a
thach quyen va phdn dUdi ciia khi quyen. Gidi ban dudi ciiia
sinh quyen dUtic xac dinh nhu la ndi cdn cd sinh vat tdn t;ii: ri
do sau thudng gap 2 - 3km, nhUng ed the tdi 10 - 15km nhu d
khien Bantic, khien Ucraina. Gidi ban tren cua sinh quyen d o
2 yeu td khdng die; Su cd mat cua nUi3c; cUdng do sdng ng.iin
(nhd hdn tri so tdi da cd the tieu diet dutic sU tdn t;ii cua smlh
vat). Gidi ban tren ciia SQ ndm trong tdng ddi lUu, d do i-an)
khoang 20 - 30km, nhUng dudi tdng ozon. Sinh quyen cd i-iiiu
tao phUc tap chU khdng phai ddn gian nhu ngUdi ta quan nit^nn
trudcicia (hinh 2.12).
102
 TrifiH ki.-i iii;un: t,-i cho r;ing ,^inh tiuven t-hi hi lop vo f u a he
ni,-ti Trai Dat uriu -.^u sdiio (ti.|(- hi t-hi I phiin fua t h a c h quyen).
.Mill d.-i m-u. s m h (pivt'>n gdm t-a bii phiin f u a ha tlia quven;
t luiv - t hiif h - khi (|iiveii.

Hinh2.12. Cau tao cua sinh quyen

1 Phan thap ciia khi quyen chUa 5 - Thd quyen, vd phong hoa

sinh Viit chUa sinh vat

2 - Thuy quyen va thuy sinh vat 6 - Sinh quyen bi chdn vui

3 • Tram tich chUa sinh vat 7- Cac thanh tao dia chat khac

4 - Ddng. fhUc vat tren can chiia sinh vat

8 - Quyen trf tud

103
 SQ dutic dac trUng bdi sinh khd'i. Sinh khdi la khdi lUting
vat cha't thUc vat (thUc sinh khdi), khcii lUdng ciia ddng vat
(ddng sinh khdi) va khdi lUdng cua vi sinh vat. Sinh khdi ciia
sinh quyen la n.lO*^ tan, bdng 0,001% trong luting vd Trai Dat
(3.10'® ta'n). Theo mot so'tac gia khac tdng sinh khdi cd thd diit
tdi 2.10'* tdn. Nhung theo ket qua nghien cUu ciia Bazilevitr
N.V, L.E. Rodin va N.N. Rozov (1971) thi sinh khdi luc dia la
2,42.10'^ tdn va sinh khdi dai dUdng la 0,0032.10'' tdn. Nhd
vay, sinh khdi cua luc dia gdp 750 Idn sinh khd'i dai dUdng, ton
Venatski thi cho ket lulm ngUtic lai: sinh khdi d dai dUdng Idn
hdn luc dia.
Tong thuc sinh khdi hang nam cua Trai Da't la 171,54.1(1''
tan, trong dd 60% la san luting thUc vat vanh dai nhiet ttdi,
20% ciia vung a nhiet ddi, cdn d dai ban ddi la 1% (1,7.10" tiin).
Nhu vay, ndi nao cd cac qua trinh dia ly va sinh dia hoa xay ra
manh nhdt thi ndi dd cd tdng san lUdng sinh vat Idn nhat. Sinh
khd'i cdn phu thudc vao mat dp cac loai sinh vat, tdc do sinh
san, tudi tho cia sinh vat, tdc do quang hdp, va tdc do phan
huy sinh vat...
Trong sinh quyen thudng xay ra hai qua trinh trai ngutif:
quang htip va phan buy vat chdt hflu cd.
Bo phan quan trong nhdt cua sinh quyen la chdt sdng.
Thanh phdn hoa htx; ciia chdt sdng rat phflc tfip: Trong chdt
sdng cd tren 90 nguyen to hda hoc. Theo ham lUdng cd the phan
chung ra bdn nhdm nhu sau :
104
 ' Nhom ti lUdnii (co ham It/cing trung hmh n.lO - IQ-'-'/c)

hem gdm: Ciit- ntjuyi'-n tti di (-huyen khi n h u O,, (70"'o), (' (IS%)

H( 10..5"!>). \'((),:]); cat- nguyt':'!! Iti di c h u y e n nitcic: K({),3),

CiUO,.")). .SiiO.L'), l'{(i,05"o), N(0,02), .Mg(0,04), Si(0.().5), C (0,02),

Kc (0,01).

" Nhom n li/'ifng (n.lO ' - 10 '"o) bao gem: Al ( 5 . 1 0 ' ) ,

Bii(2.10i. .Sr C ^ 1 0 ^ Mn (1.10''). B (I.K)'). TH (rlO'),Ti(H.10-'),

F (.-). 10'): Zn f i l O ' ) ; Rb (5.10 '); Vxi Cri.lO'):V(n. 10 '). Cr (n.lO ') ;

Hid..5,10 ');(;ei 10 '); .\i (o.lO'); Pb (5.10'); Sn (5.10-"'); .-Vs (3. 10'') ;

i'etCl. l(r ) : Lii 1.10 •);Mo(l.]()''): Y d . 10"') ; Cs (LK)''').

* Nlwm sieii VI lii'ifng: St'(<l()''). U. (<U)*'). Hg ( n . l O ' ) .

R:i (11.10 '-')

* Nhom nguyen to pha! hien di/cic, nhifng khejng dinh

lUitng chinh .xdc dUdc: He. He. .As. Sf. ,\'e. Kr. Zr. N b , Cd, In,

.Sh, Ta, .-Xu, Fd, Te. .Xe. W.

* Nhi'mg nguyen to kheuig the tim thdy: O s . Fo. .'\c, Fr,...

Nhu viiy. fhiit sdng ducif hinh thiinh fhii yeu tfl cac
nguiyt^'n td tao fiif htip chat dang khi vii diing hdi cua KQ nhU
O,,. HX). CO, (tting ham lUdng ciia O. C. H. N khoang 98%
trong lifting fiia chii't sdng). Tier) tien la cae nguyen t d t a o ra cac
ht,)))- fiiiit de hoii tan trong nUdt- (nguyen tt'i litofil) nhU Na, K,
Ca. Mg.

Ciif nguyen td hoii htif fo mat trong chat sdng vdi ham
lUdtng khdng ty le thuiin vdi tdng hiim luting fua fhung trong

105
SQ, KQ, thuy quyen va thach quyen. ma ty le vdi kbtii luting
ion hoa tan trong mdi trUdng tdn tai va phat trien ciia sinh vat.

De dac trUng cho mUc do tich luy nguyen to' bdi sinh vat
ngudi ta dung chi sd' (Bx):

Bx = Cx/Nx,

trong dd-

Cx la ham lUdng nguyen to'trong tro thUc vat,

Nx la ham lUting nguyen to trong ddt, da hoac la clac

(xe.m hinh 2.12).

DUa vao Bx. A.I. Perenman dii chia cae nguyen to ra 5
nhdm: Nhdm tap trung cao (Bx = n.lO- n.lOO) gdm P. S, CI, Br,
I; nhdm tap trung (Bx = n-n.lO) nhu K, Ca, Mg. Na, Sr, Zn; nhdm
tap trung yeu va phan tan yeu (Bx = 0, n-n) gdm Mn, Ba, Cu,
Ni, Co, Mo, As, Pb, Hg, Se; nhdm nguyen to phan tan manh (Bx
< 0, n) nhu Fe, Si, V, l i , Cs, Y; nhdm nguyen to' phan tan rat
manh gom Ti, Cr, Cd, W, U, Sb.

Ddi vdi mot sd nhdm nguyen to cd the coi sinh vat la mdt
barie sinh dia hoa - ndi tap trung cao mot so nguyen td tli
chuyen d diing khi n h u N (Bx=160), H (Bx=70), C (Bx=7800),
v.v...

Tuy thudc chUc nang ddi vdi sinh viit cd the chia cac NTHH
ra cac nhdm:

.06
 * Nhom nuiiM-n tti tao eel tjuaii sinh viit gdm; nguyen
Id tuyet ddi l;i nhung nguyt~-n td neu thieu fhung sinh vat
khdng the tdn t;ii tlutit- nhU; O. H, C, N. Mg, K. P, S. B,
Ca. Ke; Nguyen tn ddc biet fan thiet t:ho nhieu loai sinh
Viit nhung khdng nhiit thiet phiii td niiit trong tat ca sinh
Viit (Si. Nil. CI. V. .Mn. Sr, Zn):

* Nhom nguv(">n tti tap fhiit dxiejc phan ra; nguyen to

tap chdt tuyet dai khdng tlutif giU Isii trong sinh viit . bi
tlung tlitdi thd nhudng vii nutie mang di nbung lai la
nguyt^'ii td phiin tan thuting xuyen trong sinh vat (Na, C\.
Si. Ru, kill trd) vii nguyen td tap chdt sinh thdi (nguyen to
fd trong sinh viit lit'-n quan vdi phan bd cua chinh chung
trong mdi trUdng iiiii sinh vat tdn tiii).

Trong fhiit sdng tiip trung nhflng nguyen to cd tinh chat

khiif nhau, (N. Ca, S. K). ddng thdi t:d the tap trung cac nguyen
td fd tinh chat boa hof gidng nhau nhUng khiif nhau ve hanh
VI trong MTTN. (Mg, Ca).

107
 Vat chat sdng

A.HD-9 'V
\^ 1^

Hinh 2.13. He so biofil cua cdc nguyen to

(theo A.l. Perenman, 1979)

108
 Trong chiit sono; h.iu bt'-t fat- nguyt"'n td tiio lien ket,ddng
lioii tli VII lit-n ket khong ion, fiic nguyen td' kim loiii thUdng d
lioii tri tbii)) (Fc-'\ Mn'*...). t-iie nguyen td ;i kim thUting d boa
tri (-;.o(S(),'-. PO,'...).
Nhu vny. fiif nguvt'^n tti tham gia vao qua trinh sinh hoc
bao gdm faf nguyfMi to atmofil (N, H...), litofil (Si, K. Mg, Ca,
Na...). fhancofil (Cu, Zn...) va siderofil (Fe, Mn...). Su cd mat
tUii fhung trong sinh viit khdng tuan theo cac quy luat thdng
thudng, mil tuiin theo fiit- quy luat sinh dia boa. Thanh phiin
hoii liof fiia chat sdng nit phUc tap va thay ddi theo tudi, thdi
ky phiit trien, tbtni mua ciia nam, theo gidng, loai sinh vat.
Th.anh phan hoii hot- sinh vat phu thudc nhieu vao mdi trUdng
.-dug t ua fhung, hinh thanh trong thdi gian lau dai nhung cd
t ho thay ddi nhanh fhdng dudi tac ddng cua con ngUdi. Thanh
jihan hoa hoc cua sinh vat cung la da'u hieu nhan biet ve loai
tjuan trong nhu hinh thai sinh vat.
2.8.2. Vai t r o c u a s i n h q u y e n (SQ)
SQ ddng vai trd quan trong dd'i vdi viec hinh thanh, bien
tldi mdi trudng tU nhien. Vai trd dd the hien qua cac chUc nang
sinh dia hoa chinh cua SQ.
ChUc nang sinh khi ciia sinh quyen la san xuat khi O2,
CC).^, nitd, hydrosunfua va O3. Nhu dUtic neu trong phdn KQ,
cae khi nay cd vai trd dac biet quan trcmg ddi vdi cac qua trinh
.vay ra trong M I T N , cd y nghia quyet dinh tdi sU bien ddi cac
thi'inb tiio hieu sinh, sU tdn tai va phat trien xa hoi loai ngUdi.
ChUc nang oxy boa k h u dutic the hien d hai khia canh:
t^hUf nang oxy boa nhU oxy hoii cac khoang vat pyrit, siderit,
lUu huynh tU sinh, cac htip chat hflu txl (humic, bitum) bdi oxy
do sinh Viit cung cap. ChUc nSng khU ducfc thUc hien trong qua

109
trinh khii sat, mangan va ddng bdi vi sinh vat khu. ChUc nftng
nay thudng lien quan vdi chUc nang sinh khi suni'uahydro
(H2S). c a c phan Ung oxy hoa khu do sinh vat cd vai trd Idn
trong viec lam bien ddi thanh phdn ciia MTTN, bien ddi khii
nang di chuyen cac nguyen td trong cac dia quyen khac nhau.
ChUc nang sinh boa dutic the hien qua cac phan Ung sinh
hoa trong ndi tang sinh vat, cd vai trd duy tri sU sdng. ChUc
nang sinh hoa hen quan tdi qua trinh ben trong cd the sinh vat
(qua trinh sinh trudng) va qua trinh thdi rfla (phan buy suih
vat trong dieu kien thieu khi). Nhd qua trinh sinh trUdng, chdt
sdng Ian ra trong mdi trUdng, chiem nhflng khoang khdng gian
cd Idi cho chdt sdng. Venatski goi hien tUting dd la "ap sudt sU
song". Nhd qua trinh thdi rfla ma cac md than biin, than dii,
ddu mo, bitum dUdc tao thanh.
Sinh quyen cd chUc nang quan trong la tap trung va phan
tan cac nguyen td hoa hoc. Sinh vat dutic coi la mot barie sinh
dia hoa dac biet ddi vdi nhieu nguyen to hoa hoc nhu O, N, C',
H, V.V.... San phdm boat ddng sdng ciing nhU phan buy sinh
vat tao ra nhieu htip chdt hoa hoc cd tac dung thuc ddy hoat
kim ham qua trinh di chuyen nguyen to boa hoc: khi CO^ smh
ra trong qua trinh quang htip cd the lam ket tiia PbCOj,
ZnCOa- Khi H2S sinh ra trong qua trinh phan giai sinh vat cd
the ket tua kim loai nang dudi dang MS, v.v... NgUdc lai cac
axit hflu cd do sinh vat sinh ra lai thuc day hoa tan htip chat
hoa htjc, lam cho mdt sd kim loai trd nen Iinh dong nhd tao
t h a n h cac phflc cd kim.
Sinh vat quyet dinh tdi dac diem di chuyen nguyen td hoa
hoc trong MTTN thdng qua vdng tudn hoan sinh htic cua chung
(xem chUdng 4). Dac diem di chuyen sinh ht?c cac NTHH t u a n
th^o quy luat sinh dia hoa la chii yeu va mot phan bdi cac qu y
110
il at hoii ly, sinh hoii Sinh viit cd the tiip trung hoac phan tan
fiif nguyt'-n tti ho;i lioc fd dac tinh hoaf hanh vi ddi nghich
II liUi. .Su tiip triiiif.;. phiin tiin caf NTHH phu thudc vao ham
luting, tlaiig tdn tai trong mdi trudng; tinh chat dia boa va sinh
d; il hofi tua cac nguyo-n tfi; loai, thdi ky sinh trUdng, san lUting
.^1 nil Viit; kha niing tao hcip chat hUu cd; dac tinh ciia mdi
trudng v.v...
Vai trd tdng htip fua sinh quyen ndi fhung, fua chdt sdng
ni ii rieng dUtic Venatski neu len trong dinh luiit mang ten dug:
' Iji chuyen cdc nguyen to trong sinh quyen dudc thUc hien hoac
Ici cd sU tham. gia trUc tiep cua sinh vcit hoac Id xdy ra trong
rrndi trUdng md ddc trUng cua no do chdt scmg quy dinh".
SQ ddng vai trd Idn trong qua trinh phong boa, hinh t h a n h
Va bien ddi ddt, tao khoang vat va da, bien dtii thanh phan hoii
hof fiia mdi trUdng. bien ddi canh quan (landscape). Vi viiy SQ
ce') vai trd diif biet quan trong ddi vdi sU hinh thanh va bien ddi
diif tinh fua MTTN. va ngUtic k i , M I T N cd anh hUdng rat Idn
tt.ii the gidi sinh vat.

HI
 Chuang 3

Bkt eiilW DI CHUYEN CAC NBUYEN TO HOA HOC

TRONG MOlTRU&Nenr NHIEN

3.1. CAC YfiU TO CHINH ANH H U 6 N G DEN SlT DI

CHUYEN CUA CAC NGUYEN TO TRONG MOI T R U O N G
TU NHBEN
Su di chuyen ciia nguyen td hoa htx; trong mdi trUdng phu
thuoc vao dac diem ciia mdi trUdng (yen td di chuyen ngoai) vsi
tinh chdt cua nguyen to (yeu to di chuyen trong). Dac trUng cd
ban ciia mdi trUdng di chuyen da dUtic de cap d chUdng 11, dudi
day chi phan tich mot so tinh chat cua nguyen td cd anh hudng
tdi sU di chuyen ciia chung trong MTTN.
Nhflng tinh chat quyet dinh hanh vi nguyen td bao gdm;
(1) cdu tao nguyen td; (2) nguyen td lUcfng; (3) bdn kinh nguyen
tut, bdn kinh ion; (4) sdphdi tri; (5) the ion hod (nang lUting cdn
thiet de tach 1 e ra khdi nguyen td); (6a) hda tri (Z) the ion:
(6b^ di lUcdien tii, tinh dm dien; (7) the oxy hda khd, ddc tinh ndng
lUcJng (Ek = W^/2R); (8) di lUc hod hgc, lien ket hod hgc vd khd
ndng tao phiic; (9) tfp hod tan cdc hcfp chdt vd pH ket tua,
trUdng pH - Eh ddi vdi do ben vdng cua chiing tren bieu dd pH -
Eh; (10) khd ndng thay the ddng hinh; (11) khd ndng tao keo;
(12) dang tdn tai trong tU nhien; (13) clac vd clac tap trung.
Trong dd cac dac tinh 6a, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13 cd anh hudng rdt Idn tdt
hanh vi nguyen to' boa hoc trong mdi trUdng tU nhien. Ciic thac

112
iiiih khac fUng to y nghia tpian trtmg ddi vdi hanh vi nguyen td
tn jiig t;ii tpia t n n h ndi sinh va qufi trinh hieu sinh.
3. l . l . T h e ion
The ion dUtie tinh theo cdng thUe Tn = Z/R, t rong dd Z la
hfia tri, R \a bdn kinh ion.
The ion cd y nghia dac biet quan trong ddi vdi hanh vi
ng,fuyen td trong qiiii trinh bieu sinh, vi nd la thUdc do mat do
dien tifh be mat eiia ion va la thudc do iii lUc ciia ion ddi vdi H*
htiy OH trong phan tU IhO.
Dua vao gia tri Tn cd the phan cac nguyen td hoii litjc ra ba
nhidm: nhdm nguyen toed the ion nho hdn 3 (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ba,
Sir, Fe'*, Mn, Cu, Zn...). Chung cd ai lUc rdt Idn vdi OH', de
d^ang liio ion de hoii tan vii Iinh ddng trong mdi trUdng tU nhien
CO pH phd bien 3 - 9, di fhuyen miinb d dang dung dich that,
triudng tdn tai d diing ion ddn gian trong MT nUdc; nhdm
iifguyen to co the ion trung binh (Tn = 3 - 10) de dang bj thuy
plhan, ket tiia d dang hydrdxit trong mdi trUdng nUtit: vdi pH = 3
- 9 va dUdc goi la cac nguyen tcitbuy phan (Al, Fe^*^, Ti, Be, Ga,
Cr^', Y, Zr, Ge, Nb, Th...); nhdm nguyen td'cd the ion Idn (Tn =
I'O - 50 hoSc Idn hdn), cd ai lUc nhd nhat vdi OH", tao phUc
a nion d l tan, cung Iinh ddng trong mdi trUdng bieu sinh (V^*,
P'^''. Mo*'*, S'^O- Nhu vay cac nguyen td nhdm 1 va 3 de dang
tlhani nhap vao cac htip phdn khiic nhau ciia MTTN va con
n^gitdi.
The ion quyet dinh hanh vi c<ic nguyen to boa hoc trong
qiua trinh tram tich va moi qua trinh tao khoang xay ra trong
nadi trUdng nudc. Tn quyet dinh kha nang phan di va hdp thu
ciia nguyen td trong qua trinh tUdng tac gifla cac htip phdn cua
nnoi trUdng tu nhien.

113
3.1.2. T h e oxy h o a khiif ciia n g u y e n to (Eo)
The oxy boii - khU (Eo) ciia ion hoac kim loiii la the nang
(sudt dien ddng) giUa hai dien cUc; dien cUe chudn va dien cue
cua ion (hoac kim loai) do. Nd dac trUng cho sU bien ddi nang
luting xudt hien khi trao - nhan dien tu. The Eo cua ion phu
thudc vao cdu tao Idp dien tii ngoiii cung. vao ban kinh hidu
dung ciia ion, vao the ion boa. Eo ciia nguyen tii. hay ion ctin
phu thudc dac trUng hoii ly cua mdi trUdng nhu nhiet do, ap
sudt, pH, Eh, thanh phdn va ndng do cac chat trong dung dich,
v.v... Phdn Idn cac kim loai cd the oxy hoa khu nhd (Na, K...) la
nhflng cha't khfl manh, de dang tham gia cac phan Ung boa hoc,
cd kha nang di chuyen manh trong MTTN. Cac nguyen td cd
the oxy hda khU rdt Idn (.A.u. Pd, Ag...) khd tham gia cac phan
Ung hoa htx, kem Iinh ddng trong dieu kien be mat Trai D.a't,
thudng tdn tai d dang tu sinh.
The oxy boa khu cua nguyen to' quy dinh kha nang cua
nguyen td tham gia vao cac phan Ung boa htx: va tao cac hti{)
chat, quyet dinh do ben vflng cua cac htip chat cung nhU dang
tdn tiii cua nguyen td hoa htx; trong mdi trUdng.
3.1.3. Do h o a t a n c u a hdp c h a t
Do boa tan cua htip chat (khoang vat, quang, da...) la kha
nang cua chung tan trong mdi trUdng nao dd. Qua trinh hoii
tan la qua trinh dan tdi sU tach cac phan tU cua chdt tan Vii
phan bd chung trong toan bo the tich cua chat hoa tan (dung
mdi). Dp boa tan dUdc dac trUng bdi tich sd'tan - la tich ndng do
moi cua cac ion tao nen chdt rdn trong dung dich bao hoa. Do
hoa tan ciia htip chat phu thudc vao nhiet do, ap sua't. Eh, pH
va thanh phan dung mdi, nang luting hydrat hoa, hieu Ung
nhiet cua qua trinh hda tan, v.v...
Dp hoa tan cua cac htip chdt quyet dinh kha nang di
chuyen cua nguyen to d dang idn (do hoa tan cang Idn, khii
nang di chuyen d dang ion cang Idn), va quy dinh vai trd
nguyen td hoa htic vdi dac trUng ciia mdi trUdng: nguyen td cd

114
' il. i-)ii tiin i(in I iiiig CI) kh;i iiiini; ;inh liiiong ttii dit'ai kiiHi nidi tru'tiiigva
rihi;n!4 iiguytMi to do goi l.-i nguyt'^n td dae trUng. Ciif ddc td
iiigivi'ii td Vii h()p <-h,it) fd dd hoii tan t-iing Idn. fiing Iinh tldng.
caiU 'd khii iiiing Ian truyen d nhiem trong ciif htip phan mdi
tilling khiif nhau v;i tang nguy hiem. Nguyen td fang kem
hoii tiin cang to the tiij) trung cao trong mdi trUdng tU nhien.
3.1 4. Clac va clac t a p t r u n g
Clac la hiim luting trung binh cua nguyen td trong mdt he
dia h( )ii xdc dinh (vd Triii Da't, Trai Ddt...). Clac cd y nghia rat
londtii vdi hanh vi ciif nguyc^n td'trong MTTN.
Clac nguyen td cd anh hUdng Icin tdi do boa tan cua nguyen
t(i' 'k htip chat cua nd; d a c quyet dinh so lUting KV ddc lap cd
the cci: nguyen td cd d a c cang Idn fiing cd kha niing tao nhieu
KV (~'hang bcin O, trong vd Trai Da't cd clac = 49%^tao ra 1390
kbtdng vat. Clac quy dinh dang tdn tai trong tii nhien va hiinh
vi ^ua cac NTHH. Nguyen td'cd d a c Idn thudng tdn tai d dang
khoang vat citic lap, nguyen td'cd d a c nhd tdn tai d diing phan
trir. Tuyet dai da so ciic nguyen to dtic hiii cd d a c nhd, de phan
tat va Ian toa trong nhieu htip phan MTTN, do dd cung de
dang giiy d nhiem cho mdi trUdng khdng khi, nUdc, ddt, v.v...
Clfc nguyen to quye^t dinh vai trd dia boa cua nd trong qua
trinh tu nhien. Nhflng nguyen td'cd d a e Idn chi phdl dac trUng
dia hoa cua mdi trudng goi la cac nguyen td tieu hinh.
Clac tap trung (KK) dUtic tinh bdng cdng thUc KK = C/Ct
troag dd Ci la ham luting nguyen td trong thanh tao cu the, Ct
la cllac nguyen td. KK the hien khii nang cua nguyen to tap
t r m ^ hay phan tiin trtmg mtii tnfdng. Nguyen td cd KK > 1 la
ugiyen t d t a p trung, nguyen td cd KK< 1 la nguyen td phan tan
(xem hinh 3.1)
Nhin fhung eac nguyen t d c d do phd bien cang Idn thi clac
taf t r u n g .se cang nhd. Thdng thudng nhflng nguyen td'cd clac
fiiig nhd, fUdng do di chuyen cang Idn.

11*
 Ham ttrong figuy^n l6 trong
qudtig giau va
Clac. tfiuv quyfen

• 5 . If,

i/

Hinh 3.1. Clac tap trung cac nguyen to trong qudng (1)
va trong thuy quydn (2)
(Theo A.L Perenman. 1979)

116
 Tuy thiifif Viio tltii tUting nghifm cUu ngUdi ta dUa j;a, nhieu
fill sd fl,u- tiip trung khiif nhau. Dd la fiic chi sd biofil Bf ;
liiliisolil (Td); te(-hnofil (Tk), v.v...Bf = Cx/Ct; Td = Dx/Ct; Tk =
Kx/Ct. trong doC-^. i).\ vii Kx tUdng Ung hi hiim iUcJng nguyen
to troni; sinh v;it, nUt'k- tlai tlUdng va lUdng nguyen td'dUtic khai
that- trong mdt iiiini. fdn Ct la clac ciia nguyen to trong vd Trai
D.it.
3.1.5. D a n g t o n tai c a c n g u y e n to t r o n g txi n h i e n
Theo B.A. (iavruxevifh trong vd Trai Da't cac nguyen td'
hoa hoe cd the tdn tai d fiic dang nhu sau: KV ddc lap; thay the'
ddng hinh; dung the macma; dung dich nUde va hdn tap khi
(phiin tu, nguyen tU, ion phan ly...), cd the sinh vat va dang
phan tiin.
.'\,1.Perenman phan biet 2 dang tdn tai chinh cua cac
nguyen to trong ddi bieu sinh; dang Iinh ddng va dang trd. Khi
d diing linh ddng cac nguyen to' hoa hoc: de dang ehuyen sang
dung dung dich va di chuyen. Khi d trang thai trd, cac nguyen
to rat khd chuyen sang diing dung dich va rat khd di chuyen.
Do dd do nguy hiii cua cac nguyen td'd dang linh ddng Idn hdn
biin ti di^ng trd. Theo kha nang tdn tai d dang linh ddng hay trd,
A I. Perenman phan ra 7 dang tdn tai cua nguyen to hoa hoc
trong mdi trUdng tU nhien nhU sau: Trang thai khi: O2, N2,
CO.^, H^, Ar, CH4, He (trong khi quyen, thuy quyen, sinh vat...);
diing mudi de boa tan va ion trong dung dich: NaC^l, Na2C0g,
MnSO,, CuSO.,, ZnSO^, N a \ C u ' \ . . (trong thd nhUdng, vd
phong hoa, trdm tich...); dang mudi khd tan: CaCOj, CaS04
2 H , 0 , Cu(0H)2. PbSO,. CuCOg (trong thd nhudng, vd phong
ht)a. trdm tich...); dang keo rdn va dung dieh keo long: Humic
(ket) mun. keo .set -mun), k(?o cua cac hydroxit Fe, Mn, Al va

117
khoang vat set (trong thd nhUdng, vd phong hda, bun...); dang
ion hap phu: cac cation: Ca""', Mg"-, Na'',K*, Ni'^ Cu"'... (trong
thd nhudng, vd phong hoa, tram tich); diing sinh htx; va san
pham boat ddng cua sinh vat: protein, md, vitamin, cdu thiinh
txl C, O, H, N, 8, P, K, Ca, Cu, Zn.... (trong sinh quyen, ph^n
tren cua thuy quyen...); dang chiem chd khuyet tat cua
khoang vat va nut mang tinh the khoang vat nhu Si, Al, Zn,
Hf, W, Sn, Ta, Nb, Th... (trong khoang vat nguyen sinh cdn set
lai trong vo phong hoa, thd nhudng, da trdin tich...). Khi ton
tai d cac dang hiem chd khuyet tat trong khoang vat va dang
mudi kho tan..., cac nguyen td rat khd di chuyen tfl htip phdn
moi trUdng nay sang hctp phdn mdi trUdng khac.

Dang linh ddng cua NTHH trong MTTN la dac biet quan
trong vi sinh vat va con ngUdi chi cd the hdp thu cac nguyen to
va htip cha't ciia chung d dang linh dong. Hdn nfla cac doc td
ciing thUdng tdn tai d cac dang nay (khi, dung dich that, mudi
de tan), nen de dang xam nhap vao cd the ngUdi va dong vat.
3.2. DANG DI CHUYEN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
TRONG MOI TRUONG T U NHIEN
3.2.1. Khai n i e m
Su di chuyen ciia nguyen td hoa htx; la sU chuyen ddi cua
nd trong khdng gian. Su bien ddi cua mdi trUdng tu nhien la
mot trong nhflng nguyen nhan quan trong ddn tdi sU di chuyen
cac nguyen to boa hoc va cac htip chat ciia chung. Tuy cd nhflng
quy luat chung chi phd'i, nhung di^ chuyea NTHH trpng_M'r
^9ng-(mdt phdn khi quyen, thuy quyen, phdn tren cua thach
quyen, sinh quyen) cd nhflng net khac biet so vdi di chuyen eua
chiing trong dieu ki^n npi sinh:

118
 Di c h u y e n trong moi trUdng Di chuyen trong dieu kien noi
sdng sinh
F-
i 1 Di ctiuyen trong dieu kien t°, p 1 Di chuyen trong dieu kien t", p
• tt-iap, cd sU tham gia cua sinh cao, nUdc d dang hdi, khdng cd

vat va nudc ctiu yeu d dang sinh vat tham gia

icing, r§n
2 Cd sU tham gia tich cUc cua 2 it cd sU tham gia cua cac qua
qiua trinh thuy phan, hydrat hoa, tnnh thuy phan, hydrat hoa.
hioat d(5ng chat keo

3. Bi chi phdi bdi Eh, pH mdi 3. Bi chi phdi manh bdi f , p, thU
tru'dng, the b n , the oxy hoa, tich yeu Eh, pH; the ion hoa, ai lUc
htoa tan, tru'dng ben vCmg Eh-pH, dien tU, sd phdi tri, kha nSng thay
ktha nang tao phUc, dang tdn lai d the ddng hinh cd vai trd dac biet
diang khi. dung dicti, chi sd biofil, Idn
Isilasofii, technofil

4 Cac ttianh tao va hoat ddng 4. Con ngudi khdng anh hudng tdi
nihan smh anh hudng rai Idn tdi sU di chuyen cac NTHH
siiidi chuyen cac NTHH

:J.2.2. CUdng do di c h u y e n cac n g u y e n to t r o n g moi trUdng

txi n h i e n

Cudng dt) dl chuyen (Pc) eua nguyen to' trong MTTN do

bi^i ng khdi lUting cua nguyen tti' dd chuyen vao trang thai linh
tiding so vtii khfi'i lUting ciia nd cd trong he
p ,_ 1 db _ d Inb
b iJt dt
Pc; Cudng do di chuyen ciia nguyen td'lida htx trong thtii gian dt

119
 b: khdi lUting ban ddu ciia nguyen td trong he trUtic khi di
chuyen.
db: Khdi luting nguyen tti ehuyen sang trang thai linh ddng
trong khoang thdi gian la dt.
Pc la mdt ham so theo thdi gian nen rat khd xiic dinh. Ciia
sU Pc la mot hang so theo thdi gian thi cd the xay dUng dUt.if
cdng thflc tinh tdng lUdng di chuyen ciia nguyen to dUtic mang ra
khdi he trong khoang thdi gian tU t, den t^: (db)
db= b,-b2=b,(l-e'''"^"''')
trong dd: b„ b2 la kho! luting nguyen to trong he d thdi diem t, va t2-
Pc(const) = (Inb. - Inb,) / (t,^ - t,)
Cd the coi b iii mot ham sti cua d a c . Luc dd cUdng do di
chuyen ciia nguyen to (Pc) ty le nghich vdi dac. NhUng khdi
luting di chuyen nguyen td lai ty le t h u a n vdi clac va thdi gian.

3.2.3. Cac d a n g di c h u y e n c u a n g u y e n to trong MTTN

Trong nidi trUdng tU nhien nguyen tdcd the di ehuyen theo

nhieu dang khac nhau: di chuyen cd hoc; di chuyen trong mdi
trUdng nUcie; di chuyen trong mdi trUdng khi; tli chuyen d dang
keo; di chuyen sinh hoc; di chuydn nhan sinh. Ty le gifla phan
di chuyen d eac dang neu tren cua cac nguyen t d r a t khac nhau.
tuy thudc vao ban chdt ciia chiing.
Di chuydn cd hoc la sfl chuyen ddi cac nguyen td tuan theo
cac quy luat cd hoc. Tac nhan chinh eiia di chuyen cd htx; la
trong lue. nudc chay. ehuyen ddng kien tao, kich tbut'ic va ty
trong cac h;it. Dang di chuyen nay dac trUng eho ciie nguyen td
tao htip chat vflng ben trong ddi bieu sinh nhU Ti (inmenit), Zr
(zicon), dat hiem va Th (trong monazit...). Do di chuyen ed htif
ma khoang vat chfla chdt phdng xa (monazit...) cd the dUtic ti:ip

120
tru ng vdi h;im ludng dat den gia tri gay nguy hiem cho sinh vat
Vii fon ngudi, vi du nhU d dai ven bd bien ThUa Thien Hue,
v.v... Di chuyen fd hoe gdp phan liim bien ddi thanh phdn cac
thiinh tao ngoai sinh, tao cac san phdm dac trUng nhU: proluvi,
tlel uvi, bang tieb, sa khoang v.v... i
Di chuyen trong mdi trUdng nUtic la su di chuyen ciia cac
NTHH trong dung dieh nUdc dudi dang ion, phan tii, keo, v.v..
Cudng do di ehuyen trong mdi trUdng nUde dUtic tinh theo cdng
thilic:
Kn = (m, . 100) / ( n,x a,)
vdi m^; ham luting nguyen to x trong nUdc (g/e)
n^; ham lUting nguyen tdx trong da ma nUtie chay qua (%)
a : ham lUdiig nguyen ttj'x trong tdng can khd ciia nUdc (g/e)
FhUdng trinh tinh Kn ec the suy ra tfl phUdng trinh tinh
cUcing do di chuyen NTHH.
Dua vao Kn cd the phan ra cac nguyen td ra cac nhdm:
- Rat h u b ddng: Kn: > n. 10 (CI, Br, S. F, B)
- Dd linh ddng: Kn: > n. 10 vdi n < 2 (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu)
- Linh ddng; Kn: 0,n - n vdi n < 5
- Kem linh dong va trd: Kn < 0,0n; (Si trdng thach anh,
Ti "trong inmenit, Al trong corindon).

Phdn Idn cac ion boa tri 1 va 2 hoac Idn hdn 5 di chuyen
f hci yeu trong mdi trUdng nUdc nhu Na, K, Ca, Cd, Pb, Zn, v.v...

Cudng do di chuyen NTHH trong mdi trUdng nUdc phu

thuid*: rat nhieu vao tld hoa tan, dac tinh hoa hoc, dang tdn tiii
t U8i nguyen td, thanh phan, the nang hoa hoc, va boat ddng cua

121
nUdc (van toe, luu luting ddng chay), Eh. pH, nhiet do. v.v... Kbtii
luting va khoang each di ehuyen trong mdi trUdng nUtic rat
Idn. Do dd nUdc la mdi trUdng rat thuan Itii cho sxl Ian truyen
doc td.
Di chuyen trong mdi trUdng khi ducte thiie hien nhd
khuyech tan, va thdm loc. Cac yeu td anh hUdng nhieu den di
chuyen NTHH trong mdi trUdng khi la thanh phdn va kha
nang khuyech tan, nhiet do. ap suat, mat do, dt) dm va kha
nang luu thdng ciia khdng khi, luting nUdc va thanh phdn giiing
thuy. Hoat ddng cua sinh vat va con ngUdi cd vai trd diic biet
ddi vdi dang di chuyen nay ciia cac NTHH. Di chuyen d diing
khi cd tdc do va cUdng dp rdt Idn. nhay cam nhdt vdi moi tac
ddng cua tu nhien va con ngUdi.
Di chuyen d dang keo kha phd bien trong MTTN. Chdt keo
la he phan tan hai pha: pha phan tan (vdi kich thudc hiit phan
tan 10''' - lO'^cm) va mdi trUdng phan tan. Trong ddi bieu sinh
va MTTN chat keo rat phd bien, cd the gap trong thd nhUdng,
vd phong hoa, tram tich tdng mat, trong nUtic (dac biet nuc'tc
thai sinh boat, san xudt t;dng nghiep, ndng nghiep) v.v... Chfit
keo cd nhieu loai: keo set, keo hydroxit Fe, Ti, Al, Mn, keo SiO^,
keo hflu cd, keo humic. Chat keo ed mot so' dac tinh khae biet:
fha't keo la trang thai trung gian gifla dung dieh that va tning
thai huyen phu, do dd nd khdng ben xiing, de dang thuyen ve mdi
trong hai trang thai neu tren; eac hiit keo de'u tich dien, cd loi.ii
keo dfldng (nhu keo cua Fe(0 H)^, Ti(OH)„ AKOH);,, Cr(OH):,),
keo am (keo set, keo humic, keo cua SiO. vd dinh hinh,
Mn(0H)2 ...); do dien tich be mat hiit keo rat Idn nt'^n chat keo
cd kha nang hdp phu rat cao. Vi vay di chuyen dang keo cua
cac NTHH la dang di chuydn phd bien va quan trong trong
MTTN.

122
 Kha niing di chuvt'ni nguyen tti hoa hex; d dang kt^o dUtic
q m e t dinh ht'si tld keo (Dk)
l)k =(Ck/C) . a
Ck: lliiiii luiing nguyt-n td d dang keo.
C; Hiim luting nguyf'u to dd trong dat da chUa chat keo.
a; Hiim luting pha keo (tdng ham lUdng chat keo).
Dua Viio Dk ed the xep cac nguyen tti theo thU tU giam kha
n.ing di thuyen d dang keo humic nhu sau: Fe > /\1 > P > Mg >
.VI n > K > Ti > Si > S > Ca.
Chiit keo t-d kha nang tap trung nhflng nguyen to rat linn
diing trong ddi bieu sinh va MTTN nhU Rb, Li, Cs... va cd kha
n.ing phan tan nhflng nguyen to cd do linh ddng kem nhU Al,
Ti, Fe.
MUc do di fhuyen d dang keo ciia cac NTHH phu thudc
nhitju vao dieu kitlm khi hau. Trong dieu kien khi hau nhiet idi
iiiii giau Viit lieu hflu cd va pH ciia mdi trUdng khdng cao, cuong
dt) di ehuyen dang keo la Idn nhdt (Dk Idn nhat). Vung khi hau
khd ndng it vat lieu hflu cd, pH mdi trUdng cao khdng thuan Itii
cho Ciic nguyen td'di chuyen d dang keo.
Di chuyen sinh hoc la dang di chuyen dac biet quan trong
eua fiic NTHH trong MTTN va dUtic de cap den trong phdn
sinh quyen (chudng II) va chu trinh sinh dia hoa (chUdng IV).
Nhu vay sii di chuyen t:ua nguyen td hoa hoc trong ddi bieu
sinh va nidi trUdng tu nhien rat da dang va phflc tap. Tuy
thutic Viio dac trUng hoa ly, dia boa, sinh hoa ciia MTTN ma cac
.VTHH fd the tham gia vao nhieu dang di chuyen khac nhau.
Di fhuyen cac NTHH trong MTTN tuan theo cac. quy luat
f;hu yeu sau day:

123
 - Quy luat vat ly - cd hoc (di chuyen cd hoc, di chuyen
trong mdi trUdng khi, mdi trUdng nudc).
- Quy luat hoa ly, sinh hoa (di chuyen trong mdi trUdng
nudc, ch chuyen sinh hcic).
- Quy luat kinh te - xa hdi (di chuyen nhan sinh).
3.3. DAC DIEM TAP TRUNG, PHAN TAN CAC NGUYEN
TO HOA HOC
3.3.1. Si^ tap trung cua nguyen to trong moi trx^dng tuf
nhien
Ndi tap trung cac nguyen to dUdc goi la barie dia hoa. Cac
loai barie dia boa dutic phan theo yeu to hinh thanh nen chung.
Barie hinh thanh do cac qua trinh khac nhau: cd htx- (barie fd
htx;); hoa ly (barie hca ly); sinh htx; (barie sinh hdc); va cac hdi,it
dong nhan sinh (barie nhan sinh).
Barie hoa ly dUcfc phan biet theo pH: barie kiem, barie axit.
Dua vao Eh cd the phan biet dutic barie oxi boa, barie khd,
v.v... Barie sinh hoc thUc chdt la cac cd the sinh vat, la ndi tap
trung cao cua mot sd nhdm nguyen to. Trong DHMT ngudi ta
quan tam ca di thudng tu nhien Idn di thUdng nhan sinh, di
thudng dUdng (lien quan vdi d nhiem) va di thudng am (thieu
hut NTHH).
Di thudng tfl nhien la ndi tap trung nguyen to' de thien
nhien gay ra khdng cd sfl can thiep ciia con ngUdi. Di thudng
nhan sinh dd hdat ddng nhan sinh tad thanh la chu yeu.
Su tap trung nguyen to' hoa hoc trong MTTN cd the tao nen
cac td hdp cdng sinh va cac td hdp cdm. Td htip cam la td hdp
nhflng nguyen td ddi nghich nhau ve dac trflng dia boa, vi du
Na va CI (tao NaCl, v.v...). Trong cd the SV ngoai cac nguyen to

124
C I. (), X. P(,,n (,) .'<i, Vc. i'a. K,,. Hill td hiip iiiiy tldi nghidi
nil,11 . nluiim lien ket viii nhiui hiing tiuy luiit smh hoii vii cung
A'l'v i.ip truiiii iroii.i; iniil (-() the sinh viit.
3.:}.2. I'hiin tiin tiic n g u y e n to t r o n g moi t r U d n g tU n h i e n
N'Liiivr'n nh.-in lUa su phiin tiin ciif NTHH la do t-iin hiing
II 111'.; liKin.u v,-i v;it chat trf.>ng t-at- hi; tU nhien hi pha vd. Ndi
phiH tan uoi la di thiuing lim. dUrit- diif trUng htii sU thitiu hut
n ; . ' , i i \ I'll to,

Su phiin Ian cuii i-nc nguven td t-ung tlo diic diem fua mdi
tiiMifj \';i run h;in thiin ngiiyi'm td. diit- hit't lii sd flat-. Ciif
li 'u\--!i to i-o hnl nhan ngiiv(">n tii kem hen vflng thi t-d flat- he
v;i ,uig (Ic^ phiin tan cung nhU de hi thieu hut trong MTPN.
li-!.;! tiling nhiin sinh fun<,' (huf ttiiy sU phiin tan NTHH trong
nlih'U h.)|) phiin .\1T khai- nhau
Nuhien fUii su pluin tun la fiin ihiet vi hien tifdng phan
Inn nil phn hien trong tu nhi(">n. sU Ian truven d nhiem lien
i|iiaii \iii f)hiin tan NTHH va caf htip fhiit cua thung. Do vay
iH;hien i-uu su thieu hut nguyen tti fung fiiii thitit nhU nghien
fuu ve su (hf thu'a t-ua fhung trong MTTN.
3.:j.;5. T i n h t h o n g n h a t va m a u t h u a n ciia t a p t r u n g va
phiin t a n c a c n g u y e n to h o a h o c
Su tiip trung hay phan tan deu dien ra trong 6 dang di
I liuvfin. Cue thing di fhuyen cd mdi lifm he fhiit che vdi nhau,
ihiiiii (hi (-0 the ddi chd cho nhau. Mdt nguyem td cd the tham
gi.i di (huyen d nhieu diing. (fhiing ban photpho cd the di
I luiven. tiip trung, phan tiin d diing anion trong nUdc, trong
kill, trong sinh vat. Trong cung mot khu vUc cd the cd ddng thdi
nhit:'U dang tii chuyen khae nhau ciia cung mdt NTHH. Su tap

125
trung va phan tan fung nhU dang di chuyen eua NTHH deu do:
hai nhdm yeu td (dac trUng ciia mdi trUdng va ban chat nguydn
td), hai nhdm quii trinh (tU nhien v;i nhan sinh) gay ra. Phun
tan va tap trung la hai mat ddi lap cua mot qua trinh - qim
trinh di chuyen fiif NTHH. Phiin tiin va tap trung eac NTHH
deu gay hau qiui x<iu eho con ngUdi va sinh vat.
3.4. PHAN LOAI NGUYEN TO THEO DAC DIEM DI
CHUYEN
Cti sd phiin loai cae nguyen to lioa htic theo dac diem di
chuyen la: kha niing tiio thanh cac htip chat trong nidi trUdng
khi; kha nang tham gia viio sinh vat; cudng do va kha nang di
chuyen trong mdi trUdng nudc; kha nang tap trung tiii cac barie-
dia boa.
Dua vao cac ed sd vfla neu, AI.Perenman phan NTHH ra eac
nhdm:
• Crif nguyen td' di chuyen khi, bao gdm; nhdnn
nguyen to nang ddng tao hdp ehat hoii hoc; O. H, C. N, L,
nhdm cae nguyen td thu dong khdng tiio htiji chat boat
htic: Ar. He. Ne, Kr. Xe.
• Cdc nguyen to di chuyen trong mdi trUdng nUe'jc,
bao gdm: cac nguyen tci tao t-ation vii eac nguyen td t a o
anion nhu sau:
- Nguyen td rdt linh dting vii cd hoa tri khdng ddu
(con.st). Kn = lOn - lOOn gdm CI, Br (tao anion). Nguyem
to'rat linh ddng va cd hoii tri thay ddi gdm S (tao anion).
- Nguyen to linh citing eo Kn = n- lOn. t^d hoii trii
khdng dd'i. gdm Ca, Na. Mg, Sr. Ba (tao cation) va F, B
(tao anion).

126
 - N'l^uvcn tli kem linh ddng, ed bon tri khdng tldi;
A'. Bo, Rh. LI. BC. ('s (ti.io fiition). Si. P (tiio anion).
- N'gii\cn to kem Imh dting nhUng to hoii tri thay
ddi bao ^oiu Ti (ino (-ation). Ce. Sn, Sb. .'Vs (tiio anion).
- ,\'gu\('-n to linh dting trung hinh vii kem (Kn = 0.
n - n) tron^ indi trudng dxy hoii vii glay, nhung tni (Kn <
0. n) trong nidi trUdng khu cd sunfua (king dcmg ti barie
khu simiiiii); Zn. Cu. Ni. Ph. Cd (tao eation di chuyen
khii trong nidi irudng axit) Hg. Ag. Hi (tiio t-ation di
(liiiyi;'!] tronu nidi trudng axit va mdi trUdng kiem).
' .\'gu\en to linh ddng trung binh vii kem (Kn -
O.n - n) trong mdi trUdng dxy lioii vii trd trong mdi
trifd;ig khu ((-d glay vii sunfua hydro), king dong d barie
glay va sunfua hydro nhU; V, Mo, Se, U, Re (tao anion).
- NguyrMi td linh ddng trung binh den kem (Kn =
(l.n-r) trong mdi trudiig khu glay, trd trong mdi trUdng
oxy b.oii vti khu ed sunfua hydro: Fe, Mn, Co (tao fation).
- Nguyen tci kem linh ddng trong nhieu loai mdi
trudng khiif nhau (Kn = O.n - 0,0n); Nguyen to di
fhuyen yeu trong nidi trUdng axit manh khi fd mat phUe
hflu fd nhu Al. Ti, Cr. Nd. Ta, La. Th. Sf. Sm. Gd, Dy,
Th, Kr, Tu, Ho. Eu. Lu, In. Nguyen tti. di ehuyen yeu
tronj; mdi trUdng kitMU cd phUc hflu fd nhu Zr, Nb, Ta,
VV. Hf. Te. Nguyi^n td khdng tiio thanh hay hau nhU
khdiiii tilt) thanh htip ehat hoa hoe vii thudng tdn tai ci
(hmg tu sinh dien hinh: Os, Pd. Ru. Pt. Au. Ir (cd the tao
anion va eation).
Ddi vdi nhflng nguyen td viet nghieng, trong lich sii di
chuvcn cua nd, tiip trung sinh hcic ddng vai trd rat Idn.

127
3.5. DI CHUYEN CAC NGUYEN TO DO HOAT DONG KY
THUAT CUA CON NGUOl
3.5.1. D a c d i e m c h u n g c u a si^ di c h u y e n c a c n g u y e n to d o
h o a t d o n g ciia c o n ngxidi
Hoat ddng dia hoa ciia con ngUdi dUdc A.E. Fesnian (1922)
goi la technogen va do vay di chuyen cua cac nguyen to do hotit
dong ciia con ngUdi goi la di chuyen technogen hay di chuyen
ky t h u a t hoac di chuyen nhan sinh.
De dac trUng cho sU di chuyen nhan sinh to the dung chi sf>
technofil Tk = Kx/C trong dd Kx la khdi lUdng c;ie nguyen tt)
khai thac dUtic hang nam (tdn/nam), C - Clac ciia nguyen to
trong vd Trai Dat (hinh 3.2).
Technofil ciia nguyen to'phu thudc rat nhieu viio tinh hflu
dung cho hoiit ddng cua con ngUdi. Vi du, ngudn Uiing lUtin^?
chinh cua con ngudi hien nay la than da va dau md do, dd Tk
ciia cacbon la Idn nhat (1.1.10", cdn cac nguyen td Th, C\s.
Y(IO^) cd Tk nhd nhat vi hien nay chung it dUtJe con ngUdi sii
dung (hinh 3.2).
Cac nguyen td khac nhau ve h a n h vi cd the cd techntifil
gid'ng nhau, cac nguyen to gid'ng nhau ve hanh vi. nhUng kha. •
nhau ve d a c va mUc do khai thac lai cd technofil tUcing tU nhii
nhau. Vi du Cd va Hg, Ta va Nb, U va Mo. Ti - Zr. Mat khat;
cung d l nhan thay cd sfl khac biet ve technofil ciia cac cap
nguyen to'gidng nhau: CI vdi F, K va Na, Ca va Mg, v.v... Dieu
dd do tinh hflu dung va clac ciia chung khac nhau.
Viec khai thac cac nguyen to phu thudc vao nhieu yeu tci
nhfl dieu kien dia chat, kinh te, tien bd ky thuat, trfl lUting t:ac;
khoang san. NhUng vai trd anh hUdng cua dae la rdt Idn.
Fesman A. 1. cho rang "thien nhien da gtii y riing cdng nghiep

128
Vii van boa phai dutic xay dUng tren cd sd cac nguyen td phd
bien nhat trong tu nhien''. Trong quyen tri tue cac nguyen td cd
technofil cao nhat dUtic tap trung manh nhat.

Hinh 3.2. Technofil ciia c^c nguyen to hoa ht^

(theoA.1. Perenman, 1979)
Theo su phat trien cua khoa hoc, ky thuat va nen van minh
nhan loai, sd ludng va khdi lUcing cac nguyen td di chuyen nhan
sinh ngay mot tang nhanh. TrUdc the ky XVIII con ngudi sii
tlung 18 nguyen td(Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, Ag, C, N, O, Na, K, Ca,

129
Sn, Hg, S, Si, Sb, CI), den the ky XVIII la 28 nguyen to (thtim
Co, Ni, Ir, H, Bo, Mg, P, As, Se, Bi). Sang the ky XIX cd 62
nguyen to dUdc dUa vao sfl dung trong cac nganh kinh te, khoa
hoc va ky thuat khac nhau, (bao gdm cac nguyen tc") dutie diing
tfl cac the ky trfldc va them Al, Ti, V, Mn, Cr, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ptl,
Cd, Te, I, Ba, La, Ta, W, Os, Po, Ra, Ac, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd,
Ho...). Tinh den nam 1915, da cd 71 nguyen td dfldc con ngUtJi
khai thac, che bien va sii dung. Vao 1975 hdu het cac nguyen to
ciia bang tuan hoan dUtic con ngUdi trUc tiep hoac gian tiep sxl
dung.
Nhu vay vao giai doan ddu cua lich sii phat trien xa hdi
loai ngudi con ngUdi dung chii yeu la da va kheang vat, tiep dd
la phan tii, rdi nguyen td, ddng vi. Qua trinh sfl dung dd lam
xudt hien mdt dang di chuyen cac nguyen td chUa cd trong tU
nhien - di chuyen nhan sinh.
Trong qua trinh khai thac, che bien va sU dung cac NTHH,
con ngUdi lai thai chung vao mdi trUdng. De dac trung cho sU
thai cac nguyen td' tfl quyen tri tue, tfl qua trinh technogen vao
moi trUdng tfl nhien ngudi ta dung chi so ap suat dia hoa ky
thuat (theo Frafobenkin H.P., 1975). Day chinh la day cac
nguyen td' dang ra khdi technogen de vao mdi trUdng tu nhien.
Gia tri cua ap s u a t dia hoa ky thuat tinh cho mot ddn vi dien
tich gtii la medul ap sua't dia hoa ky t h u a t (Pdh), ductc do biing
ta'n/kml Vi du Pdh ciia P d Vien Ddng la 7,6.10 ^ d Mondavi la
8,2.10 '. Pdh cua K tfl: 8,2.10-^' (d Xibia) den 2,1 (d phia nam
nudc Nga).
Mflc do tap trung cac nguyen to'trong mdi trUdng bdi htiat
ddng cua con ngUdi the hien qua dj thUdng nhan sinh. Ve tpiy
md cd the phan biet dUtic di thudng nhan sinh khu vUc, dia
phUdng va tnan cdu. Vanh phan tan nhan sinh la khu vUc cd di

130
ihuting nhfin sinh dia phudng. Co bdn loai di thudng nhan sinh:
(li thudng kim luting nhan sinh (trong thd nhUdng. vd phong
hca. tram tifh); tli thudng thuy dia hoa nhan sinh (trong nUdc
ni.it, nUt'ic ngiim); tli thudng khi quyen nhan sinh (khi dudi mat
d a t . khi tren mat dat); di thUdng sinh dia boa nhan sinh (trtmg
fiif fd the sinh viit).
Trong mdi quan he vdi mdi trUdng cd the phan biet ba loai
di thudng nhiin sinh (di thudng tang cao ham lUting); di thUdng
fd ifh (tang Ca trong dat chua phen, tang id't trong mdi trUdng
cua vung cd benh bieu cd. tang Bo, Mo cho ddt)...; di thudng cd
hiiu (di thudng lam giam chdt lUting va gay d nhiem MT); di
thudng vd hai, vi du : tang cao .A.I. Fe, d mUc chUa cd hai cho cay
tning Vii con ngUdi.
Nhin tdng the di chuyen nhan sinh cd tinh ke thfla tli
fhuyen sinh hoc (tudn hoan sinh dia boa cua cac nguyen td va
hc-ip fhat cua chung). Di chuyen nhan sinh la mot dting di
fhuyen sinh hoc dac biet, d dd di chuyen ctic NTHH vfla tuiin
I heo cac quy luat boa ly, sinh hoii (nhu di chuyen sinh htic) vUa
l u a n theo cac quy luat kinh te - xa hdi. Dd la net khac biet fhu
ve u cua di chuyen nhan sinh.
3.5.2. Di c h u y e n c a c n g u y e n t o d o h o a t d o n g c o n g n g h i e p
Trong .so cac boat ddng nhan sinh. boat ddng cdng nghiep
fd dnh hudng Idn nhat tdi sii di chuyen cac NTHH. Cac boat
do-ng cdng nghiep d day bao gdm khai thiic, van chuyen. che
bitdh khoang san, san xuat nang lUdng, san xudt hoii chat, che
bitoh ndng - lam - thuy san.
Hien nay nang lUcing sfl dung trong boat ddng sdng va san
•<.u.a\ cua con ngUtii dUtie tao ra tfl viec khai thac va sfl dung
lii.an, diiu md. khi tliii. eui. phiin flng day chuyen ciia cac chdt

131
phdng xa, the nang ciia nfldc, ciia thuy trieu, ciia gid, cua mat
trdi, v.v...
De san xudt nhiet dien, hang nam con ngfldi khai thac v;i
ddt khoang 3,2 ty tan than cac loai, 2 ty tdn ddu md, 700 ty m^
khoi khi, va hang chuc trieu m^ gd. Qua trinh ddt chay nay tieu
tdn 2.10'° ta'n dxy, thai vao moi trUdng 8-10.10^ tdn COj, SOj,
As, Cd, Pb... Viec san xudt nang lUdng ngay mot tang, lam ehii
cacbon hi di chuyen manh nha't(Tk ciia cacbon la 1,1.10"). San
xua't nang luting lam tang lUiing CO2 trong khi quyen, tao ra
hi$u flng nha kinh, nen lam cho nhiet do khi quyen tang len,
lam dang cao mile nudc bien ciing nhfl xay ra manh me cac
phan flng hoa hiic, sinh hoa. Qua do san xua't nang lUdng lam
tang cUdng dp di chuyen cac NTHH trong mdi trudng.
Khai thac va sii dung quang phdng xa cho nha may dien
nguyen tii ddn den sfl di chuyen ciia U tfl cac mo va tap trung
tai nha may va cac hai thai phdng xa. Trong qua trinh nay
dang di chuyen va tap trung cua urani thay ddi khong nhieu vk
tinh nang phdng xa nguy hiem cho moi sinh cung khdng suy
giam. Viec xfl ly cha't thai phong xa tren pham vi Trai Ddt dang
gap nhieu khd khan vi trong dieu kien ky thuat hien nay kha
nang rd ri cha't phdng xa do tac dong ciia khi quyen, nfldc, sfl ct)
nha may dien nguyen t ^ dpng da't.... la rdt Idn.
Khai thac va che bien cac khoang san khac cung anh
hfldng ra't Idn tdi mdi trfldng. Hang nam tren toan the gidi khai
thac khoang 100 ty ta'n nguyen li^u khoang va vat lieu xay
dflng. Qua trinh khai thac cac khoang san da lam phan tan rdt
nhanh tren khoang each Idn ham Ifldng cac nguyen td quang
dfldc tich luy hang trieu nam. Khai thac khoang san cdn lam
phan tan cac nguyen to' quang va nguyen td di kem vao khi
quyen, thiiy quyen, thach quyen va sinh quyen. Khai thac cac

132
md •'a f he bien quang, dting, chi, kem dang sunfua, hoac quang
pyr t lam cho nUt'ic khu vUc md cd do axit cao, ham luting cac
nguven td quang va cac nguyen to khtic nhu As, Cd, Se, Te, Sb,
Hg.. trong nude md tang len gay d nhiem mdi trUdng khi, nUdc,
dii't va tram tich. Khai thac va che bien quang Au gdc se dan
dtin phan tan C'u, Pb. Zn, As, Hg... vao mdi trUdng nUdc, dat.
Nhi vay, khai thac va che bien cac khoang san phan tan nhieu
nguv'en to viio mdi trUdng khi, nUdc, ddt, tram tich den mUc gay
d nliem va suy thoai mdi trudng.
Cdng nghiep hoa hoe (san xua't boa chat, thudc tdy rUa,
thuic trU sau diet cd, v.v...) cung lam phan tan nhieu nguyen to'
vii Ictp chdt hoa htx; vd cd va hflu cd vao mdi trfldng ddt, khdng
khi nfli'ic, trdm tich. Mdi trfldng dia hoa xung quanh cac nha
mii'' hoa chat bi thay ddi manh me theo hudng thuan Itii cho sU
dl ctiuyen cac nguyen to, nhung bat Idi cho mdi sinh (do pH
gian, nhieu axit hflu cd, vd cd, cac chdt khi cd boat tinh cao...).
C a c t r a n mfla axit la bdng chflng ve sfl phdng thich nhieu hdp
did: hda htx; doc hai vao mdi trfldng khi.
Tdm lai, cac khu vUc khai thac che bien khoang san, nha
ma} hoa chdt vfla la ngudn, vfla la mdi trfldng thuan Itii cho sfl
di cluyen cac nguyen td'cd ich va cd hai vao mdi trfldng sdng.

133
 Chuang 4

CAC CHU TRlNH SINH DIA HOA

4.1. CHU TRINH SINH DIA HOA T H U C VAT

Trdng cac he sinh thai thfldng xuyen xay ra vdng tudn hoiin
vat cha't va nang Iflclng. Vat chat di tfl mdi trfldng vao cd the
sinh vat, tfl sinh vat nay qua sinh vat kia, rdi lai tfl cac sinh vat
ra mdi trfldng. Vdng tudn hoan nay cdn dfltic goi la vdng chdt
dinh dfldng (nutrient cycle) hay vdng sinh dia hoa, hoac chu
trinh sinh dia boa (biogeochemical cycle) (hinh 4.1). Quy md ciia
vdng tudn hoan nay rdt khac nhau: ca the sinh vat, chiing quan,
he sinh thai hoac toan bd sinh quyen. Chu trinh sinh dia hoti
thflc chat la vdng tuan hoan vat chat va nang Iflting do sinh viit
thflc hien trong mdi trfldng sdng. Vdng tuan hoan vat chdt khtic
vdi vdng nang Iflting d chd vat chdt thi dfldc cac thanh phan eiia
he sinh thai sfl dung lai, cdn nang Iflcing thi khdng dfltic sfl dung
lai ma phat tan va mdt di dfldi dang nhiet. Vi the, ve nguyen
tdc vdng tudn hoan vat chdt la vdng kin, ddng nang Iflting la
vdng hd.

Nang lifting ciia cac chu trinh sinh dia hoa la nang Ifldng
mat trdi va mdt phdn nhd nang luting sinh boa. Cudng dd hotit
ddng cua chu trinh nay phu thudc vao tdc do phtit trien va phiin
buy sinh vat cung nhu dae diem boa ly, sinh dia boa cua mdi
trUdng.

134
 Anh siing

Tlurc viii

MT khi Dting vat

an cti Xiic chei

MT
it
! 1 nutic
nu(i( tV)ng vi)t
ddng vat va
Ihuc vat
iin ihit

it
M r d<ii
w

< .Sinh v i i
phSn huy

Hinh 4.1. Sd 66 chu trinh sinh dia hoa tir nhien tren Trai Oat

Chu trinh sinh dia hoii la mot chu trinh thdng nhat do ca
tliUf vat, ddng vat va vi sinh vat thUc hien. Hinh thanh va phan
huy htip chdt hflu cd la hai khau quan trong nhat ciia chu trinh
smh dia hoti thflc vat.
4.1.1. Sfl h i n h t h a n h h o p c h a t hufu co>
Quang blip la qua trinh hinh thanh hdp chdt hflu cd va
tiio nen sinh khdi thflc vat tfl ngudn nang Ifldng mat trdi va cac
chiit vd cd (CO.,, H.2O va cac mutil khoang) dfldi tac ddng cua
tdidt diep luc:
Anh sdng mat trdi
6C0., + 6H.,0 + q C«H,,0«-f60,T.
chdt diep luc

135
 Qua trinh quang hcJp phu thudc vao t h a n h phdn, tinh chat
cua da't, dac diem dia hinh, khi hau, loai thflc vat va tac dong
cua con ngfldi.
Quang hdp tich luy nang Ifldng mat trdi va bien nang Ifldng
dd thanh sinh khdi thflc vat va nang Iflcfng hoa thach (than,
ddu, khi ddt). Nang Iflting chdt hflu cd dfldc tao ra nhd qua trinh
tren tfldng dfldng khoang 170 ty tdn sinh khdi thflc. Quang hdj)
la qua trinh cd ban duy tri sfl tdn tai ciia sinh quyen. Quang
hdp cung vdi cay xanh tao ra ngudn nang Iflting cho tat ca eat;
sinh vat cdn lai, la mot phdn rat quan trong cd tinh coi ngudn
cua sfl sdng tren Trai Dat. Ben canh qua trinh quang htip cdn cd
nhieu phfldng thflc khac tich luy nang Ifldng mat trdi. Thflc vat
khdi dong chu tiinh sinh dia hoa tren dat, da va duy tri chu
trinh nay thdng qua chudi thflc an (thflc vat nhd ngudn cung
cdp thflc an tfl da't nfldc va khdng khi). Thflc vat khdng chi stt
dung CO2, HjO ma cdn sfl dung Ca, Mg, P, N, K, Fe, ... de tdng
hdp nen cac chat hflu cd. Ngdai thflc vat ra cdn cd mot sd loai vi
khuan cd the tdng htip dfltic chat hflu cd.
Qua trinh thanh tao chat sdng thfldng kem theo sfl giam
entropy. Theo nguyen ly thfl 2 ciia nhiet dong hoc thi sfl giam
entropy ben trong sinh vat se kem theo sfl tang entropy trong
mdi trfldng bad quanh nd. Qua trinh nay lam tang do trat tfl va
tinh td chflc, lam xuat hien va da dang hoa mot loai thdng tin
mdi - thdng tin sinh htx;.
4.1.2.Phan huy hcfp chat hiifu cd
Cung vdi qua trinh tich luy, sinh vat trong sinh quyen cdn
cd qua trinh ngfldc lai - qua trinh phan buy htip chdt hflu t:d.
Phan buy hdp chdt hflu cd la qua trinh chuydn nguyen to hoa
htx; tfl dang htip fchdt hflu cd thanh dang hdp chdt vd cd va giai
phdng nang Iflting (W). Trong qua trinh phan buy, nhflng htip

136
ih.it huu t-() (IK '11( ') '4iiiu iiiing lUiing hi oxy hoti thanh hdp ehti't
v(') ((i nhu' CO,. II (I. inudi khoang vii do d(i (juii trinh phiin buy
I iC) I(' <hf()(- !.;()i la liua I rinh vd cti hoti. NgUcic- lai v'ii tiuaiig htip.
qu.i ( n n h iiiiv 1 P-U ' lui o.\v.
Theo niiif do mam kha nting hi phiin hiiy. ''-:) the xep etie
ll< ' l i e viio diiv nhu ,^iui; protein > amin tludng > tinh hot > axit
hUu ft) -> aid > lignm (go). He > maslo, parafinoid. Do khd hi
phiin huy nui lignin. iiuislo. paratinoiti. v.v... cd thd du'tif tiip
irung ii.ii trong HKU truong . Trong dieu kien kliU. (diung tham
;;iii viio qua trinh tao than bun. than da. dtiu md. khi ddt.
Hanh vi eat- nguv(">n td ti-ong qiui trinh phan buy IKTIC hi
khniri; gidng nhau, Trong thd nhudng C. H. O. N.., tham gia vao
I hanh phiin ihuc vai. kin rhuf vtit hi plitin buy fhung tham gia
-a-) <:<.).. H ,0. .\'fl ;. v.v,,,. fun SiO,,. Fe,0,;. AAJ.),, dUtJc giai phdng
:u tun dif thU(- viit. sau tlo ed the ket htip vdi niiau tiio ihtinh
khoang viit set thu smh (Polunov. 1931).
(^uii trinh phiin buy HCHC phu tliiuV- v;io d() lini vti sU
:hiiin nhiip eiia khdng khi. diif dieni hoa ly riia nidi trUdng. Quii
;rinh phtin huy HCHC xay ra trong nidi trUdng lim va giau khi
:,a.)i ki muc nat, trong mdi trudng yem khi goi la thdi rfla. Mdi
ritdng axit hotif kiem hiio hoti CO^ kim htim quii trinh phan
•luy HCHC.
HCHC fd the hi phtin huy thc>o nhieu phUdng thUc khac
ihaii; 1-phiin huy HCHC ti;io CO, trong dit'^u ki()n giau dxy(tieu
hu oxy) la quii trinh chiiy va quii trinh tit'm thu thUc an; 2-
ahiin buy HCHC trong nidi trUdng thieu O;, xay ra dudi dat do
lie (long fiia hoi td nhiet do eao tiio nt'-n nting luting boa thtich;
i-[)hUting thUf phiin buy H. N tUe la oxy boa htip ehat hflu cd.
1- phtin buy sunfat dUt.ie mieu ta bang phtin Ung sau;

>37
Na,2S0, + C,,H,,A +6O2 -* Na./X), + 5H2O + 5CO2T + H2SO,
Trong qua trinh phan buy HCH(', cac nguyen tti boa ht>c
dUtic tap trung tU HCHC va dat da vay quanh. Chung dUde t^p
trung nhd phan flng thay the hay trae ddi ion va quii trinh hdp
thu be mat, ket qua la cac t h a n h tao cd ngudn gdc hflu id
thfldng chfla mdt sd kim loai.
Cac HCHC bj phan buy thanh mudi khoang va giai phdng
ra mot phdn nang Ifldng dfldc tich luy lai d cac giai doan khac
nhau cho cac phan flng sinh hoa. Sfl phan buy HCHC lam giam
tinh da dang cua te bao.
Qua trinh phan buy htip chdt hflu cd anh hfldng Idn tdi cac
vcng tudn hoan nguyen td va hdp chdt hoa hoc (O^. HvO, N, P,
cac nguyen t d k i m loai, v.v...). Day la mot giai doan quan trong
cua lich sfl hanh vi cac NTHH trong mdi trfldng.
4.2. CHU TRINH SINH DIA HOA DONG VAT
4.2.1. Chuoi thvfc an
Trong mdt he sinh thai gdm cd bdn t h a n h phdn: mdi trfldng,
sinh vat san xudt, sinh vat tieu thu va sinh vat phan giai. MT
dap flng cac nhu cdu sdng va phat trien cua moi sinh vat sdng
trong he sinh thai. Sinh vat san xudt (sinh vat tfl dfldng) bao
gdm thflc vat va cac vi khudn cd kha nang tdng hdp chat hflu cd
tfl cac chat vd cd. Sinh vat tieu thu (sinh vat ch dfldng) bao gdm
cac dong vat, dinh dfldng bdng chat hflu cd lay trflc tiep hoac
gian tiep tfl sinh vat san xudt. Sinh vat tieu thu dfltic p h a n
t h a n h cac bac: bac 1 la cac dong vat a n thflc vat, bac 2 la cac
sinh vat an ddng vat bac 1, bac 3 la ddng vat an ddng vat bac 2.
Sinh vat phan giai bao gdm vi khudn va nam cd kha nang phan
giai xac chdt va chat thai cua cac vat san xuat va tieu thu (thflc
vat va ddng v a t ) . Gifla cac t h a n h phdn ndi tren ludn cd sfl trao

138
(ldl vai (hat. 111111^' luting, thdng tin. C^tie chu trinh sinh dia hoti
• ttini', Viit tlutif thUt- hien thdng qua ehudi thUe an.
Chiioi llii/c an iCT.\) hi chudi quan he ndi lien etif sinh vat,
sinh Viit niiy an sinh vtit kia de sdng. Chudi thuf tin va mting
thuf iin phiin iinh quan he dinh dudng gifla cae thi~inh phan
trong he sinh thtii. CTA thfldng bat dau hting thUc vat va ket
thtjf d sinh vtit tieu thu va sinh viit phtin buy. Thdng qua qua
trinh quang htip, thUc vat (sinh vat san xudt) tao nen cac
HCHC, mot phdn de tu nudi minh, phan khtic cung eti'p cho cac
sinh vi.it tieu thu tiep theo. Cd hai loai chudi thUc an; chudi thUc
iin thuic vat va ehudi thue an ehti't thai. (Tiudi thUc an thuc vat
bat d a u vdi thue vat hi cae dting vat an fd tit^u thu. Trong he
sinh tlliai ngudn thUc an ban ddu eua chudi thflc an cd the la
ibue Viit (cay, cd, tao. reu, P). Vat tieu thu t;d the la au trung
(Cii, f a nhd (C2), ca Idn (C3), ddng vat an ca (C4). Neu eon
ngudi an ddng vat an ca thi.con ngUdi cung la sinh vat tieu thu
(Ci">). S inb vat phan giai cd the la vi khuan (D). Thdng thUdng so'
luting ca the cung nhu sinh khd'i va nang lUting du trfl trong
sinh vi.it sail xua't (ddu vao cua chudi thflc an) Idn hdn nhieu Ian
.<o vdi .sinh vat tieu thu.
Chudi thflc tin ch.at thai bat ddu vdi cac chat thtii nhfl cac
fhiit htii tiet. chat thai hflu ed. Cac fha't thai dflcic tieu thu d hai
mite. Mflc thfl nhtit dfltic thUc hien bdi cac sinh vat an xac chet
\ti Viit thai nhu ddng vat, cdn trung, ddi bo. Mflc thfl 2 do cac vi
sinh vtat thflc hien. Tdt ca cac vat tieu thu lay nang Iflting , cac
fhiit hiflu cd, phflc cd kim tfl vat thai va giai phdng CO2 va nfltic
H-ai\ thitet che sfl sinh sdng ciia thflc vat.
('d the cho rt\ng chudi thflc an la ddng chuyen ddng cua vat
chiit vi.i nang luting qua cac he sinh thtii. Nftng lUdng mat trdi
liUtie thUc Viit tidp nhan va tich trfl vao cae HC^HC. Thflc vat

139
cung Idy tfl ddt va nfldc cac chat vd cd cdn thiet nhfl N, P. S,
Mn, Ca, v.v... Cac HCHC va cac mudi khoang trong thUc viit
theo chudi thflc an vao cac vat tieu thu va lai trd lai mdi trfldng
dfldi dang cac hdp chdt vd cd, CO2, HjO. Cutic sdng cua moi sinh
vat tren Trai Ddt ke ca con ngfldi deu dfla vae chudi thflc an
tfldng tfl. Mang Ifldi thflc an la td htip cac chudi thflc an cung
tdn tiiii trong mdt he sinh thai. Trong mting Ifldi thflc an cung cd
thfl bac dinh dfldng nhfl trong chudi thflc an, nhung vdi nuit
diem khac biet cd ban la mdt sinh vat cd the ddng thdi gifl
nhflng thfl bac dinh dfldng khac nhau. Chting htin luc an rau
con ngUdi gifl vai trd ngfldi tieu thu bac 1, luc an thit bd lai la
ngfldi tieu thu bac 2, v.v....
Nhfl vay, thdng qua ehudi thflc an-va mang Ifldi thflc an
hang loat cac nguyen to boa hoc va htip chat cua chung tfl mdi
trfldng cd the tham nhap vao cd the sinh vat cung nhfl con ngudi
va tfl sinh vat quay trd lai mdi trfldng. Chudi thflc an va mang
Ifldi thflc an la cau ndi trao ddi vat chat va nang Iflting gifla mdi
trfldng vdi sinh vat va Cdn ngfldi.
4.2.2 B a o t o a n n a n g Ifldng t r o n g c h u o i thflc a n
Nang Iflting chu yeu duy tri hoat dong ciia he sinh thai la
nang Iflting mat trdi va nang Ifldng sinh hoa. Ddng nang Iflting
mat trdi dfldc chu chuyen qua he sinh thai goi la ddng nang
lUdng sinh thai.
Theo dinh luat bao toan va chuyen hoa nang lUdng thi nang
lUdng trong cac he sinh thai khdng tU nhien sinh ra va cung
khdng tu nhien mat di ma chi chuyen ddi tU dang nay sang
dang khac, tfl hdp phdn nay sang htip phdn khac, chuyen til he
sinh thai nay sang he sinh thai khac. Do do dd'i vdi mflc titip
theo trong chudi thflc an, can bdng nang Ifldng cd thd viet dfldi
dang:

140
 F = A + UD = G + R + UD
trong dd: F - thflc an tinh theo ddn vi nang Ifldng.
A - Nang Ifldng dfltic ddng vat sfl dung.
UD - Thflc an hoac nang Ifldng khdng dung den.
G - Nang Iflting hoa hoc ciia sU tang trUdng ddng
vat.
R - Nang lUting nhiet cua sU hd hdp.
Neu tinh ca nang lUdng bai tiet (E) thi can bdng nang lucJng dUtic
vidt nhu sau:
F = U D + G + E + R.
Chi cd nSng lUtJng eua sU tang trUdng (C) mdi dUtic dung cho bac
tiep theo ciia chuoi thflc an
Hieu sua't sii dung nang luting cua he sinh thai dUdc dac
t n t n g bdi he so Nb = G/R (he sci hap thu nang lUting). Ddng
nang lUdng trong he sinh thai ludn bi suy giam theo chudi thUc
tin vi bi phat tan vtio mdi trUdng (nang luting bai tiet va hd hdp
bi chuyen ra khdi he...).
Ngoai y nghia MT to Idn. ddng nang lUcing sinh thai cdn
liidu hien eho khii nang lam giau sinh btic dua tren cd sd nang
luting. Kich thudc cua sinh vat ty le nghich vdi tci'c dd cua ddng
nang luting sinh thai, cd nghia la tdc do trao ddi chat ty le
nghich vdi trong ludng cd the hoac kich thUtic cd the sinh vat,
Gifla thdi gian sinh trfldng (t) va kich thfldc ciia sinh vat (1) cd
incti quan he tuyen tinh vdi nhau theo he toa do logarit: 3 Cp
log(l) = A log(t),trong dd: Cp va A la he sd, phu thutic vao b a i
sinh vat. Nhfl vay toe do tang trfldng eua sinh vat cd kich thfltic
nhd thi Idn hdn rat nhieu so vdi sinh vat cd kich thfldc; Idn .
(.^ung do tdc do trao ddi chdt ty le nghidi vdi trong Iflting cd the

141
nen sfl tang trfldng cua .sinh vat trong thdi gian ban dau Idn hon
rat nhieu so vdi cac giai doiin sau.
4.2.3. B a o t o a n v a t c h a t t r o n g c h u o i thflc a n
Dcii vdi chudi thflc an trong cac he sinh thai thi tdng Iflting
thflc an (T) dau vao thfldng khdng dfltic tieu thu het. phtin Icin
dung de thd (Tt), boat ddng (Th), bai tiet (Tb), tang trfldng (Ttr).
sinh san (Ts), phdn cdn lai la thflc an thfla (Tth) - thflc an
khdng tieu hoa cho bac dinh dfldng tiep theo.
Theo dinh luat bao toan vat chat thi khdi Ifldng cua cue
cha't tham gia phan flng bao gid cung bang khtii Ifldng cac san
ph§m tao thanh ciia phan flng dd. Ap dung dinh luat nay fho he
sinh thai ta cd the viet dfltic phUdng trinh the hien dU(ic mdi
lien he vat chat gifla cac bd phan trong chudi thflc an nhfl sau.
T = Tt + Th + Tb + Ttr -f Ts + Tth
Tfl day d l dang suy ra Ttr + Ts = T - Tt - Th - Tb - Tth.
Ngfldi ta coi Ttr + Ts la san phdm tinh (NP). Chi so Kt = NP/T
goi la he so tinh, dac trflng cho tinh hiefl sudt ciia chudi ibflc
an. He so' tinh thfldng chi dat 10% va phu thudc vao nhieu ydu
t d k h a c nhau nhfl loai thflc an, cd dia cua cac loai sinh vat trong
chudi thflc an, v.v...
Tfl nguyen ly bao toan vat chdt ta cung thdy rdng cac
nguyen to hoa hoc va htip chdt cung dfltic bao tdn trong chudi
thflc an. Cd the phan eac NTHH tham gia vao chudi thflc an ra
ba nhdm: Cac nguyen td' thudc chu trinh tudn hoan sinh hcic
nhfl C, H, O, N; cac nguyen to gifl vai trd quan trong trong chudi thflc
an nhfl K, Na, Ca, Mg...; cac nguyt^^n to va htip cha't doc hai cd
ngutin gCK:* tfl: F, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, v.v.. Vai trd va hanh vi ciia cac
nhdm nguyen to hoa htx" trong chudi thflc an rat khac nhau. C,
H, O, N rdt linh ddng trong chudi thflc an, tao nen nguyen lieu

142
I n; 1^' cap niing lifting chu yen, ed diii trinh tich luy trong sinh
\:V. rat, ngan. .N'hoin III^UVI'TI tti'thU hai (K. Na, Ca. Mg...) dUtie
i-ir,ii vat sU dunt; IIOIIK vice tiing trUdng sinh khdi vti dam btio
fhi-if mini:; sinh hoa (-ua sinh vtit trtmg fhudi thut- tin. Nhdm
ii'..;'av("'ii t(i VII hop chiit d()(- hiii fung dUcif tifh luy theo ehudi
tliiif an V(ii ham hfi-ing du Idn. Chung hi yen ttV ngan t;an quti
tri nh [that trien vii tie doa .sd sdng (-ua smh vtit. Su tidi luy etic
ngtjyt'n td dot- hai tuiin theo nguydn ly d()c hof "Trong biit ky he
sin h thai niio moi chiit ddf khdng hi miit di het qua hd hiip vti
biii tiet mil dUt.if giu lai mdt phan trong t-d the sinh viit vi fhung
it l.adn ehii't sinh hoc htin ftic htip phtin khaf eua fhudi thuf tin".
Nh.ieu khi nguyen ttVhotic htip ehat dcx' Itii cd he .sd tieh luy rti't fao.
.Nguyen ly br.o to.in viit fhat trong fhudi thuc iin chi ra rang
t-ae- fha't fd trong mdi trUdng (dinh dudng vti doe td) eung cd the
xiiin nhiip vtio fd the sinh vat (trong dd ed con ngUdi). Chung
dU'ie luu giu Itii trong sinh vat vti dao thai trd liii trd lai mdi
trufdng vtii ctic ty le vii thdi gian khtic nhau. Ham luting eac ehti't
dindi dudng va ddc tci' trong ndng san. thuy san. nude thien
nhiit^n - lii etif hdp phan fhinh fua fhudi thuV iin - phu thudf
fhait die vho htiiii luting eiia fhung trong mdi trUdng tU nhien.
Kh(til luting tlia tlie chat dinh dudng cung nliU chat dot- tU mdi
trutdng thtini nhiip vao cd the sinh vtit ty le vdi so bac ciia chudi
thi-ic iin va khcYi lUiing t:d the sinh vtit. Ham luting chat ddc (vi
du DDT) trong ed the sinh vtit tang theo bac va trong lUting ca
the- fua sinh vat (xem bang 4.1, 4.2. hinh 4.2). Vi con ngudi
tliurdng Iti bac dinh dUdng cudi cung cua chudi thflc an nen ndng
dl) DDT trong eg the ngfldi thfldng cao hdn (bang 4.2). Dd cung
la Ibieu hien cua nguyen ly btio toan vat chdt trong ebuoi thUt-
kn.

143
 Bdng 4.1. Tich luy sinh hpc cua DDT
Ciic mflc dinh Ham ifldng DDT Hf s6' tich luy
dudng ((xg/kg chat khd)
Nuac 0,000003 1
Thuc vat ndi 0,0005 166
€)6ng vat ndi 0,04 13.000
Canhd 0,5 166.000
Cai6n 2 667.000
Chim an ca 25 8.500.000

4.2.4. Dac diem chu t r i n h sinh dia hoa cua con ngfldi

Nhin tdng the chu trinh sinh dia hoa cua con ngudi cung
gidng nhfl ciia dong vat. Tuy nhien chu trinh sinh dja hoa ciia
con ngfldi cd mot sd diem khac biet. Trfldc het, chudi thflc an
ciia con ngfldi la da dang nha't, phflc tap nha't va con ngfldi cd
kha ndng dieu chinh dfltic chu trinh a'y.
Bang 4.2. Hf sd' hap thy (tich luy) sinh h9c cua m^t s6' ch&'t

H<?p phin Loiii H|s6'%

Biphenyl Chu6t 98,4 - 98,9
Cd De 2
Co Chuot 0.6
Cu Ca 2,9
DDT (hoa qui) Ngfldi 9,9
DDT (thit ca) - 40,8
Hg (vo CO) - 6-8
Hg (huu CO) - 15-100
Pb - 5- 17
Pb Tho 0,8-1
Pb CUu 1,3
Hexachlorublphenyl Chuot 95,1 - 95,3

144
 '' H;im lihdi.y D i r r
(ppb

Trong liftnig cii (mg)

2(J(J 4(XJ 6(R) 8(K) KXM) 12(X)

Hinh 4.2. Moi quan he giiia du lining thuoc trir sau trong ca va
trong luong ca (theo Cox, 1970)
Con ngUdi lii sinh vat tieu thu cudi cung trong chudi thUc
iin thien nhien, ThUc an cua con ngUdi da dting ve bac va ve
ngi.idn gdc. Do dd ddc td'con ngUdi hap thu qua chudi thUc an
f u n g nhieu hdn, da dang hdn.
Thap sinh thai cua con ngUdi cao hdn ddng viit. Do dd con
ngudi de chiu tae dcing vi fac sUc ep eiia mdi trudng. Dieu dd
giai thich vi sao he sinh thai nhtin vtin de mat can bang hdn eac
he sinh thai khac. Hdn nfla, nang Iflting tinh cua con ngfldi thti'p
htiii cua ddng vat. Do dd, he sti hap thu nang Iflting cua ngfldi
thai'p hdn.
(^ac chat ddc hiii cua mdi trUdng rat de tiic ddng clen con
ngudi, bdi vi ngoiii con dudng theo fhudi thUc an, con ngudi cdn
thudng xuyen phai tiep xuc vdi nhieu lojii chat ddc, trong khi dd
ngUdng tide ddi vdi ngUdi tha'p hdn so vdi ddng vat t-ung trong
lUding. Mtit khae, cac cd quan eiia ed the ngUdi cung nhtiy cam
hdm va kem t-hiu tlUng vdi cac loai ddc tti mdi trUdng.

145
4.3. CHU T R I N H SINH DIA HOA MOT SO NCUYEN T O
Cac NTHH tham gia vao qua trinh trao ddi vat chtit vti
nang luting trong va gifla cac he sinh thai thdng qua cae chu
trinh sinh dia boa (hinh 4.3). Dac trflng cua chu trinh sinh dia
hoa cac NTHH trong pham vi Trai Da't phu thudc vao cae tlac
tinh ciia NTHH va dac diem ciia mdi trfldng hay cac he sinh
thai. Nhflng dac tinh cua NTHH anh hfldng nhieu tdi chu t r i n h
sinh dja hoa la do boa tan, tinh oxy hoa khii (trong mdi trucmg
vd sinh, trong cd the sinh vat); do ben cac lien ket hoa hoe. kha
nang tao phflc va do phan ly hoac ket help trong mdi trUdng sdn{^
kha nang hap phu hoac trao ddi ion, do linh ddng, ham luting vh
dang tdn trong mdi trUdng, mflc dd boat hoa va nhu cdu sinh
hoc, do ddc, tinh hflu ich va nhu cdu sii dung NTHH trong hoat
ddng cua con ngfldi v.v... Cac ydu to' mdi trfldng anh hfldng tdi
chu trinh sinh dia hoa NTHH phu thutic vac dac diem cua he
sinh thai nhfl: nhiet dd, a n h sang, ngudn cung cap thflc an, cac
qua trinh quang hoa, sinh hoa, sinh dia hoa, loai va tudi cua cac
sinh vat, sinh khdi, nang sudt sinh htx; v.v... Ngoai ra, boat
dong nhan sinh cung la nhan to'rat quan trong ddi vdi chu trinh
sinh dia boa cac NTHH. Cd tren 90 NTHH tham gia vao vdng
tuan hoan sinh dia hoa va quyet dinh sfl tdn tai, phat trien c;ua
the gidi sinh vat, trong dd chu yeu la O, C, H, N, P, S... cac
nguyen to vi Ifldng nhfl Zn, Md, I v.v... Ngudn dfl trfl quan trcmg
ciia cac chat nay la d thuy quyen va khi quyen (dd'i vdi C, H, O,
N...) hoac la da't, hoac cac da, khoang vat (dd'i vdi P, S...).
Cd hai vdng chu trinh dd la vdng tudn hoan hoan toan( (;iia
C, N, O... ) va khdng hoan toan (cua P va cac nguyen to khtic).
Cac chu trinh sinh dia boa hoat ddng khdng tach rdi nhau va cd
quan he chat che vdi nhau (hinh 4.1 va 4.3). Trong mtit vcmg
tudn hoan cd hai giai doan: giai doan mdi trfldng, tai dd cac
NTHH tdn tai trong ddt, nfldc hoac khdng khi va giai doan cd
the, tai dd NTHH tham gia vae thanh phdn cua cd the vat .'^an
xuat hcac vat tieu thu. Tich luy sinh vat cac nguyen to xiiy ra

146
kein theo thu nhiet. tiing do trat tfl, tinh phflc tap va sfl da
tli.iiig. (^ua trinh vd eti hoti kem theo sfl toa nhiet va lam giam do
trat tu. giam tinh to ehUc, v.v... Su nhieu lotin mdt giai doan
nay se anh hUdng nghit">m trong den giai dotin kht^ie

Hinh 4.3. He thong cac vong tuSn hoan sinh dja hoa.

(Theo Kovalskii V. V. 1985, co sua ddi)

Ghi chu; push - phan Ung sinh hoc. Mui ten dam the hien c^c m j t xich cua
vbng tuSn hoan, mui ten nhat thS hien quan he giiJra cac m i t xich.

147
 Nhu vay cd the ndi rdng qua trinh tdng htip chat scing va
phan buy sinh vat tao nen vdng tudn hoan thdng nhat cua nguyen
to hoa htx;
Vdng tudn hoan sinh hoc ciia nguyen to cd vai trd dac biet
quan trong ddi vdi sfl bien ddi sinh quyen, khi quyen, thuy
quyen, thach quyen. Dieu dd dfltic the hien rd hdn qua mot dinh
luat dia boa hoc do V.I.Venatski va B.B.Polunov phat trien "dae
diem dia hda cua ddi bieu sinh do vdng tudn hoan cac nguyen
tfl "quyet dinh". Sau dd A.I. P e r e n m a n 06 sung djnh luat
nay va phat bieu lai nhfl sau: "Trong canh quan cac NTHH thflt-
hien vdng tudn hoan sinh hoc, trong qua trinh dd cac NTTIH
nhieu Idn tham nhap vao cd the sinh vat "dfltic hflu cd hoa" va
di ra khdi cd the, sinh vat bi "vd cd hda". Ddng thdi xay ra phan
flng thu nhiet, phan flng tea nhiet, cdng hca htx; dfltic thflc hicn,
mflc do da dang thdng tin thay ddi, sfl sdng dfldc duy tri va phat
trien".
4.3.1. Chu trinh oxy
Oxy la nguyen to phd bien nhat trong vd Trai Dat (47%) va
chiem flu the tuyet ddi trong thuy quyen (85,82%) va chat sdng
(70%). Nhd cd clac Idn va boat tinh hoa htx; rat cao nen oxy trd
thanh "thdng Hnh dia hda" ciia mdi trfldng be mat Trai Da't.
Hoat tinh hoa hoc cua oxy ddng vai trd quan trong trong
tang khi quyen thdp. Trong phdn tren thach quyen va sinh
quyen cac dang htip chat hen ciia oxy vdi cac nguyen td' la oxit
Ngoai ra, khi quyen cd chfla cac khi nhfl dioxit cacbon (CO.^) va
oxit Iflu huynh (SO2), oxit nitd (NO2), v.v...
Cac dai dfldng chfla oxit cua hydro (H2O), trong khi dd vo
Trai Dat chfla chii yeu cac oxit dang rdn cua silic, canxi, magie.
sdt, nhdm, v.v... Oxy tao ra L364 khoang vat. Trong sinh vat oxy
tdn tai d nhieu dang hdp chat khac nhau. Oxy dfldc sinh ra tu

148
nhieu ngudn nhiing quan trong nhat la tfl qua trinh quang htip
fiia cay xanh (hinh 4.4).
Hang ntim etiy xanh san xudt ra 4,67.10" tan oxy, trong dd
r),.'i.lO'" tan (11.3%) do thflc vat luc dja cung cap, cdn lai
4,14.10" tan (88.7%) do thflc vat dfldi nfldc san xua't. Tdng khdi
lUt.ing oxy tu do (O,) la 1,5.10'" tan, chiem 0,0001% khdi luting
tdng cdng cua dxy trong vd Trai Dat. 99% oxy tU do phan bd'
trong khi quyen, cdn 1% trong thuy quyen.
Trong tu nhien, oxy cdn cd the dUtic ttio ra nhd cac phan flng:
O3 + hv = 0 + 0.,
CO2 -I- hv + HX) = [CH,0] + O.,
hv

/ / /
<l(ll.ntll<MriMI)IMI'tHI1tMri<llMni<IIIHIillll)lll(lMIHI'llll'lllHtni<IIIIMIII'lll)'MtlMMrtlll'INIIIII<M)IMIIIMIII

^_-o,.^,o.o^ Tfirig 020H hap phu o^dc s6>-ig

22C' - 330 nm

Phong hoa oxy hoa

G3C khoing v6t khiJT

Hmh 4.4. Mdt so phan limg cung cap va tieu thu oxy va oxit cacbon

(Theo Manahan, 1991).

149
 Tdng khdi Iflting oxy dfldc tao nhd cac phan flng quang hoa
va cac phan flng khac chi cd 2.10^ tdn Og/nam, bdng 1/230.000
Ifldng oxy do quang hdp cung cdp (Wdolfson V.I., 1963).
Oxy tham gia rdng rai vao cac qua trinh tren be mat Trai
Ddt nhfl cac phan flng ddt, oxy hoa cac chat vd cd, hflu cd, hd
hdp ciia ddng vat va mot so' qua trinh an mdn khac (hinh 4.3
va 4.4).
2 C 0 + O2 -» 2CO2 (oxy hoa cac khi ngudn gdc nui Itfa)
C + O2 =^ CO2 (dot nhien lieu)
CH^-f 202-> CO2 + 2H2O
[CH2O] + 0 2 ^ CO2 + H2O (hd hap cua dong vat)
30;, •+- 4Fe = 2Fe203 (xay ra trong Idng ddt)
4FeO + 02-)- 2Fe20,
(phong hoa, oxy boa cac khoang vat khii)
Ca^* + CO3'-'" = CaC0;,(xay ra trong trdm tich dtii dfldng)
Tren tdng khi quyen cac oxy tdn tai cl cac dang O^, O, O*,
O2', O2* va O3 tflc la phan tii, nguyen tii, ion, cac nguyen tfl va
phan tii dfltic boat boa. Bflc xa tfl ngoai gay ra sfl -phan ly, su
ion hoa v.v... tao ra cac dang khac nhau ciia oxy.
0.2 + hv (240 - 260nm) —> 0 + O
03- + hv (308nm) —> 0-2 + O"
0 + hv —> 0^ + e
0, + hv —> 02 + e
02^
Chu trinh ciia oxy dUtic thUc hidn dUa tren sU trao ddi oxy
gifla cac thanh phan cua mdi trUdng: Khi quyen, thitch quyen,
thuy quyen va sinh quyen (hinh 4.4 vti 4..5). Nd cd vai trd them

liiO
( h(Vt trong hoa ht)f khi quycn, trong bien ddi dia hoti MTTN va
i|ua trinh .stiiig,
Vdng tuan hoan (chu trinh) oxy trong mdi trfldng be mat
Trtii Dat (mdi trUdng sting) gdm hai nbtinh dcii lap nhau: tiio
thiinh oxy tU do trong quti trinh quang htip. quang boa va tieu
thu oxy trong fiif phiin Ung oxy hoti va cac qua trinh khae,
tldng dd cd quii trinh phtin buy vtit chtit hflu tti (hinh 4.4
va i.,5).
4.IJ.2. C h u t r i n h c a c b o n
Cacbon la nguyt''n tti di chuyen vti ttip trung rat mtinh trong
sinh quyen. Clac cua caebon la 2,3.10"%. Ham lUting cacbon
trong thien thtieh la 4.10"%, trong dat la 2%, da bazd la 1.10"
"(.. da t r u n g tinh ia 2.10 "'^fa, da axit iti 2.10""%, dti tram tich ndi
fhung la 1%. Caebon ttip trung chu yeu trong than nau (85%),
dau md iSF>%). than dii (S0%). than bun (60%), sapropel (55%),
da vdi (12%), va asphan ndi chung (88%). Ham lUting C trong
fhiit sdng la 18%, he .so biofil la 780.
Trong khi quyen cd 2,1.10'" tan CO2 (0,03% the tich), trong
thuy quyen la 1,3.10" tan (chiem 98,5%). NhU vay tUdng quan
ntiy fiia C vti oxy ngUtic nhau.
Trong vdng tuan hoan fiia minh cafbon di fhuyen va
fhuven hoa gifla cac ht:ip phdn cua MTTN (hinh 4.6). Cacbon
dudi dang CO2 trong khi quydn di vao cac he sinh thai tren dat
va d dfldi nfldc (hinh 4.4 va 4.7). Trong cac he sinh thai tren ddt,
khi {'O^ dfltic thflc vat htip thu vao cac md rdng d la. Tai dd nhd
qiiii trinh quang htip, C cua CO2 cua khi quydn ket htip vdi H va
O tfl nudc trdng cac te bad ciia cay, tao nen cac phan tfl dudng
gkifd va dxy tbt^o phan Ung da neu d phan trUcic.

IM
 Cac phan umg ho5 htx,
sinh hoii, hat nhan

HO ha'p San pham

oxy hoa

Oxy hod

H,0, SO,",
NO,, P O , ' ,

Dinh dudng
do thuc vat H, H,S, NH„
dudi nudc Fe, FeO, MnO

Dinh duSng
do cay xanh luc
dja, thuc vat
dU(5ri nutfc Hop chai
hflu CO

Hinh 4.5. Sd do chu trinh sinh dja hoa oxy

152
 ••'A'T.'..-.,'. ; , .. .'. .-. .•; .'..-. .-. .'..'. .-.,'. .'. -. '.
•' •' L S n g d o n g 0.5 > . > . « .">
."» .'• .">

Hinh 4. 6. Su chuyen hoa cua C giCra cac thanh phan moi trudng

Con so chi khoi luting C: 109 tah/nam

(Theo Moore B. 1988)
Hang nam cd khdang 1,65.10" tan cacbon bj hap thu trong
c:}ua trinh quang hdp: 2.10'" tdn tfl khi quyen, 1,45.10" tan tfl
t h u y quyen (Woolfson V.I., 1964).
Phan flng tao chdt sdng (quang hcJp) dfltic goi la phan flng
f-ti djnh cacbon. Cac phan tii glued dfltic dUa vao cac md cua cay
v/ti ducic chuyen ddn len cac bac dinh dUdng cao htin do qua
t r i n h an cua cac sinh vat tieu thu.

153
 Tfl ddng vat va thflc vat, cacbon trong cac phan tfl hflu td
trd lai moi trfldng theo hai con dfldng: thfl nhdt la hd hap cua te
bao, phan buy cac phan tii glued de Idy lai nang Iflting cdn tbitit
cho boat ddng ciia cac te bao sinh vat, ddng thdi giai phdng CO2
trd lai khi quyen. Qua trinh nay diln ra theo phan flng sau:
CgHizOg + 6O2 -+ 6CO2 +6 H2O + Nang Ifldng
Con dfldng thfl hai la sfl giai phdng C tfl xac chet va phe
thai bai tiet cu& cac sinh vat nhd qua trinh dinh dfldng cua vkt
phan huy.
Viec thieu ddt tfl nhien hoac nhan taib thflc vat va xac dong
vat ciing tra lai cacbon vao khi quyen. Cacbon tdn dong trong
thuy quyen b dang CO2 vdi Iflting rdt Idn, gap khoang 50 Idn
Iflting CO2 trong khi quyen. Khi Iflting CO2 trong khi quyen
giam xudng thi CO2 trong thuy quyen se tfl dong thoat ra bu
vao chd thieu (theo dinh luat hoa tan chdt khi vao cha't long).
Mot Iflting CO2 tfl khi quyen va thuy quyen di vao thach quyen
nhd cac phan flng cacbonat hoa va thanh tao khoang san nhien
heu chon vtu trong thach quyen.

154
 CO,
irong khi quyfin

Quang hcjp

CO, tra lai

khi quyen
Thuc vat tr6n can
va dudi nuoc

vat lieu thu bac I, 2

H6 hap
le hho

Dot chiiy

CacbDii
Ch6n viii humic. than bun
ht>ii ihiich -l^'L'^^Jl^JL
Irong triim .sapropel
tich

Hinh 4.7. So do sinh dia hda cacbon

Trflcic khi con ngfldi can thiep manh vao vdng tudn hdan
cua cat;bon va sau khi dat dUdc can bdng lUting CO2 trong khi
quyen tUdng ddi dn dinh theo thdi gian. Khi Idp phu thuc vat
tren Trai Da't dat den cUe dai thi luting CO2 sinh ra do phan buy
xac thuc vtit chet bdng lUcing CO2 sinh' vat .sdng ha'p phu. dam
bao can bdng CO2 trong khi quyen . Trong dieu kien dd lUting

155
CO2 trong cac hdp phdn mdi trUdng tUdng ddi dn dinh (hina
4.7). Su can thiep cua con ngUdi vao sU chuyen hoti C trong mtii
trUdng chii yeu la dUa C dfl trfl dfldi dang khoang san nhien
lieu (than, ddu md, khi dot v.v...) va trong tham thflc vat vao
khi quyen vdi khdi Iflting Idn hdn kha nang tieu thu tfl nhien.
Hang nam the gidi khai thac khoang 2,8 ty tdn than, 1.6 trjeu
ta'n ddu va 675 ty m^ khi nhdm cung cdp nang Iflting va che bien
cac hdp chdt khac nhau. Tong Iflting cabon dfla van dfltic gifl lai
trong khi quyen khoang 3 - 5.10® tan/nam. Hang nam khoting
3.10''ta'n CO2 tfl dot nhien lieu va pha rflng dfltic dai dfldng hap
thu, mot phdn CO2 trong dai dfldng tham gia phan flng tao da
cacbonat va cac da tram tich chfla CO,. Dieu nay gdp phdn quan
trong lam giam sfl gia tang qua n h a n h CO2 trong khi quyen do
cac boat ddng nhan sinh.
Do qua trinh sii dung cac tai nguyen chfla cacbon lam nang
Ifldng nen ham Iflting CO2 trong khi quyen tang len dang ke
trong vdng 250 nam qua, tfl khoang 280ppm (nam 1750) len
gdn 350 ppm vao nam 1989 (hinh 4.8). Ham Ifldng CO2 trong khi
quyen hien nay tang 11% so vdi nam 1870. Sfl gia tang ham Ifldng
CO2 trong khi quyen da va dang gay ra hien tflting hieu flng nhii
kinh lam cho Trai Ddt ndng len , de doa nen van minh ciia loai
ngfldi va cudc sdng ciia sinh vat tren Trai Dat.

Dang chu y la vai trd dac biet Idn cua cacbon trong mdi
trfldng khdng phai do clac cua nd Idn va cung khdng phai do khd
nang di chuyen manh ciia cacbon, ma chii yeu do cacbon hi
nguyen to cd kha nang tich luy nang IflcJng mat trdi dfldi nhieu
dang khac nhau. Vi vay'vdng tudn hean cacbcn gdn lien vdi sU
chuyen hoa va trao ddi nang Ifldng trong mdi trfldng.

156
 1950 2000

Hinh 4.8. Bien ddng ham luong CO^ trong khi quyen theo thdi gian

(Theo Lashof va Tirpak, 1983).

4.3.3. C h u t r i n h nitot.
Khiic vdi oxy. khi d dting khi nitd la nguyen td'cd hotit tinh
hoti hof yeu. Nitd cd clac la 1,9.10 '%, cd ham Iflting thdp trong
eae da: dti sieu bazd (6.10*%), da bazd (1,8.10"^%), da axit
(2,2.10 '%), da trung tinh (2.10"'%). Nitd la htip phdn chinh eua
khi quyen, chiem 79% khdng khi.Nitd tham gia tao 32 khoang
vtit. Trong mdi trfldng be mat Trtii Da't nitci tdn tai d dang khi
(N,,). N H ; . N O , . NO, NO2, N2O5, v.v... Cac hdp cha't hflu cd
i;hfla nitd tap trung chu yeu trong khi quyen va sinh quyen.
Nitd la mdt trong cac nguyen to hoa htic cau thanh cac phan
tli hflu cd, trfldc bet la ctic axit amin, protein va axit nucleic
D N A va RNA. tao nen vjit lieu di truyen eua cac sinh vat. Nitd
tfl ddt. nfltic vao sinh vat; tfl sinh vat trd lai nfldc, ddt va khi
(juyen tao thanh ehu trinh goi la tudn hoan N (hinh 4.9). Thflc
vat va ddng vat khdng the trflc tiep hii'p thu nitd tfl khi quyen,
mil fhi cd the hdp thu NH, (amoniaet:) NH,*, hoac NO3 (nitrat).

157
Mdt phdn cac chdt nay dflcic hinh thanh nhd cac qua trinh tfl
nhien trong khi quydn, hoac cac vi sinh vat d trong ddt va nude,
tao xanh trong cac he sinh thai d nfldc va vi sinh vat cd djnh
dam trong cac he sinh thai d ddt. Qua trinh cd djnh dam nhd tia
liia dien xudt hien trong khi quyen xay ra theo phan flng:
N2 + O2 + H2O + tia liia dien -^ 2HNO3 (rdi xudng ddt tht^o
nfldc mfla)
Vi k h u a n Rhizobium cd the chuyen hoa phan tfl N2 trong
khdng khi t h a n h N lien ket trong htip chat (day la qua trinh chu
yeu cd'dinh N tfl khi quyen).
3 {CH2O} + 2N2 + 3H2O + 4H^ -> 3CO2 + 4 N H /
Con ngfldi san xuat va sfl dung nhieu loai phan bdn va hoa
chat khac chfla N. P h a n bdn chfla N b dang NH4*, NO3 dflck: sti
dung rdng rai trong ndng nghiep, cung cap N cho cay trong.
Thflc vat ha'p thu cac chat nay qua bd re tao t h a n h cac axit
amin, protein va axit nucleic ciia minh. Dong vat kn thflc vat de
la'y nitd va cac chat cdn thiet khac.
Sfl chuyen hoa cua N la mdt trong nhflng qua trinh quan
trong nhdt do vi sinh vat thflc hien trong mdi trfldng nfldc va
da't. Cac vi khudn phan giai va mot so' nam trong ddt an cac
chat thai giau nitd va chuyen nitd hflu cd thanh NH3 va cac
mudi cua NH4. Cac mudi NH4 dfltic bo re ciia cay cd ha'p thy.
NH3 bay hdi vao khi quyen hoac dflcfc vi khuan sdng trong ddt
bien t h a n h nitrit va nitrat ma cay cd the hdp thu qua r i . Dri la
qua trinh cd djnh dam qua cac phan flng hoa hoc sau:
2NH3 + 3O2 + Tac dong cua vi khua'n -> 2NO2 + 2H* -f 2H2O (2.4)
(amoniac) Nitrosomonas (nitrit)
2NO2" -t- O2 -I- Tac ddng -> 2N03- (2.5)
cua vi khudn Nitrobacter (nitrat)

158
 Nitd trong cac sinh vat trd lai khi quyen qua sfl phan buy
fiic ( h a t thai. Ddu tien nitrat bj khii (nitrat reductiun) theo sd
do phan Ung:
2N0:, + [CH2O] -»• 2 NO2 + H2O + CO2
Tiep dd la quti trinh khfl NO3 va NO2 t h a n h Ng (qua trinh
denitrat hoa -denitrifacation) va dUa Njtrd lai khi quyen:
4NO3 -^ 5 [CH2O] + 4H^ ^ 2N2 t + 5C02t + 7H2O
Chu trinh cua nitd la mot trong cac qua trinh nang ddng va
quan trong nhat cua tu nhien (hinh 4.9). Trong mdi trUdng tfl
nhien nitd la nguyen td co the chuyen boa qua nhieu dang htip
chat khac nhau nhd cac qua trinh tfl nhien (boa htx, sinh hoa...)
va qua trinh nhan sinh. Phdn Idn sfl chuyen hoa N lien quan
vdi qua trinh cxy koa va khii (hinh 4.9).
Cd 3 ngudn cung cdp nitd Ul nhien nhfl lang dong tfl khi
quycn, cd' djnh nitd nhd cac qua trinh sinh boa va phong hoa.
Mj^oiii ra hoiit dong cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep cung cung cap
Iflting diing ke N (NOJ cho mdi trfldng. Nitd lang dong tfl khi
quyen d dang vd cd va hflu cd. Cd djnh nitd sinh hoc dfltic thflc
hien nhd cac vi sinh vat v.v...Nitd trong mdi trfldng cd the bj
nifit di do bay hdi (dang NH3), rfla trdi N, xdi mdn v.v...
Trong mdi trfldng ddt N tham gia vao nhieu qua trinh va
phan flng khac nhau (hinh 4.10). Khau quan trong nhdt cua ciia
.;hu trinh nitd trong ddt la sfl chuyen hoa gifla dang nitd hflu cd
vdi nitd vd cd (vd cd hoa, cd djnh hoa), mat khi chfla nitd (bay
hdi amoniac) va cci djnh nitd do vi sinh vat. Ngoai ra, nitd trong
i a t cdn bj hdp phu, hdp thu tren cac khoang vat set v.v... Nitd
:rt)ng dat cd ngudn gc«; tfl khi quyen, phan bdn, thuc«; trfl sau va
litit cd. Vdng tudn hoan nitd trong dat cd y nghia quan trong ddi
vdi viec hinh thanh va phat tridn ddt.

159
 Phtiii Ung qtiiuig h o a
N, NO,
Htjal (tong Irong khi
ntii lira va quyen
c ^ qua trinh
tir nhien
khic Tong hijp
hoa hoc

Phan txin Hoii c h a i

( N O . . NH4.,) chiiu N D6t
chiiv

NuCk. Nsioc
mat
r-K
N trong
flic
N trong
HCHC
ciic htJj'>
f ua .x,<ic
chai
sinh Viii
hiiu ct>
Vii chill
cua
ihiii dting
sinh vat
sting
vai

* * *
N irong dai {N„ NO,. NH,, .)
Tac (Jong ciia vi sinh vat dtii; NH,
N.>«-^NO,*-5- |l
N/)*-J-N03-*-J- NH,

Hinh 4.9. Chu trinh sinh dia hoa nito

160
 Ghi chu:
1 Tac dong cCia vi khuan

2 Tac dong cua vi khuan khd N

3 Tac dong cua vi khuSn khCr N (denitrat hoa)

4 Tac dong cua vl khuan Nitrobacter

5 Denitrat hoa HCHC ciia xac SV va chSt thai dong vat

chiTa N tren mSt da't va trong cac lang dat khac nhau.

Tao hoa (nau

^ N.trom'khdng khi

/ Phin trfjn

Rila tr6(
Denitrat hoa^
. >,i VI khu^n b;Sn 3oi
NO3 th^nh Nj dang khi)

Rua tr6i "N..^

Hinh 4.10. Chu trinh nito trong dai (Theo Donahue et al, 1983)

161
 Nitd cd vai trd dac biet ddi vdi sfl tdn tai va phat trien ciia
sinh vat va con ngfldi. Tuy nhien khi d mflc dfl thfla, nito liii trci
nen ddc hai ddi vdi the gidi sinh vat. d nhieu nfldc viec sfl dung
cac htip cha't cd ham Iflting NO, NO2 cao khien con ngfldi va gia
sue se bj benh thieu mau va xanh da (blue baby va
methomglobinemia). Khi tham nhap vao cd the ngfldi va ddng
vat NO3" se bj khfl ve NO2" va NO2' lai oxy hoa Fe ^* trong
hemoglobin thanh Fe^*, can trd chflc nang chuyen tai oxy cua
hemoglobin. Ket qua la lam cho da ngfldi bj xanh, thieu mau.
Sfl gia tang ham Iflting nitd trong ddt ngap nfldc la nguyen
nhan quyet djnh gay ra hien tUting phu dUdng. Ham lUcfng N
trong nUdc gay phu dudng phu thudc vao ty sd N : P vti thudng
phai dat tfl 0,5 - 1,0 mg N/lit (ddi vdi mdi trfldng nfldc ngot).
NO, trong khi quyen la thanh phdn cd ban tao ra mUa axit cd
nhieu tac hai xau cho da't va cac hcip phdn mdi trUdng khac.
4.3.4. Chu trinh phot pho
Phd't pho la a kim cd boat tinh trung binh. P cd the cd hoa
trj -3,+3 va +5. P cd nhieu bien the: trang, vang, dd, tim, nau ...
Bien the cua phot pho trdng rat ddc.
Trong tu nhien phd't pho d dang hcfp chat. Phospho tao 190
khoang vat trong do quan trong nhdt la ftoaparit Ca5(P04)3F,
hydroxilapatit Ca5(P04)30H, phosphorit Ca3(PO,,)2 v.v... 95%
khdi ludng ciia phospho tap trung trong apatit va phosphorit.
Clac cua phospho la 8.10'^%, ham lUdng cua phospho trong da
sieu bazd la 1,7.10^%, va trdng da trdm tich la 7.7.10'•^%.
Phospho dUtic tap trung trong cac trdm tich giau vat lieu hflu
cd, xac ddng vat. Trong ddt phospho tdn tai d dang htip chat hflu
cd va dang apatit.

162
 p Phtit phat
irt/iig trong da, quang
khi
((uyfin Phong hoii
Khai thiic. che bien
* rr —

Phan bon, hoti Vo phong hoa

chai chijra P

Rira troi tu nhien

Nirdc
ngiim
-». k-
1
Phtil phiit hoa tan
IN Dai trong nutic ao, ho,
song, bien

P trong thirc vtit P trong chai

I va dong vat thai, xac chfi'i P trong thuy sinh vat P Irong chai
sinh vat thiii Xiic chei
—I-
sinh vat

P trong
tr^m tich

Hinh 4.11. Chu trinh sinh dja hod photpho

Phospho dfltic dung lam phan bdn, san xudt axit phosphoric
vti cae htip chdt hoa btie. Phospho ed chflc nting sinh boa quan
tr()ng, thuc ddy qua trinh trao ddi htip fhat ehfla cacbuhydro va
tdng htip eac poliacrerit tren nao... Phospho tdn tai trong cd the
smh vat dudi dang cac phcsphat (PO4) tao cac axit nucleic RNA
va DNA, cac chdt beo phospholipid trong mang te bao. Vdng
tudn hoan phospho \a vdng tuan hoan hd (binh 4,11), Phospho dUtic
taiig trfl chu yeu trong da va quting dfldi diing phosphat. Phong

163
hoa, thanh taoNddt, riia trdi be mat va boat ddng nhan sinhla
nhflng qua trinh chu yeu phat tan plKispbo vao cac hdp phdn
ciia radi trfldng khac nhau. Phospho d dang boa t a n dfltic cay
hap thu qua r l va tfl dd di vao cd the dong vat an thflc vat.
Phospho trd lai moi trfldng bang cac con dfldng khac nhau:
hoac do ddng vat bai tiet ra, hoac do cac vi k h u a n phan giai xac
chet ddng, thflc vat giai phdng ra. Tfl day phospho bj ddng chay
rxla trdi ve bien va dai dfldng, mot phdn rat nhd diWc cac thuy
sinh vat sii dung, phdn Idn ^dng xudng sSu, bj chdn vui ^ao cftc
tram tich bien (hinh 4.11).

Hinh 4.12. Chu trinh photpho trong dat (theo Gchon, 1989)
Mot khau rdt quan trong ciia chu trinh phot pho hi sU
chuyen hoa va bien ddi P trong mdi trUdng dat (hinh 4. 12). Chu
trinh P trong ddt lien quan tdi cac phan Ung hda bcic. sinh hda
va dia hoa phflc tap. Phdn Idn P tfl san phdm phong hda, tiin dfl

164
thU(- Viit, phiin bdn, ehiit thai ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep .se tham
nhiip vao da't. Mot phan khae P hi rfla trdi mang ra khdi dat vao
nUdf mat. Trong ddt P tham gia nhieu qua trinh va phan Ung
khiif nhau (hinh 4. 12). Mot phan P trong ddt bj mat di do riia
trdi vao nudc ngdm, thUc vat hdp phu v.v... Trong mdi trUdng
tliii cae diing tdn tai cua P (P vd cd va P hflu ed) dfltif chuyen
lidii fho nhau nhd ciic qua trinh sinh dja hda va hda htx: khac
nhau, lam cho bflc tranh phan bd ciia P trong dat rat da dang.
.Milt khac ehu trinh P trong diit iinh hUdng Idn tdi sU can ddi P
(iiiang vao va mdt di). P trong mdi trUdng dd thi va ndng nghiep
ilU(ic bd sung nhieu (khoang 512.000 kglnknx). LUting P bj mdt
ill do hoa mau, nUdc ngdm khoang 150 tan/nam, hinh 4. 13)

Lang (Jong it/

kh. auver.
am Lftil Kh6
f h a t thai Phong hoa
6.9 3.5
n6nq t h i n 1.6
.,,'17
(lioa ma
k 150 . 3 ^

Chiiyfen Iro
phSn bon
310

::•:.:'"" 'm-)"tt S } Ni/oc nqSn

0.8' :..-:•<>-:-:• '"'''-'

PHOTPHO (kg X 10')

Cung cSp lit M^t di Vf'

lue dia

Hinh 4.13. Can doi cua P giua viing thanh pho vA ndng thon d khu vyc h6
Ringsjon Thuy Di§'n. (Theo Ryding et al.,1990)

165
 P la nguyen to cdn thiet cho sinh vat, con ngUdi, nhung khi
cd ham luting Idn thi cung vdi nitd, photpho tham gia tiio mfla
axit, gay ra hien tUting phu dudng va cac hau qua mdi trudng
khac.
Vi|c sxl dung phosphat qua mflc trong trdng trot va sii
dung qua nhieu cac loai xa phdng, nfldc tdy riia (cd chfla help
chat ciia phospho) trong sinh hoat, ddn tdi hien tflting phu
dfldng trdng cac he sinh thai d nfldc. Dieu nay lam tang siJ hinh
thanh tram tich phosphat tflc la lam giam luting phosphat linh
dong tren luc dja, anh hfldng khdng nhd tdi sinh trfldng va phiit
trien cua thflc vat tren Trai Dat.

166
 Chuang 5

OIA HOA 0 N H I I M
5.1. O NHIEM

5.1.1. P h o n g dia hoa va di thflOng dia hoa moi trfldng

Su di chuyen cac nguyen td trong mdi trUdng se dan den

liKen tUting tap trung hoac phan tan. Su tiip trung tao nen di
t h u d n g dUdng, sU phan tan hoac tao dj thUdng am hoac ham
lUt.ing nen.
Phdng dja boa la ham luting trung binh cua nguyen to boa
hoic trong mdt thanh tiio dja chat xac djnh chiem dien tich du
Idn va khdng lien quan tdi eae qua trinh tiio quang va tac ddng
nh.an sinh. Phdng dja boa cd the cd gia trj nhu clac, thudng Idn
hd;n d a c va hiem khi thap hdn d a e . Trcng dja hda mdi trUdng cd
thie hieu phdng dja hoa (nen dja hoa) la ham luting trung binh
f liia nguyen td trong da, dat, nUdc thien nhien, thUc vat cua mdt
vung cu the nao dd vdi mot dien tich du Idn, khdng bj anh hUdng
fiiia cac qua trinh tiic quang hoac boat ddng cua con ngUdi. Cd
eac- leai phdng dja boa ddi vdi cae htip phdn mdi trUdng nhU sau:
da (phdng thach hoc); thd nhUdng (phdng ddt); nxidc (phdng thuy
hoia): khi (phdng khi quyen); sinh quyen (phdng ciia tham thiic
vatt)v.v...
Trj sd clac ciia nguyen to la ham luting trung binh cua mpt
ngiuyen to trong mot he dja boa nha't djnh (vd Trai Ddt, toan bo

167
Trai Dat, trong khi quyen mat trdi). Ddi khi ngUdi ta sU dung
clac nhu la ham lUdng nen dd'i vdi cac da.
DUa vao phdng dja hoa hoac clac lam ham lUting nen cti t hc'
xac djnh mUc do tap trung hay phan tan, du thfla hay thieu hut
cung nhfl dj thfldng cac nguyen td hoa htic (NTHH) trong eae
htip phan mdi trfldng. Chang ban he so tich luy sinh hoc la ty sd'
ham ifldng eiia nguyen td hda hdc trong tro sinh vat vdi trj so
phdng dja boa mdi trfldng ddt. Cung cd the coi he so tich luy la
ty le gifla ham Ifldng nguyen to trong cac bac dinh dfldng sau so
vdi h a m Ifldng trung binh trong thflc an ddu vao.
Di thfldng dja hda la khu vflc cd ham Iflting nguyen to hoii
hoc trong cac thanh phdn (da't, da, nfldc, thflc vat...) khac biet
vdi trj sd phdng dja hoa (nen) cua khu vuc. Cac dj thudng tlja
hda cd the la dUdng khi ham luting nguyen to hoa hex khu vUc
nghien cflu cao hdn nen, la am khi ham Iflting nguyen td hoa
hoc trong khu vflc nghien cflu thdp hdn nen. Cd the phan biet di
thfldng dja hda tfl nhien do cac qua trinh tfl nhien gay ra vdi dj
thfldng dja hoa nhan sinh lien quan den boat ddng cua eon
ngfldi.
Thdng thfldng trong tim kiem khoang san, ngfldi ta quan tiim
tdi dj thfldng dfldng vi nd lien quan vdi cac me. Cdn trdng linh vflc
mdi trfldng, ca dj thfldng dfldng Idn dj thfldng am cung nhu tac
ddng cua nguyen to hoa hoc d cac khoang ham Iflting khac nhau
tdi sflc khoe con ngfldi (hinh 5.1) deu dfltic quan tam nghien
cflu. Ham Iflting cac NTHH va hdp chdt trdng cd the ngfldi va sinh
vat ndi chung phu thudc vac ham Iflcing cua chung trong mtii
trfldng. Mflc dd cd Itii cua NTHH cho chflc nang cua te biio lai
phu thuoc vao ham Ifldng cua NTHH trong cd the sinh vat (hinh 5.1).
Do dd cd the cd ndng do tdi flu ciia nguyen td trong mdi trfldng tldi
vdi sflc khoe ciia con ngfldi, gia trj tdi flu dd phu thudc vao dac

168
 difeui sinh dia hoii ciia nguyen td. Khi ham lucmg nguydn td trong
nidi trudng t^uii cao (du thUa) hoac qua thap (thidu hut) d^u cd anh
hudng rai xau den sue khot* con ngudi, tham chi cd thd ddn ddn tir
vong (hinh 5.1)

Co kn cho
chiic nang te bao

H^m luong trong

sinh vat
• Cx-

Hinh 5.1. Anh hudng ciia cdc mUc ham luong nguy6n td' (Cx) ddi vdi chunc
ndng te bao va tinh trang siirc khoe cua con ngudi

Anh hudng cua nguyen to d mflc ham Iflting Ian can khoang
tdi au ndi tren ddi vdi sflc khoe con ngfldi chfla dfldc nghien cflu
£y. Nhfl vay, thflc te cdn phai cd hai leai tieu chudn mdi trfldng:
qua dfl thfla va qua thieu hut. Trong dja hoa mdi trfldng-ngfldi
'.a quan tam tdi ca hai loai tieu chuan dd. Nghien cflu anh
Ifldng ciia sfl thieu hut va dfl thfla NTHH trcng mdi trfldng ddi
'di sflc khoe con ngfldi la nhi^m vu quan trong cua dia hoa y
IOC.

169
 Ngfldng dja boa moi trfldng la ham Ifldng cua cac
nguyen td trong cac thanh phdn mdi trfldng (ddt, da, khi, nfliic,
tram tich, sinh vat...) cua khu vflc nghien cflu tfldng flng vdi cae
tieu chudn qudc gia quy djnh ve cac thanh phdn moi trudng
(tieu chudn mdi trfldng khi, nfldc, ddt, sinh vat...).
Khi ham Ifldng nguyen to' hoa hoc trong cac thanh phdn mdi
trfldng vfltit qua tieu chudn mdi trfldng (ngfldng mdi trfldng) s^
xudt hien dj thfldng dia hda mdi trfldng. Dj thfldng dja hda mdi
trfldng la ndi tap trung huac phan tan (gay thieu hut) nguyen
td, htip chat hoa htic den mflc vi pham tieu chudn mdi trfldng va
cd hai cho sinh vat hoac con ngfldi. Cd loai dj thudng dja boa
mdi trfldng vfldt qua ngfldng (dj thfldng d nhiem), dj thudng
chfla dat tdi mflc tdi flu (dj thfldng benh hoc). Xung quanh cac dj
thfldng ndi tren cd the cd cac vanh phan tan dfldc khoanh djnh
theo cac mflc ham Ifldng khac nhau.
Viec xac djnh cac vanh phan tan, cac di thfldng dja hoa mdi
trfldng dfltic tien hanh theo cac nguyen tdc va phfldng phap cd
trong quy pham ve do ve ban dd dja hda dfldc dieu chinh cho
phu hdp vdi dia hoa mdi trfldng. Ngfldi ta lap ban dd dja hoa
moi trfldng phuc vu nhieu muc dich khac nhau nhfl nghien cflu
dia hoa sinh thai, y hoc, ndng nghiep ... Noi dung chinh ciia nd
la: The hien sfl phan bdcac thdng sddia hoa ciia mdi trfldng, cac
yeu td tfl nhien va nhan sinh anh hfldng tdi dac trflng dia hoa
moi trfldng; sfl phan bd nguyen to trong cac thanh phan khac
nhau ciia mdi trfldng (khdng khi, nfldc, dat, da, tram tich, tham
thflc vat), cac dj thfldng, cac vflng d nhiem, vung thieu hut
nguyen td. Doi tUctng rdt dfldc quan tam the hien tren ban do la
cac di thfldng, vanh phan tan nguyen td tfl nhien hoac iih&n

170
sinh (do cac boat dting khai thac md khoang san. san xuat cdng
nghiep, dd thj hoii. sfl dung phan bdn...gay ra). Cae lorii benh do
d nhiem hoac thieu hut nguyen tti' hoii hoc gay ra eung tlfltic the
hien tren ban dd DHMT.
Tren ban dd dja hoa mdi trfldng cdn khoanh dinh vung d
nhiein, vung thieu hut nguyen td, cac nguyen nhan gay ra cac
di t hfldng, tac ddng xau tdi con ngfldi va sinh vat de de ra bien
phiip phdng tranh. quy hofich va sfl dung lanh thd, lanh hai.

5.1.2. O n h i e m va p h a n loai

O nhiem mdi trfldng la sfl thay ddi tinh chat hoac t h a n h

phiin cua moi trUdng gay bat Idi cho sinh vat vii con ngudi.
Mdt so nha nghien cflu cho rdng chi cd sU thay ddi tinh chat
hoac thanh phdn mdi trUdng do con ngUdi gay ra vi pham cac
tieu chudn mdi trUdng mdi dUtic cci la d nhiem mdi trUdng
(ONMT). Theo quan diem nay nhflng dac tinh vdn cd (hoac sfl
thay ddi cac dac tinh vdn cd) cua mdi trfldng du vi pham tieu
chuan mdi trfldng (TCMT) nhflng khdng phai do con ngfldi gay
r.i, cung khdng dfltic coi la d nhiem. Chang ban phdng xa tfl
nhien trong cac md urani hoac md than chfla urani, cac dj
thudng tu nhien cua cac nguyen to doc hai, v.v... deu khdng
phai la ONMT. Nhung sU tich luy Hg trong chudi thflc an trong
mdi trfldng bien hoac tram tich lien quan vdi nfldc thai cdng
nghiep cd ndng do Hg cao hdn tieu chudn mdi trfldng dfldc coi la
ONMT.
Ngay nay quan diem dfltic da so nha nghien cflu thfla nhan
cho rang moi thay ddi (tfl nhien hay nhan sinh) ve tinh cha't

171
hoac thanh phdn cua mdi trfldng tdi mflc cd hai che sinh vat va
con ngfldi deu dfldc coi la ONMT. Cung cd the ndi ONMT xuat
hi$n khi thanh phdn hoac tinh cha't ciia moi trfldng vudt tieu
chudn moi trfldng.
Cha't gay 6 nhiem la chdt hoa hoc, vat lieu hoac vi sinh vat
v.v... ma sfl cd mat cua nd trong moi trfldng d ham Iflting cd hai
cho ba't ky sinh vat nao.
Tieu chudn moi trfldng la cac quy dinh quoc gia hay qudc t§'
ve tinh chat, thanh phdn mdi trfldng thi'ch hdp chd sflc khde t:on
ngfldi. Mdi qudc gia cd mot quy dinh rieng ve TCMT, nhflng
nhin chung TCMT cac nfldc ke thfla ciia nhau va cd the khac
nhau ve gia tri cu the. De xem xet mdi trfldng cd bj d nhiem hay
khdng phai dfla vao TCMT de danh gia cac ket qua quan trdc,
do dac, phan tich tinh chdt va thanh phdn mdi trfldng cung nhu
tac dpng ciia moi trfldng dd ddi vdi sinh vat va con ngfldi.
Nfldc ta da xay dflng dfldc cac TCMT nhfl tieu chuan cha't
Iflcfng nfldc (TCVN 5070 - 1995; TCVN 5294, 5296, 5298, 5499,
TCVN 5524, 5525, 5942, 5945, 5980 - 6002), chat Iflting khdng
khi (TCVN 5067, 5293, 5937, 5939, 5940, 5970...), tieu chudn
mdi trfldng ddt (TCVN 5297 - 1995, 5299, 5302, 5941, 5960...),
v.v...
Dfla vao ban cha't tac nhan gay 6 nhiem cd the phan biet d
nhiem vat ly (d nhiem nhiet, d nhiem tieng on, d nhiem phdng
xa), d nhiem hoa hoc( do cac nguyen to, htip chdt hoa hoc), d
nhilm sinh hoc (do cac loai vi sinh vat, vi khudn, v.v...). Chi tittt
hdn cd the phan chia cac loai d nhilm nhfl sau: d nhilm hflu cd
(thudc trfl sau, diet cd, ddu md...); d nhiem vd cd (cac kim lorn, Hg,
Cd...; cac loai khi •: SO,, N0„ CO...); d nhiem bui (bi^i silic, bui
amiang, bui xi mang, bui than...); 6 nhilm phdng xa (U, Th,
...).v.v.

172
 Theo hiiii fli;it (Uii mdi trUdng hi d nhiein ngfldi ta fhia ra
ra<- iuiii d nhieni: o nhiem khi (d nhiem khi quyen): d nhiem
rur(i( ; d nhiem diit. tram tieh, vd phong hoa; d nhiem thUf phiim;
M iihieiii mdi truiing -^ii hdi. v.v...
Co the phiin hied d nhiem hoa bcK- va nhieni ban. O nhieni
hti;i hoe lii sU t;iiu; (-ao hiim lUdng eua nguyen tti'hoiif hcip chat
lio;i hot- trtmg mdi trUting .so veil phdng dja hoa den mUc gay hai
fill) -iiih Viit sdng v;i foii ngUdi. Cdn nhieni ban eung la sU tang
liU) ham lifting t-uii nguyt''n tti hoaf hdp chat hoa hoc trong mdi
irudng so vdi phdiu; tlia hoii nhUng khdng phai kem theo dieu
kit>n tic>n tpuyct la giiy hai cho smh viit .sdng. Theo khia ciinb
nav thi nhieu khi ndi la diit hoac tram tich hi nhiem ban chinh
Kilt- htin lii tliii. triim tieh bj d nhiem. Tuy nhien, cung cd ngUdi
• ht) riing hai khai niem 'lii^- \a tUdng di'dng
Ngudn gdc d nhiem to the la tU nhien. nhiin smh hoiic ket
hcip tu nhien vdi nhiin sinh. 6 nhieni tu nhien lien quan tdi tich
tu quiing (quiing urani, than chfla urani...). phun triio nui Ifla,
va eae qiui trinh tu nhien khdc (cung cd iigUcii coi day la nhieni
btin). Ngudn d nhiem chu yeu la lioiit ddng nhan sinh nhu sinh
hoiit. boat ddng san xuat (san xuat nang luting, hoa chat, khai
th;if. t h e hien khoang san, giao thdng van tai, che bien thUc
phiim. d i a n nudi giii sue, v.v...). Cd the phan biet dUcfc ngudn d
nhieni diem (point source pollution) va d nhiem dien (nonpoint
source pollution). Ixiai thU nhat lien quan tdi tflng diem xa thai
fhat d nhiem xiic djnh. Loiii thfl hai la ngudn d nhiem tren dien
tifh Idn, khdng quan sat thdy mot diem ngudn d nhiem trflc tiep
nhu vung dat ndng nghiep cd dung thuoc trfl sau, diet cd, vung
khai thiic md (vung khai thac than d Ckm Pha v.v...). Do nhu
cdu phat trien kinh te, con ngUdi ngay ciing khai thac san xudt
va sU dung nhieu hoa chat, nhieu loai tai nguyen lam gia tang

17.3
cha't d nhiem mdi trudng theo thdi gian. De diinh gia mUe do gia
tang thai chdt d nhiem vao mdi trUdng ngUdi ta dflng chi sd' silc
ep mdi trfldng (EP), la ty sd gifla cac gia trj ham Iflting chat d
nhiem thai vao mdi trfldng b hai thdi gian xac djnh (bang 5.1>.
Bang 5.1. Du bao sUc ep moi trudng cua cdc chat 6 nhiem
nam 2000 - 2030 so vdi hien nay.

Thanh phin Nam 2000-2030

Kim loai nang 1,44
Chat thai phdng xa 3,43
CO2 1,10
CO 1,50
NOj 1,80
SO2 va SO^^ 3,50
Chat thai rdn 3.43
Chat thai cdng nghifep Idng 2,29
Rac thai (N2) 2,00
Tran dau 1,75
can Id Iflng 4,50
Nfldc thai hiiu cd 2,00
Thudc trfl sau 4,33
Phan bdn 1,70
Hydro cacbon trong khdng khi 2,00
Cac chat quang hoa 1,33
Nhiet thai 14,00
Tldng dn 3,00

De danh gia mflc do d nhiem ngfldi ta cd the dung he sd d

n h i l m (Ttc): Ttc = Cx/Ctc (Mai Trong Nhuan, 1993), trong cfid
Cx la ham Iflting cua nguyen td hoac hdp chdt trong mdi trfldnig
ciia vung nghien cflu, Ctc la gidi han tdi da cho phep dd'i vtdi
nguyen td hoac hcJp chdt dd dfltic neu trong cac tieu chuan mtoi
trfldng. Mdi trfldng dfldc cdi la d nhilm nang neu Ttc > n.lO, d

171
iihitMii Irung hmh neu Ttr '-• :! - 9. d nhieni yeu khi Tte = 1,5 - 2.
lie tiing dd tin aiv ta i-(i the dung hti sd:
Tip = (Cx - C|0'* tf. () tliiy Tip la he sti d nhiem da hieu
fhinh phdng. Cp In hiim lifting nen (phdng) fua nguyen td hoiie
111)]) thiit trong mdi triidng fiit- vung nghicai fUu khdng hi iinh
lulling htii qua t n n h tno quiing hoaf boat ddng nhan sinh. Cx va
( ti ttiffk- liit^'u nhif troHL; i-dng thUf Ttf.
Dia htia d nhit>m la mt)t bti phi^in cua dia hoa mdi trUdng fd
lihiimi vu nghien i-uii ngudn va hiinh vi fiif fhiit giiy d nhiem
fling nhu hiin that tlia hoii fua fat- mdi tnfdng hi d nhiem. tdt-
tloiig fua d nhieni mdi trUdng dtn vdi smh vat va eon ngUdi. Xiif
liili fd sti klioii hof dia hoii ht>e eho vice ban ehe d nhiem va bao
ve nidi tnfdng.

5.2. NGl/CiNC SINH T H A I VA KHA N A N G Dt^NG HOA

C H A T 6 NHIExM CUA MOI T R I / O N G

5..2.1. Ngfldng sinh thai

NgUdng sinh thai la niUe dti hoae kha nang ddng boa va
f hiu dung fac chat d nhiem mdi trUdng cua cac he sinh thai. Cd
t.he foi ngifdng sinh thai la khoang ham luting cao nhat cac
iiiguycm to va hdp chat cua chung chUa gay bien ddi xau ve sinh
li'iai, smh ly cua smh vat. Cia trj ngUdng sinh thai thudng nhd htin
Higifdng tlia htia mdi trUdng. NgUdng sinh thai rdt khd djnh
hjcing, thudng dUtic dung de the hien va danh gia anh hUdng cua
f hiit d nhiem len eac he sinh thai.
Su t-ac ddng eua ehat d nhiem len he sinh thai vti mdi
tirudng phu thudc vao cac yeu to sau day: ndng do va dang tdn
tiai cua chat d nhiem; mUc do va thdi gian phan buy, sfl chuyen
bidii thanh hdp ehat khac; qua trinh di ehuyen eua nguyen to

175
trong mdi trUdng, eac qiu-i trinh dja hoa, sinh dia hoii khiic; thdi
gian tac ddng; tudi va loai smh vat va cac dac trflng khac cua lie
sinh thai.
Mdi loai sinh vat nhay cam vc'ii ciic ddc td khac nhau. do cid
ngUdng sinh thiii cua chung cung khdng gidng nhau. Gidi h a n
ngUdng eua cac sinh vat nen (cay non, con non) tha'p hdn nhieu
so vdi sinh vat trUdng thanh bdi vi he thdng va cd che bao vi) c d
the cua sinh vat non chua phat trien hoan chinh.
Co nhieu hcip chat va nguyen to boa hoc gay tac ddng xau
(gay hai) cho the gidi sinh vat va eon ngUdi d bat ky ndng do nao
(khac khdng). Dd la chat d nhiem khdng cd ngUdng xac dinh
chinh xac, nhU chat phdng xa, cac ddc to' hflu cd (dioxin, DDT...,)
v.v... Mot so'nguyen td'va hcip chat cua chung gay t.'ic citing xau
cho mdi trfldng .sdng d mdt mflc ham Ifldng nhdt dinh. C h u n g
dfltic goi la ciic chat d nhiem cd ngfldng. nhU P. N. Cd. Fe, Zn.
v.v.... N va P la hai nguyen td'dinh dudng rii't cdn thiet cho sinlh
v.at. nhung khi ham lUting cua chung rat cao lai tao nen sU phiu
dudng tieu diet hang loat sinh vat. Trong trUdng htip dd chung
dUtic coi la cha't gay d nhiem.
Cac chat d n h i l m de phan huy cd the tfl chuyen hoa thanlh
cac chat it ddc hai hoac cac chat mat hdn tinh dtic Ngfltic lait,
chat d nhilm vflng ben, khdng phan buy trong mdi trfldng, luu
gifl tinh ddc trong thdi gian dai (cac kim loai nang. cac chat
phdng xa, cac chdt ddc hflu cd dac biet...). Cd mc)t .so chat to
nhilm, dfldi tac ddng cua cac qua trinh tfl nhien cd the chuydn
boa hoac phan buy cham thanh cac thanh phdn trung gian cunp?
cd tinh ddc.
Nhfl vay mflc do tac ddng ciia cac chat d nhiem khdng t-hi
phu thudc vao quy md, tinh chat ciia ngudn cap ma cdn phia
thudc vao ca dang tdn tai, hanh vi, kha nang phan buy cuia

176
d i u n g va cac qua trinh dien ra trong mdi trUdng. TU diiy ta cd
t h e phat bieu ve mdt nguyen ly quan trong cua dia boa mdi
tr-ifiing.- Su tdc dcmg den mdi trUcing cua chdt gdy d nhiem khdng
chi phu thudc vdo ndng do, dang tdn tai, khd ndng phdn huy
ciia no md cdn phu thudc vdo cdc qud trinh .xdy ra trong mdi
trueing md ddc biet Id qud trinh di chuyen ciia cdc chdt gdy d
n.hiem.

5.2.2. Kha nang tfl dong hoa chat d nhiem ciia moi trUdng

Kha nang tu ddng hoii chat d nhiem cua he sinh thai hay
rndi trUdng la kha nang chuyen hca chdt d nhiem tfl dang doc
biii sang dang it hoac khdng ddc hiii, tfl dang linh ddng sang
d ang khdng hoac it linh ddng. Kha nang nay cua he sinh thai
p hu thutic vao quy md, cau true, t h a n h phdn, cac qua trinh xay
ri.a trong he sinh thiii. Trcng he sinh thai quy md Idn. cac chat d
n hiem cd the phan bci tren dien rdng nen ndng do chat d nhiem
sta thdp. Vi vay quy md he sinh thai cang Idn, kha nang cua he
didng hoa chat d nhiem cang cao.
He sinh thiii cang da diing va cang cd nhieu chudi thflc an
sis cang cd nhieu k h a nang ddng hoa chat d n h i l m . He sinh thai
riflng tfl nhien ben vflng trudc tac ddng cua d nhiem hdn he sinh
t h a i nhan tae (it chudi thUc an hdn). Day cung chinh la mot
t r o n g cac ly do khien loai ngUdi can cd y thflc bao tdn sfl da
d.iing sinh hoe tren hanh tinh.
Cac qua trinh xay ra trong he sinh thai cd tac ddng Idn tdi
kiba nang ddng hoa chat d nhiem. Qua trinh quang htip da
chuyen CO^ thanh CgHizOe, lam giam kha nang gay hieu flng
nlha kinh hoac gay ngat ciia CO2. Cac qua trinh trdm tich xay ra
tr-ong he sinh thai dfldi nfltic thuc ddy sfl idng dong va hdp phu
caic kim loi^ii nang, cac chat hflu cd vad trdm tich. ha thdp ndng

177
do cua chung trong nfldc. Nhd cac qua trinh khac nhau ma bui
Pb* (rat doc) chuyen hoa thanh PbSO,, (cd doc tinh thdp hdn
nhieu).
Cac loai vi sinh vat, thflc vat cd kha nang hap thu, chuyen
hoa cac cha't d nhiem khac nhau lam giam doc tinh ciia chung
xudng tha'p. Mdi trfldng dia chdt cd kha nang ddng hda chdt d
nhiem. Kha nang nay cua mdi trfldng dja chdt phu thudc viio
thanh phdn, tinh chdt va cac qua trinh xay ra trong mdi trfldng
dd. Cac thanh.tao trdm tich bd rdi, \ T H va dat cd kha nang
tang trfl, Iflu gifl doc td tdt hdn cac da macma, da bien chat.
Trdm tich giau bun set, vat lieu hflu cd cd kha nang ddng bc>a
kem, nhflng cd kha nang tang trfl, Iflu gifl ddc td va vi sinh v(it
cao hdn tram tich cat san. Cac khoang vat set, khoang vat keo,
cac cha't vd djnh hinh cd kha nang hap phu doc to cao hdn hdn
cac khoang vat ndi sinh nhfl thach anh, inmenit, fenspat, v.v ..
Cdc qud trinh dia chdt xdy ra trong moi trUdng, dkc biet la qua
trinh hinh thanh dat, VPH, van chuyen, lang dong va bien dtii
tram tich, v.v.... cung nhfl ddc diem khi hau, thuy vdn anh
hfldng Idn tdi kha nang ddng hda chat d nhilm ciia mdi trfldng.
Cac qua trinh nay lam thay ddi dang tdn tai, cdu trflc, thanh
phdn cua cac chat gay d nhilm va dac tinh cua mdi trfldng, dac
biet la cac cac htip chat hiiu cd vdi cac kim loai cd hoa trj thay ddi.

5.3. DIA HOA CAC CHAT THAI

Chat thai sinh boat cung nhfl chat thai ciia hoat dong san
xuat cd the la rdn, long, khi.

5.3.1. Chat thai khi

Chat thai khi rdt phflc tap, dfltic sinh ra tfl nhieu ngudn
khac nhau. Trong phdn ndi ve khi quydn (chfldng II) da de ciip

178
tiii eac chii't giiy d nhiem khac nhau, d day chi nhan manh
n;gudn cap cae t-hiit khi dd.
Bui Id Iflng t-hUa eac nguyen td ddc nhfl As, Cd, Pb. C'u, Fe
SI nh ra do dot than, dau, xang... thUdng thoat ra tU eat nhii nuiy
iiliiet dien va nhii may hoii chdt cung nhu cac phUdng tien van
tiia. Bui amiang. bui silic, bui than, bui phdng xa lien quan vdi
kiaai thiif, fhe bien cac khoang san amiang, than, vat lieu xay
thjng.... Bui phdng xa trong khi quyen cdn dUtic tao ra trong cac
vu thfl hat nhiin. sU cd nha may dien nguyen tfl...
Khi SOj smh ra trong tjUfi trinh ddt nhit;'n lieu (than da.
tl i;in bun...), ddt rac. Chang ban nha may dien Pha L^ii mdi niim
t h a i vao khi quyen luting SO2 rat Idn.
Khi NO^ (NO^, NO), CO sinh ra trong viec dot cac loiii
n;guyen vat lieu trong cac linh vUc khac nhau (bang 5.2, bang
5. 3). Chdt thai cua thiet hi giao thdng va nhii may nhiet dien va
ci^He nganh cdng nghiej) khac la ngudn cap NO,^ chu yeu.

Bang 5.2. Nguon sinh NO, trong khi quyen d Anh (nghin tan)

% so vdi
Nganh, nguon 1976 1980 1983 1986 tdng
(1986)
11. Gia dinh 50 52 51 57 3
2?. Djch vu cdng cdng 41 41 43 45 2
3). Nha may nhiet dien 774 851 763 783 40
4! Luyen kim 44 42 36 38 2
5.Cac nganh CN khac 292 216 186 179 9
6). Giao thdng dudng sat 42 41 37 37 2,5
7'. Giao thdng dudng bd 603 670 688 784 40
85. Ndng nghiep 5 4 3 3 -
Tong 1863 1932 1820 1937 100

179
 Bang 5.3. Nguon sinh CO trong khi quyS'n d Anh (nghin tin)

%so
vdi
Nganh, nguon 1976 1980 1983 1986
tdng
(1986)
1. Gia dinh 641 532 463 483 9
2. D.vu cdng cdng 13 11 12 11 -
3. Nha may nhidt di^n 53 52 46 48 •*

4. Luyen kim 4 4 4 4 -
5. Ndng nghidp 1 1 1 1 -
6. Cac nganh CN khac 111 77 74 75 > 1
7. Giao thong dudng sdt 16 15 14 14 -
8. Giao thong dudng bd 3804 4295 4437 4748 85
9. Dot phe thai N2 220 220 220 220 3,9
Tong 4862 5208 5269 5602 100%

Khi ddc cdn dUcfc sinh ra trong qua trinh khai thac khoang
san. Trong cac khu vflc khai thac than thfldng cd ndng do khf
doc kha cao, chu yeu la CO, SO2, NO2, NH3, H2S (bang 5.4).
Khai thac, che bien va van chuyen dau md, khi dot la ngudn chii
yeu sinh hydrocacbon cd doc tinh cao trong mdi trfldng.
Cac qua trinh dja chdt - dja hoa (boat ddng nui liia phun
trao, thoat khi tfl cac khe nui do dong ddt ...) cung cd vai tro
quan trong trong viec cung cdp va phat tan cac cha't 6 nhiem
khi vao moi trfldng (SO,, NO,, CO,, HCl, HF, bui, tro...).

180
 fiang 5. 4. Ham luong mot so chiit trong khdng khi (mg/m') a mo than
Nui Beo (Cam Pha) (do ngay 28-29/3/1997, theo TrSn Quang Dung, 1997)

Vi tri lay mau SO, NOj NH, H,S CO CH4

A - T.\< bai thai phu phia Bdc
C a n h di/dng 6 to leii bai 0,0084 0,008 0,006 0,0004 3,14 0,093
thsii
Nigoai l<tiu vLfc bai ttiai 0,0073 0,002 0,002 0,0002 3,14 -
K'fno VL/c 6 to do dat 0,0106 0,01 0,008 0,0007 6,28 0,057
B - Ti3i via 11 Nui Beo
K hu van phong 0,0028 0,007 0,012 0,0011 6,28 -
Gioc dudng xuong 0,0126 0,013 0,008 0,0009 15,7 -
mciong
. Diut^ng xuong moong 0,0201 0,007 0,007 0,0012 15,7 0,830
cuig 1
DiL/dng xuong moong 0,0148 0,017 0,009 0,0014 19,47 -
cuia 2
- Diay moong, t^anh may 0,0126 0,012 0,011 0,0027 37,68 0,997
xiic-.
- Cilem doi dien vdi cua 1 0,0345 0,004 0,006 0,0006 7,34 -
- Dinh moong 0,0074 0,002 0,002 0,0002 4,71 0,043
C - Khu VUc che bien
than kho 3
• 6 i a a may sang than co
0,0127 0,009 0,012 0,0043 9,23 -
ciidij
- Ciuoi Khu v u t nghien
0,0141 0,013 0,011 0.0049 12,56 0,1526
s^rng than "ban co gitii"
• Cianb nha cua dpi van
0,0172 0,011 0,008 0,0031 3,14 -
tai ,XN dich vu van tai
- Nlha dSn dudi thung
Ijntg
0,0176 0,009 0,019 0,0051 3,97 -

7CVN5937-1995
0.3 0,1 - - 5 -
(Tajpbiti24 h)

181
 Cloruafluocacbon (CFC) la chat gay d nhiem khdng khi rat
dang quan tam vi CFC cd tac dung pha buy tdng ozdn. Ngudn
thai ra CFC la cac may lanh, cac dung mdi, cac khi toa bot, cac
chdt phun bui my phdm hoac sdn phun (bang 5.5).

Bang 5.5. Ngudn sinh ra CFC trin thigidi (%, nam 1985)

Ngudn % gdp phan

Chat phun bui 25
Chat lam xdp 26
Dung mdi 19
Thiet bi dieu hoa nhiet dd 12
Thiet bi lam lanh 8
Cac ngudn khac 10

Cac chat thai khi di vao khi quyen qua hang loat bien tldi,
tfldng tac vdi nhau va lai theo khi, theo may va mfla^quay trd ve
mat da't va con ngfldi (xem hinh 5.2).

L82
 Bieii drii uctt

til ihuycii 1 icti 111 Irong

—» khC)m; kill'
ktitiycch kill

! 1
L^x: sacti
(May)
Bicii doi klio

t) ntiK'-iii cac lurp ptiiin

moi irutrng

\
U n g ircft
Lang kii6 (mira. luyet)
Ciic qua trinli va tliahi
( on ii'iuoi M
lao III rihicn
__,.. Jl„ J

Hinh 5 2. So do 'vong tuan hodn' ciia chat thai khi

Tdc do lang khd (Vg) cua chdt thai trong khi quyen xucihg
in.at ddt dutic tinh theo cdng thflc: Vg (m/s) = D/Cx. trong dd D
\a tldng khi den be mat (pg/m^/s) va Cx la ndng do chat thai
i m n g khi quyen (pg/m^). Tdc do lang khd cua cac chat khi khac
iihiau kha nhieu (bang 5.6). Tdc' do lang khd phu thudc vao ty
I n.ing. thanh phdn va cac tinh chat khac cua chat khi cung nhfl
be mat lang. Tri so nay ddi vdi be mat idng cd tham thflc vat
ih udng Idn hdn be mat khdng cd thflc vat (bang 5.6).

183
 Bang 5.6. Gid tri v4 tdc dd Idng khd
Cha't d nhilm Be mat ling Tdc do ling cm'/s
SOj Ddng cd 1.0
SO2 Dai dfldng 0,5
SO2 Dat 0,7
SO2 Rflng 2,0
O3 Ddng co khd 0,5
O3 Ddng co U6t 0,2
0, Tuyet 0.1

Qua trinh lang udt dUtic dac trUng bdi ty so b e (1J(;,

Lc = Cn/Cx (trong dd Cn la ndng dp chat ddc trong nudc m u a
(mg/kg), Cx la ndng do chat ddc trong khdng khi (mg'm^)

5.3.2. C h a t t h a i long

- Cdc nguon nudc thdi

Cac ngudn nut3c thai rat da dang, bao gdm nUdc thai sinh
boat, nUdc thai cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep. nUdc ngdm nhiern
man, nhiem bdn, v.v...
Nudc thai sinh boat thudng cd mui thdi. chfla nhieu chatt
hflu cd de bi phan buy sinh hoc (hydratcacbon, protein, md...),
chat dinh dfldng (nitd. iihospbo ), vi trung....
Theo tai lieu cua Arceila, mdi ngay mdt ngfldi dung 80 - '-W)
lit nfldc, da dfla vao mdi trfldng cac chat nhfl sau:
B0D5 45-50g Nito tdnu 6-12g
Chdt rdn tdng 170-220g Phospho tting 0.8-l,0g
Kiem 20-30g Clo 4 - 8g

184
 .\U('ic thai citna nghit'i) cii the fhUa t-ac hoa chat tide (t-ac kim
l();n nang nhU: i'l), 11^', (M, .As..... thut'it- sat trung. nit- chat lay
riiii, (•;i(- i'h;it hiiu co klio t)i phan buy sinh htic (phenol, chat
liiijit dnim he in;U. dau. md). t-hat hflu cti tie hi p-han buy sinh
!IOT (tronK nUiif tli.-u nhii ni;iv i-hc bien thUc pl;;"tni, nUt'it- giai
kh;it. iiang .').?. 7) 8. .'),9), Vi tlu nUt'k- thai nha niav thudt- tla cd
ch.Vt ran ttmg cdnu o.Ol - l-S.Og/l. B(,)l) , (),05-(),.^)g/l. Na(M :5.0g/l,
sunfua ().]2g/l; prtitcin 1 .Og/l.NUt'it- thai khai thac va che biij'n
kht)ang sail thUting to pH nho, chua t-ac kim loai niing (Pb, Cd.
. \ s . Hg, Co, Nl..,). S. CI. nguyt'ui td phdng xa (U, Th. v.v....) vii
('h.;U kt-o. huyen pliu. buti min. v.v...

Bang 5.7, Thanh phan nudc thai (mg/l)tU nha may che bien thuc pham
(Theo so lieu ciia so Moi trudng Alberta, Canada va Le Minh Triet. 1995)
— 1

C.ic :'-iap phan Che bien Che bien Che bien Ruou bia.
^^
Che bien
sC/a Canada si/a,VN hai san. VN VN Ihit, VN

Cha, ram tong cong 4 516

Ch.it r a n \0 lijng 560 <50 50-120 <30 150-200

Mitc) huu cd 73,2 <20 70-110 140-180

Na 807

Ca 112

Hg 25

K 116

P 59

C^OD 225-300 1600-2300 100-200 1500 2000

BOD 1 890 140-160 1300-1800 55-120 1100 1600

pH 5.3-6,1 5,3-7,3 7,2-10,9 6,5-7,2

Tan Ittcjng doi vdi 10-12 70-120 10-12 20-50

nudc tiaii (rn-Vtan sp)

185
 Bang 5.8. Thanh p h i n nudc thai tUxi nghiep sat sinh (mg/l)
(Theo so lieu cua si^ Moi trudng Alberta, Canada)

Loai ddng vat Chat rdn Id Iflng N - hflU CO BOD '

Bd, trau 820 154 996
Heo 717 122 1045 '
Hon hi3p 929 324 2240

Biing 5.9. Thanh ph^n nudc thai (mg/l) t u x i nghiep det nhuom va hoa ;hdt
(O phia nam nudc ta), thuoc da(Canada)
(Theo so lieu cua sd Moi trudng Alberta, Canada va Le Minh Triet, 19)5)

Hop phan Det San xuat hoa Thuoc

Tdng chdt ran hoa tan nhudm chat da,Canadi

Cha't rdn id Iflng 10-18,000 1000-1400 600 - 800

Tdng dp cUng 1600
pH 2-14 2-13
COD 60-5000 120-350
BOD <50 900
NaCl 500
SO4 50-2000 500-1200 1201
PO, <5
Protein 1000
Crom 30-70

Nudc thai tfl san xuat ndng nghiep cd the chfla NOf, P ) , ' .
NH4'* (gay phu dfldng), DDT, DDE (la cac chat doc). Nfldc nUa
rfla trdi tfl mSt ddt, cudn theo cac hoa chat va rac cung la njudn
nfli5c rat dang quan tam ve phfldng dien mdi trfldng. Nfldc njdm

186
hi nhidm nii'iii. phen ihani vao cdng. sdng. rat-h, lam tang ham
iuiing clo. sunlMt trong nUt'it,- sinh boat, nutk- Midi trong ndng
!i,i;hit'p Dav la v.-iii ilc> r.-'it tIang cpian tam ddi vdi nhflng vung
vi-ii liicn rdng Itin cua nUtic ta co dt) t-ht'uih lech khong Idn sti vdi
iiui(- nutic luen v;i khan hiem nUi'if ngot. Vice khai thac nUt'ic
n|,;;iiii vi-n hien thieu tuih toan htip ly da liim tang sU nhieni
man cac ngudn nitot- va tlat ven hien nhu Ca Mau. Ha Tien,
V.V..

Thanh phan hoa hoc t u a chat thai Idng rat phUf tap; trong
t li;Vt thai Ct) t-a hi.ip chat huu cd. htip chat vd cd va cac vi sinh vat
(Iiiing •"(.lO) vdi ham lUtlng vUt:it tieu chuan mdi trudng (bang

Dua vao kha nang phan buy .sinh hoc cd the chia cac chat
hflu cd thiinh hai loai' C^ac chat de bi phan buy sinh hoc (hoac
ldl- (-h,-\t lit'U thu oxy) nhU cacbonhytlrat, protein, chat beo.
liau. .; cat- that khd phan buy sinh htx- nhu hydrocacbon vdng
ihiini. cac htip chat da vdng ngUng tu, cac d o hflu cd. Cac chat
hflu fd rliieni den 5.')"o tdng chat ran. chiem 75''-o chat ran Id
Ifliig. chieni 15% chat ran hoa tan. Trong thanh phdn chdt hflu
cd tfl nudc thiii khu dan cU cd khoang 40% - 60% protein, 25 -
:'^()"b rachonhydrat, 10% chdt beo.

187
 Bang 5.10. Thanh phan dac trung cua nudc thai khu dan cu.
(Theo tai lieu cua Sa Moi truang Altjerta, Canada, 1978)

H^m iuctng (mg/l) theo mflc d nhiem

Chat 6 nhiem
Manh Trung binh Yeu
Chat ran tdng cdng 1200 700 350
Chat ran hoa tan. 850 500 250
tdng
Chat rdn khdng 525 300 145
bay hoi
Chat ran bay hdi 325 200 105
Chat rdn id Iflng 350 200 100
Chat ran cd the 20 10 5
Idng (mg/l)
BODS - 20°C 300 200 100
Nhu cdu oxy hoa 1000 500 250
hoc (COD)
Tdng cacbon 300 200 100
hflu co (TOC)
Nito (tdng, theo N) 85 40 20
N - huu cd 35 15 8
Amoniac tU do 50 25 12
Nitrit 0 0 0
Nitrat 0 0 0
Phospho tdng 20 10 6
P - huu cd 5 3 2
P - vd cd 15 7 4
Clorua 100 50 30
Do kiem (theo 200 100 50
CaCOj)
Dau, md 150 100 50

188
 De danh giii lUdng chdt hflu cd trong nflck- can dung cac
t h d n g so khac nhau. Tdng cacbon hdu cd (TOC, Total Organic
Carbon) la toan bd Iflcing cacbon cd trong cac hdp chat hflu
t'ci d dang boa tan hoac vat lieu Id liing (the hien bang gam
hoac miligam cacbon tren ddn vi the tich). Thdng sd' kali
p<ecmanganat (Kp) la Ifldng kali pecmanganat tieu thu de oxy
boa chat hflu cd trong nfldc (ddn vi do la gam KMnO,, tieu thu
t r e n ddn vi the tich). Kp thfldng diWc dung de danh gia chat
liwng nUf'ic ucVng do Kp cd Uu diem la xac dinh nhanh (khoang
1 -2 gid), nhUng cd nhUtJc diem la khdng phan anh dUtjc chinh
xac \\ie3ng chat hflu cd cd trong nfldc vi chi khoang 65% chat hflu
cc3 bi KMnOj oxy hoa. Cho nen hien nay Kp it dfldc dung de
d a n h gia chat lUtjng nUdc thai.
Nhu cdu oxy hoa hgc (COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand) la
iitcJng chat oxy hoa (the hien bdng g hoac mg O2 theo ddn vi the
tich) cdn de oxy hoii chat hflu cd trong nUdc. Hien nay kali
b icromat (K.^Cr^O?) la chdt oxy hoa manh thUdng dUtJc dflng de
Xac dinh COD. vi nd cd thd oxy boa 95%o den 100% chdt hflu cd
Cto trong nfltfc.
Nhu cdu oxy sinh hod (BOD, Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
ih Iflcing oxy (the hien bdng g hoac mg O.^ theo ddn vi the tich)
Cidn thiet de phan buy sinh hoc nhd vi sinh cac chat hflu cd cd
tirong nfldc d dieu kien tieu chudn ve nhiet dd va thdi gian. Nhfl
v-ay BOD phan anh dfltic lflt3ng cac chdt hflu cd de hi phan huy
siinh htx cd trong mdu nfldc. Thdng so BOD cd y nghia thflc te
Ic^n vi dd la cd sd de thiet ke va van hanh xi nghiep xii ly nfldc
tlhai. BOD cung la cd sd de danh thue viec xa nfldc thai tfl khu
d;an cfl va nfldc thai cdng nghiep. BOD cdn la thdng s d d d danh
gia mflc dp d nhiem chdt hflu cd cd ngudn gdc sinh vat cua
nigudn nfldc: gia tri cua BOD cang Idn, mflc dg 6 nhilm cang cao.

189
Theo quy dinh ciia cac nfldc Au My, nudc dUdc gdi la sacli neu
BOD5 khoang 3mg/l. NhUng phdn Idn nUdc thai cac nganh cdng
nghiep cd ham lUdng BOD, COD cao hdn nhieu Idn tri so dd.
Chang han tri so trung binh ve COD va BOD cua cac loai nUtic
thai cdng nghiep d qudc gia Anh thay ddi tfl 119 den 5790 ing/l
(theo G. Alaert, 1987):

Nganh cong COD (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) COD/BOD

nghiep

Hda chat 1.500 580 2,58

Thflc phdm 3.970 2.242 1.77
Det 1.303 592 2,20
Glay 991 588 1,69
Bot giat 5.790 2.640 2,19
Hoa dau 3.844 1.745 2,20
Cao su 308 119 2,59

Ti so COD/BOD se rdt cao neu trong ngudn nudc cd chfla

cac chat hflu cd ddc va flc che vi sinh vat, khi dd gia tri BOD do
dxldc se rat thdp hoac bdng khdng nhflng gia tri COD lai cao. Do
vay ve nguyen tdc khdng the tinh thay chuyen tfl COD ra BOD
hoac ngflt3c lai. Chi trong trfldng htip duy nha't khi t h a n h phdn
cua nfldc tfl nhien hoac nfldc thai khdng chfla chdt doc va k h d n g
thay ddi, ta mdi cd the xac dinh qua thflc nghiem dfldc mot ho sd
chuyen ddi tfl COD thanh BOD hoac ngfltJc lai.

Trong nfldc thai tfl khu dan cfl cd mot Iflcing kha Idn cac ion
Cl", SO,^-, NO3-, PO;'-. N a \ K\ Thc^o Metcalf (1972), t h a n h p h a n
chat vd cd nfldc thai tfl nha dan d My nhfl sau (mg/l):

190
 Cl 20-50 K* 7-15
S0,2 15- 30 CaCOj 15-40
N03 20-40 B 0,1 -0,4
PO^^ 20-40 Tdng chat ran tan 100-400
Na' 40-70
Ngoai cac ion ndi tren, trong nfldc thai cdng nghiep cdn cd
the ct') cac chat vd cd d nhiem dac biet cd ddc tinh rat cao nhfl
Hg Fb, Cd, As, Sb, Cr. F, xianua. Dfldi day la mot sd chat vd cd
tieu bieu cd trong nfldc thai.
Ammoni (NH/): Trong nfldc tfl nhien cd Iflcing nhd amoni
(tludi O.OSppm). Ngudn sinh ra amoni cliu yeu la nflt3c thai tfl
khu dan cfl va nfltfc thai cac nha may boa chat, che bien thflc
phiim, sfla.
Nitrat (NO.,): la san pham cudi cung ciia sfl phan buy cac
chat chfla nitd cd trong nUc'fc thai tfl con ngfldi va dong vat.
Ndng do nitrat trong nfldc hd ao cao la mdi trfldng dinh dfldng
tdt cho tao, rong phat trien, gay anh hfldng den chat Ifldng nfldc.
Phosphat: cung nhfl nitrat, phosphat la chdt dinh dfldng
cho sfl phat trien rong, tao va la chdt cd nhieu trong phan
ngudi. sue vat. trong nfldc thai mot so nganh cdng nghiep nhfl
san xuat p h a n Ian, thflc pham...
Sulphat (SO/): cd trong hdu bet cac ngudn nfldc tfl nhien.
Ndiig do sulphat cao hdn 200mg/l cd the gay benh tieu chay cho
ngudi udng nfldc. Nucic chUa nhieu sulphat cdn gay set ri dUdng
dng va cdng trinh be tdng. Nudc d vflng cd md thach cao, quang
chfla Iflu huynh va nfltfc thai cdng nghiep cd nhieu sulphat.
Chi: trong nfltk- tfl nhien cd ham lflt?ng rat thdp (khoang
10 '-10"^%). Ham IfltJng chi trong nfldc thai cac nha may luyen
chi, pin acquy cd the den l,Omg/l.

191
 Dieu dac biet Iflu y la cac chdt vd cd, hflu cd trong nfldc thai
khi tham nhap vao mdi trfldng ddt, VPH, trdm tich hoac nfldc
thien nhien se bi bien ddi phflc tap theo ca 3 xu hfldng: cac chdt
doc bien ddi thanh cac cha't khdng doc, it doc hoac ddc hdn. Mdt
sd cha't ben vflng gifl nguyen tinh doC trong MTTN trong thdi
gian dai.
Trong nfldc d nhilm do phan ngfldi hoac dong vat cd chfla
nhieu loai vi triing gdy benh (vi trung ta, ly, thfldng han va
trflng giun san, bang 5.12). Trong thflc te khdng thd xac dinh
tat ca cac loai vi trung nay ddi vdi tflng mdu nfldc vi qua trinh
nay phflc tap ve ky thuat va tdn kem thdi gian (vai ngay). Do
vay, thong thfldng khdng xac dinh sfl cd mat bdt ky loai vi trflng
gay benh nao trong mdu nfldc, ma la xac dinh lieu mau nflt'ic cd
bi d nhilm hay khdng. Mud'n vay ta chi can xac dinh mot vai
loai vi sinh chi thi cho d nhiem phan. Cd ba nhdm vi sinh vat
chi thi 6 nhiem phan: Nhdm Coliform, dac trflng la escherichia
coli (E.coli) xac dinh bdng thdng sd tdng cac chung khuan coli,
Nhdm Streptococci phan dac trflng la streptococcus faecalis
(khuan coli c6 hieu Iflc gay benh); Cdc bao td cua nhdm
Clostridia khiut sulphit dac trflng la Clostridium perfringens.

Bing 5.11. Gidi han cho phep tdi da cic chat o nhilm (COON) trong
nudc th^i (cdt I) vk tieu chui'n nudc uong (cot II) cija Canada (mg/l)

COON 1 II COON 1 II
As 0.1 0,05 Ag 0,2 0,06
Cd 0,2 0,01 Zn 5,0 2,0
Cr 0,5 0.05 Sulphua 3,0 0.3
Cu 1.0 0,2 Chat rdn Id Iflng 1200 -
Pb 1.0 0,1 BOD 1000 -
Ni 0.5 0,1 C^c phenol 0,1 0,002
Hg 0,01 - Dau, mS 100 -
- Hydrocacbon c6 clo 0,02 -

192
 Sfl cd mat cac vi sinh vat nay chi ra rang nfldc hi d nhiem
phan cd nghia la cd the cd vi trflng trong nfldc gay benh dfldng
rudt. Trong ba nhdm vi sinh vat chi thi neu tren, nhdm coliform
thudng dfltic phan tich vi chflng la nhdm vi sinh quan trgng
nhdt trong nganh ky thuat ve sinh va cd day du cac tieu chudn
fiiii loai vi sinh vat chi thi ly tfldng: chflng cd the xdc dinh dUdc
trong dieu kien thUc dia: viec xdc dinh coliforms de ddng hdn
xat- dinh cac vi sinh chi thi khac.

Bang 5.12. Luong vi sinh vat trong nudc thai sinh hoat
(Theo SJ Arceila, 1985)

Vi sinh vat So con CO trong 100ml nudc thai

Tdng vi sinh 10°-10'°
Coliforms 10% 10'
Streprococci phan 10'- 10'
Salmonevlla typhosa 10'- 10"
Nang protozoa den 10'
Trflng giun san den 10'
Virus (dang det) 10^- 10"

5.3.3. C h a t t h a i rdn

('hat thai ran (solid wastes) bao gdm nhflng vat lieu khdng
sxl dung dfltjc, bi loai bd trong san xuat va ddi sdng hang ngay.
('hat thai ran dflcic phan loai dfla vao cac thdng .sd khac nhau
nhu thdng sd vd fd, hflu cd... (bang 5.13). Trang thai vat ly cua
chut thai cd the thay ddi trong qua trinh van chuyen. Iflu gifl va
li yeu to rat quan trong ddi vdi viec Ifla chon cdng nghe xii ly.
Rac bao gdm tat ca cac loai rac thai cCia cdng ddng. Nd cung
bat) gdm cac chat ban ran nhfl bot nhao, bun thai, vfla chiu Ifla,
can ddu... la nhflng chdt khdng the xii ly dflt3c bdng cac thiet hi
sxl ly nudc thai.

193
 Thanh phdn, tinh chdt cua chdt thai ran phu thudc chu yeu
vao thanh phdn cua nguyen lieu dau vao, cdng nghe, ky thuat
san xudt va xxl ly chat thai (bang 5.14). Rac thai ciia qua trinh
van chuyen, mua ban, che bien, sii dung thUc phdm thudng cd
thanh phdn la mot phdn cd the cua dong vat, thUc vat. Rac thai
ciia sinh hoat hang ngay cdn cd the la gidy, qudn ao cu, vd do
hop v.v. Cha't thai ndng nghiep la cac loai phan bdn, phdn ctin
lai ciia vu mfla, vat lieu thu gom tfl chudng nudi gia sflc, gia
cdm. Chang han d Ha Lan mdi nam thai ra 50 trieu tdn phan va
rac. Trung binh san xuat 1 tdn gao thai ra khoang 10 tan phe
thai. Hang nam nfldc ta san xuat dfldc tren 30 trieu tan gao se
phai thai ra khoang 250 - 300 trieu tdn phe thai. San xudt ndng
nghiep cdn lam tang dang ke chat thai giau N, P gay nen hien
tfl(3ng phu dfldng.
Tflng nganh cdng nghiep cd cac chat thai khac biet. Chat
thai rdn tfl nha may san xuat pin, acquy, hoa chat chfla Ifldng
dang ke Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, v.v. Chat thai ciia nha may di^n
nguyen tfl chfla cac chdt phdng xa (U'^^Pu^^^ Np^", Am^"'...)
dac biet nguy hiem va rdt khd xii ly.
, Chat thai khai thac khoang san cdn phu thuoc vao cong
nghe va phfldng phap khai thac va ban chdt ciia tflng loai
khoang san. Phfldng phap Id thien dac trflng bdi ty le phe thai
cao hdn phfldng phap khai thac ham Id. Hieu qua khai thac
khoang san va mflc do do thai dfldc the hi?n qua he sd bdc da't
da(Bd):
Bd = Lb / Lk, trong dd Lb - IfltJng dat da phai bdc (tan, m');
Lk - IflqJng khoang san khai thac dfltjc (tan, m^). He sd bdc dat
da va thanh phdn chdt thai phu thudc vao loai khoang san va
quy trinh khai thac.

194
 Khai thac 1000 tan than se thai ra khoang 10 - 1200 kg bui
than va bui da; 50 - 70m' khi metan; 7500 - 15.000m' khi CO2;
.-iSOOm'' khi nd; 4000-6000 m^ ddt da thai; 55 -135.000 k J nhiet.
Tdi khu VUC Hdng (iai - Cam Pha tfl 1889 - 1995 Phap da khai
thac 45 trieu tan than, dao bdi va thai ra hdn 150 trieu tan ddt
du, bill eld ra chung quanh md, theo nflc'Jc ra ven bd vinh Ha
Long. Viec khai thac than d day da va dang gay nhilm bdn 5497
hii (14.2% dien tich khu vUc), trong eld md Id thien lam nhiem
ban 1008 ha, md hdm Id 2296ha, tao ra bai thai 899 ha, lam
mat 260 ha ddt canh tac. Hang nam vflng than Cdm Pha do ra bien
khoang 9 trieu m' nflc^c md va 8 trieu m ' nitt^c sinh boat. Day la
mdt trong nhflng nguon chinh gay nen d nhiem iiflt3c va t r a m
t i ' h bien \'inh Ha l^ong.

Khai thac va che bien mot so loai khoang san khac nhau cd
the tao ra cac chat thai ddc hai khac biet:

Loai khoang san khai thac Chat 0 nhiem co trong chat thai
khai thac
Cromit Co.Ni
Oa kim Hg. Se, As, Cd
Oat hiem U,Th
Than U, Th, As
Phdng xa U,Th„..

Chat thai khai thac than cd the chfla cac chat ddc h^i
(U, Th) nhfl than Ndng Sdn c i a Viet Nam.

195
 Bang 5.13. Cic thong so dung dd' phan loai chat thai rin
(Ph^m Hung \/i§t va nnk, 1996)

A - Cic thdng sd chung B - Cic thong s6v6 ca

- J^ l§ nito c6 thd sfl dung - 06 dm
dfloc - Cacbon
- Ty la phospho c6 thd sfl - Hydro
dung dfloc - P2O5 va phosphat
- Tinh sdi thd - Lflu huynh
- Thanh phan huu co (%) - Cac kim loai kidm
- cac thdng sd ve sfl chay - cac kim loai ddt hidm.
•I- Ham Iflpng nhiSt - Cac kim loai nang nhu chi, cadimi
+ Lflong oxy ddi hoi ddng, niken va ddc biat la thuy ngan
-^ Nhiat dp chay nguyan td d6c: Se, Cr, Be, As.
•»• cac san phdm - Cac hop chat ddc nhfl amiang, v.v..
chay bao gdm ca tro - Cac vat liSu gay phu dfldng nhfl va
+ Diem chdp chay lieu giau nito, kali, phdt pho de hap thu.
- Tinh chay ciia tro C - Cac thdng sdhOu ccr.
- Tinh polime hoa - Do hoa tan
- Doc tinh - nam lupng dam
- Tinh an mdn - Ham Iflpng chat beo
- Tinh chay nd - Ham lupng tinh bot
- Mot sd yeu td an loan khac - Ham lupng dudng
- Hemicellulo
+ Tinh dn djnh ve mat sinh - Lignhin
hoc - Phenol
+ Kha nang thu hut cdn - Dau benzen
taing - ABS & CCE (alkyl benzene sulfona;
carbon chloroform extract)
- PCB & PNH (Polychrorinate biphen/l&,
polynuclear hydrocacbon)
- Cac vitamin
- Cac loai thudc trfl s^u nhu DDT,
Diendrin...

196
 Bang 5.14. Phan loai chat thai r l n
(Theo Pham Hung Viet va nnk, 1996, c6 sua ddi)

Lt.:)ai chat thai Thanh phan Ngudn phat sinh

Phat sinh tu qua trinh che
Chat thai ddng thUc
bien va cung cap thuc pham,
vat thudng cd chUa
tUcac cho, trong qua trinh sfl
nudc va de bi thdi rfla
dung va budn ban thuc pham
- Chat de chay (chu
Phat sinh tU cac hd gia dinh,
yeu la cac chat huu
cac cd quan, cac cdng ty
cd) nhu glay, cac tdng,
thUdng mai- dich vu n h u
gd, htip vd bao, nhUa,
khach san, nha hang, cfla
gie rach, quan ao cu;
hang bach hoa, cho...
R a c thai-sinh da, cao su, cd, la cay...
hoat - Chat khdng chay
Phat sinh tfl cac hd gia dinh,
(chu yeu la cac chat vd
cac cd quan, cac cdng ty
cd) nhu, vd hop va !a
thUdng mai- dich vu nhu:
kim loai, bun nhao,
khach san, nha hang, cfla
gach da, dd gdm sfl,
hang bach hoa, chd .,
chai lo thuy tinh,..
- Tro la nhung chat
cdn lai sau khi dot cac
Sinh hoat hang ngay.
nhien lieu sfl dung
trong sinh hoat..
- 0 td, xe may cu va
nhung bd phan cua 6
C h a t thai cd td cd kich thudc Idn,
Van tai, sinh hoat txkng ngay,
kich thudc sam Idp d td. Id say, tiJ
chat pha rflng....
Idn lanh, cac do dac,
thung Idn, cay go, cac
canh cky, gdc cay,...
Xac cac - Cac ddng vat nhd Phat sinh tfl cac dfldng phd,
d(6ng vat chet n h u m e o , chd, ga vit... via h6, cac ngo phd, cac khu

197
 - C^c dong vat lt!>n nhfl dat bd hoang.
ngfla, bd...
- Go xe, mai nha, bao
bi phd thai, gach vun,
Rac thai xky Vfla trat tfldng, mang
Cac cong trinh xay dung
dflng nfldc, dng, day diSn,
cac vat lieu chdng
ndng va each am...
Chat thai - Gd, nhfla, phe lieu Phat sinh tfl cac nha may cd
cong nghiSp kin loai, vobao... khi, cac nha may disn..
Chat thai
-Oat da, recely, sam, Cac khu vflc khai thac
khai thac
Idp... khoang san
khoang san
-Cac chat thai nguy
hiem nhfl chat nd, chat
phdng xa, chat thai
Phat sinh tfl cac ho gia dinh,
Cac chat thai benh vien...
cac banh vien, co quan, kho
dac biat - Chat thai an toan nhfl
tang, cac khu cdng nghiep..
cac van ban mat, cong
van, giay tddam
phan...
Chat thai ctJa
Phat sinh tfl cac nong trfldng.
nong nghiep - Phan bdn, phan con
cac dja didm chan nudi gia
va chan nudi lai cua vu miia...
sue...
oia sue
Chdt thdi cua qud trinh xii ly nUdc cdng bao gdm cac thanh
phan thd sau khi sang Itx; nhfl cat san, bun quanh hoac bun
yem khi chfla cac chat de bi thdi rfla, phat sinh tfl cac thiet bi
xii ly nfldc cdng hoac bun quanh ciia cac hd tieu tfl hoai. Viec xii
ly nhiet dfldi 1200''C cac chdt nhfla tdng hdp dl tad ra chat
dioxin rdt ddc hai.

198
5.3.4. Di c h u y e n ciia cac chat 6 nhieni

Sfl di chuyen t u a cac chat d nhiem (CCON) trong MTTN

thuc chat la sfl chuyen tlich trong tflng hcip phan hay tfl hi:ip
phan nay sang htip phan khac cua mdi irudng (hinh5.3). Cudng
do di chuyen CCON cung phu thudc vao dac tinh cua chung va
cat- yeu td mdi trUdng, trong dd dang tdn tai ciia CCON ddng vai
trd rat quan trong.
Su di chuyen CCON lam cho ham luting cua chung trong
c:af hdp phdn mdi trUdng thay ddi. Tdc do thay ddi ham lUtlng
rd(]i/dt) cua CCON dUcic tinh nhu sau:
dCi/dt = a„C, = Hi^Ci
faj, va a,, la he so ty le phu thudc dac tinh mdi trUdng, Cj va C, la
ham luting CCON cua hai hcip phdn j va i).
Cac chat d nhiem (d dang hoa tan. trao ddi. btjp chat ben
vUng) nhd qua trinh tU lam sach ciia khdng khi (idng dong bui
do trong luc, mUa, tuyet rdi, khuyech tan va dd'i lUu v.v.) rdi
xutYng dat, sinh vat (ddng vat, thUc vat) sdng d ddt va nUdc mat.
Qua trinh nay dan den sU bien ddi ( thudng lam tang) ham
lUting CCON Irong nidi trUdng nUt5c mat. Cd the lUdng hda sU
biiYn ddi dd theo cdng thUc:
H b = SmPpA^
(Hb la mflc do bien ddi ham Ifldng CCON trdng nfldc mat; Sm la
dien tich be mat; V la the tich; Pp la ddng CCON).
Ddng chat d n h i l m tfl khi quyen xudng be mat (hoac nfldc
m;it) dflcic xac dinh theo cdng thflc:
Pp = dAp/dt
(Ap la mat dc) be mat cua ham lUdiig chat d nhiem). NgfliJc lai cac
chat d nhiem va bui tfl ddt cd the hi gid dfla vao khi quyen
(hinh 5.3).

199
 CCON cung nhfl chat dinh dfldng tfl ddt theo chu trinh dia
hoa va chudi thflc an tham nhap vao cd the sinh vat (chu yeu d
dang boa tan va trao ddi). Mot phan CCON theo dung dich ddt
ngdm xudng nfldc ngdm, mot phdn khac dfldc mang vao nfldc
mat nhd ddng chay mat. CCON cung cd the tfl nfldc ngdm tham
nhap vac mdi trfldng ddt nhd qua trinh tham thau, man dan v v.
Qua trinh dung nfldc mat de tfldi cung ddng vai trd dang ke. Sfl
bien ddi ham Ifldng chdt d nhiem trong nflt3c do sfl rfla trdi ddt
bdi mfla (ddng chay mat) dfldc tinh nhfl sau: apSApA/^ (ap -
hdng so the hien sfl rfla trdi CCON d dang hoa tan tfl ddt; S -
dien tich be mat thuy vflc; Ap - mat dd be mat cua ham lupng
cha't d nhiem; V - the tich hd chfla nfldc gdn lien vdi thuy vflc
dfltic chon de nghien cflu).

y Klit'ing khi

Dai <^ TV <^. DV Nutk mat ^ TV <^ DV

1^ ^ /^ ^

Nudc ngam

H
Tram tich <-* TV <-> DV

Hmh 5.3. Mo hinh di chuy4n cdc chit 6 nhiSm (CCON)

trong cdc hop phin cua mdi trading tunhiSn.
TV-thut vdt, DV • ddng vdt

200
 Do hi rfla trdi non ham Ifldng CCON trong ddt tang mat hi
giam di mt)t Iflting tflting dfldng vdi -ap .Ap.
Nhd qua trinh hdp phu. trao ddi, ket tua va mot so cac qua
trinh khiic ma CCON cd the di chuyen tfl nflcic vao trdm tich.
Do dd ham Ifldng cua CCON trong nfldc va tram tich deu thay
ddi. Mam Ifldng CCON trong trdm tich tang len mdt Iflcing np,
fdn ham lUcjng CCON trong nUdc giam di mot lUtJng -6,„Cp
(h„, la he st^' the hien kha nang di chuyen CCON tU mdi trUdng
nUitc vao pha long cua mdi trUdng trdm tich, Cp la ham lut.ing
ban ddu CCON trong nUt'ic). Ddng thdi, nhd cac qua trinh trao
ddi, giai ha'p ma CCON rd the tU tram tich di chuyen vao mdi
trudng nfldc, lam cho ham lUdng CCON tiong trdm cich giam di
mdt lUdng - bj^np (b,n la he so the hien kha nang di chuyen
CCON tfl trdm tich vao mdi trfldng nfldc)
Nhd qua trinh tham thau, tham loc, van ddng cua nfldc ma
CCON cd the di chuydn tfl dat va nflt3c mat vao nfltfc ngdm.
CCON lai theo nfldc ngdm cd the tham nhap vao nfldc mat hoac
trdm tich day. Trong trfldng hdp nay CCON di chuyen chu yeu d
dang hoa tan, trao ddi, keo v.v. Lfldng hoa qua trinh di chuyen
CCON tfl nfldc mat va nfldc ngdm la nhiem vu ciia chuyen
nganh dia chat thuy van mdi trfldng.

5.4. 6 N H I E M MOI T R l / d N G KHI

5.4.1. C a c c h a t gay 6 n h i e m k h o n g k h i

6 nhieni khdng khi la sfl thay ddi tinh chdt, thanh phdn
(ttinh t m h va dinh hWng) cua khdng khi, vi pham tieu chudn

201
mdi trudng khi, cd anh hUdng xau tdi sinh vat va con ngudi.
Theo td chflc y te the gidi (WHO), ndng do tdi da cho phep cac
chat doc trong khdng khi dfldc tinh thee thdi gian. Khdng khi
dflcfc coi la trong sach neu ham Ifldng cac chat d n h i l m tha'p hdn
cac chudn che phep (xem bang 5.15 va 5.16).

Bang 5.15. Gid trj tdH h^n ciia mdt s6' chdt trong lihdng l(hi chung quanh
(TCVN 5397 -1995)

Trung binh (mg/m^)

Hop chat
1gid 8gicf 24 gid
CO 40 10 5
NO2 0.4 10 0,1
SO2 0,5 10 0,3
ozon 0,2 10 0,06
Bui Id liirig 0,3 10 0,2

Ngoai tieu chuan chat Ifldng khdng khi chung quanh khu
dan cfl cdn cd cac tieu chudn khdng khi tai ndi xa thai ciia nha
may, tai ndi lam viec ciia cdng nhan trcng kho tang v.v. Gia trj
cac chuan xa thai nay thfldng cad hdn chuan mdi trfldng chung
q u a n h khu dan cfl va dflck; do bdng cac thdng so khac. Thi du
ddi vdi cac nha may nhiet dien dung nhien lieu than quy dinh
nhfl sau: ve bui- nhd hdn 47g/1000 kwH; ve NO^ - dfldi
936 g/1000 kwH; veSO.,- nhd hdn 516 g/lOOO kwH.

202
 Bang 5.16. Nong do toi da cho phep cac chat trong khong khi
Chung quanh (TCVN 5936 - 1995)

STT Chat ddc Trung binh ngay dem

cho phep (mg/m^)
1 BUI dolomit 8% SiOj 0,15
2 Bui ximSng 10% SiOj 0,1
Asen (hdp chat vd cd
:i 0,003
tinh theo As)
4 Cadimi (khdi oxit va kim loai) 0,001
5 Crom kim loai va hdp chat 0,003
6 Chi tetraetyl - Pb (C,H,)4 0,0 hoac 0,0015 trong 3 thang
Thuy ngan (kim leai va hdp
7 0,0003
chat)
8 Axitclohydiic(l-iCI) 0,06
9 Axitniteric^HNOi) 0,15
10 Axit sunfuric (HJSO4) 0,1
11 Hydrosunfua (H^S) 0,008
12 Amoniac (NH3) 0,2
13 Benzen(CgHfi) 0,1
14 Benzidin 0,0
15 Cloroform (CHCI,) 0,02
16 DDT(C«H„CIJ 0,5
17 Formaldehyt (HCHO) 0,012
18 Hydrocyanua (HCN) 0,01
19 Phenol (CfiH.OH) 0,01
20 Sturen (CRH.CH = CH,) 0,003
21 Tetracloetylen (CjClj) 0,1
22 Toluen (C^HsCH,) 0.6
23 Trycloetylen (CICH = CCI,) 1,0
24 xang 1,5

203
 Cd rdt nhieu chdt d nhilm khdng khi. Nam 1978 Uy ban
bao ve mdi trfldng, sflc khoe va an toan lao ddng, an toan cat:
san phdm cua Hoa Ky da dfla ra danh sach gdm 24 loai rat
nguy hiem cd trong khi quyen: Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Be, acrylonitril,
amiang; benzen; cac dung mdi va hdp chat chfla clo, cac chat
cloflocacbon va floclometan; cac chdt thoat ra tfl Id cdc hoa than,
cac hdp chat dietylstibesterel, dibromualorpropan, cac hdp chdt
etylen diprcmua, cac hdp chdt etylen exit, nitrosoamin; (),;
biphenyl dfldc pdlybrdm hoa, biphenyl dfldc polyclo boa
(polyclobisphenyl), cac tia phdng xa, SO2, vinyl clorua, cac chat
thoat ra tfl ba thai, tro cd chfla chdt doc ... Trong cac chdt ndi
tren dang chu y nhdt la CO, SO,, NO^, bui, cac hydrocacbua,
thudc trfl sau, thudc diet cd (DDT,TEPP, parathion...), cac clidt
quang hoa, cloflocacbon (CFC), freon (fluoclometan), cac chdt
phdng xa, v.v... (xem phan "Dac diem dia hoa mdi trfldng khi va
dia hda chat thai khi"). Chat d nhiem khdng khi cd the cd ngudn
gdc thien nhien nhfl cac oxit lflu huynh (SOJ, bui tfl cac nui liia
phun ra, cac khi oxit cacbon (CO, CO2), oxit nitd (NOJ va bui do
chay rflng tfl nhien, bui tfl dat, hat mud'i tfl bien, khi metan tfl
xac thflc vat hi phan buy, phdn hoa. Chat d nhilm khdng khi
phan Idn cd ngudn goc nhan tao. Cac chdt nay di vao khdng khi
qua dfldng bdc hdi, cp xat va dot chay. Trong dd dot chay la con
dfldng quan trpng nhat tao ra cac khi doc va bui. Cac nhien Iif u
dfldc ddt thfldng la cac hydrocacbdn cd Idn tap chat nhfl lflu
hu^nh vo cd va hiiu cd, nitd, clo, cac khoang vat. Trong qua
trinh chay se thai ra CO2 (neu chay het), CO va cac
hydrocacbon (neu chay khdng het), ), H2O cac khi SO2, SO3
(trfldng hdp nhien lieu cd S), bui Pb, Hg, cac khi NO va N02.
Cac cha't phdng xa thfldng tdn tai d dang khi dung. Dd la cac hat
a, p, Y ciia cac ddng vi V^\ Co**, Th^^^, U"^ U"«...

204
 Cac chat gay d nhiem dfldc phan thanh sd cap (primary
pollutant) v;i thfl cap (sec;ondary pollutant). (Jha't gay d nhiem
.'id Clip thoat ra tfl cac ngudn khac nhau. Chat sd cap di vao
khdng khi, chiu tac citing ciia anh sang, do .am va cac hdp chat
hoa hoc khac Lao nen chat thfl cap. Nhieu trfldng hdp chdt thfl
cap lai ddc hai hdn chat sd cap. Thi du SO2 tfl cac Id dung than
tlniat ra se ket hdp vdi 0 vii nfldc trcng khdng khi tao thanh
HvSO,,, ddc hai litJn SO2 rat nhieu. Tai cac dd thi cac
hydrocacbon va NO^ tfl cac phfldng tien giae thdng va nha may
th;ii ra phan flng vdi nhau dfldi anh sang mat trdi tao nen cac
fhat gay d nhiem thfl cdp nhfl O3, focmandehit. O3 (ozon) sinh
ra nhfl vay dfldc goi la chdt quang oxy hoa, thfldng gay benh tat,
phan hiiy cao su va chat deo.

Ngoai ra, khdng khi cdn cd the hi nhiem ban bdi cac vi sinh
vat. Cac vi k h u a n gay benh thfldng dfldc lan truyen tfl mat dat
vao khdng khi. Cac sieu vi khuan, vi khudn lan truyen trong
khdng khi rat da dang ve loai, dac tinh tac ddng nhfl vi khuan
tu cdu vang, trflc khuan, dich hach, sieu vi khuan cum, vi trflng
idt;, v.v... Khdng khi la vectd truyen benh khi cd 2 dieu kien: Vi
finh vat gdy benh tdn tai trcng khdng khi vdi ham Ifldng dii Idn
va thdi gian du dai; NgUdi mdn cdm vdi cac loai vi khudn gay
benh hit phai khdng khi ndi tren.

Ngoai ra cdn cd CCON khdng khi trong nha nhfl khdi thudc
la, khi radon va cac chat khi phdng xa khac thoat ra tfl nen va
ixieing nha, cac boa chdt tfl cac dd dung (chan, dem hoa hoc), bui
.-isbet tfl cac thiet hi each nhiet, cac chdt tdy riia va chat dif t
mudi v.v...

205
 Khi khong khi b t r a n g thai can bdng vdi nfldc mat ta td
phfldng trinh:
CcB = Ck/H (5.1)
trong dd CCB - ham Ifldng cua chat khi hda tan trnng nfldc d
trang t h a i can bdng vdi khdng khi; Ck - ham Ifldng chdt khi
trong khdng khi; H - hdng so' Henri.
Nd'u ham Ifldng chat khi trdng nfldc (Cw) cao hdn Ccu thi
chat khi thcat khdi chdt long di vao khi quyen. Trong trfldng
hdp nay mat dp ddng (Md) dfldc tinh nhfl sau:
Md = - k (Cw - Ck/H) (5.2)
trong dd k la he sd trao ddi khi, Cw - ham Ifldng NT va HCHH
trong nfldc (g/cm^, mg/ cm^...). Khi Ck > Cw thi cac chat se xam
nhap tfl khdng khi vao mdi trfldng nfldc. Nhfl vay, cac chat ddc
(NT va HCHH) trong mdi trfldng nfldc va moi trfldng khi cd the
di chuyen va trao ddi vdi nhau. Mdi trfldng khi hi d n h i l m cd the
lam cho nfldc cung bi d nhilm. Dfla vao cac phfldng t n n h 5.1 va
5.2 cd the dfl bao mflc dp va tdc dp di chuyen chat d nhiem mdi
trfldng khi vao mdi trfldng nfldc va ngflpc lai.

5.4.2. Cac yeu t o anh hxidng tdi 6 nhil^m khi

Ham Ifldng cac chdt 6 nhiem trong khdng khi phu thu()c
trfldc het vao cfldng dp va quy md boat ddng (tfl nhien va nhan
sinh) gay d nhilm, m a t dp va dp nhdt, kha nang khuyech tan
cua khdng khi va dac tinh dia hoa cua chdt d nhilm. Vdi mtit
ngudn gay 6 nhiem n h a t dinh, mflc dp d nhiem cdn phu thucic
cac nhan td' nhfl gid, dia hinh, dp am va mfla, nhieu loan khdng
khi v.v...( Le Thac Can, 1996).

206
 Gid cd l;it- dung lflu thdng khdng khi, ddng thtii lai mang cac
chat d nhieni tU ngudn ra xung quanh trong pham vi den hang
nirhin km. Cac khi SO^. NO, tfl cac khu t-dng nghiep d Tay Au
v;( Trung Au do gid chuyen lc>n phia Bac gay mUa axit tai
Na Uy. Thuy Dien. Bin nui lUa vdi ndng dp kha cao tU Philippin
dudc mang Ldi Nha Trang, TP. Hd Chi Minh va mtjt so vung
duyen hai khac t:ua Viet Nam.
Dia hinh va vi tri dia. ly anh hUdng den hUdng gid va mUa,
cjua dd anh hUdng den chat lUdng khdng khi. Mua. tuyet t:d tac
dung lam sach khdng khi. Cac vung thung lung kliuat gid, hoac
bi quan gid lUu gifl cac chat gay d nhilm lau hdn cac vung khac.
Hien ti/cfng doi nhi.et (temperature inversion) cung anh
hudng tdi thanh phiin cua khdng khi. Thdng thudng nhiet do
khdng khi guim theo cao dp, trung binh cU 300m giam 1,5'C.
Trong dieu kien binh thudng luc cd mat trdi. anh sang lam ndng
niat dat va Idp khdng khi sat mat ddt. Khdng khi ndng hoc len
niang theo cac chdt gay d nhiem d gdn mat ddt. Luc cd hien
tUdng ddi nhiet, nhiet do khdng khi giam theo dp cao den mdt
kip nhat dinh lai tang len, tao thanh mt3t "nap" khdng khi n i m
tit^n khd'i khdng khi lanh. Khdng khi sat mat dat do lanh hdn
lien khdng di len dUdc, chat gay d nhilm hi gifl lai d cac tdng
tha'p, ndng dp cd the tang len den mflc dp nguy hiem.

Ddi nhiet bd sung (subsidence inversicn) cd the do mot khd'i

luong Idn khdng khi tfl vung ndng chuyen ve vii dflng lai tren
mdt vflng lanh, cd khi che phu hang nghin km". Ddi nhiet bdc xg
(radiation inversion) cd pham vi nhd hdn. dien ra nhanh hdn,
thfldng vao luc binh minh. luc Idp khdng khi sat mat ddt hi lanh

207
qua nhanh, nhflng cac 16p tren dd chfla kip ngudi hdn lam che
khdng khi sat mat dat khdng bay len dfldc.
Khdng khi tai cac khu do thi va cdng nghiep thfldng td
nhiet dp cao hdn vung xung quanh. Khi ndng bay len cao mang
theo nhieu chat gay d nhilm den mdt dp cao nhat dinh bi ngutii
di va quay trd xudng tao thanh mdt vdm khdng khi Idn vdi bui
va nhieu chat d nhiem khac.

5.4.3. Tac dong cua 6 nhieni khong khi

O n h i l m khdng khi cd nhieu tac ddng tieu cflc den cudc

sdng cua con ngfldi, trfldc bet la tac ddng tdi sflc khoe (bang
5.17). Cac tac ddng nay cd the la cap tinh (acute effects) hoac
man tinh (chronic effects). Cac tac ddng cap tinh thfldng la ve
hd ha'p, mat, hong, xoang, than kinh. Cac tac ddng man tinh la
cac benh ve phe quan va phdi, ung thfl do bui, ozon, NO^, SO,
(bang 5.17).
Nam 1948 tai Donora, Pennsylvania d My, hien tfldng ddi
nhi§t trong nhieu ngay da lam tang ham lUdng cac chat gay o
nhiem tfl cac nha may luyen thep va kem lam cho 25 ngUdi bi
chet. Nam 1952 tai Luan Ddn, dd'i nhiet xay ra khoang 1 t u a n
lam tang ndng dp khi H2SO4, SO^ va bui da gay ra cai chet cua
2500 ngUdi. Can day bdn vao nam 1966 d New York khoang 400
ngUdi da chet trcng trUdng hdp tUdng tU.
Do khdng khi khu vUc khai thac than d Quang Ninh hi 6>
n h i l m bui nen lam cho ngUdi dan mdc benh bui phdi (silicose
antracose) ngay cang nhieu: nam 1984 cd 1% sd ngUdi di kham
hi benh phdi, den nam 1996 chi sd'dd la 7,6%.

208
 .N'goai ciif chat gay d nhiem ndi Lrtm. mdt sd' kim loai nhU
hiM'ili (lit) t'iic XI nt!:hiep luyen kim xa thai), mangan (do ciic xi
iigliitjp luyen kim. lain pm. hoa chat xa thai), thUdng thay trong
khi ipiycMi cac khu cdng nghiep cung cd tac dcing xau den phdi
va sflc khoe cua trti cm. ("hi tfl khdng khi theo thflc an va nfldc
udn^; vao t:d the coii ngudi giiy nhieu dcic hai.
('lie chdt gay d nhiem khdng khi trfldc het la 0 „ SOj. H^SO^,
Pb fd tac ddng tu^u cflc den thflc vat. Cac thudc trfl sau chfla
i-lt),r nhu DTT. [larathion. malathion. TEPP, diendrin, cac cha't
)>h dug xa t-d trong khdng khi cung la mdt ngudn d nhiem nguy
hit'uii den tinh mang con ngfldi, gay ngd ddc bang each thdm qua
tia . niem mac mat, mui. phdi va gay ton thfldng he thdn kinh.
(^loruafluorcacbon (CFC) tac ddng xau tdi mdi trfldng khi
tiu yen theo hai khia canh. Thfl nhat. gidng nhfl CO.^. CFC gay
lnfc>u flng nha kinh. Thfl hai la cac phan tfl CFCk, CFoCl, dfldi
!ac- ddng cua bflc xa mat trdi phan buy. giai phdng Cl" phan flng
vdii ozon d tang binh lflu. tao ra nhflng Id thung tang ozon.
Cac chat gay d nhilm khdng khi trUdc het la SO^ va HaSO^
!;a:y nhieu tac hai cho kim loai, vat lieu xay dflng. sdn, vai sdi,
lid nhfla, cao su, da, giay va dd sanh sfl. Cac khi thai cdng
ng'hiep tai Athens. Hy Lap trong 50 nam qua da pha buy den
i'a rthenon nhieu hdn sfl pha huy cua khi quyen trong 2000 nam
(lUa. Tfldng nfl thdn tfl do d New york hi khi HgSO,, va HNO3 an
incin kha nhieu. Den Taj Mahal bdng cdm thach trdng xay dflng
nh leu the ky trfldc day d an Dp dang bi cac khi thai lam ua
\aing. Bui la nguyen nhan gay nen nhieu ton hai cho vat lieu va
thudt hi. cung nhfl cho tham thflc vat va canh quan.

209
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210
 () nhiem khdng khi cdn gay nen nhflng bien ddi khi hau
ngliit'-m trong. Ndng de) khi CO, trong khi quyen nhanh chdng
tang len do hoat ddng cdng nghiep, giao thdng van tai, ddt cac
loai nhitm lieu, dang gay nen hieu flng nha kinh (green house
f'ffi>cl). Ham lUdng CO, trong khi quyen cd the dat tdi 380ppm
vat) nam 2000. va do dd nhiet dp trung binh tren Trai Da't se
taiig len 0.5"C. Nhiet do khdng khi tang lam be mat Trai Da't
ndng len va cUdng hda qua trinh cung nhU ttic dp bay hdi ciia
nUt'ic Ham lUdng hdi nUt3c ngay cang Idn nen kha nang gifl
nhicM ciia khi quyen dflcic tang len. Nhd hieu flng tdng cdng dd
ma tdi nam 2050 nhiet do Trai Dat se tang len 2"C. Do dd cac
khfi'i bang d hai t;flc Trai Ddt se hi tan chay lam dang mflc nfldc
bien len khoang 1 - 3m vao cudi the ky 21. Hieu flng nha kinh
cd the tang li^n gap bdi neu khi CO, tiong dai du'diig (Idn gap 60
lan so vdi khi quyen) dfldc giai phdng mdt phdn vao khi quyen.
Neu toan bd t^ac khd'i bang hi tan thi nUdc bien se dang len tfl 75
lien 79m. lam cho 1/5 ddt dai (phan Idn la vung ddng dan, dat
phi nhieu, kinh te phat trien) se hi ngap chim dUdi nUdc.

Bill la tac nhan quan trpng cua bien ddi khi hau. Bui mdu
trang phan xa anh sang mat trdi lam ha nhiet dp khdng khi d
mat tlat. NgiMc lai bui mdu sam hap thu anh sang mat trdi lam
lang nhiet dt) khdng khi d mat da't. Ty le gifla hai loai bui nay
tiuyet dinh tac ddng tdng hdp cua bui.
Bui la hat nhan ngflng tu nfldc tao t h a n h may, gay ra mfla
va anh hfldng den che dp thuy van. Binh quan tren toan Trai
9a't sd ngay bdu trdi cd may che chiem 31%, neu ty le nay tang
,en 5% thi nhiet dp mat Trai Dat se giam rd ret. Thanh phd
_.aporte, bang Indiana d Hoa Ky do nam dfldi gid cac nha may
,uyen thep Idn, khdng khi hi d nhiem bui nen so ngay mfla tang
,eri 31%, so'tran mfla rao tang 38 % so vdi luc chfla cd nha may.

211
Ngfldc lai d bang Queensland, Autrialia vao vu thu hoach mia
ngfldi ta thfldng ddt la mia, lam cho bui trong khdng khi tiing .
Do dp dm khdng khi thdp, bui nay khdng ngflng tu hdi nfldc; ma
cdn lam tang nhiet dp khdng khi khien cho mfla it hdn cac vflng
cd dieu kien khi hau tfldng tfl.
O n h i l m khdng khi cdn lam lan toa chdt doc hai xudng mdi
trudng nfldc, moi trfldng dat.

5.4.4. C a c phxidng p h a p h a n che 6 n h i e m moi t n f d n g k h i

Hai dac trflng quan trong cua d nhiem khi la: mot khi chdt
d nhiem da dfldc xa thai vao khi quyen thi hdu nhfl khdng the
chu ddng thu gom lai dupc va chat d nhiem khi cd kha nang lan
truyen rat Idn nen d nhiem mdi trfldng khi khdng cd bien gidi.
Vi vay de phdng chdng d nhilm khdng khi phai ap dung cac bien
phap ngan chan hoac ban che den mflc thdp nhat viec thai rac
chat gay d n h i l m vao mdi trfldng khdng khi. Nhdm muc dich
nay phai sii dung cac bien phap hanh chinh - luat phap budc
ngfldi san xuat phai quan ly va xvL ly tdt ngudn thai bang cac
cdng nghe thich hpp (idp dat cac thiet hi thu gom, loc bui tinb
dien, hudng idng, hap phu, thap ruta khi.v.v.) nhdm ban che
chdt gay d n h i l m mdi trfldng khi. Mat khac, phai thanh lap to
chflc cd chflc nang kiem seat (mdnitoring) chdt Ifldng khdng khi.
xay dflng ke hoach, quy trinh phu hdp vdi tflng ngudn xa thai
nhdm b a n che mflc dp ddc hai va lan truyen chat gay 6 nhilm
khi. Tai cac cd sd san xudt phai dam bao t h a n h phdn va tinh
chat khi thai thap hdn gidi han cho phep. Tang cfldng trdng cay
xanh, tham cd, tang dien tich nfldc mat. ciii tao va nang cap he
thdng giao thdng, khuyen khich sfl dung nhien lieu sach. Tai
vung than Quang Ninh, ngfldi ta da ap dung phfldng phap phun

212
hfii nfldc hang thiet hi cao I'lp de han che d nhiem bui do qua
tritih khai thac vii van chuyen than.
Mdt giai phap quan trting la tuyen truyen giao due de moi
ngUdi hieu dutit- ngudn. tac hai cua d nhiem khi tdi mtii trUdng
va sflc khde cdng ddng de ho tU giae thUc hien cac bien phap bao
ve mdi trUdng . ('an cd sU phdi hdp hanh ddng gifla cac qudc gia
tro-ng khu vflc va tren toan the gidi trong linh vflc bao ve mdi
truidng khi.

5.5.. 6 NHlfeM MOI T R l / d N G Nl/CJC

0 nhiein mdi trUdng nutic la sfl thay ddi tinh chat, thanh
phi'an cua nUt'ic vi pham cac tieu chuan mdi trfldng. anh hfldng
xau tld'i vdi sinh vat vii con ngfldi. Dd la sfl thay ddi thanh phan
hdai hoc (tang ham lUdng cac chdt ddc hai. thay ddi BOD,
CO'D. ). thay ddi tinh chat vat ly (dp due. dp trong, tang nhiet
dp. thay ddi pH. Eh. cudng dp phdng xa. dp dan dien...). thay ddi
sm h ht)c (cd mat cac vi khuan gay benh, v.v...). Nudc khdng hi d
nhiidm khi thanh phan hoa hoc thap hdn gidi han tdi da cho
pheip (bang 5.18). Mdi loai nUdc cd tieu chudn mdi trUdng
(TCMT) khac nhau nhU: TCMT nUdc thai t;dng nghiep; TCVN
59415 - 1995; nUdc mat; TCVN 5952 - 1995: nUdc ngam; TCVN
59414 - 1995; nudc bidn ven bd; TCVN 5943 - 1995.

5.5..1. Cac chat 6 nhiem trong moi trfldng nfldc

Nudc hi d nhiem do cac qua trinh tU nhien nhU boat dc)ng
ndi Ilia, do tldng dat. do lu lut. do nUdc chay qua cac vung
nai'dm xa tU nhien. v.v... 0 nhiem nUc'lc chu yeu lien quan vt'ii
hia t tiong nhan sinh nhu khai thac, che bien khoang san, san
x.ia't hoa chat, che bien thUc phdm. vAn tai. san xudt ndng
niihiiep. sinh boat hang ngay, dd thi hoa, cac vu thii h a t nhan va
sit c-'d nha may dien nguyen tfl, boat ddng chien tranh, v.v...

213
 Ngudn d nhiem nUdc ngdm cdn lien quan rd ri tU cac bt»
phd't cua gia dinh, be sfl ly nUdc thai cdng nghiep. be xfl ly phiin,
rac, bai chdn vfli rac dfldi da't, bdn chfla ddu. Nhd qua trinh
thdm thdu cac chat d nhiem trong nfldc mat, nfldc ngdm sat mat
ddt cd the tham nhap vao cac tdng nfldc ngdm dfldi sau (thfldng
dfldc dflng lam nfldc sinh boat). Tdc dp tham tha'u tuyen tinh
dfldc tinh thee cdng thflc (dinh luat Darcy):

v = A:./ = A:--— (5.5.1)

A/
, dJ
v = -k— (5.5.2)
dl
Trong dd: k - he so tham (m/s): / - dp chenh lech thuy luc;
J - dp cao thuy Iflc (m); / - dp dai thdm (m); ddu trit (-) the hipn
tdc dp tham ngfldc chieu vdi hfldng tang cua chieu cao thuy Iflc.
Cdng thflc 5.5.2 d dang vi phan dfldc .sii dung khi can xac dinh
tdc dp tham tfl mot diem cho trfldc trong vflng chuyen ddng cua
nfldc dfldi dat. Cac cdng thflc neu tren thfldng dfldc dung de
nghien cflu dac diem lan truyen chdt d nhilm gifla cac tdng
nfldc ngdm khac nhau va gdp phdn lam sang td sfl anh hitting
cua d nhilm nfldc mat va nfldc ngam.
Cac chat 6 n h i l m nfldc cd mat trong cac chdt thai khi. long
va rdn (xem phdn 5.3 chfldng V) Nhflng chat d nhiem nfldc
dang quan tam nha't la:
- Cdc hop chat hCcu cat: nhfl thudc trfl sau, diet cd, cha't
ddc hoa hpc nhfl DDT, DDE, Parathion, Malathion, Diendrin,
Dioxin, v.v..., chat tdy nia (ankyl benzen sunfonat, ABS), dau, md...
- Cdc loai khi: SO., NO,, NH^...
- Kim loqu Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni. Co, Cr, As, Be. Bi, Th...
- Cdc chat phong xq: U, Ra--«, Th'^'^ Sr'", Cs"', v.v...

214
 - Ccic sinh vdt gdy benh: Pathogens, vi khuan thfldng
hail, ta (Vibrio. Kltor. Salmonella typhi. Shigella...), ly. cac sieu
V. khuiin vit^ni gan. hai het, cac ky sinh trung (trflng giun, v.v...).
- Cdc rac thdi rdn nhU tiii nylon, do nhUa, sue vat...
O nhieu vung ndng thdn Viet .Nam cac ngudn nfldc gieng
tlung cho smh boat cd ndng dc} NO; khac nhau. Ket qua nghien
Cliu d vung ddng bang sdng Hdng cho thdy cd 72.4% gieng cd
ndng dc) .NH, (Cv^m) trong nfldc < 7nig/]; 13,8% so gieng cd
CHH:>, "' 7mg/l. sd gieng cdn lai cd CNH) < 0.5mg/l; 45,8% cac gieng
khoaii ven bien cd CNH;) < 0.5ing/l: 20% sd' gieng cd
C.Nii;! - 6 - lOmg/1 va 20% so gieng vdi CNH.-J > lOmg/1, Tuy nhien
d cac vung cdng nghiep, dd thi cua nfldc ta chat Ifldng nfldc dang
suy giam manh vi chfla nhieu chdt d nhiem d mflc ham Ifldng
nguy hieni.
5-5.2. O nhiem moi trfldng nfldc bien
Ngudn d nhiem mdi trUdng nUdc bien (MTNB) bao gdm hoat
dting nui Ifla va cac qua trinh dia hoa khac. cdng nghiep khai
thac va che bien ddu md, giao thdng sdng bien (dac biet la sU cd
trail dau), san xudt cdng nghiep tren da't lien va ven bien, san
xuat ndng nghiep, chdt thai smh boat tfl cac khu dan cU, dd thi,
khu du lich ven bien, tren dao, boat ddng chien tranh (xac tau
thuyen, sung dan, chat ddc hoa hpc... hinh 5.4a). CCON mdi
trUt'ing nUdc bien rat da dang (dau md, chat ddc hflu cd, cac kim
loai nang, cac chat phdng xa Sr®°, Cs*^', Pu"^**, Ce'"...). Chung
dupe dUa vao mdi trUdng nUdc bien vdi khd'i lUdng va phUdng
thflc khac nhau nhd nfldc mat. nUdc ngdm, khi quyen (bang
5.18). O nhilm mdi trUdng nUdc bien cdn dildc the hien d sU
tang cad ham lUdng chat Id King, tiing dp due, giam dp xuyen
Sling, tang nhiet dp...

215
 Bang 5.18. Khoi iiTdng CCON thim nhip vao MTNB
(10Ha'n/nam, theo X. A. Patin, 1979)

T6'ng khoi luting CCON

Cac chat o Do cac qua
San lUdng
nhilm Tfl luc iTia Tif khi quyen trinh tu
nhien
Dau mo 1.820.000 5.100 600 100
PCB 50-100 <5 20 0
DDT 100 >1 25 0
Andrin 100 >1 50 0
Bezen 100 >1 20 0
hexanclorua
Dicloelan 5000 _ 500
Ptireon 500 - 500 500
Pb 3000 >3 300 100
Cd 15 >0,1 10 0,5
Hg 9 >0,8 80 3

Hang nam cd khoang 6 trieu tdn hydrocacbua ddu md dUpe

thai vao MTNB do van tai (2,2 trieu tan), khai thac ddu d bien
(0,1 trieu tan), cac nha may che bien ddu mc d ven bd (0,2), chat
thai cdng nghiep (0,3), chat thai thanh phd (0.3), tfl cac md ddu
dfldi nfldc (0,6), tfl luc dia (0,6) va theo mfla tfl khi quyen (0,6).
80% chat d nhiem ddu trong nfldc bien la ddu thd. Khi vao moi
trfldng bien ddu tae thanh mdt Idp mdng tren be mat, tiep theo
la bay hdi cac hdp phdn nhe (pha benzen va dau hoa...). Khoang
5% ddu md hi hoa tan vao nfldc (chu yeu la cac hydrocarbon
thdm va ddc). Mot phan cac hdp chat nay bi ha'p phu bdi chat Iti
liing va phdn khac Idng dpng xudng trdm tich day. Ngoai ra dau
md cdn tao thanh cac huyen phfl "dau trong nfldc" va "nfldc
trong dau" cd thdi gian tdn tai khac nhau trong mdi trfldng nfldc
bien. Tuy nhien sfl phan buy sinh hpc (dd tren 200 bai vi sinh vat)
cung lam giam dang ke hiim Ifldng ddu trong mdi trfldng nfldc bien.

216
 Hinh 5.4a. Nguon va tac tiong cua 6 nhiem moi tri/dng nudc bien

l l i i . i l J A n g nhan sinh I r f n luc ilja d nhicm

( c t i n g nghiep, n t m g nghiep, khai kh6ng khi
khi>ang, giao i h o n g , i l o thi hoa

r"
Xi>i inuii. nia O nhiim nui'ic song, Suy ihoai lai
Iroi ilai kcnh, rach nguyen bien

Hoat J o n g n i i i
kra v.i c.ic qua
I r i n h (lia ch.'n
I
Cl nhidm moi trutmg
bion
Tang d(>c K) irong
SV bidn
V

Suy Ihoiii tlo

con ngutri va
kJiac
Suy thoai HST hoal d(>ng nhan
bic-n. ven bo —• sinh

11

I loal (long nhan smh irtin bK-n. tren Jao, ven Suy giani da
bii-n kh.ti !ha(., che bien tlau m('t. ihut. ph.im dani;. nang sual
v.i cac nghanh cong nghiep khac. d<'i ihi hoa. ^ SH
du 111 h. van tai bi6n. danh bit va nudi irCmg
Ihuy san, chidn tranh ,,

Nhfl vay hanh vi va sd' phan cua dau md trong MTNB phu
thudc vao cfldng dp, qua trinh bay hdi, tad huyen phu, boa tan,
tixi hoa, phan buy sinh hpc ... Cac qua trinh nay oxi boa ddu md
thanh nhflng hdp chat ddn gian, cdn cac qua trinh khac cd vai
trd bien ddi va phan bdlai dau md trong mdi trfldng nfldc bien.
Ham Ifldng cac chat hoat tinh be mat dat trong mdi bien
15 - 60 pg/1 (chau Phi) den 180 - 1250 pg/1 (vung Bien Bdc).
Cac ddc tdhflu cd khac (DDT, PCB, PAH, cac chdt tay riia,
tlioxin...) cd the tdn lflu trong nfldc bien trong thdi gian kha dai.

217
mdt phdn hi hdp phu bdi vat lieu Id liing va idng dpng cang
tram tich cung nhfl tham nhap vao sinh vat bien vii .sinh v;)t
ven bd (co bien, san hd, rflng ngap man, sinh vat trdi ndi, sinh
vat bam day,...). Ham Ifldng hydrocarbon trong nfldc bien Ai Dp
Dfldng (vinh Aden = 360 -1410 pg/l, Hdng Hai = 0 - 2260 ng/l)
Idn hdn nfldc Dai Tay Dfldng (0 - 950 pg/l) va Thai Binh Didng
(0 - 360 pg/l).
Hang nam cd khoang 3600 tan Pb tfl dot chay than va Idu
md, 200.000 Pb tfl cac phfldng tien giad thdng tham nhap vho
nfldc bien qua khi quyen. Cac kim loai trong nfldc bien hi hdp
phu bdi vat lieu Id liing va sinh vat bien, mdt phdn hi lang cpng
trong tram tich.
So'lieu cua M. P. Nestercva va nnk (1981) cho thdy nfltic
bien Ban Tich dac trflng bdi sfl tang cao ham Iflpng Hg, Pb, ?CB
so vdi bidn Bdc.
Bang 5.18. Ham lUtJng mot so kim loal nang trong nucic bien B i c v:
bien Ban Tich (theo M. P. Nesterova va nnk, 1981)

Bien Ham lUdng (^c|/l)

Hg Pb Cd Cu PCE
Ban tich 0,3 1 1 2,7 0,03.
0,21)
Bien Bio 0,01 - 0,07 0,02 - 0,8 0,01 -2,8 0,3 - 3,4

Theo so lieu ciia Lien hdp Qudc, hang nam do boat cdng
nhan sinh ma cac sdng do ra bien them 320 trieu tan Fe 2,3
tri§u ta'n Pb; 1,6 trieu tdn Mn va 6,5 trieu tdn P. v.v..., lam ang
dang ke mflc dp d nhiem bien, dac bidt la mdi trfldng bien ven Id.

218
 Bang 5 19a. Tieu chuan moi trudng nudc
(Tieu c huan moi trudng Viet Nam, 1995.)

Nong do to! da cho phep

Nifdc mat Nifdc bien Nudc ngam
lam nguon ven bd
cap nifdc
Thong so
sinh hoat Nuoi thuy Cac ndi Gia tri
nhifng phai san khac tdi han
qua xLf ly
P)H 6,0 -> 8.5 6,5-8,5 6,5-8,5 6,5-8,5
(6 - 7,2)
Chiat rSn Id iCfng (mg/l) 20 50 200
Tomcj hoat do phan xa |! < lO^'curi/l < iCcuri/l
Toinci hoat do phan xa « < lO^Curi/l < 10-*curi/l
P'henol tdng so (mg/l) < 0,001 0,001 0,002
F-lorua (mg/l) 1 1.5 1,5 1,0
D D T (rng/l) 0,01 0,01 0,05
D a u , ma (mg/l) 0,0 0 0,3
Ch.-at tay rLfa(mg/l) 0,5 0,5
X i a n u a (mg/l) 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01
Sunfua 0,05 0,005 0,01
l : C I (mg/l) 200 0,01 0,01 0,01
h-JH, (mg/l, tinh theo N) 0,05 0,5 0,5
O x y hoa tan (mg/l) >6 >5 >4
Nitrat (mg/l, tinh theo 10
N)
Nitrit (mg/l, tinh theo N) 0,01 0,05
B5OD„20°C (mg,'l) <4 < 10 <20
I : Fe (mg/l) 1 0,1 0,3 1 -5
M n (mg/l) 0,1 0,1 0,1

Z^n (mg/l) 1 0,01 0,1 5,0

M g (mg/l) < 30 hoac < 0,1 den

219
 125 (*) 0,5
Ni (mg/l) 0,1 0,01 45
Cr (VI) (mg/l) 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
Hg (mg/l) 0,001 0,005 0,01 0,001
Pb (mg/l) 0,05 0,01 0,1 o,oe
As (mg/l) 0,05 0,01 0,05 0,05
Cu (mg/l) 0,1 0.01 0,02 1,0
Ba (mg/l) 1 0,01 0,02
Cd (mg/l) <0,01 0,05 0,1 0,01
Coliform MPN/IOOmI 5000 1000

Ghi chu: (*) <30 neu nifdc chfla 200mg sunfat,

(*) < 125 neu nudc ngheo sur.fat

Nhfl vay do nhieu qua trinh dia hoa, sinh dia boa khac
nhau ma khdi Ifldng CCON trong nfldc bien thay ddi va dfldc
tinh nhfl sau:
M = Md-Mc
trong dd: M - khd'i Ifldng thay ddi cua CCON sau thdi gian n&o
do;. Md - khdi Ifldng CCON dfldc mang vao bien tfl nfldc sdng,
nfldc thai xi nghiep san xuat, tfl tau thuyen va cac phfldng tien
tren them luc dia, de trao ddi nfldc, tfl khi quyen va tfl tram tich
day; Mc - khd'i Ifldng CCON trong nfldc hi suy giam do phan buy
sinh hoa, trao ddi nfldc, thoat vao khi quyen va ket tCia trdm
tich day.
Khdi Iflpng CCON bien ddi theo thdi gian (Mt) dfldc tinh
theo cdng thflc: Mt = Mo + (2qt - 2MoIk)/(2 + Ikdt) hay
Mt = Mo + (A/B)dt, vdi A = 2qt - 2MoZk (tan/ngay) va
B = 2 +Zkdt; Mo - khd'i Iflpng rieng CCON dfldc tich luy trong
nfldc bien; qt - tdc dp tham nhap CCON vao nfldc bidn
(qt = Md/t); k la he so' dac trflng cho cac qua trinh phan buy
chuyen hoa cac CCON.

220
 i)e tinh dflcic can bang CCON trong nflck: bien can xac dinh
tldng thdi ham ludng t^ua chung trong nfldc, viit chat Id liing,
tronj; Idp nudc sat he mat, trong Idp khdng khi sat mat nfldc
t-ung nhfl nghien cflu qua trinh trao ddi CCON gifl cac pha ...
Cac chuyen gia ciia Nippon Koel Ltd (Nhat Ban) de xuat
ind hmh can bang khd'i Ifldng che vjnh Ha Long nhfl sau:
L = QC,.,,„ + QC,„ k,V+k.fiV+k:fi + kA

Iron*: dd: C - ndng dp chat hflu cd va dinh dfldng trong vinh,

kg/iT*: C,.a„ - ndng dp chat hflu cd va dinh dfldng trong ddng chay
vao. <g/m^ C,.a - ndng do chat hflu cd va dinh dfldng trong ddng
thuy ra. kg/m^; k, - nang suat sd cap, kg/mVngay: k-^ - ty sua't
phar buy mVngay; k, - ty suat lang dpng mVngay; k, - ty sua't
Ilia jiai mVngay; V - the lich nfldc trong vinh; A - dien tich
trdir, tich day trong vinh. ni"; Q - lflu Ifldng ddng chay m^/ngay;
L ting cac chat d nhiem trong vinh dfldc tinh bdng cdng thflc
L ---- V.C. kg. (hinh5.4c)

Hinh 5.4c. Mo hinh can bSng chat 6 nhiem vjnh Ha Long

(Theo Nippon Koel Ltd, Nhat Ban)

Vinh

,,V -kjCV

C
Ci„ C.
w k,A k,CV W
Q
Q

* "-
Tram tich day

111
 O Viet Nam, d nhiem nfldc bien bdi kim Idai nang phat hu'n
dfldc nhieu ndi: O nhiem Pb, Cu (he sd Ttc = 1,3 - 4,8) trong
nfldc ven bien Thfla Thien Hue, Hai Phdng; d nhilm nfldc bitm
ven bd bdi Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu (Ttc = 1,5 - 200) quan sat
dfldc d khu vflc Binh Dinh, Quang Nam, Da Nang; d nhiem diiu
dfldc phat hien d khu vflc Cang Sai Gdn, Vung Tau, Quy Nhtin
(chii yeu do sfl cd tran ddu), Ciia Viet, Hai Phdng (Ttc cua ddu
la 1,5 - 27). Nfldc c^a sdng ven bien Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh, Thai
Binh, Tra Vinh, Sdc Trang cd chfla cac loai thudc trfl sau, thudc
diet cd nhfl lindane, DDT, DDE, Endrin ... vdi ham Ifldng tdng
cpng 0,163-0,284 (bang 5.30) cd ndi dat 0,87mg/l, gdp 3-18 lAn
gidi han tdi da cho phep theo TCMT Viet nam 1995.
Bang 5.19b. Ham li/dng (mg/l) trung binh chat rin Id lung (SM), diu, Zn^*,
Cu'* va coliform (MPN/100 ml) trong nudc bien ven bd mot so vung Viet
Nam (so lieu phan tich cua Luu V3n Dieu va nnk,
"Tai nguyen moi trudng bien" tap IV. Ha Noi, 2000)

Viing Nim SM Dau Zn'* Cu'* Coliform

1996 57 0,61 0,0053 0,0078 936
Ven bien mien
1997 75 0,45 0,0465 0,0066 381
Bic
1998 77 0.56 0,0538 0,0086 866
1996 85 0,18 0,0233 0,0055
Ven bien mien
1997 10 0,13 0,0287 0,0052 1 10
Tmng
1998 7 0.18 0,0185 0,0042 135
1996 2,47 0,0219 0,0169 3789
Ven bien mien
1997 288 0,18 0,0219 0,0093 2167
Nam
1998 101 0.48 0,0474 0,0065 4,937
1996 0,55
Dan khoan 1997 0,54
ngoai khol
1998 0,53
1996 4495
Vung Tau 1997 6212
1998 3309

222
 Nflcic bien cac vung ven bd Viet Nam khac nhau ve thanh
ph,^ii va xu the bien ddng chdt Ifldng theo thdi gian (bang
5.19h). Chdt Ifldng nfldc bien ven bd mien Trung tdt hdn va kha
tin dinh theo thdi gian. trong khi dd chat Ifldng nfldc bien ven bd
mien Biic kem hdn va cd xu hfldng giam theo thdi gian. Dii phat
hit)n dfldc 13 loai tao ddc d bien Bii Ria - Vung Tau va 12 loai d
khu VUc bien Dd Sdn - Hai Phdng, 25 gidng vi nam ky sinh tren
bai hien (nam an da. ndm cd hdi gay u viem nhiem cd quan ndi
tang).

5.5.2. Tac d o n g ciia 6 n h i e m moi trfldng nfldc

Hau qua d nhiem MTNB rat Idn. C^ac Idp dau md (neu day
hdn 0,1 mm) can trd clang ke trao ddi khi cua nfldc bien va cac
cha't huyen phu va vat lieu Id Iflng (d ham Ifldng dii Idn). can trd
thum nhap anh sang vao nfldc hien. Do d nhiem nen ham Ifldng
tide to trong sinh vat bien tang dang ke. lam rdi loan cac chflc
nang sinh ly (hd hap, phat trien. sinh san...), sinh hoa va cd the
dan tdi tfl vong (do d nhiem dau d bien Bac hang nam cd tdi
150.000 - 450.000 chim bien hi chet). Khi ham Ifldng cua cac ddc
td huu cd nhfl chat boat hoa be mat dat 5 mg/l trong nfldc gay
tfl vong hang loat cac dpng vat khdng xfldng sdng nhfl Capitella
capitala. Srolelepis fuliginosa). Do dd d nhiem MTNB se lam
suy thoai he sinh thai va canh quan, giam nang sua't va da dang
sinh hpc, tai nguyen sinh vat bien, ven bd (rflng ngap man, ddt
ngfip nfldc, cd bien, san hd, sinh vat phu du, sinh vat bam day),
tai nguyen du lich... Thdng qua dd d nhiem MTNB anh hfldng
tdi sflc khoe con ngfldi (qua chudi thflc an bi nhiem ddc, qua
nflcic tdm...) va can trd boat ddng nhan sinh, dac biet la nudi
trdng, danh bdt thuy san va du lich...
6 nhidm nfldc gay nhflng hiiu qua xdu cho mdi trfldng sdng.
Thc^o nfldc udng hay chudi thflc an cac chdt d nhiem dd dang
tham nhap cd thd sinh vat vk con ngfldi, gay benh tat hoac t i

223
vong. Day la mdt trong nhflng con dfldng truyen d nhiem n i a i h
nhdt va nhieu nhdt chd sinh vat cung nhfl cen ngfldi.
Nfldc bi 6 nhiem bdi flo la nguyen nhan gay nhieu benh cho
ngfldi va gia sue nhfl benh g^idn xifdng, ddm rang, bien di rang
.v.v... Ham Iflpng flo tdi da trong nfldc udng phai <lppm (WHO,
1994). Neu dung nfldc udng cd ham Ifldng fld Idn hdn 2,5ppm
ngfldi va gia sue se bi cac benh ve xfldng. Ket qua nghien cflu ci
vflng Ninh Hoa cho thdy cd tdi 70% ngfldi dan dia phfldng dun^
nfldc gieng cd ham Ifldng flo 7-10 ppm bi benh rang. Ngudn flo
cao trcng nfldc tai vflng nay cd the hen quan vdi nfldc khoang di
qua cac da granit giau fluorit.
Khoang 200.000 ngfldi d Tay Bengal (An Dp) bi n h i l m ddc
As do dung nfldc ngam bi 5 nhidm bdi nguyen to nay. Hdn 35
trieu ngfldi dan Bangladesh sfl dung nfldc ngdm hi d nhiem As
treng khu vflc 90.000km''^. Hien tfldng nfldc ngdm hi d nhiem bdi
As cung kha phd bien d Mehice, Chile, Achentina, Mdng Co,
Ghana, Dai Loan v.v. Nhflng ngfldi sii dung nfldc an nhiem As
thfldng hi benh ung thfl da va cac benh ung thfl khac. Nhieni
dec As dflpc coi nhfl la mot trong nhflng tai boa mdi trfldng Idn
nha't ddi vdi con ngfldi (Gerry Jacobson, 1998).
Cac thudc trfl sau diet cd khd phan buy trong mdi trudng
nfldc theo chudi thflc an vao cd the ngfldi cd the gay benh ung
thfl, gay benh nae, rdi Idan hd ha'p, tudn hoan va cd the gay tfl
vong. Cac chat hflu cd de bay hdi nhfl cloetylen, tetracloetylen,
tricloetylen tuy ham Ifldng nhd trong nfldc nhflng cd kha nang
gay ung thfl, cdn dicloetan (dflng de riia dau md va trong fh6'
tao xa phdng) cd tac dpng rat xau den gan, than kmh. Cacbon
tetraclorit (dflng de tay riia dung cu gia dinh, chdt dap liia
chay, de dang tham nhap vao mdi trfldng nfldc) rat ddc, cd the
gay chet ngfldi cl ndng dp rat thap (vai mililit). Cac chat hflu cd
nay cd ndng dp rat cao trong nfldc ngdm d khu vflc dd thi, khu
cdng nghiep.
Di chuyen trcng mdi trfldng nfldc cd cudng dp va quy md rat
Idn. Hdn nfla CCON tan trong nfldc rdt linh ddng trong men

224
ii'uiuig lit' mat. tuong lac manh vdi cac hdp phdn khac cua
.MTTN iiliii (lat. trdm tich v.v. Do dd nfldc mat bi d nhiem cd the
l.im nlndni ban mdi trfldng dat. int'ii trfldng tram tich. cung nhfl
iiudt ngam. () nhic'm nu'tit- la mdt trong nhflng nguyen nhiin chu
\e.i pha huy cat- ht) ,-^inli thai dfldi nfltic vii mdt sci he sinh thai
irt'-n (•.an,

.'j.S.4. Phflcyng p h a p h a n che 6 nhie»m moi trfldng nfldc

O nhiem mdi trudng nflcic gay nhieu hau qua nghit^ni trpng
ne n viec phdng cht'mg d nhiem. bao ve chat Ifldng nfldc la het
,-fl'(- f-an ihiet. ('at- phfldng phap bao ve mdi trfldng nflcic bao gdm
in;io due. tuyen truyen. nang cao nh.an thflc. bien phiip hanh
chinh - luat phaj) • kinh Le. cdng nghe. Cac phfldng phiip khoa
iion- cdng nghe cd the la: xU ly sinh hgc (cac phfldng phap thdng
kh i (aerobic): cac phfldng phiip thic>'u khi (anoxic); cac phfldng
(iha)) yt^m khi): ctic phUcing phdp hod ly (phfldng phiip lang va
lid nj; tu de loai bd t-hat Iti king' phfldng phap ha'p thu. tham
ihiVu ngiitif do thu gom chat d nhiem nfldc: phfldng phap trung
iio.fi cac chat axit hoac bazd: phfldng phap chiet tiicli cac chat d
nh \em: cac phfldng pliaji clo hoa de diet trung vii phan huy chat
(li)tr) v . v . , .
.Vguyen tac cO ban cua cac phfldng phap sinh hpc la sfl dung
kh a nang cua sinh vat phan huy rac thai, ddc td (trong dd cd san
iih.ain dau mti) trong nUdc. Phfldng phiip nay cd hieu qua cao khi
Nii ly cac chat hflu cd kem ben vflng, nhflng it hoac khdng cd
lueiu qua vdi nfldc thai cdng nghiep chfla cac chdt vd cd ddc hai
(kim loai nang. axit, bazd...) hoac cac chat hflu cd vflng ben
(."Itobenzen, PCB, phenol...) va cung it hieu qua ddi vdi mot sd
bad VI trung. Trong luc dd cac phfldng phap boa ly cd the khdc
l>h ut' dfldc nhflng nhu'dc diem ay. Tuy nhien phfldng phap hoa ly
cdia thiet bi phflc tap, gia thanh cao va cd the gay nhflng hieu
itiiig bat ldi cho mdi trfldng. Trong thflc te xfl ly nfldc thai, ngfldi
ta dung ket hdp ca 2 nhdm phfldng phap, Sd dd nguyt^ii ly xfl ly
r.fltdc phai bang 2 phfldng phap ket hdp dfldc neu d hinh 5.4.b.
 Hinh 5.4.b. So do xu ly nudc thai
(Theo Pham Hiing Viet, 1996, co siira doi)

Nudc thai
BOD> 200 ppm. NH4* > 30 ppm; PO4'
va cac chat khac

CAc chat
ran. tx)t.
Sang ch4n vang dau
tti/oc loai

Vi sinh vai
Lang dpng

'l .
FJiin Nudc thai tla .xii Iv lan 1
O,

Ptian huy cac chai

hOfu ca CO irong bun
ct).
Bun diroc
bing vi sinh v-at hoac
ihidu d6t loai bo cac sinh ra
chii hiin ctj '
L.ing tlpng

Nudc duoc xif ly Cac hcjp

Ch6n lan 2 chat hiru
viii BOD: 25 ppm CO dang
hoac xit NIL : 20 ppm long
ly tiep P O , ' : 25 ppm kh6ng
lang tlia

226
 .Sau khi xfl ly lan 2 cd the tiep tuc xfl ly lan 3 de cd dfltic
iw'jc sach hdn nhfl sd dd dfldi dav:

Ca(OH).

Nirtx: tliai K
, Lf ly lan 2

Ca,(P04)vOHi

Bi hap ihu Nil

diing than iitiat linh.
CO be n-iat ItJii
CO tinli hap Ihu cao

Dieu quan trpng la phai thay the cac cdng nghe san xuat cu
bang cac cdng nghe mdi it hoac khdng phe thai ddc hai, ban che
•ca thai vao mdi trfldng nfldc cung nhfl chap hanh triet de cac
luat trong nudc va qudc te lien quan den tai nguyen va mdi
irudng nfldc mdi ngan chan triet de d nhiem nfldc.

Mdt trong nhflng giai phap quan trpng de han die va quan
ly d nhiem mdi trfldng nfldc la tien hanh quan trac (menitering)
tlia boa mdi trfldng nfldc (hinh 5.4.d). Quan trac mdi trfldng la
he thdng theo dtii, danh gia va dfl bao trang thiii mdi trfldng,
nhflng bien ddi smh quyen, gdp phdn xac dinh ngfldng sinh thai
\ a dc xuat ciic giai phap bao ve mdi trfldng. Nhiem vu chinh ciia
inonitering dia boa mdi trfldng nfldc la: kiem soat chat Ifldng va
mflc dp d nhiom nfldc va trdm tich day theo cac chi set vat ly, hoa
k.pf. ihuy smh hot- (dac biet la nghi dfldng, du lich, nudi trdng va

227
danh bdt thuy san). Nghien cflu can bdng chdt d nhiem gifla
nfldc - khdng khi, nfldc - trdm tich day; theo ddi, dfl bao ddng
thai va xu the bien dcii mflc dp d nhiem mdi trfldng nudt-; de
xua't cac giai phap. han" che ngudn d nhiem mdi trfldng nutic.
Nguyen tiic td chflc va tien hanh monitenng dia hoa mdi trudng
nfldc nhfl sau: 1 - Dam ban tinh ddng bd va tdng hdp ciia viec
xac dinh cac chi sd mdi trfldng (xac dinh cac chi sd mdi trudng
cua nfldc mfla. nfldc mat, nflt3c ngdm, chat Id liing va tram tich
day...), 2 - Dam bad tinh chu ky va he thdng trong quan triic. do
dai. giam sat cac chi so moi trfldng dac biet la cac chi sd khac
vdi phdng dia hoa mdi trfldng (quan trdc phdng, quan trac nen),
3 - Theo ddi sfl di chuydn cua CCON nhd quan trac do tla;- t-at-
chi so mdi trfldng theo cac mat cdt thuy van. hai van. dac biet la
cac mat cdt qua cac ddng chay, ddng dd'i lflu. 4 - Ket hdp ddng
thdi cua menitering d nhiem mdi trfldng nflcic vdi monitering
anh hfldng cua d nhiem ddi vdi thuy sinh vat... Nhfl vay
monitering dia hoa mdi trfldng nfldc la he thdng phfldng phap
quan trpng ban che d nhidm mdi trfldng nfldc.

O nfltic ta da cd he thdng cac tram monitering chat hrdnf;

moi trfldng nfldc bien ven bd (Ciia Luc, Do Sdn, Ba Lat. .Sdni
Sdn, Deo Ngang, cdn Cd. Nha Trang. Vflng Tau, Dinh An, Rach
Gia...) nfldc sdng, nfldc hd (cac hd cua dap thuy dien That- Ha,
Hoa Binh...). gdp phdn tich cflc cho viec quan ly chdt Ifldng mdi
trfldng nfldc.

228
 H i n h 5.4,d, Sd do monitering dia hoa moi tri/dng nirdc
(chi quan trdc do mudi S^o ^°* vdi MTNB)

Ciic chi so Ihuy hoa (I. S"/,„. pH. M. SM,,, )

Monilcrin'j cac chi so
(hung \ c 11161 irutmg

Cac chi St. sinh hoi (COU BOD, t),. H..S. N. P ,,)

Monilcring Ciic tide Uii hihi ctT khac

I rani monilcrmg tlia
CCON (TBVTV. chai lay nra. dio,\m)
hoa 11161 liiton" niiiK

L.--

t a c kim Uiai n.ins;

ditu mo. cac
hvdt<icarb<»n
\[ t ac sinh vai gav bcnn

Khi d.il, tram lich chi'la nittic

Monilcrmg ngu6n tl nhi6m
iiauon 6 nhicm lurtK- ngam

rir he thong ihoai niroc .SH, SX

nguon 6 nhicm
nuttc milt hic dia Cac chat thai lAn lit iriJn bti

Chai thai lit khi quyen ChiVl thai tit lau ihuyC'n

Nguon 6 nhiC-m
hicn Tir ntii Ilia va cac hoal dong ut nhicn

Xa thai lir dai lien, dao Xa ihai lir song

"J.
CTial thai lir dong doi liru

229
5.6. 6 N H I E M MOI T R l / d N G DAT

Da't vfla la ndi xay ra mpi hoat ddng sinh sdng. cfl tru. di
chuyen, san xudt ndng - cong nghidp, khai thac tai nguyen ciia
con ngfldi vfla la ngudn gay d nhiem cho khdng khi va nfldc. Ddt
la ndi chfla dflng nhieu chdt thai, ke ca chdt thai tfl nfldc va
khdng khi. Cd rat nhieu van de mdi trfldng lien quan tdi da't. Cd
the ghep chung vao 3 nhdm nhfl sau. Mdt la ddt bi d nhidm tlo
cd mat cac chdt 6 n h i l m vdi ham Ifldng dii Idn (cac chdt d nhiem
cd the trflc tiep tfl da't hoac qua chudi thflc an tac ddng xau dim
con ngfldi va dpng vat). Thfl hai la suy giam chat Ifldng ddt lam
ban che cac chflc nang cua da't (ddt bi xdi mdn. laterit hoi. bi
axit hoa, mudi hoa), lam giam nang suat sinh hpc cua ddt vv...
Nhdm vdn de moi trfldng thfl ba la ddt dfldc coi lii ngudn d
nhiem (viec sii dung phan bdn va cha't diet sau bp, diet cd trong
ndng nghiep lam cho ddt trd t h a n h ngudn d nhiem mdi trfldng)
Ddt hi d nhiem la dat hi thay ddi tinh chat, chfla nhflng chat ddc
hai ddi vdi sfl sdng ciia con ngfldi va sinh vat. Sfl thay ddi dia
hinh va canh quan tfl nhien, thu hep dien tich da't khdng thuftn
ldi chd cudc sdng ciia con ngfldi dfldc coi la suy thoai ddt. Da't
khdng hi d nhiem hoa hpc neu ham Ifldng cac nguyen td hoa hpc
khdng vflpt gidi ban cho phep trong cac TCMT ve dat (bang 5.20).

230
 Bang 5.20. Ham liTdng cac nguyen to hoa hoc

va hc)p chat trong dat khong bj 6 nhiem

Nguyen to Ham liTcing Nguyen to Ham liri;in^

(mg/kg) dat kho hop chat (mg/kg) dat kho
Ag 0,01 - 0 Mo 0,5-5
Ar 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 3 0 0 000 N 200 - 2.500
A.s 0,1 - 2 0 Na 750 - 7.500
B 2 - 100 Ni 2-40(100)
Ba 1 0 0 - 3 000 P 100-4.000
Be 0,1-40 Pb 0,1 - 2 0
Br 1 - 10 Ra (3-20).10'
Ce 1 -50 Rb 20 - 600
Cl 1 - 150 S 30 - 900
Cd 0,1 - 10 Se 0,1 - 10
Co 1 -40 Se 0,01 - 2 ( 6 )
Cr 5 - 1,000 Si 0,2-5
Cs 0,3-25 Sn . 2 - 2.000
Cu 1 -60 Sr 50 1.000
F 2-300 Ti 1.000- 10,000
Ga 0,4 - 300 Te 0,01 - 0 , 5
Ge 0,1 - 5 0 U 0,9-9
Hg 0,01 - 0 , 1 V 2-500
1 1 -5 Y 2,5 - 250
K 400 - 30.000 Zn 10 - 200
Li 7-200 Zr 30 - 2,000
Mg 600 - 6 000 Cac chat diet co <0,5
Cac thuoc trfl sau <0,1

5.6.1. Cac chat 6 nhiem trong dat

Ngudn d nhieni ddt rat da dang va bao gdm:

Cdc tai bien vd cdc qud trinh tU nhien nhfl nfli Ifla, ddng
dat, xdi mdn. trfldl dat, lu lut, tran ngap nfldc bien, nhiem man,
v.v.. lam tang dec td hcac lam giam chat Iflpng mdi trfldng ddt.
Kd thai len mat ddt vd vdo trong ddt cdc chdt thdi sinh
hogt dfldi dang r a n , Idng (chdt bai tiet, chat loai bd trong
qua trinh sinh sdng. dd vat hfl hdng, cay cd chet, xa.c t h u vat
va ngfldi chet).

231
 xd thdi vdo ddt cdc chdt thdi cdng nghiep dfldi dang ran.
long, khi: quang, xi. vun kim loai, khoang san. boa chat, phe
lieu, chdt thai, tan dfl cua chien tranh. cac vu thii hat nhan, sfl
cd'nha may dien nguyen tii.
Xd thdi vdo ddt cdc ngudn benh: vi khuan, cac sieu vi
trung, cac chdt bai tiet. vat lieu y cu, thudc, boa chat ddc hai.
cac thu vat, cay cd chet vi dich, benh.
Xd thdi vdo ddt cac boa chat ndng, lam nghiep, cac loai
thudc trfl sau, diet cd dfldi dang rdn, long, khi.
Lang dgng vdo ddt cua cac chat thai tfl khdng khi vii nfldc
Hoat dpng cdng nghiep (ke ca khai thac khoang san) la
nguyen nhan chu yeu lam dai- bi o nhilm nhat la d nhiem kim
loai. Hang nam do cac qua trinh tfl nhien va nhan sinh da iihal
thai vao mdi trfldng Ifldng rat Idn ciic nguyen td' hda hpc (biing
5.21). Phdn Idn cac nguyen td'nay dflcic lich dpng lai trong ddt
Bang 5.21: Phat thai toan cau ciia mot so nguyen to hoa hoc
(Theo Galloway, Freedmas, 1982)
Phat thai (10'kg/nam)
Nguyen to Tu nhien Nhan tao
Ag 0,06 5
As 2,8 78
Cd 0,29 5.5
Co 7,0 4,4
Cr 58,0 94
Cu 19,0 260
Hg 0,04 11
Mn 610 320
Mo 1.1 51
Ni 28 98
Pb 5,9 200
Sb 0,98 38
Se 0,41 14
V 65 210
Zn 36 840

232
 Dat chu yeu hi d nhiem bdi cac kim loai nhfl: As, Se, Hg.
Ctl, l-'b, Cu, Ni, O v.v... a kim va hpp chat hflu cd ddc hai (thudc
t,ru .-^au diet cd...), chat ddc mau da cam (dioxin) vii cac hdpchat
khat-. Dfldi diiy trinh bay dac diem mdt sd chat d nhu}m trong da't.
Vdi ham Ifldng cao trong da't thi lflu huynh va clo trd thanh
tide 1-d. Cac hdp chat lflu huynh trong da't cd ngudn gdc tfl da, vd
phong hoa, khi quyen va san pham nhan sinh. Trong dat lflu
huynh tdn tai d dang khoang vat sunfat cua Ca, Mg..., sunfua
(nhfl FeSa, ZnS...), dang hap phu tren be mat khoang vat khac,
trong cac hdp chat hflu cd (nhfl ammoaxit. methionin cua ddt).
Khdng khi trong dat cd the chfla SO, (thfldng la SO-^) chu yeu cd
ngudn gdc nhan sinh. Lflu huynh d dang hdp chat vd cd chi
chiem 5 - 10% tdng lflu huynh trong ddt. Cd the phan biet dfldc
cac loai lflu huynh trong cac hdp chat hflu cd nhfl: sunfat este.
sunfua cacbon Trong Idp tren cung cua ddt, lflu huynh boa tri
thdp cua cac hdp chat hflu cd va vd cd de dang bi oxy hoa bdi oxy
c'ua khdng khi va vi sinh vat len boa tri cao hdn, lam thay ddi
t h a n h phan va tinh chat cua ddt. Luc nay S d dang SO./'' lien
ket vdi Ca, Mg. Fe'*, Al lam cho ddt hi phen, suy giam nghiem
trong chat Ifldng ddt.
Khiic vdi lflu huynh. clo trong ddt chi cd mdt hoa tri la Cl',
thvtdng tdn tai d dang mudi vdi cac kim loai kiem va kiem da't,
hop chdt clo. Ngudn gdc clo trong ddt cd the la nguyen sinh (do
phong boa til da me), thfl sinh (theo nfldc ngam gidu Cl, hoac tfl
nitdf bien tran vao va do con ngfldi dung nfldc tfldi giau clo hoac
do thai cac hdp chat chfla clo vao dat v.v...). Ham Ifldng clc tang
cao lam cho dat hi d nhiem mudi hoa bat ldi cho cay trdng phat
tnen.
vSfl tang cao ham Ifldng ciia S va Cl trcng da't thfldng di kem
vdi j^fl tang cao ham Ifldng cua cac cation Na*, Ca**^, Mg"*, Fe'*,
.-\1 v.v. ... Trong trfldng hdp dd, cac catidn nay trd nen cd hai cho
sfl phat t n e n da't va cay trcng.

233
 Trong ddt As thfldng tdn tai d dang hdp phu, hdp chd: vdi
Al, Fe, Ca va hdp chat hflu cd. Ngudn As trong dat cd the la tfl
cac san phdm phong boa da va khoang vat chfla As, chdt thai
khi cac nha may dung than, chat thai rdn, long dflng thudc bao
vd thflc vat v.v... Chdng han, trung binh hang nam ti Cai.acia
ngfldi ta phun thudc diet cdn trflng vao vfldn cay an qua dk
mang den 2,7 kg As/1 ha. Tren 94% As trong da't tdn tai ti pha
rdn cdn lai chi cd khoang 6% tdng As tdn tai trong dung Jich
ddt (cd the la dang natriasenite) de dang di chuyen va ra <hdi
ddt. Khi tdn tai d dang linh dpng. As dac biet nguy hidm cho
sinh vat va con ngfldi. Sfl bien ddi dieu kien oxy hoa khfl t-ong
ddt lam cho As di chuyen va phan bd lai trong dat va thdng qua
do lam thay ddi ham Ifldng As di van sinh vat va con n^:udi.
Trong da't khdng hi n h i l m ban ham Ifldng As thfldng dfliri 20
ppm, trong da'i bi d nhiem (vi du da't vfldn tao Amherst,
Massachusett) ham Iflpng As dat tdi 330 ppm.
Trong dat Cd cd the tdn tai hai d dang: rat linh ddn? va
dang kem linh ddng. Dang linh ddng chu yeu ciia Cd la cat ion
va phflc hflu cd Cd trong dung dich ddt, hap phu tren k«o
hydroxide cua Fe. Mn, Al. keo set... Dang kem linh dpng cui (3d
bao gdm cacbonat, sunfua, arsenat, phosphat va mot so hc3p
chat hflu cd gdc oxalate v.v... Thanh phdn, tinh chdt (pH, Eh,
nhiet dp), dp trfldng t h a n h ciia ddt va hoat dpng nhan sinh a n h
hfldng quyet dinh den sfl tdn tai va chuyen hoa cac dang ton t a i
cung nhfl phan bd lai ciia Cd trong dat. Ngudn cdp Cd trong da't
la phong hoa cac da, phan bdn, chdt thai cong nghiep, pldng
thich chdt thai phdng xa. Ham Ifldng cua Cd trong dat khdig bi
6 nhilm giao dpng trong khoang < 0,1 - 10 ppm. Da't va tram
tich chung quanh cac nha may che bien quang Zn hi n h i l m b&n
bdi Cd vdi ham Ifldng dat tdi vai chuc ppm.
Dang tdn tai cua Pb trong ddt chii yeu la cac mudi de tam
(clorua, bromua), hdp chat hflu cd hap phu tren keo s6t, h i m i c
... va cac hdp chat khd tan (cacbonat, hydroxit ...). Dang tdi t a i

234
ciia I'b trong dai phu thutjc chu yeu vao thanh phan cd hoc.
khoang vat. hiim Ifldng hdp chdt hflu cd, pH. boat ddng nhan
sinh v.v... Dieu kien khi hau hinh thiinh da't anh hfldng rat Idn
till dang tdn tai t:ua Ph. Trong ddt vung khd, Pb tdn tai d dang
ifin hap phu, cacbonat huu t-d. sunfua. Trong dat vung nhiet 'dcii
Pb d dang hydroxit chiem flu the. Ngudn cap l-'b trong ddt la
phong boa da me. chat thai cdng nghiep, sfl dung bun va nfldc
Cling, phan bdn, thudc bao ve hoa mau trong ndng nghiep va dac
biet lii tfl cac phfldng tien giao thdng dung xang va ddu. Chang
ban. hiing nam cac phfldng tien giao thdng d My thai vao mdi
triWng da't khoang 1,6.10 '' tan Pb. Ham Ifldng ciia Pb trong ddt
khdng bi d nhiem thfldng dfldi Ippm. nhflng cd khi den 20 ppm
va fd xu hfldng giam tfl tren xudng (tfldng flng vdi sfl giam ham
hidng hdp chat hflu cd trong phau dien ddt). Trong da't bi d
nhieni gan dudng cao tdc ham Ifldng Pb cd the dat tdi 3045 ppm
hoac hdn. 0 Canada, hang nam ngfldi ta phun cac thudc diet
cdn trung trong cac vfldn cay an qua vdi mflc trung binh la 8.7
kg Pb/ha. lam cho dat hi d nhiem chi (cd ham luting la 14000 ppm).
Ham Ifldng Hg trong da't khdng bi d nhiem thfldng dfldi 0.1
ppm. Trong dat hi d n h i l m ham Ifldng Hg dat 24 - 120 ppm. Hg
thfldng tap trung trong Idp tren cung phau dien da't. Cung cd
trfldng hdp ham Ifldng Hg khdng thay ddi theo dp sau. Ngudn
Clip Hg trong ddt cung tfl phong boa da va quang chfla Hg, sii
dung thudc bao ve thflc vat, chat thai cdng nghiep, khai thac
khoang san va luyen kim v.v... Sfl tang cao ham Iflpng Hg trdng
mfln la dd ha'p phu bdi vat lieu hflu cd. stjt. Sfl cd mat cua
nguyf"m td'nay d tang C lien quan vtii qua trinh rfla lua bdi nfldc
mua hoac nfldc tfldi. Trong mdi trfldng dat. ctic hdp chat vd cd,
hflu cd ciia Hg cd the hi chuyen hoa ve nguyen tci Hg, HgS, hpp
chdt phflc chfla Hg v.v... Sfl chuyen hoa nay lien quan tdi cac
qua trinh smh hpc: trong mdi trfldng ddt Hg de hi shelat hoa bdi
hJp chdt hflu cd. hdi humic chfla S giQ Hg d dang boa tan. Cac

235
dang clorua va hydroxit cua Hg rat khdng ben trong dung lich
da't. Tdm lai, cac yeu to quyet dinh tdi dp linh ddng cua Hg
trong mdi trfldng ddt la thanh phdn (hpp chdt hflu cd, kheang
vat), tinh chat (cau true, dp Id hdng, pH, Eh...) ciia da't, dang tdn
tai cua Hg (cac hdp chat chfla Hg), heat ddng nhan sinh cung
nhfl tac dpng cua khi quyen (qua mfla axit).
Selen tdn tai trong ddt d cac dang chii yeu sau day: sehnite
(SeO^ 3), selenate hdp chat hflu cd, hdp phu tren be mat khtang
vat set va kee ve vd, hflu cd v.v... Ham Ifldng Se trong da't kldiig
d nhiem khoang 0,1 -2 ppm, cd the tdi 6ppm trong dat trei vd
phong hoa chfla Se nhfl da't d vflng Nebraska. Se tap trung kha
cao trong ddt giau khoang vat set va vat lieu hflu cd. Do loat
ddng ciia vi sinh vat trong da't ma Se de dang bi bimethyl hoa,
tao ra cac phflc hflu cd kem ben (metaboht). Ngudn Se iron? da't
lien quan vdi boat dpng nfli Ifla, phong hoa cac da (sunfua aoa)
boat ddng nhan sinh (xa thai cdng nghiep, s^ dung, thudc bao
ve thflc vat ...). Trong vflng khi hau khd lanh va ban khd anh
ddt de dang bi d nhiem selen hdn vi Se de dang dfldc lflu gfl va
dfldc huy dpng tfl cac Idp dat phia dfldi cung nhfl tfl san pnam
phong hoa hdn so vdi dat vung nhiet ddi. Canh tac nong nghiep
khdng dfldc quan ly tdt cung cfldng hda d n h i l m Se treng dat
ciia vung khi hau ndi tren. Tfl dat, Se de dang t h a m nhaj vao
thflc vat. Chang ban, ket qua nghien cflu b Bdc My cho thdy
trong 50 loai astrgalus dfldc khao sat trong ddt d nhiem cd tdi
25 loai hi nhiem selen v.v...
Da't cdn cd the bi n h i l m bdn bdi Cr, Ni, Mo, Cu, Zn vi cac
nguyen to' kim loai khac. Chung cd ngudn gdc tfl phong hoi cac
da va khoang vat chfla cac nguyen td nay, do thai cong nghiSp
trflc tiep vao da't, tfl bui khi quyen v.v...
Cac cha't 6 nhilm hflu cd trong dat chu yeu la thudc bto ve
thflc vat (di$t con trung, diet cd v.v...) cac hydrocatbcm,
phtalate, cac chat polyme khdng chfla icn v.v... Ngoai DDI, cac

236
thucic bao ve thflc vat khac cung rat ddc nhfl hdp chat hflu cd
ciifla cation (bipyridylium nhfl diquat va paracjuat), hdp chdt
hflu cd kiem (s-triazme). cac hdp chdt hflu t;d gdc axit
(triclt>aretic-TCA, axit aliphatic hi clo hoa. benzoic axit v.v...
Nhdm hydrocacbon thfldng giip trong dat bao gdm parafin hdp
chat da vdng thdm, benzen. toluen, phtalat chu yeu la axit
phtalic diester (PAE). Di-2-ethylphtalat (DEHP), di-
ot;tylphtalate (DOP)... Trong dat cua nhieu vung d Nam Viet
Nam cdn gap chat ddc mau da cam (dioxine) dac biet nguy hiem
dd'i veil ngfldi va ddng vat. Cac chdt ddc hflu cd trong dat la san
pham do con ngfldi tao ra tfl san xua't cdng nghiep va ndng
nghiep. Do cac qua trinh smh dia boa nen mdt sd chat d nhiem d
trong ddt hi bien ddi va suy giam tinh ddc. Ngfldc lai. mdt so'
chat khac bien ddi thanh cac chat ddc bi nhiem cd ddc td cao
hdn. Qua trinh chuydn hoa nay rat phflc tap va chfla dflpc
nghien cflu ky

5.6.2. Cac bieu hien 6 nhieni dat

Bieu hicn d nhiem dat kha da dang: da't bi nhiem man,

phen hoa, hi chua, axit hoa do mfla axit, da't bi d nhiem do bui,
xi than, bun cdng ranh, ddu md, kim loai, hdp chat hflu cd v.v...
Ddt n h i l m man phat t n e n chu yeu d vflng khd han, vung ven
bien va mtit so' ndi khac. Loai dat nay chfla ham Ifldng kha cad
cua cac loai mudi (NaCl, KCl, MgCL chu yeu la NaCl, NaXOa
v.v. .). Da't nhiem man chu yeu do xam nhap man cua nfldc bien
(vflng ven bien) nfldc xoda (vung khd han), do dung nfldc man
tfldi tieu, lam mudi, nfldc mfla giau NaCl (vung khd ban). Da^t
nhitlm m a n khdng thuan ldi ehe san xuat ndng nghiep.
Dat hi chua (phen hoa) dac trflng bdi sfl tang cao ham Ifldng
cac sunfat cung nhfl cac gdc axit khac ciia Fe''*, AP*, Mn"^* va cd
pH thdp (3-5 hoac nhd hdn). ngheo mun va vi sinh vat, dp phi
thap Ngudn gdc sunfat trong dat cd the la mfla axit, sii dung
phan khoang lien tuc trong thdi gian dai. xa thai cdng nghiep,

237
phong hoa cac sunfua, quii trinh oxy hoa sunfua trong cac tang
da't va trdm tich phia dfldi v.v...
® Mfla axit
H,S04 HNO3 H,0 + CO, H,0 + CO.,

,Ca=^* Mg^*K*Na*
t i n y hmi hiian l i w n

Thanh tao lan du humic do oxy hoa lirng phin

R„ - c - H . Rj-c^ — • R.,tr — • + +—». H.Ct),

^
N S. P

Qt
yi
:H*
w H* H*

Phimi:
-*• Cations ^ ^
Ca^'Mq^*K-Na' .lb) ^^-i ''•"'' "-' .Xuii't axil
rd n^t»ai
kKhoang vSl.
Hap phu .sinh vai ihii sinh

Mang tJi cac cation: Ca*^ Mg*^, K*, Na* Al*' H*

Mang di cac anion; SO^^, N O / , HCOj', RCOOCI
Hinh 5. 5. Tac dong ciia mua axit len dat
(Theo G.M. Pier-zynskI va nnk, 1997)
Ghi chu: (1,1a) - Cung cap axit; (2a) Cac qua trinh smh htx; chuyen hoa
cac hi3p chA't hiJu cd ctia C, N, S, P thanh cac hdp chat vo cd va axit hiiu
cd y^u li6n kg^t vdi H*; (2c) - Mat HjO, CO2 ; (3a)- Phong ho^ cung c4'p
cation cho thtic vdt,(3b) - Khoang vat thfl sinh, (3c)- tao cation axit, (3fl)
tao cation kiem; 4 - Cac ion tiien tich dUdng bi tifty khoi flat (H*, Al'*,
Ca^*; Mg^*, K*, Na*) se tlUt?c can bang tlj^n tich nhd tlua anion ra ngoai
(SO«^, NO3, Cl, HCO,-, axit hQu cd).

238
 .Mua axit la nguydn nhiin rat quan trpng lam dat hi axit
hoii (hi chua). .Mfla axit la mfla kem theo cac lofii axit vd cd
(ll.SO,. HNO,. HCl, H ,(X),,. H : , P ( ) , . H , B 0 , , ) va hflu cd (nhfl axit
axetic: CH, (XX),) cd [)H thap (< 4). Mfla axit de lai nhic'u hau
qua xdu cho mtii trfldng. dac biet la mdi trfldng dat (hinh 5.5).
Tiflt'ic het mfla axit da cap cac anion axit va cation bazd cho da't
cung t|ua trinh vd cd hoa C. N, S. P va tang ndng dp H* (pH
giani), lam giam H.,0 va CO2, tang cac muci'i sunfat cua AP*.
Fe"^. .Mn"*. thuc day phong hoa va tao khoang thfl smh, phan
huy chat mun. giam hoat ddng cac vi sinh vat troiig.dat va giam
dp phi cua dat.
O nfldc ta trong dat su vet (ven bien cua ddng bang Bac bd,
ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long) cd nhieu hdp chat cua sunfua trong
xac va re cay rflng ngap man va sunfua trong cac khoang vat
nhfl pyrit. Qua trinh o.xy hoa cac hdp chat nay lam xudt hien
H,_,S(), ket hdp vdi cac ion AP*, Fe'**, Mn'* v.v... lam cho da't hi
fhua. Dat hi chua lien quan vdi oxy hoa S" trong xac thflc vat,
hoac mfla axit va bdn phan khoang cd the cai tao nhd thau chua
(diing nu't^c ngpt de boa tan va mang di cac mudi sunfat va cac
gdf uxit khac). Rieng ddt chua do oxy hoa sunfua trong cac Idp
tram tich nam dfldi khdng the cai tao bang phfldng phap thau
chua vi cang thau chua thi ludng H.^SOj va mudi cua SO, cang
tang Itm trong dat (theo nguyen ly Le (]hatieler). Da't hi d
nhiem do bui than, tro xi than thfldng gap d gdn cac khu khai
thac than, nha may dflng than lam nhien lieu. Bui va tru than
cd trong khdng khi hoac dfldc dd thai vao da't cung vdi cac hdp
phan khiic tao nen Idp dat kha cflng, chat, mau x.im den, ngheo
dinh dudng. Bui than, xi than cdn chfla mdt sdkim loai (As, Ge ...)
nen d nhiem bin va xi than cung tao tien de cho da't nhiem ban
bdi kuii loai. Dat trdng lua hoac hoa mau chung quanh nha may
then Ninh Binh. Pha Lai hi d nhiem kha nang bdi bui va tro

239
than (tao Idp kha day). Dat vflng khai thac. van chuyen va che
bidn than b Cdm Pha, Hdn Gai ciing bi 6 nhidm nang bdi
bui than.
Ddt hi d nhiem bdi cac kim loai nhfl As, Se, Hg, Pb, Se,
Ni,Co, Cr v.v... dfldc phat hien d nhieu ndi chung quanh cac nha
may (bang 5.22), khu vflc khai thac va che bien khoang san. ciic
dfldng giad thdng (bang 5.23).
Da't d gan nha may luyen kim mau hi d nhiem bdi Zn va Cd
(bang 5.22). 0 dp sau < 10 cm cd sfl nhay vpt ve ham Ifldng cua
cac kim leai nay. Vi vay de nghien cflu d nhiem da't phai chu y
chpn dp sau lay m l u thich hpp (trong trfldng hdp neu tren nen
lay mau d dp sau < 10 cm). Dat chung quanh md ddng Asio
(Nhat Ban) hi d nhiem bdi SO'^ .„ Cu, Ni. Tdan bp tham thuc
vat chung quanh mo hi buy diet ma 20 nam khdng cd cay niio
mt>c lai dflpc. Ldp dat mat chung quanh cac md khai thac quang
da kim b Canada (md Columbia thudc Anh) dkc trflng bdi ham
Ifldng rat cao cua Cu (90 - 680 ppm trpng Ifldng ddt khd), Zn
(120 - 1500 ppm), Pb (40 - 500 ppm).
Bang 5. 22. 6 nhilm dat bdi Zn, Cd xung quanh
nha may luyen kim mau (ppm)
East Helen (My) Anaka (Nh§t Ban)
06 sau
S = 1,8km S = 3,6km S = 7,2km Do Zn Cd
(cm)
sau
Zn Cd Zn Cd Zn Cd cm
0,25 1090 68 238 17 48 4 0- 1674 '•s^
5 - 10 990 30 175 7 30 2 2 1584 44
15-25 210 3 84 2 33 l' 5 1312 32
10
20 532 6,9

Ghi chu: S - la khoang each xa nh^ may

240
 i^at gan cac dfldng giao thdng d nhieu nflc'tc, nhfl Canada
i-h.-^^ng ban, thfldng hi d nhiem nang bdi chi (bang 5. 23). Ham
ludiif..,' Pb va Sn trong dat giin ty le thuan vdi mat dp xe va ty le
iighic-h vdi khoang each tinh tfl dfldng d td ra.
Bang 5.23. Ham IUdng chi va thiec trong Idp dat mat (0 - 2 cm) gan cac xa 16
v6i mat tJo giao thong khac nhau d Halifax, Canada
(Theo Freedman, 1982, co sua doi) [5]
... . Chi(F pm trong lirdng kho) va Thiec (ppm trong luong kho) va luong
Khoang
lifdng xe binh^uan moi ngay xe binh quan moi ngay
each tir 1
ria Ol/ong A DuongB EHMngD Di/ong A Ol/ong B BudngC t^HJdng n
Doong C
(Ji/dng (50 000) (18 500) (3000) (50 000) (18 500) (16 000) (3 000)
(16 000)

0 3045 858 1075 465 880 422 272 106

1 2813 402 457 118 700 198 167 69
5 342 177 136 32 144 122 79 75
15 223 75 163 26 150 55 92 59
30 - 45 63 26 . 63 . 65
50 223 45 95 38 95 69 58 64
100 - - 60 21 - - 76 78

E)a't chung quanh cac nha may hoa chdt, dac biet la dat
ndng nghiep dflng nhieu thudc bao ve thflc vat, khu vflc xay ra
chicn tranh cd vu khi hoa hpc v.v... bi d nhiem bdi cac hdp chat
hflu Cd nhan tao . Dat d vflng Khe Sanh (Quang Tri) Ddc Td,
Tan C a n h , (Gia Lai), Tay Ninh la cac vi du dien hinh cho toan
the giidi ve dat hi d n h i l m bdi dioxine.

5.6.3. Tac dong cua 6 nhi§m dat

Cihilt d nhiem trong da't hoac trflc tiep hoac gian tiep (thdng
qua clhudi thflc an) cd the tham nhap vao cd the ngfldi, dpng vat
(hinh 5. 6).

241
 T
Nguon h dat Thflc Ddng Thirc 1—^M
nhiSm —* -• vat vat > phdm
Con
che bien
ngirdi
1 '
Nudc mat va
nfldc ngdm

Hinh 5. 6. Sa do xam nhap cac chat 6 nhilm trong dat vao co the ngUdi
Trfldc het cac ddc to tfl ddt tham nhap vao thflc vat thdng
qua boat dpng sinh trfldng (bang 5.24). Mflc dp tham nhap cac
kim loai nang vao thflc vat thfldng ty le thuan vdi ham Ifldrg
ciia chung trong da't (thfldng la md'i quan he tuyen tinh) thdi
gian sinh trfldng. Thdng thfldng ham Ifldng ddc td trong ddt
cang cao thi mflc dp tich luy doc to trong thflc vat cung cang Idn
(bang 5.24, hinh 5.7). Chdng ban khi ham Ifldng trong cldt tang
len 100 lan thi ham Iflpng cua nguyen td'nay trong cay ngd cdng
tang len 36 Idn. Mat khac ham Iflpng ciia cac kim loai trong la,
than cay thfldng Idn hdn trdng hat va cu, nhflng mflc dp tap
chung cua chung trong cay, la va hat xdp xi nhfl nhau va cung
tang theo ham Iflpng ciia cac doc to'trong da't (bang 5.24). -Mflc
dp tham nhap doc to' tfl da't va thflc vat giam theo thdi gian
(bang 5.24, hinh 5.8). Day la vdn de cdn cd nhieu y kien khac
nhau va cdn dflpc nghien cflu tiep mdi lam sang td.
Chat ddc tfl ddt tham nhap vao ngfldi, dpng vat gay nhieu
hien doi sinh boa, sinh ly ddn den benh tat, til vong.

242
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-1 24,'
 3 itCp

Hinh 5.7. Tich luy ciia chi trong thifc vat (theo V. V. ustenko, 1915)
1- Lua mi; 2- Oai mach; 3- Kieu mach; 4- Oau tlim (vica); 5- Ngo; 6- Co 3 la;
7- Oau Ha lan; Cp- Ham luong chi trong dat,
Cn- Ham luong chi trong th^rc vat.

244
 0 20 40 60 ngay
Hinh 5.8. Bien d o n g ham li/clng chi tich luy t r o n g cac bo p h a n c u a cay ngo
theo t h d i gian (Theo V. V. u s t e n k o , 1985)
R§; 2- La, 3- T h a n ; C n - Ham l u o n g Pb t r o n g t h i f c vat

Cac chat ddc tfl dat cd the thfim nhap vao cd the ngfldi
tlidnf^ qua chudi thflc an (thflc vat •> ddng vat -> ngfldi). Chdt
ddc tfl dat cd the lan toa vao nfldc mat va nfldc ngdm rdi theo
nfldc vao cd the ngfldi va ddng vat. Ca hai phfldng thflc tham
nhap ndi tren dac trflng cho cac ddc to tdn tai d dang linh ddng
la chu yeu (dang ion, dang ha'p phu, dang phflc anion, cac hdp
chat hflu cd, phflc cd kim cd the tan trong dung dich ddt). Con
ngirdi cd the hit thd khdng khi bi nhidm bui chfla chat dec bay
len tfl ddt. Bang ccn dfldng nay cac ddc td' d cac dang tdn tai
khac nhau cd the tham nhap dfldc vao ngfldi va ddng vat. Can
nhii'n manh rdng mflc dp tham nhap ddc to vao cd the ngfldi phu
thudc nhieu hdn vao dac tinh sinh dia hoa, dang tdn tai cua ddc
td so vdi ham Ifldng ciia chflng trcng ddt.
Con ngfldi cd the nhiem xa neu tiep xuc vdi dat chfla cac
chdt phdng xa trong thdi gian du dai. Chang ban, ddt d khu vflc
md Urani Tien An (Quang Nam) hi nhidm xa vdi cfldng dp Idn

245
hdn gidi ban tdi da cho phep hang tram, cd ndi den hiing M,'liin
lan. Trong vflng nay cd nhieu ngfldi bi quiii thai, di dang, y k;
tfl vong trong tre sd .sinh cao.
O nhiem dat tac ddng trflc tiep den san xuat ndng ngiii't)
da't chua, man, da't hi d nhiem bui than va xi than khdng hiih
hdp chd viec canh tac ndng nghiep vi dp phi. dp mun hap.
ngheo chat dinh dfldng ma lai nhieu ddc tdddi vdi cay trdiif. He
qua tiep theo la tham thflc vat kem hoac khdng phat trien.clvai
Ifldng canh quan. chat Ifldng va gia tri ciia dat suy giam.
Ddt ddng vai trd quan trpng trong ciic con dfldng ti.ycn
dich benh: ngfldi - da't - nfldc - cdn trung - ky sinh trung - n,ai"di.
vat nudi - da't - ngfldi; hoac ddt - ngfldi. Con dfldng tfl ngfld qua
dat rdi lai trd ve ngfldi thdng qua ddng nfldc hoac cdn truig va
ky sinh trflng la phd bien dd'i vdi cac benh dfldng rudt nhfl a. ly
hoac thfldng ban. Cac vi trflng, trflng hoac au trung, ky si nh
trung (cac loai giun, san) tfl ddt qua nfldc de xam nhap ct thd
ngfldi. Con dfldng tfl vat nudi nhfl trau, bd, Idn, ga qua du va
nfldc trong ddt, tfl dd vao ngfldi la phd bien dd'i vdi cac benl n hu
benh xddn trung da vang. trflc trung. Tai cac vung rfln; nui
benh tfl ddng vat hoang da cung theo con dfldng nay truyei vao
ngfldi nhfl benh .sdt phat ban tthfldng, sd't phat ban nhiet tdi....
Benh viem da de giun mdc di chuyen tfl dfldi da't len Xcap ibap
cd the ngfldi do da tiep xuc vdi da't, hoac vdi phan thai cuadc/ng
vat nudi.
Con dfldng truyen benh trflc tiep tfl da't vao ngfldi h j.jhd
bien ddi vdi cac benh nam d da, an sau vao thit, hay lan toan
than do xa khuan actinomycetes. Cd loai nam tfl dat xam nhap
vao cac vet thfldng tren cd the ngfldi nhfl blastomyces Diit
trong trot la ngudn chfla ndm ddc fusarium penicilium. dv t ruc
trung udn van Clostridium letsni, trflc trflng gay benh nhl dix-
td Clostridium botudium tdn tai trong ddt gay benh hiem iglheo
qua tiep xuc cua vet thfldng tren cd the ngfldi vdi dat, hiac tfl

246
'lai vao ngudi qua du'dng tidu hoa. Dat rung la ndi haj) thu car
- K'u VI khuan g.-'iv benh difdng rudt va car loai sieu vi khuan
kh.ic nia (-hung do dang xam nha]) vao cei the ngfldi.
Hon iiua <1;'U d iiliidm rung la ngudn gay d nhiC'm nidi
triuing nudc. Iram tich. Chat d nhiem trong dat deu dfldc
cluiyen xudng va gay d nhiem vo phong hoii hoac triim tich phia
(lu'rii. Hang con dudng rfla trdi. ciic (-hat d nhiem trong dat de
dang tham nhap vao nude mat rdi tfl day chat d nhieni di vao
UU'I'H- ngam va j)hal tan trdn dien rdng.
Mat khac. dat la iKii hflng chiu vii lii-h dpng ciic chat d
nhiein tu' khdng khi va nfldc. Chang ban. trong dat d ciic vung
Kho Sanh ((^uangTri). Dac Td (Kontum). Nam Can (Cii Mau) hi
(1 nhiem bdi chat ddc mau da cam (dioxme) tich dong lai tfl cac
cuoc rai hoa chat ddc bang miiy bay trong thdi ky chien tranh
'.•Iv.ing My.

5.U.4. Bien p h a p h a n che 6 nhieni diit

(-lie bien phap him sach dat bao gdm cac bien phap khoa
hpc ky thuat. luat phiip - hiinh chinh - kmh te - giao due, v.v...
Ciic giai ph.-ip khoa hpc ky thuat chu yeu La:
1- Liim sach ban dau phan, nic thai nham diet trfl cac vi
trung cd ngudn gdc tfl phan, cac chat bin tiet. khdng de cac chat
i-iiy tiep xuc trflc tiep hoac gian tiep vdi ngfldi. Khi thflc hien
hien phtip nay can chfl y: tranh lan nhiem ra nfldc mat, nfldc
ngam. vung da't khac; khdng cho phan tiep xuc vdi thu vat, cdn
trung, nhat la vdi rudi. mudi; de phdng hdi thdi; de phdng mat
my quan phong canh; xfl ly nfldc thiii sinh hoat, cdng nghiep
iriidc khi dd ra da't.
2 - Xfl ly cac chat thai ran se dd vao dat, nham muc dich
thu gom. xii ly cac tac nhan ddc hai chfla trong rac, tai che, tiii
.-•j <hing cac chat cd the dung trd lai him nguyen lieu gid^y, thuy
t nh. kim loai, ddng hiinh lam phan...

247
 Mang ill noi kliac
xit ly

Dat bj
nhi^m ban

Hinh 5.9. So do xur ly dat bj nhiem ban

248
 '.', - Trdn c(j s(j nghu'-n cflu himh vi dia hoa cac chat thai vii
iucii ltd] (ld(- td trong dat <le xua't ciic giai phiip <-dng nghe - ky
iluiat. liim sach dat... Vd phu'Ong dien ky thuat. de liim sach (kit.
ban che d nhiem diii i-iin ap dung 2 he phfldng phap : xfl ly tai
(-ho vii mang dai di iKii khac xfl ly rdi hoan tra ve chd cu (hinh
5.9). Vd ban (-hai day la cac phfldng phap xfl ly vat ly. hoii hpc
vii sinh h()c, .\lu(- dicli chung cua viec xfl ly dat d nhiem la ha
thiip ham lfl(.)ng hoai- giam tinh d()c cua cac chat d nhiem den
gidi han cho phi'>p ilu'dc ni'-u trong cac tif^u chuan mdi trfldng.
Ddi vdi (lat d nhieni nang va nguy hiem. (;d kha nang lan
toil chat d nhiem ra vung rdng Idn ngfldi ta phai dao ra van
(-huydn dat do tdi trung tam xfl ly va cd lap de ban che phat tan
d nhiem. Trong thflc te ngfldi ta thfldng dung phfldng phap xfl ly
till (-hd. De xu ly dat tai chd. cac phfldng phap hoa hpc va sinh
hoc cd l(Ji the hdn vc linh hieu qua, it tiui pha dat trong qua
trinh xfl ly.
4 - C^uy hoa(-h sfl dung dat. quan ly tdt canh quan nham
phdng tninh vii xii ly cac hien tfldng d nhiem dat hieu tlico khia
carih dia hinh va canh quan. danh gia tac ddng den mdi trfldng
c.i(- dfl an sfl dung dat ( cho san xuat, kinh doanh. du lich ... )
niiit each toiin dien...

5.7. 6 NHlfeM MOI TRUONG TRAM TICH

5.7.1. O nhiem va cac chat gay 6 nhiem moi trfldng tram tich

Ndi thanh tao trdm tich cflng la ndi hflng nhan cac ngudn
chat thai tfl ddt, nfldc, chat sa idng tfl khi quyen. Nhfl Vcay chinh
qua trinh tich luy va thanh tao tram tich da tao nen dieu kien
rat thuan ldi cho d nhiem mdi trfldng trdm tich xudt hien.
O nhidm trdm tich (ONTT) la mpi sfl thay ddi ve thanh
phun, tich chat ciia trdm tich cd hai cho sinh vat va con ngfldi.

24P
Cung cd the hidu trdm tich hi d nhiem la tram tich cd tliaiih
phdn, tinh chdt vi pham tieu chuan mdi trfldng va gay ha cho
sinh vat va con ngfldi. Trdm tich bi d nhidm thfldng chfli: cac
cha't dec hai vflpt tieu chudn quy dinh dd'i vdi tram tich (lang
5.25, bang 5.26).
Qua trinh tao tram tich lien quan tdi viin chuyen vj tac
dpng cua nfldc mat, nfldc ngdm. Nfldc mat cd the mang ciic chat
d nhiem trong mdi trfldng da't xudng cac ndi idng dpng rdm
tich. Cac chat d nhiem khdng khi cd the tfl idng hoac theo mfla
xudng mdi trfldng da't. nfldc mat va tfl dd tham nhap vao raiu
tich (hinh 5.10).

O nhiem
r Khong khi

1 y X \ Xa ihai true lep

(Chon VUI chVi
O nhidm Ihai. .ia chat Inii
khOng khf O nhidm 6 nhiC'm
clal nuoc mai ran. l(5ng. kli)
eluai mat dii

- X ;* K /
i iL , L •Jt If

0 nhidm 6 nhiCm
WICK, ngam triim lich

Hinh 5.10. So do lien he 6 n h i l m giOfa cac hop phan moi tnrdng tif n>ien
Do dd trong tram tich cd the gap hdu bet cac chdt d niicm
moi trfldng dat, nfldc va nhieu chdt d nhidm khdng khi idn^
xud'ng. Dd la cac kim loai (As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co...) cac
chat phdng xa (U"'^'', Th, Cs,...), cac chat ddc hflu cd (FCBs.
PAHs, thud'c bao ve thflc vat nhfl DDT, DDE, diendrin, ludan.
thudc diet cd, dioxin..., tram tich hi man hoa rat giau NaCl,

->o
t rii m I ich hi phen hoa chfla nhieu sunfat Al. Fe v.v. Ngoai ra,
tiiim tiVli (-dn cd the chfla nhieu loai vi khudn gay benh ngoai
ila. benh dUdng riKJt vii cac benh khac.
()NTT cung cd the do ciic qua trinh tich tu tfl nhien cac kim
loa 1 vii hdp chat (l()c trong tram tich. cac khi ddc xay ra do cac
(|u;i t n n h sinh dia lioii. nhflng chii yeu la do cac hoat ddng nhiin
sm h. Do lii Ctic loai chat thai (ran, long, khi) cua boat ddng cdng
ngliicp. khai khoang. van tai (dac biet la van tai thuy). ndng
ngi ncp vii sinh hoat , chdn vui va xii ly chat thai trong ddt va
t r a m tich... Ngoiii ra. cac ngudn d nhiem nfldc mat, nfldc ngam
cung gifin tiep liim tram tich hi d nhiem thdng qua qua trinh
lang dong, ket tua va tfldng tac gifla nfldc vdi tram tich. Viec
nac) \'et ben cang. hd, kenh mfldng (nhat lii ho va kenh mfldng
tho.ai iul(^c thai) dfla tri"im tich (thfldng bi d nhiem) len be mat.
Bang 5.25. Tieu chuan cua Canada
ve chat luong moi trudng tram tich ni/dc bien
H(3p phan TEL PEL % < TEL TEL < % < % > PEL
PEL
(Chat thai Kim loai
(jig/kg)
As 7,24 41,6 3 13 47
Cd 0,676 4,21 6 20 71
Cr 52,3 160 4 15 53
Cu 18,7 108 9 22 56
Pb 30,2 112 6 26 58
Hg 0,13 0,70 8 . 24 37
Ni 15,9 42,8 • 3 8 9
Ag 0,73 1,77 7 10 60
Zn 124 271 4 27 65
PAH (ng/kg)
Acenajihthene 6,71 88,9 [ 8 ' 29 57
'Acenaphthylene 5,87 128 7 14 51
^nthracene 46,9 245 9 20 75
Fluorene 21,2 144 12 20 70

251
 2-methylnaphthaiene 20,2 201 0 23 82
Naphthaiene 34,6 391 3 19 71
Phenanthrene 86,7 544 8 23 78
Benz(a)anthracene 74,8 693 9 16 78
Benzo(a)pyrene 88,8 763 8 22 71
Chrysene 108 846 9 19 72
Dibenzo 6,22 135 16 12 65
(a, h)anthracene
Fluoranthene 113 1494 10 20 80
Pyrene 153 1398 7 19 83
Thuoc trfl sau
diet CO
Chlordane 2,26 4,79 9 12 u- '7
p,p'-DDD 1,12 7,81 4 11 46
p,p'-DDE 2,07 374 5 16 50
p,p'-DDT 1,19 4,77 8 5 59
DDT, tong 3,89 51,7 48 26 64
Dieldrin 0,715 4,30 4 13 50
Lindane 0,32 0,99 3 21 26
Hon hop hiAi cd
(ng/kg)
PCBs, long 21,5 189 16 37 55
Bis(2ethylexyi)phthala 182 2647 8 21 67
te
Ghi chtjr. TEL- Mflc hieu flng co ngirdng; PEL- Mflc hieu flng c6 the; PAH
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (hydrocacbon mach vong thdm).
Cac tram ti'ch do c6 the trd thanh nguon 6 nhilm nirdc mat, dai vakhong khi
Trong tram lich cac chat gay 6 nhiem gay hai triic tiep thudng ton tai b dang linh
dong: dang hap phu, hap thu bdi cac hat tram tich, dang keo, phflc cd kim. ion
trong ntfdc va chat to lilng, cac chat khi (chiem chd gitjfa cac hat tram tich) v.v
Rieng chat doc phong xa co the ton tai d ca dang linh dong (uranin) va khoang
vat doc lap (monazit.)

252
 Bang 5.26. Tieu chuan Canada ve chat li/c)ng
moi trudng tram tich nudc ng(?t
Hop phan TEL PEL %< TEL < % < % > PEL
TEL PEL
Kim loai (,iig/kg)
As 5,90 17.0 5 25 12
_ Cd j ^ 0,596 3,53 11 12 47
Cr 37,3 90,0 2 19 49
Cu 35,7 197 4 38 44
,_ . . - Pb, _ ^__ 35,0 91,3 5 23 42
^^. _ ^ _ H 5 ^ __ _ ^ _J),^74 0,486 8 ^ 34_ 36
Ni 18,0 35,9 4 18 44
Zn 123 315 6 32 36
PA/AP_(i.g/kgl_ _^
Phenanthrene 6,71 ! 88,9 8 29 57
Ben<!(a)anthracene 5,37 128 7 14 51
Benzo(a)pyrene 46,9 245 9 20 75
Chrysene 21,2 144 12 20 70
Fluoranthene 20,2 201 0 23 82
Pyrene 34,6 391 3 19 71
Thuoc tra sau diet co
Chlordane 4,50 8,9 2 17 70
p,p'-DDD 3,54 8,51 3 30 85
p,p'-DDE 1,42 6,75 6 20 47
DDT, tong 6,98 4450 20 54 82
Dieldrin 2,85 6,67 1 10 60
Endrin 2,67 62,4 1 64 59
Heptachlor epoxide 0,60 2,74 3 12 67
Lindane 0,94 1,38 0 50 49
H6r h(,jp hCru co (yiglkg)
PCBs, tong 34,1 277 4 40 50

253
 c d n phan biet hai dang ONTT la d nhiem cac thanl t.io
trdm tich lu'm quan tdi boat ddng cua nfldc mat va ONTT lithi
quan tdi sfl hoat ddng cua nfldc ngam.
Loai thfl nhdt la ONTT cua sdng, ao, ho, bien, cac he siuh
thai dfldi nfldc. Ixiai d nhiem nay chu yeu do sfl idng dpnj cac
cha't 6 nhiem tfl moi trfldng nfldc mat xa thai trflc tiep vac mdi
trfldng tram tich. Nfldc mat cd the riia trdi va mang cac ciai d
nhiem tfl da't vao tram tich. Cd the coi day la loai d nhiem hat
day ciia cac he sinh thai dfldi nfldc (HSTDN). Cac he sinh thai
nay la ndi chfla dflng chat thai, chat can lang trong dd cd die td
ciia sdng, sudi, ao, hd, kenh mfldng va bien. Cac chat d m u m
trong t r a m tich ciia HSTDN dfldc tich luy cdng ddn. Do ddmflc
dp ONTT cd xu hfldng tang theo thdi gian neu cac nguin d
nhiem khdng bi mat di (bang 5.27). Cac chat Id liing cd v;i trd
rdt quan trpng trong cac HSTDN; van chuyen va lang dpng chat
d nhiem tfl mdi trfldng nfldc vad trdm tich va cd the sinh va,. Su
thay ddi dac tinh hoa-ly, sinh-hoa cua trdm tich lam ch( cac
cha't 6 nhiem (dac biet la kim loai) trong trdm tich trd nen hnh
dpng va de dang bi huy ddng vao cd the sinh vat. Trdm ticl d.iy
ciia cac HSTDN chfla nhieu leai vi sinh vat, trong dd cd liuou
loai vi k h u a n gay benh. Mdt dac trflng quan trpng nfla la ram
tich day ciia cac HSTDN vfla la mdi trfldng cfl trfl, sinh tridng,
vfla la thflc an cua cac sinh vat bam day. Do dd cac chdt 0\^TT
day se dd dang xam nhap vao sinh vat trong HSTDN. Nhd )han
flng tfldng tac gifla nfldc va tram tich day nen cac chat d niu^m
trong tram tich cd the tham nhap vao idp nfldc nam tren ram
tich day. Dfla vao dinh luat khuyech tan ciia Pick cd the linh
dfldc ddng chat d nhiem tfl trdm tich (F) vao nfldc nhfl sau:
F = - P . Ds.dc/dz (57.1)
Trong dd: P la dp Id hdng; Ds la h§ so' khuyech tan t-ong
trdm tich (cm/s); dc/dz la gradient ham Ifldng chat d nliem
treng trdm tich dflpc tinh bdng mol/cm^

254
 Chai d nhiem (t dang ion i^ung cd the tham nhap tfl cac nflcic
(l.iy v.-u) tram tich vii dung dich Id hdng. Ddng cha't d nhiem tfl
nu(')(- (lay vao tram tich (Km) dfldc tinh theo cdng thflc:
Km - W.d. ( 1-P).C • (5.7.2)
trong dd W la tdi- di) liing dpng triim tich (sediment rate): d: ty
tr(.)ng tram tich khd: P: dc) Id rdng; C: hiim Ifldng chat d nhiem
trong chat Id Iflng.
Sfl tdn tai ddng dcii lflu chat d nhiem tfl tram tich vao nflcic
vii ngii'dc lai la net dac trflng cua ONTT trong cac HSTDN.

i^^'-

1 Ga-nj; khoan 7-Da mi'ing

2-Tanj; tiuCic ngam Ihu- nhii bi ii nhi^m S-l-tiJ('(ng chay cua nui'nc
-l-Tiini; niTi't ngam Ihiihai h| d nhiem 9- Chai <•> nhiem iluKc mang den
4.Tanj; nui'tc neim thd ba bi d nhi^m 1(1- Chat n nhiem lai chd
."i-Ciic tan}! each nUiVt II-Tram lich bi d nhiim
6-Cac tin!; thiia nuift 12-Cal pha set
1S- Muc mui'ic nsiim
Hinh 5.11. Djch chuyen cac chSt 6 nhiem trong moi trudng dja chat
(Theo H. Nirei, 1994, co sfla ddi)
D;.ing ONTT thfl hai la d nhiem cac thanh tao trdm tich lien
qr.aii chii yeu vdi boat ddng cua nflcic ngiim va di chuyen cua cac

255
loai khi dfldi mat da't (hinh 5.10 va hinh 5.11). Diiy chinh la
dang d nhiem dia mdi trfldng dien hinh (hinh 5.11). C'lic kli ddc
nhfl cac hdp chdt clo hflu cd (trichlorothylene - TCE; .1,1
tnchloroethane, dichloroethylene DCE v.v) cd the dflpc dfla
xud'ng mat ddt, do sfl tham nhap tfl khi quyen hay bi tha; trflc
tiep tfl dng xa ngdm cua nhii may vao mdi trfldng dfldi rnat
da't... Cac chdt khi nay cd the chiem khdng gian gifla ca' h a t
trdm tich bang each thay the khdng khi dfldi mat ddt hoac niidc
ngdm cd tfl trfldc gifla cac hat dd. Cac chat khi ndi tren cuig cd
the hi ha'p phu tren be mat cac hat tram tich. Cac qua trinJi nay
dan den d nhiein tang tram tich (sedimenLary stratapollu;ion).
Ngoai ra, cac khi ddc cdn tham nhap vao nflc'tc ngam lan cho
nfldc ngam hi d nhiem. Nhflng khi ddc cd kha nang bay hii lai
thoat ra khdi cac hat trdm tich hoac tfl nfldc ngam vao khc'mg
khi dfldi mat ddt (nhflng d phia tri^n gfldng nfldc ngdm gdp
phdn gay ra hien tflcing d nhiem iihdng khi dfldi mat da't. Oa ba
loai d nhiem ndi tren gdp thanh d nhiem dia mdi tJUc)ng
(geopollution, hinh 5.11).
Trong qua trinh tham nhap vao mdi trfldng dia chat bao
gdm trdm tich, nfldc ngdm va khdng khi dfldi mat da't), ciii chat
d nhiem bi bien ddi ve thanh phan va tinh chat dfldi tac dong
cua cac qua trinh dia chdt, dia boa, thuy dia boa, sinh die hoii.
Chang ban trong mcii trfldng dia chat ndi tren DCE lien kH vdi
TCE va cd the chuyen hca thanh 1.1-DCE, trans-1.2 DCi, cns-
1.2DCE va cac chat khac.Nhieu hdp chat hflu cd ddc hai hi sinh
vat phan giai trd nen kem ddc hai hdn v.v.

5.7.2. Cac yeu to anh hifotag tdi ONTT

Mflc dp d nhiem va mflc dp ddc hai ciia trdm tich phu huidc
vao 5 yeu to' khac nhau. Nhdm thfl nha't la cfldng dp, quy iid v,a
tinh chat cua ngudn d nhiem. Nhdm yeu to tiep theo U idac
trflng dia boa - khoang vat, sinh dia boa cua trdm tich (pP. Kh,
ham Ifldng cac chat dxy hoa - khii, dp hat, dp Id rdng, dp chifla
nfldc, loai va mat dp vi sinh vat, vat lieu hflu cd). Trong nhieu

256
truiing hdp ticMu nang hi d nhiem va kha nang lflu gifl dec td cua
iriini tich ty It' nghich vdi kich thfldc hat va gia tri Eh. Nhdm
yi'U W) thfl ha lii dac diem cua mdi trfldng nfldc (nfldc mat, nfldc
(ludi (l,-i't) va khi bao quanh tram tich (dac diem dia hoa, thanh
phan chat Id Iflng, tdc dp va che dp ddng chay va ddi lUu khdng
khi. klia niing tUdng tac vdi tram tich v.v.). Thfldng thi tram
tich vung nUcSc tinh (hd. ao...) cd tiem nang hi d nhiem manh
hdn ii-am tich nxie'ic chay (nhfl sdng...) bdi tram tich nfldc tinh cd
Eh nh(') hdn. thfldng giiiu H^S, NH^ hdn tram tich nfldc chay, cd
hiim Ifldng cap hat min Idn hdn, (thuan ldi cho tang trfl ddc to
ill in) inU(- d(') luu thdng va lam sach cua nfl('lc tinh k(?m. Nhdm
yeu 1(1 thfl tu' \a ciic qua trinh xay ra trong tram tich (dehydrat
hoa. phan flng trao ddi, thay the', thuy phiin. diagenes,
katagcnes.) cd vai rat quan trpng ddi vdi viec cfldng hoa hoac
giiini do ddc cua cac chat d nhiem va thdng qua dd la mflc do d
nhiem vii tiic hai cua tram. tich. Cfldng dp va mflc dc) d nhiem
iriiiTi tich phu thudc nhieu tfldng tac gifla tram tich vdi nfldc
(the hien qua cac phfldng trinh 5.7.1 va 5.7.2) va khdng khi (dac
diet hi khi dfldi mat da't va trong tram tich).
Yeu td thfl nam la thdi gian: trong dieu kien ngudn d nhiem
khdng thay ddi thi mflc dp d nhiem ciia tram tich tang theo thdi
gian vi ciic chat d nhiem dfldc tich luy cung vdi qua trinh thanh
tao triim tich. Trong cac dieu kien khac nhfl nhau thi mflc dp d
nhiem cua tram tich vao mua he nhd hdn vao mua ddng vi Eh
cu;i tram tich vao mua ddng nhd hdn vao mua he.

5.7.3. Cac phflcrtig phap danh gia chat Ifldng moi trfldng
tram tich
Do diinh giii mflc dp d nhiem va chat Ifldng mcii trfldng trdm
tich ndi chung ngfldi ta phai tien hanh nghien cflu thed quy
trinh thich hdp (hinh 5.12. 5.13) va sii dung cac phfldng phap
khic nhau: vat ly, boa hpc, sinh hpc va dia chat - dia boa. Cac

257
phfldng phap vat ly dflng de xac dinh cfldng dp phdng xa va cac
tinh chat vat ly cua tram lich.

Xiic dinh vaii de rrSm tich co ih£ khong

danh gia dur Heu hifin cd 6 nhiOni

Xac dinh cac ihong so chi ihi:

vat ly. hoa hpc va phep thir sinh
hoc

TrSm lich CO ih^ khiing h d

Danh gia lai chd nhicm

Danh gia doc td: phep ihir Tnini tich chi'ra d(>c lc\cn
sinh hpc dd'i vdi toan bd tram hiim lu(jne dii l(7ii
tich

Danh gia doc to h6 sung: phep

thi'r sinh hoc ddi vcji toiin tx) irdnfi
lich va nuijc 16 hcing trong tram
Phan loai ddc td tram Ii;h.
lich
danh gia muc e\o 6 iihi'ni

Hinh 5.12. Sd do danh gia doc tinh tram tich

Cac phfldng phiip hoa hpc. hoa ly va dia hoa dfldc dung: de
danh gia chat Ifldng tram tich thdng qua viec phan tich hanh

258
|)li;iii IH):I h(i(- ((-liAi (imh diidng. d()c td...) khoiing vat. dp h.it. chi
-.o j.ll. i'lh. v.v (Hmh r).12).
l)c (l;mh gi;i mile do (|()c hai vii d nhidm cua tram tich hat
\)\ii)r phai (lung c.-ic phUOng phap smh hoc de nghiCui cflu sfl
ih.i' (111) smh ly. smh thai cua cac smh viit him day. Cac nha
ivlin;) hoc ll(j;i Ky va Canada thuving dimg cac loai smh viit sau
iliiv ,1c nghii'Mi cu'u sil t,-i(- d(ing d nhiem tram tich: giap xac chan
h.i: Inai I) hicn (marine cnupluiiod. phc|)oxynius abronius.
(•(iirij)c!is(-;i). va vung nuVic ngpt (hyalellaztcca, diporeia Spp
v.\-.). 'i'hung thuiing ngUdi ta ket hdp cac phuong jihiii) hoa hcic
\;i Miiti h(i(- (Id nghicMi cflu d nhiem vii danh gia chat ludng tram
lich

Tuy thuiK- viio kha nang tiic ddng ciia cliat d nhiem trong
Irani ti(-h If'Mi sinh vat. ngfldi ta phiin biet hai loai gia tri trong
i;ci! (-huan rnoi trudng triim tich. Thfl nhat lii gii'i tvi ham Ifldng
i-u:i mflc hieu flng cd ngfldng (Thcsholcl effect l(>vel-TEL). Khi d
mdc hiim ludng thap hdn TEL thi chat d nhiem hau nhu khdng
g;iv ta'" (i()ng xau cho sinh vat. Ngfl(;ic lai. kin d mflc hiim Iflpng
Idn h(in m()t tri siV niio dd thi chat d nhiem gay tac ddng xau cho
smh xiii. Tri sd (Id goi la mflc hieu flng cd the (probable effect
Icvcl-PEL).
Mu(- (l() tap tiling ddc td trong triim tich diWc xac dinh theo
(-ac (-dng thflc sau:
Gt = (C„, - Co)Co
lg = log,(C„,/C„)
lo = CJC,„
nong do Ct- he sci lam giau chat d nhiem; C,„- ham Ifldng ddc to';
r - himi ludng nen; C,,- hiim Ifldng trong tieu chuan mdi trfldng
trfitn tich: Ig^ he .so tich luy dia mdi trfldng (geoaccumulation);
1( he s(i cfldng dp d nhiem. Chi .sd Gt va Ig the hien mflc dp tap
trung cac (t()c tci trong mdi trfldng trdm tich.

259
 T r i m tich trong
HSTDN

Gau. curtc trSm lich. dng

phdng ln)ng lire

Chiii xuit tnmg Mau tr^m tich SaV khd

cae dung mdi
thich hop

Lv tam

Trim lich

Rian lich Jo hat

Set < 2nm Be I 2-63jim Cat > 61jim

Xac dinh pH. Eh va Phan lich kim loai va

Phan tieh dinh eac hop ehal hiiu co
duOng
C-N-P

T
Dung dich
chiel xual PhSn cich khoang vai
(nhiti, rimghen, hiSn vi
di4n tiJr...)

& i sanh kal qua ph4n

Khoang v-ai
X
Cacbonat. thach anh.
tich vdi tieu ehuin mdi fenspat
sel
truimg

260
 Cd the COI gia tri ham Ifldng trung binh cua nguyen td trong
t n i n i tich cung loai d khu vflc gdn nha't khdng hi d nhiem (bdi
r a>.^ ddng nhan sinh hoiic tich tu tfl nhien) lam gia tri nen (CJ de
l i n h mflc dp tap trung ddc td'trong tnim tich. Trong trfldng hdp
kh dng the xac dinh dfldc gia tri nen nhfl vay cd the sii dung
hii m Ifldng trung binh cac NTHH trong trdm tich bien hoac dai
(ludug the gidi (bang 2.11)
Viec xac dinh gia Ctc rat phflc tap va khd khan hdn nhieu.
Cd nhieu phfldng phap xiic dinh Ctc khac nhau. N h a t Ban dfla
ra quy trinh danh gia chat Ifldng mdi trfldng t r a m tich nhfl sau;
( h let trdm tich bdng nfldc cdt. Ipc va lay dung dich chiet de
ph an tich cac chat d nhiem can nghien cflu, so sanh ket qua
p h a n tich dd vdi gia tri tieu chuan mdi trfldng nfldc mat de danh
gisi chdt Iflpng trdm tich. Quy trinh cua Dflc lai yeu cdu phan
tich cac nguyen td' vii hop chat trong cap hat set cua trdm tich
rdi so sanh vdi Co cua tram tich set hoac phien set de danh gia
ch;a't Iflpng mdi trUdng tram Lich (thflc chat coi Co nhfl vay la
('t(c). Tieu chuan mdi trfldng tram tich cua Canada va Hda Ky
dfl'dc xay dflng dac biet can thiin tren cd sd sfl dung tdng hpp ca
ba phfldng phap vat ly. hoii hpc va sinh hpc. De xac dinh Ctc cac
nh.a khoa hpc Canada da id chflc nghien cflu a n h hfldng cua cac
niufc ham Ifldng khac nhau cua cac ddc to trong trdm tich dd'i vdi
sfl tiiay ddi sinh ly, smh thai cua cac loai sinh viit. Ctc trong
t r a m tich chinh la TEL hoac PEL (bang 5.25, 5.26). Trong
trufdng hpp nay de danh gia chat Ifldng mdi trfldng trdm tich
cani chiet trdm tich trong cac dung dich tfldng flng ( H N 0 3 IN,
HC!l 0.5M, N H 4 N 0 3 v.v) dfldc quy dinh trong ciic tieu chuan
niOii trudng cu the. Dfla vfio viec .so sanh ket qua phan tich dung

261
dich chiet dd vdi TEL hoac PEL cd the ket luan dfldc ve mflc dp
d nhidm trdm tich. Tuy thudc vao ham Ifldng chdt c nhidm trong
trdm tich ta cd the phan biet dfldc ba mflc 6 nhiem la: khdn? 6
nhiem, 6 nhiem vfla va d nhiem nang.

Khdng khi duC(i mat dat Khong khi tren

mat dai

Sinh vat
Chai dpc trong tram Nirdc mat trong ixisac
tich
J
JL_-1
Sinh vat bam
day Con ngirdi
4

Nvidc ngim

Hinh 5.14. Sd do tham nhap cac doc to trong tram tich

vao sinh vat va cd the ngudi

Bieu hien va tac ddng d nhiem mdi trfldng trdm tich

Mflc dp tac ddng ciia tram tich hi d nhiem len con ngflci va
sinh vat phu thudc vao dac tinh. ham Ifldng, dang tdn tai,
phfldng thflc tham nhap cua dec to trong tram tich vao cc the
ngfldi va sinh vat cung nhfl tudi va loai ciia sinh vat.
Cac chat ddc trong trdm tich cd the thiim nhap vao cc tlhe
ngfldi, bang nhieu con dfldng khiic nhau. nhflng chu yeu la qua
chudi thflc an va nfldc udng (hinh 5.13).

262
 Bang 5.27. Ham lUcJng mot so ion trong tram tich bi oxy hoa
do khai hoang nong nghiep 6 Hai Phong - Quang Yen
(So hieu phan tich cua Nguyen OiJrc Cu, 1994)

Khu vifc
H(3p phan
Minh Minh Dong Ha An Song Gia Tan
Khai Thanh Mai Khoai Minh Vu
At" 0,1524 0,1428 0,1287 0,0875 0,0776 0,0632
Fe'*(0.1N) 0,0289 0,0262 ^ 0,0256 0,0304 0,0323 0,0176 0,0147
Fe3-(1N) 1.12 1,38 1,16 0,94 1,08 1,42 0,86
Fe''(0,1N) 0,0189 0,0202 0,0211 0,0248 0,0237 0,0156 0,0122
F.r"(1N) 0,50 0,60 0.52 0,48 0,58 0,83 0.65
Cl 0.92 0,89 0,792 0,820 0,893 0,628 0,641
S04^- 1.824 1,762 1,420 1,418 1,382 0,652 0,587
F»'*(1N)/ 2,24 2.30 2.? 1.96 1,86 1,72 1 32
Fe''(1N)
C;i/S04 0,51 0,5 0,56 0,58 0,65 1,05 1,09
_.__EiH 2 _ __ _2_^ J_ _ _M__ 2,8 2,8 3,2 4,0

Bieu hien d nhiem tram tich r a t da dang. Thfl nhat la sfl

thay ddi thiinh phan vii tinh chat ciia tram tich do thay ddi che
(Id thuy dcing Iflc den mflc bat ldi cho sinh vat sdng trong cac
HSTDN. Do khai hoang ndng nghiep nen tram tich ven bien
chfla sunfua bi oxy hoa trd nen giau sunfat (SO.,) va cac ion
Fe'*. Al'* (bang 5.27). Qua trinh dd lam giam pH xudng tha'p va
.sfl xua't hien huyen phfl Id Iflng oua cac hydrdxyt sat va mangan
trf'n tram tich day va nfldc sat day. Chinh cac huyen phu Id
liing dd can trd qua trinh thdm thau dinh dfldng va quang hdp
(;iia thflc vat (nhil rong cau chang ban). Qua trinh oxy hoa va
sunfat hoa cdn lam cho tram tich day ciia cac HSTDN mat tinh
lay hoa ma trd nen ran chac, giam dp am so vdi trdm tich
nguyen thuy 1,5-2 lan. C!ac loai tram tich hi bien ddi nhfl vay

263
khong thuan ldi chd sinh vat day, du trflng tdm ca, rau cau sinh
song va phat trien, lam nang suat sinh hpc ciia cac HSTDN hi
giam manh.
Qua trinh ddp dap nudi trdng thuy san lam ngap nfldc
thfldng xuyen, trdm tich d cac bai trieu ven bien ban che sfl
t h a m nhap oxy (tao mdi trfldng yem khO, cfldng hda qua trinh
khfl. Ket qua la ham Iflpng HgS trong trdm tich tang cao, ham
Ifldng oxy bao boa giam. Ham Iflpng ciia H2S trong nfldc bfln cua
trdm tich be mat b cac ddm nudi thuy san ven bd Hai Phdnjj -
Quang Yen dat gia tri kha Idn; Dinh Vu - 1,5ml H.^S/l; Hoang
Tan -1,5 -^ 6,7; Phu Long - 2,7 ^ 10,7; Tien Phong - 1,8^ 20.4inl
H,S/l (Nguyen Dflc Cfl, 1994).

Bang 5.28. Phan loai miJrc 6 n h i l m va ham lUdng (mg/kg) cac kim loai trong
tram tich ho Orta vao cac thdi gian khac nhau (Theo Giesy & Hoke, 1990)

Nguyen to Khong 6 6 nhiem 6 nhilm Ho Orta (Italia)

nhiem vita nSng
1985 1992

N < 1,000 1,000- > 2,000 3,300 na.*

2,000
Pb <40 40-60 >60 146 267
Zn <90 90-200 >200 212 325
Hg <1,0 >1,0 0,76 na.*
P <420 420-650 >650 1319 1879
Fe < 17,000 17,000- > 25,000 45,500 56,970
25,000 •
Ni <20 20-50 >50 59 83
Mn <300 300-500 >500 641 588
Cd >6 0,68 na.*
Cr <25 25-75 >75 483 1256
Cu <25 25-50 >50 467 843

264
 Hat phd bien la ONTT bdi kim loai nang (bang 5.28. bang
5.2!^) Tram tich d nhieu hd cua Bac My hi d nhieni bdi As. Se.
Zn. I'h. Cu. Co, Hg, Ni. Cr (cac hd Michigan, Erie, Sf.C-iair.
Ontario, Huron, Wisconsin, Ceorge v.v). Phiin kin cac hd lii d
nhieni bdi kim loai tfl san xudt cdng nghiep (luyen kim. nhii
mav boa chat,...) phfldng tien giae thdng dflng nhien lieu, sfl
dung thucic diet cd, trfl sau chfla As, Hg v.v.

Bang 5.29. Ham lucJng (ppm) mot so kim loai trong tram tich ho d B3c My
(Theo Fostner, Mullr, Walters and other, 1974)

Ho Zn Cr Ni Cu Pb As Hg Cd
Contane
(-0 124 50 55 30 19 0,2 0,21
Cm 380 153 50 34 52 0,8 0,68
KK 3 3 1 1 3 4 3
Michigan
Co 120 77 54 44 40 11 0,04
Cm 317 85 44 75 145 22 0,2
KK 215 1 -] 1,5 3,5 2 5
Wisconsi
11 15 7 34 22 14 2 0,24 2,5
Co 92 49 50 268 124 51 1,12 4,6
Cm 6 7 1,5 12 9 25 5 2
KK ^
Washing
ton 60 16 20 10 1.1
Co 230 50 400 200 1
Cm 4 3 20 20 10
KK
Erie
Co 7 13 40 18 0,6 0,004 0,14
Cm 42 42 95 59 3,2 4,48 2,4
KK 6 4,5 2,5 4 5,5 12 17
Ghi chu: Co-ham Iflpng nen, Cm-ham Ifldng cflc dai, KK-he sd tap
trung (Cm/Co).

265
 Trdm tich ven bien nfldc ta cflng cd tiem nang d nhidm bdi
Hg, As (ven bd bien Trung - Trung Bd), As (ven bd Bac Lieu -
Dinh An), Pb, Zn, Cu (DN dao Phu Qudc), ddng ciia Viet v.v.
Ham Ifldng cua cac kim leai nang d dang ion ha'p phu trong
trdm tich bien d cac khu vflc ndi tren gap 1,2-100 lan sd v(Ji !iam
Ifldng trung binh cua chung trcng bun bien dai dfldng the gidi.
Trdm tich vinh Minamata (Nhat Ban) bi d nhidm bdi Hg
(vdi ham Ifldng khdang 300ppm). Hg trong tram tich tham nhap
vao sinh vat (ca), rdi qua chudi thflc an vao ngfldi va gay ngd
doc Hg, lam xua't hien benh itai (itai gay dau ddn tii vong va ton
thfldng nang he than kinh). Kheang 300 ngfldi xung quanh vinh
Minamata hi chet bdi ngd ddc Hg, gay chan ddng the gidi. Tram
tich vung chau thd Bengal (dn Dp) bi nhiem ban bdi As; khi
pyrit, arcenopyrit chfla As bi oxy hda hoac khfl hydroxyt sat
chfla As trong trdm tich thi As dfldc giai phdng vao nfldc ngdm,
lam cho nfldc ngam - ngudn nfldc an ciia dan cfl d chau thd
Bengenl bi d nhidm. Hdn 200.000 ngfldi d day da hi ngd ddc As
do s^ dung loai nfldc ngdm giau As (Gerry Jacobson, 1998).
Cac loai tram tich cdn cd the bi d nhiem bdi cac hdn hiip
chdt hflu cd. Tram tich d nhieu vflng xung quanh cac thanh phd,
khu cdng nghiep ciia cac nfldc phat trien nhat la Nhat Ban hi d
nhiem bdi PCB, PAH, tetrachlerdethylene (TCK),
polichloroethylene (PCE) v.v. O nfldc ta, tram tich ciia sdng vem
bien, dac biet la ciia sdng ddng bdng sdng Hdng va ddng bang
sdng Ciiu Long hi d nhiem bdi ddu, cac hoa chat bao ve thflc vat
v.v. (bang 5.30). Ham Ifldng cua DDT, DDE, lindan, diendrin,
endrin... trong trdm tich cua khu vflc ddng va ddng nam ciia
Balat, Van uc, ciia Day gdp 20-105 Idn la tieu chuan mdi trfldng
trdm tich cua Canada. Tram tich d cang Hai Phdng, khu viic
Dinh Vu, Mui Doc (Dd Sdn), ciia Seng Hau, ven bd Vung Tau hi
6 nhiem bdi ddu (ham Iflpng dat 1,7-3,9 mg/g trdm tich). Ngudn
6 nhiem ddu cd the la cac phfldng tien van tai va mot phdn do
khai thac va van chuyen ddu md them luc dia phia nam nfldc ta.

266
 Tram tich cdn cd the bi d nhiem biii cac loai vi sinh vat gay
Ciic benh khac nhau. Trdm tich bien ven bd d Ha Tien, Ca Mau
^'Ay mdn ngfla tay, chan neu tiep xuc trflc tiep vdi cac trdm tich
ndi trcn( Mai Trong Nhuiin va nnk. 1996). Tram tich d cac
kenh. niiidng thoat chat thai d Ha Ndi, Hd Chi Minh, kenh dan
nfldi- cua nhieu khu vflc d ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Ixmg ma hai ben
1)0 cd nha ve sinh chfla nhieu vi khuan gay benh dfldng ruiit,
thfldng han, phu khoa v.v.

Bang 5.30. Ham li/<3ng mot so TBVTV trong tram tich va nUdc
a cac cija song ven bien dong biing Song Hong
(Theo so lieu phan tich cua PTS Nguydn Dure Cif, 1998)

CLTa Oay Ctra Balat Cua Vein uc Toan

viing
TBVTT
T'ong "^rong Trong Trong Trong Trong Trong
ni/dc trim ticti nJdc tram t:cti ni/dc tram tich tram ticti
(i>g/kg) (ng/t) ng/kg) (i.g/1) (Mg/kg) (MQ/kg)
Lindan 13,18- 37.78 40,03 80,18 0,347- 46,3 54,75
27,9 21,90
Aidnn 2.47- 24,26 11,47 25,96 3,20- 9,66 19,96
7,52 4,12
2-4DC)E 3.61- 79.12 5,56 12,59 1,06- 44,59 45,44
24,82 19,04
4-4DDE 31,38- 105,19 7,10- 99,32 10,0- 81,82 95,44
37,82 51,93 37,90
Diendnn 12,07- 31.37 29,85- 55,94 3,32- 2,04 63,12
18,48 33,67 49,56
2-4'DDD 728- 93.97 4.53- 27,41 0,236- 49,41 56,93
35,45 13,56 24,45
Endrin 9,59- 22,06 3,95- 81,78 12,61- 21,14 . 41,66
27,61 50,20 16,22
2-4DDT 5,66- 79,69 3,95- 64,87 3,32- 50,54 65,03
28,17 32,34 24,22
Tong 163.39- 6585,8 75,40- 512 10 61,19- 506,77 537,075
so 231,66 284,28 264,57

267
 Cha't thai chien tranh (sung, dan, xe, tau thuyen...), rai' va
cha't thai tfl cac phfldng tien van tai thuy, tfl cac dd thi, khe du
lich cl nhieu ndi dfldc dd thang xud'ng bien, hd, sdng gay d nhiem
tram tich.Tram tich bi d nhiem cd the trd thanh ngudn d nhiem
nflcic mat, nfldc ngdm va dat (hinh 5.9). Tram tich nhiem bdn
dfldc nao vet dfla len mat dat cd the gay d nhiem ddt, khdng khi,
lam mat ve dep canh quan.

5.7.4. Cac phifo'ng phap han che o nhieni txam tich

Vd nguyen tac de han che d nhilm trdm tich cd the ap dung
he phfldng phap(|ian che d nhiem dat ydi mpt sddieu chinh. dac
biet la ddi vdi cac jihfldng phap cdng nghe va ky thuat (hinh
5.8). Vdi cdng nj^lie va ky thuat hien nay, ra't(khd ihu hd'. va
phaji huj cac chdlCp'nKilm trong trdm tich^\Do dd bien phap tot
nha't de han che ONTT la (Jung he thdng luat phap - chinh sach
- giao due de budc nha san xudt va mpi ngfldi khdng xa thai chdt
ddc vao mdi trfldng tram tich. Khi trdm tich da hi 5 nhilm cd
the Sii dung nhieu bien phap cdng nghe ky thuat khac nhau de
xii ly. Trong nhieu trfldng hdp cd the xfl ly tram tich tai chd. Ddi
vdi trdm tich bi d nhilm nang bdi cac chat nguy hiem cd the
phai dao mang di ndi khac de cd lap va xii ly. Cac phfldng phap
xii ly bad gdm vat ly (xii ly nhiet, cho bay bdi, each ly bang
tfldng chdn...), hoa hpc (hdp phu, ha'p thu bang vat lieu ta
nhien, cac hdp chdt hflu cd nhan t^o, trao ddi ion, hoa tan riia
nfla v.v.) va sinh hpc (phan buy va tieu thu bdi vi sinh vat v.v.).
Cac nha khoa hpc Nhat Ban da sfl dung zeolit tfl nhien,
haluasit, sinetite de ha'p phu cac kim loai (Cr**^, Cd, Hg, Pb,

268
As ) lu' tram tich hi d nhiem va ket hdp vdi hdm nen nfl(ic. thau
rUa tram tich. Vdi cdng nghe niiy sau khoan;^ 900 ngiiy cd the
hull ^uim (iu'dc mdt nfla hiim Ifldng kim luai diic trong tram tich.
i'hUcin^ phap sinh hoc tUdng den cd hieu ipia khi xfl ly cac chat d
nhii'in hflu cd trong tram tich. Suzuki Y. va cdng sfl (1994.
199(i. 1998) (la dflng loai vi sinh viit methametrophic de xii ly.
sau 17 ngay cd the liim giam hiim ludng T('E tfl 30 ppb xud'ng
O.-^pph. Cdng nghe sinh hoc xfl ly tram tich bi d nhiem dang
njriiy ciing dU(lc quan tiim nghien cflu. gdp phiin bao vp tdt mdi
trUdng tu nhien.

269
 Chuang 6

y. «

OIA HOA Y HOC OjA HOA M O I TROONG Vdn BENH TAT

6.1. CAC YEU TO MOI T R l / d N G ANH H C O N G T O I SLfC

KHOE

6.6.1. Cac yeu to moi trfldng a n h hxidng tdi sflc khoe

Con ngfldi s(i'ng trong mdi trfldng. chiu sfl tiic ddng trflc tiCp
va gian tiep ciia mdi trudng. Sfl tdn tai cung nhfl sflc khoe con
ngfldi phu thudc vao cac yeu td' dia cha't sinh thiii, ciic thdng siV
vat ly. hoa hpc. smh hoc va dia hda ciia mdi trfldng cung nhu
dieu kien kinh te xa hdi. Dd chinh la cac dac trflng dia ly, khi
hau (t, p. dp am. tdng ludng bflc xa, be day tang fizdn..), dia
cha't-dia boa (dieu kien dia ddng Iflc, tai bien dia mdi tnfdng,
thanh phdn, tinh chat, dp ben vflng ciia dat da...), tinh chat ciia
sinh vat (mat dp cay xanh. mat dp va thanh phan (ciic loai vi
sinh vat...), thanh phdn khi quyen, thuy quyen, sinh quyen,
ham Ifldng cac chat ddc hai va cfldng dp phdng xa trong mdi
trfldng, mflc dp bai hda cua mdi trfldng, dieu kien kmh te - x.a
hdi, trinh dp phat trien khoa hpc, ky thuat, phong tuc tiip (pian.
v.v... Trong pham vi chfldng trinh DHMT chi xem xet linli
hfldng cua sfl dfl thfla - thieu h u t cac nguyen td va hdp chat hoii

270
ho.,- iron;.; .MT'CX ikVi vdi henh tat va sfli- khoe con ngfldi. Dia hoa
\ hoc lii rhuvcn nghiinh nghien cflu anh hfldng cua sfl jihiin bd.
liansr tdn tai vii di chuyen cac nguyf'n Wi boa hoc trong mdi
1 riioiig (tdi v()i sflc khoe cua con ngfldi. xac lap c(j sd khoa hpc dia
!ioa cho vii'c tiao vi) va nang cao sflc khoe cdng ddng.

6.1.2. Thieu hut va dfl thfla cac n g u y e n t d hoa hoc trong

CO the ngfldi

Con ngUcJi lii mot hd phan cua S(^ va ludn ludn trao ddi viit
chat va nang I'udng vdi mdi trUdng xung quanh. Trong thiinh
ph.an li();i hoi- i-ua cac bd phiin tao nen con ngfldi cd mat hau het
Ciit- nguyt'n to cua bang tuan hoiin cung nhu trong mdi trfldng
ih.:iiig 6.1). Thanh jihan chu yeu cua co the ngu'di la 0 . C. H va
t^'i iclnem tdi 98'!« trong Ifldng). tiej) dd la S. P. Na. K. Cl. Mg.
(';i(- nguyen td cdn lai cd hiim Ifldng rat thap nhfl Ni, V, Li. Co,
v.'v\ .Xgoii! ra cdn cd cac nguyen t(')' si(^u vi Iflpng ma sfl cd mat
cua chung da dfldc khdng dinh chac chan nhflng chfla dinh
ht'png dfldc that chinh xac nhfl Hg. Ra, U. Th.
Nhu vay. qua trinh kien lap sfl sdng ddi hdi sfl tham gia cua
ca-c nguyi'^n td dac trflng cho sinh quyen. Anh hfldng cua cac
ngaiyen to boa hpc trong MT va sinh quyen tdi sflc khoe cua con
ng'Udi la rat Idn.

Khi ham Ifldng cac nguyen to trong cd the ngfldi giam di

hciac tang len so vdi gia tri trung binh (bang 6.1) thi con ngfldi
^e CO the rdi vad tinh trang benh ly. Sfl thieu hut heac dfl thfla
quiii mflc cac nguyen td trong cd the ngfldi cd the ddn den tfl
voim;.

271
 Bang 6.1. Thanh phan hoa hoc trung binh
(% trong lu<?ng) ciia co the ngudi (Theo R. M. Parr, 1983)

Nguyen to Ham luc)ng Nguyen to Ham liidng

0 61,0 Cd 0,7.IO''
c 23,0 Sn 0,2 10-"
H 10,0 Mn 0,2.10'
N 2,6 1 0,2.10-'
Ca 1,38 Al 5.10'
P 1,1 Pb 5.10'
S 6,4.10' Mo 1.10'
Na 2,6.10' B 2.1C-'
K 2,2.10' As 1,8.10'
Cl 1,8.10' Co 2.10'''
Mg 4.10' Li 3.10^
Si 2,6.10^. • Cr 3.10-'^
Fe 6.10' V 2,6.10*^
F 3,7.10-' Ni 1,0.10'
Zn 3,3.10''
Rb 9.10'"
Cu 1.10"

Cac nguyen tti'vi Ifldng tham gia vao thanh phan cua cd the
ngfldi cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi chflc nang smh ly -
sinh hda. Hdn nfla vi cd ham Ifldng rat thap trong mdi trildng va
trdng cd the ngfldi nen ccn ngfldi man cam hdn vdi sfl thay cldi
ham Ifldng ciia nhflng nguyen to nay so vdi cac nguyen to vi
Ifldng. Sfl thieu hut hay dfl thfla cac nguyen to hda hpc dac biet
la nguyen td vi Ifldng deu tac ddng den tinh trang sflc khod con
ngfldi theo cac cap sau day (xem hinh 5.1. chfldng 5): xudt hien
nhieu loan trcng qua trinh sinh hoa sinh ly va qua trinh trao ddi
ch.ii: xudt hien pha trao ddi bu trfl va pha trao ddi khdng bu trfl;
cudi cung la tinh trgng benh ly, td vong.

272
 Tfl nhflng thflc te dd Schwartz da de xudt khai niem "ciia sd
ndng dp" (concentration window) de phan biet mflc dp tac ddng
CUU cac NTHH tuy thudc vao ham Ifldng cua chflng trdng mdi
trudng. Cd ba "ciia sd ndng dp" nhfl viiy: ndng do cdn thiet cho
sfl sinh trudng va phiit trien ciia con ngfldi, sinh viit: ndng do
thieu (tha'p hdn ndng dp cdn thiet, gay rd) loan trao ddi chat, rdi
loan sinh ly - sinh boa); ndng do gdy ddc (cao hdn ndng dp can
thiet), nguy hiem cho sinh vat va con ngfldi (xem hinh 5.1).
(^ac nguyen to hoa hoc tren Trai Da't phan hd'khdng deu: cd
nhflng ndi qua dfl thfla, cd nhflng ndi qua thieu hut so vdi nhu
cdu smh hoa cua con ngfldi. Dieu dd anh hfldng tdi sfl can bang
cua (jua trinh trao ddi cha't. la moi; trong nhfliig nguyen nhan
;,'ay ra cac loai benh dd'i vdi con ngfldi.
(]on ngfldi khdng nhflng chi sdng tren Trai Da't ma cdn khai
thiic tai nguyen lim bien ddi be mat Trai Da't, thay ddi sfl phan
bd ciic nguyen td hoa hpc trong cac hdp phan mdi trfldng. Viec
khai thac sfl dung kheang san cua cac nguyen to' la ngudn d
nhiem gay anh hfldng tdi can bang vat chat trong cac hpp phan
ciiii mdi trfldng va sflc khce cdn ngfldi.
Nguyen nhan chii yeu cua sfl thieu hut va dfl thfla cac
nguyen to hoa hex trong cd the ngfldi cd the la thdnh phdn nUdc
udng vd thdc dn ban ddu (nguyen nhan nguyen sinh). Thanh
phdn nfldc udng va thflc an lai phu thutic vao dac diem dia boa
cua mdi trudng, qua trinh san xudt va che bien thflc phdm.
Trong cac dieu kien khac nhfl nhau thi ham Ifldng cua nguyen
td va hdp chat cia nd trdng cd the ngfldi phu thudc gdn nhfl
tuyen tinh trong khoang ham Ifldng xac dinh vdi ham Ifldng cua

273
chung trong moi trfldng sdng ndi chung va trong thflc ph^m,
nfldc udng ndi rieng. Ngeai ra, sfl cd mat cua met so nguyei td
va hdp chat cua chflng trong mdi trfldng cd the thuc ddy loac
kim ham sfl tham nhap cua nguyen to khac vao cd the ngJdi.
Chang han sfl cd mat cua Ca, Mg trong thflc an. nfldc udng gay
can trd sfl ha'p thu I cua cd the ngfldi: Cu can trd hdp thu Zn ;
Zn can trd hap thu Fe, v.v...; Sfl thieu hut va dfl thfla ciia
NTHH cdn lien quan tdi khd ndng hdp thu vd ddng hod thiCe dn
cua ngudi cUng nhU tinh trgng benh ly (thieu met sd hooc n o n
hoac men nen qua trinh ha'p thu cac nguyen t d h o a hpc gap K;bd
khan.v.v...). Nhfl vay, sfl dfl thfla hay thieu hut cac nguyei r.d
trong cd the ngfldi la ham sd'phflc tap ciia t h a n h phdn, dang tdn
tai, dac tinh sinh dia hda cua chung trong mdi trfldng, tr-Doig
thflc an, nfldc udng, kha nang hap thu va ddng hda thflc a n
cung nhfl tinh trang sflc khde, benh ly, Ifla tudi cua con ngfla.

6.1.3. Cac h o a chat doc trong moi trxibng vk sfl anh

hfldng tdi siifc khoe con ngfldi
Theo so' lieu cua UNEP (United Nations Environnerit
Programme) hien nay trong MTTN cd khoang 4 trieu hdp (hS't
hoa hpc khac nhau. Hang nam cd them 30.000 hpp chat :n(di
dfldc tim ra. Con ngfldi da sfl dung khoang 60.000 - 70.000 lo^ii
boa chat. Trong so' hang trieu boa cha't ndi tren cd nhieu (hSt
mang tinh ddc. Cac chat ddc trong mdi trfldng cd hai ngudn gfic
chu yeu: chdt thdi tii sdn xudt cdng - ndng nghiep, giao tlom-g
van tdi, sdn xudt ndng lUcMg vd sinh hogt (day la ngudn chu
yeu), sdn phdm cua cdc qud trinh tU nhien: cac phan flng hcya
hpc, quang boa, phun trao nui liia. v.v...
Chdt ddc trong mdi trfldng, thee chudi thflc an va boat Cgvxg
sdng cd the tham nhap vao cd the ngfldi, cd thS sinh vat nidi
chung. Chat ddc cd the xam nhap vao cd the qua mieiig (the^o

274
thflc an. nfldc udng...), qua dfldng hd ha'p, qua da v.v... Chat ddc
t h a m nhap vao cd the khdng khu tru tai met bd phan cd dinh
ma cd the lam cho toiin Ixi cd the bi nhiem ddc. Tuy thudc vao
tinh chat sinh lioii cua chat ddc va cua cd the ngfldi ma hiim
lu dug chat ddc trong cac hd phan cua ngfldi khdng gid'ng nhau.
Ciic chat ddc cdn cd the phan theo dp ddc ddi vdi ddng vat
m a n ndng va con ngfldi: chat ddc ndng dp (concentrative poison)
vti chdt ddc tich luy (cumulative poison). Mflc d(i giiy ddc cua
nhdm thfl nha't phu thucic viio Ifldng chat d()c tham nhiip viio cd
t h e ddng vat va ngfldi. O ham Ifldng tha'p hdn "lieu chi tfl" chat
d(.)c khdng gay tii vong cho ngfldi va dpng vat va chung dflpc
plhan guii. bai tiet ddn ra khdi cd the (cac thudc bao ve thflc vat
chfla phosphat. cacbamat v.v.). Cac chat ddc thudc nhdm thfl
h.ai cd kha nang tich luy lau trong cac bd phan khac nhau ctia cO
the. gay ra nhflng bien ddi sinh hoa, sinh ly cd hai. (^hat ddc
t h a m nhap vao cd the cd the gay ra nhiem dec cap tinh va
n hiem ddc man tinh. Chdt d()c thiim nhap vao cd the giiy nhiem
dicic ngay (tflc thdi) gpi la nhiem ddc cap tinh. Dp ddc cap tinh
ciaa chat ddc dang ran va long dfldc the hien qua lieu gay chet
tr-ung binh LD-,,, (letal dosis 50) dfldc tinh bang mg boat chat/kg
trong Ifldng cd the gay chet chd 50% ca the vat thi nghiem nhfl
clhudt, thd v.v. Lieu LD.r,,, cua chat dec ddi vdi cd the phu thudc
v-ao each thflc xam nhap cua chat diic vao cd the (qua mieng -
P'cr dral; qua da - dermal). Dp ddc cap tinh cua thudc xdng hdi
d u'o'c bieu thi qua ndng dp gay chet trung binh LC.^ (letal
ctoncentration 50) dflpc tinh bang mg boat cha't/m' khdng khi.
Dp ddc cap tinh cua chat ddc ty le thuan vdi LD.% hoac LC,,o-
Dfla viio dp ddc cap tinh. Td chflc y td The gidi (WHO) da
pibiin chia cac chat ddc ra nam nhdm khac nhau, trong dd nhdm
1 CO ddc tinh cao nha't, nhdm IV cd dp ddc tinh tha'p nha't (bang 6.2).

275
 Biing 6.2. Phan loai chit dpc theo To chflc y te The gidi (WHO)

Nhdm chiit Bieu tuang Do doc cap tinh LD,,p (chuot nha), mg/lvg
d^ nhom Qua mi§ng (per oral) Qua da (dermal)
"tdn chit doc
The rIn The long The r i n The long
doc {^i
trdn bao bi"
la-06c Oau Idu xuong 5 20 10 40
manh "R^t cheo (den tr§n ^
doc" (chOf nen fring)
den, n4n do)
lb-Doc Oau idu xuong 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400
"Ooc" (chijf cheo (den tren
den nen do) nen trlng)^
II- Ooc trung Chu thap tren 50-500 200- 10-1.000 400-
binh "(M hai" nen tring 2.000 4.000
(chOfden
tr§n nen
v^ng)
III- Ooc a ChCf thap den 500 den 2.000 1.000 4.000
"chu y"(chijf tren nen tring 2.000 denS.OOO
den n^n
xanh)
IV-Rat It doc > 2.000 > 3.000
(n^n xanh la
ciy)

6 mdt sd nfldc khac nhfl Hoa Ky, ngoai lieu LD50 tham nhap
qua mieng va tiep xuc qua da (nhfl bang phan loai cua WHO)
cdn can cfl vao LD50 tham nhap qua dfldng hd hap va kha nang
gay hai niem mac cung nhfl phan flng ddi vdi da de phan loai
cac chat ddc (bang 6.3).

276
 Bang 6.3. Bang phan loai chat doc cua Hoa Ky
(Theo Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1995)

Nhom chat doc

Chi tieu
phan loai 1 II III IV

l-D.,0 qua Cho den 50 50-500 500-5.000 mg/kg > 5.000 mg/kg
mieng mg/kg mg/kg
(per oral)
LD.,p qua Cho den 0,2 0,2-2 mg/lit 2-20 mg/lit >20 mg/lit
di/ong ho mg/lit
tiap
LD.^ qua Cho den 200 200-2.000 2.000-20 000 >20.000 mg/kg
da^dermal) mg/kg mg/kg L m^/kg
Phan img Gay hai Ouc mang Gay ngila niem Khcng gay ngt!ra
mem mac mem mac. sililig mat 7 mac niem mac
mat dijc mang ngay, gay
sflng mat ngi/a niem
keo dai tren mac 7
7 ngay ngay
Phan Man ngfla da Man ngfla Man ngUa Phan Lfng nhe 72
flngjia 72 gid nhe 72 gid gid

Nudc ta thfldng sii dung bang phan loai chat ddc cua Hoa
Ky (le phan loai cac loai thud'c bao ve thflc vat.
Dp ddc man tinh ciia chat ddc the hien kha nang tich luy
chat ddc trong cd the ngfldi va ddng vat mau ndng, kha nang
gay dot bien te bao, kha nang kich thich te bao khdi u ac tinh
phat trien, a n h hfldng den bao thai va kha nang gay di dang thd
he mai sau v.v... Nhflng kha nang dd ciia chdt ddc dfldc khac sat
va thi nghiem tfl 1-2 nam tren cd the dpng vat mau ndng. Cac
chai ddc (vi du thud'c bao vd thflc vat) bi cA'm sfl dung, neu phat
hien dfldc mdt trdng ciic tac hai neu tren do chat ddc dd gay ra.
Khdng phai toan bd chdt ddc tham nhap vao cd the sinh vat

277
dfldc dao thai het vao moi trfldng trong vdng ddi cua sinh vat dd
ma mot phdn chat ddc dfldc lflu gifl lai trong cd the sinh vat.
Phdn chat ddc tfl mdi trfldng dfldc lflu gifl lai trong cd the sinh
vat (Ifldng thflc, thflc phdm, san phdm ndng nghiep, thflc an vdt
n u d i . ) gpi la dfl Ifldng chat ddc. Dfl Ifldng chdt dec cd the bao
gdm cac chdt doc ban ddu, cac dan xudt dac thfl, cac san phdm
phan giai, chuyen hoa trung gian, cac san phdm ciia phan flng
gifla cac chdt ddc vdi nhau va vdi cac ndi chdt ciia sinh vat. Dfl
Ifldng doc td thfldng dfldc tinh bdng pg (hcac mg) chdt doc trong
1 kg sinh vat kho.
Ngfldi ta quy dinh mflc dfl Iflpng tdi da (MRL - maximum
residue limit) cho tflng loai hca chdt ddc dfldc dung trong nong
nghiep (nhu thudc bao ve thflc vat) ddi vdi tflng loai nong san.
Mflc dfl Ifldng tdi da (MRL) la Ifldng hdp chdt ddc cao nhdt dfl<?c
phep tdn lflu trong ndng san ma khdng gay anh hfldng tdi cd the
ngfldi va vat nudi khi sii dung ndng san dd lam thflc an.
Mflc dfl Ifldng td'i da dfldc tinh nhfl sau (mg/kg, pg/kg):
MRL = (ADI x Gn)/NS = (NEL x DF x Gn)/(NS x Rf x Gd),
trong dd ADI (acaptable daily intake) la Ifldng hdp chat dpc
khong hai ddi vdi cd the ngfldi dfldc chap nhan tfl kdt qua thi
nghiem tren dpng vat mau ndng (mg hoac pg hpp chat ddc cho 1
kg trpng Iflpng cd the trong mdt ngay); NEL (no effect level) la
Ifldng hdp cha't ddc khdng gay nguy hidm cho ddng vat mau
ndng dflpc dfla vao thflc an cho dpng vat thi nghiem (mg, pg h(,)p
chdt dpc/kg thflc an); NS la Ifldng ndng san binh quan mdi ngudi
tieu thu trong mdt ngay (kg/ngay); DF la Ifldng thflc an dfldc
dpng vat an vad cd the trong mdt ngay (kg/ngay): Rf la he so' an
toan; Cn la trpng Ifldng cd the ngfldi va Gd la trpng Ifldng cd thd
dpng vat lam thi nghiem (kg).

278
 Ngoai mflc dfl Ifldng tdi da ndi tren ngfldi ta cdn sii dung
"mflc dfl Ifldng ngudn gdc ben ngoai" (extraneous residue limit,
Klik) de nghien ciiu anh hfldng cua cac chat d nhiem khac
khdng phai thud'c bao ve thflc viit (TBVTV). Mflc dfl Ifldng
ngudn g(ic ben ngoai lii dfl Ifldng thudc tdn lflu trong cay trdng
va san pham cay trdng lien quan tdi nhiem ban rndi trfldng gay
nen bdi cac xi nghiep hoa cha't, giao thdng van tai vii cac nguyen
nluin khac khdng [ihai TBVTV. Thflc chat ca hai chi sd MRL,
ERL iihan anh kha nang va mflc dp thiim nhap. lflu gifl cac d()c
to ndi rieng. cac chat gay d nhiem. mdi trfldng ndi chung trong
CO the sinh vat, trong ngudn thflc an ddu vao cua chudi thflc an.
Ctiung dfldc dflng de nghien cflu tac ddng cua chat ddc ddi vdi
smh vat do o nhiem ir.oi trfldng bdi cac boat ddng nhan sinh gay
ra (bao gdm ca viec sfl dung TBVTV trong ndng nghiep va cac
boat ddng khiic)
Mflc ndng dp can thiet cua ciic nguyen to vii hdp chat hoa
hoc (NT&HCHH) va sfl tac ddng cua chdt ddc ddi vdi cd the
nj^Udi va cac leai smh vat rdt khac nhau, phu thudc nhieu vao
ham Ifldng, dang tdn tai va dac tinh sinh dia hoa dp dpi cua
chung cung nhfl gid'ng, loai va dp tui'ii cua sinh vat. Cd mot so'
n^^uyen td'can cho loai nay nhflng lai ddc hai ddi vdi loai kia. Cd
nliu'ng chat ddc khi d ham Iflpng thap thi cd ich, kich thich qua
trinh phat trien, khi d ndng dp cao trd thanh ddc to. Nhflng cd
chat dpc lai thd hien tinh ddc ngay ca d ham Ifldng rdt nhd. Cac
nguyen td As. Pb, Cd khi d ham Ifldng thdp rat cdn thiet cho
qua trinh sinh trfldng va phat t n e n . nhflng se rat dcic khi cd
ham Ifldng cao. Nhdm dfldc coi la nguyen td cd boat tinh sinh
boa kem, nhflng khi sfl dung ngudn nfldc an chfla 100 - 1000
ppb Al thi se hi cac loai benh nhfl thieu mau, tdn hai tri nhd va
Ciic benh ve xfldng. Nhieu kim loai the hien nhfl cac chat dpc ddi

279
vdi mdi trfldng lai la cac nguyen to' dinh dfldng can thiet cho sfl
phat tridn binh thfldng cua con ngfldi va ddng vat khi d ham
Iflpng rat nhd . Dd la cac nguyen to' Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Mo, As,
Sb, Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Ce, Ag, Te, Tl, S, Ti, W, v.v...
Dd khdng dinh dfldc tinh dpc ciia NT&HCHH va hpp chat
hoa hpc cdn phai nghien cflu chi tiet va can than tac ddng sinh
ly, sinh hoa, sinh thai cua chung doi vdi sinh vat. Nham inyc
dich nay ngfldi ta cd the xac dinh lieu gay chet trung binh-LD:,o
(mg/kg) ciia cac chat cdn khao cflu. Nhflng hicn nay cd mot sd
hoa cha't quan trpng, dflpc sfl dung nhieu, da dfldc kiem tra ky
nhflng khdng the xac dinh chinh xac dfldc mflc dp gay dpc cua
chung. Day la mot trong nhflng van de cdn nghien cflu cua dtic
chat hpc. Ddc chdt hpc la khoa hpc nghien cflu dac diem va
phfldng thflc gay dec cua cac hoa chat ddc hai cung nhfl phfldng
phap giai ddc va han che ddc tinh ciia chung. Mot bd phan cua
dia boa mdi trfldng cd nhiem vu nghien cflu hanh vi va tac dpng
cua cac chat dpc trong mdi trfldng tfl nhien dd'i vdi con ngfldi.

Dfla vao dac tinh va tac ddng cua chat dpc cd the phan
chung ra: cac chat gay ung thfl (carsinogens). cac kim loai nang
V. V. Ivanov (1994) da ghep cac nguyen td vao cac nhdm cd dp
dpi khac nhau trong mdi trfldng dia chat: Nhdm fieu dpi: Hg,
Cd, Te, Sn; phdng xa: Be, U, Ra, Rn, Pu. Ru; dpi nhdm I: Pb, Be,
Te, As, Sb, F, Th, V, Cr, Co, Ni; ddi nhdm II, III: Cu, Zn, S, Bi,
Ba, Mo, Ge, W, Al, Li, Mn, Sc, P, da't hiem, Os; dpi nhdm IV:
Nb, La, Ti, Na, K, Ta, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe. Rh, Pd, cacbonyl kim loai,
cac hdp chat cd'cld. thudc trfl sau diet cd, v.v...
Trong mdi trfldng khdng khi va trong mdi trfldng nfldc cd
the tim thay cac chat ddc khac nhau (xem chfldng 5 va bang 6.4,
6.5).

280
Bang 6.4. Cac nguyen to dpc hai trong nudc tt/ nhien va ni/dc thai [14,20]

Cac Nguon goc chu yeu Anh hucing

nguyen to
1 2 3
Chait thai cong nghiep khai khoang,
hoa chat, thu()c bao ve thuc vat, Rat doc, CO kha nSng gay
As
thuoc tn/ sau, diet cd, diet nam, Ung thu
(TBVTV) nguon ttf nhien

Oao ngUdc vai tro sinh hoa

cua enzym, gay cao huyet
Chat thai cong nghiep, qua trinh ap,
Cd khai khai thac khoang san, ma Anh hUdng than, pha huy
kim loai, ong dan nUdc mo cua bo phan sinh due
nam, hong ciiu, dpc doi vdi
sinh vat song audi nUdc.

Chat thai cong nghiep khai

Gay doc cap tinh va gay
khoang, mo (than da, quSng
B..- doc lau dai. co the gay ung
Be), cong nghiep nSng luong hat
thu
nhan va cong nghiep vQ tru

Chat thai dot than, co trong

Ooc doi vcJi mot so cay
Bo thanh phan cua thuoc lay nia,
trong
va chat thai cong nghiep

Cha't thai cua cong nghiep khai Co the gay ung t h u nhu Cr
khoang, ma kim loai,.., ton tai td (VI), CO doc tinh cao, vdi
Cr
nhien (CrVI) ham luting nho la nguyen
to can thiet

Chait thai cCia cac nganh cong Voi nong dp thap khong
nghiep ma kim loai, khai gay dpc doi vdi cay trong
Cu
khoang, khfl kiem, chat thai sinh va tao CuSO„doc hai doi
hoat vdi con ngUdi

281
 1 2 3
O nong do 1mg/l duc)c
Chat thai cua cac nganh cong dung de phong ngfla sai
nghiep. chat bo sung vao nUdc, rang. NhUng d nong do
F
ngu()n goc tU nhien (Phong hoa tren 5mg/i se gay cac beih
(ion F)
cac da va quSng F. mudi ve rang (dom, dUdng vSr
khoang,,.) tren rang) do pha huy
XUdng,

Chat thai cua cong nghiep khai Rat doc, gay thieu mau,
Pb khoang, co trong xSng, ong dan benh than, rdi loan than
nUdc. vv... kinh

Chat thai cong nghiep khai Khong doc doi vdi dong -at
khoang, tac dong cua vi sinh vlit nhung doc ddi v/di cay
Mn len cac khoang vat cua Mn trong khi c nong do cac
lam hoen 6 vat lieu, ld(.
ma
Cac chait thai cong nghiep, dSc Doc tinh cao, lam te liei le

Hg biet cong nghiep khai khoang, thdng than kinh, nguy hi>m
TBVTV nguon tU nhien cho nao.

Chat thai cong nghiep, nguon tci Ooc doi vdi dpng vat, cc
Mo nhien the can thiet ddi vdi cay
trong
Hdp chat cua sulfua, than da.
0 nong do cao gay doc (6i
Che bien quSng va hdp kim Cu -
Se vdi ngudi, d nong do thip -
Pb, san xuat thuy tinh, cao su,
CO ich
ban dan
Chat thai cong nghiep, nhat la Gay anh hUdng tdi qua
cong nghiep ma kim loai, he trinh chuyen hoa chat cia
Zn thong dng dan, nguon ti/ nhien. cac metalloenzim, d noc]
dp cao dpc ddi vdi cay
trong.

282
 .X'gniii 1,1. nipt so h;,,'; f-hiit dac chiing dung trong mdt sd
MS'nnh kmh lc cd the dUdc thai viio mdi trfldng khdng khi. nu'i'Sc.
iriini ti(-li. Cluing la ciic chat cd kha niing giiy ung thu (biing

Bang 6 5. Cac chat c o kha nang gay u n g t h u (1, 2, 14)

Anh huong
Cac chat Muc dich sfl dtjng
(gay ung thu)
4. nitrophenyl Trong phan tich hoa hpc, Co the gay ung thu rupt,
'(.naphtylamin Trong hoa hoc chdng oxy Co the gay ung thu rudt
hoa
San xuat thuoc nhupm,
phim mau
•1 4-metylen bis Tac nhan luu hoa chat d(30 C6 the gay ung thu rupt,
(2-clorcaniiin) bang quang
Bis (cicrometyl etc) San xuat nhUa trao doi ion Co the gay ung thu phdi
Metyl-cioraniiin San xuat nhUa trao doi ion Co ihe gay ung Ihuphoi
3,.5 dicloro benzidin San xuat thuoc nhupm Chat gay ung thu noi
thudc thu, trong phan tich tieng
hoa hoc
|l-naphtylamin San xuat thudc nhuom Gay ung thu bang quang
Benzidin San xuat thuoc nhupm. Co the gay ung thu ruot,
cao su. chiit deo. mUc in bjing quang
Vinylclorua San xuat chat deo PVC Co Ihe gay ung thu gan
Dung lam dung moi cong Gay ung t h u da day, ung
nghiep, hun khoi bao ve thu phoi. ung thu la lach.
Etylen clorua hat gidng, gasolin. M6i
nam thai ra 74,106 kg vao
khong khi

Tru'dc het cac chat gay ung thu ilnli liudng den ADN. him
mai kha niing truyen dat cac thdng tin dung de tdng hdp ra cac
cha; cdn thiet cho cd the ngfldi, diic biet lii cac chdt dieu khien
sii phat tnen cua te biio.

283
 Nhfl vay con ngfldi ngay cang tao ra biet bao dieu ky dieu
ciia sfl sdng. Nhflng chinh con ngfldi cung cd the tao ra nhieu
chat thai dpc hai kim ham va tieu diet sfl sdng.
6.1.4. Phan vung dia hoa benh moi trfldng

Nhfl da phan tich d tren, hiim Ifldng cac nguyen td trong

mdi trfldng cd iinh hfldng rdt Idn tdi sflc khoi; con ngfldi. Trong
luc dd ham Ifldng cua chung trcng ddt, tram tich, nfl(ic thien
nhien lai rat khac nhau. Dieu dd ddn den che tren Trai Dat cd
vung thuan ldi cho sflc khoe. td vung bat Ipi cho sflc khoe. Hay
ndi each khac cd the phan biet cac vung tren Trai Ddt cd nhflng
benh khac nhau.
Mdt trong nhflng chi tieu quan trpng de phan vflng dia hoa
benh mdi trfldng la he sdtiip trung KK = Cx/Co, trong dd Cx la
ham Iflpng nguyen t d h o a hpc trong doi tfldng khao sat cua khu
vflc nghien cflu va Co la clac vd Trai Dat (hoac dia (^uyen khac)
cua nguyen td dd.
Cac vung cd. he sd KK khac nhau thfldng gap ciic benh khiic
nhau. Dfla vao dd cac nha dia boa y hpc Lien Xd (cu) da dfla ra bang
phan •vung benh ly theo KK:
1. Ngheo Co 8. Thieu Cu 17. Thi:/a F

2. Ngheo Cu 14. Thfla Mo 9. Thieu F

3. Ngheo Cu, Co 12. Thi/a Ba 18. Thfla Ni

4. Ngheo Ca, P. 13. Thfla Co 19. Thfla Mn

5. Ngheo 1, Co 14. Thfla Pb 10. Thieu Zn

6. Thieu 1 15. Thfla Sr,Ca 20. JtxUa Hg

7. Thi^u Se 16. Thi^a Se 21. ThiiraU, Th

22. Thfla Cr (VI)

284
 Benh than thudng gap d viing dfl thfla Pb, Hg, Cd, F. Ngfldi
fi \iiiig du thfla Cu de miic henh xd gan. Benh gan vii la lach
kliii (lai- triing cho vflng thieu Zn. Vung thfla Se, Ni dac trflng
l)(ii iihic'u ngfldi hi b()nh viem da. Benh thieu mau dac trUng cho
vung du' thfla hoac thieu hut Pb, Hg. As, Zn.
Mdi vung neu tren cd mdt benh dac trflng. vi du d viing
tliK'u idt ngfldi diin de miic benh bfldu cd, diin ddn, cham phiit
tl idn. (J vung ngh(;c Co cd bieu hien benh ly thieu sinh to. Vflng
thfla Nl dac trflng bdi nhieu ngfldi mac benh da lieu. Vflng thfla
Hg ngfldi de hi quiii thai, suy nhflrtc thiin kinh. viem dfldng hd
hiip. Benh ung thfl. (mau trang...). quai thai gap nhieu d vung
giau urani. thon. Cr (VI) trong mdi trfldng siing v.v..

6.2. DIA HOA MOI TRUONG MOT SO NGUYEN TO VA

HdP CHAT

6.2.1. Dia hoa moi trfldng c u a idt (.,31 ^'^"'^^i

Idt lii nguyen to a kim khdng that dien hmh. cd so thfl tfl 53
trong bang tudn hoan Mendeleev, nguyen tfl Iflpng (NTL)
11!6.904.
lot dfldc De Coirtor phat hien niim 1813 nhd phan flng
pluin buy dung dich nfldc ep tfl rau tao bien bdi HNO;,. Trong
pluin flng tren xuat hien ludng khi mau xanh va neu chan ludng
kill dd biing dia sfl ta thu dflpc cac tinh the hmh kim mau tim.
Do chinh la id't. I cd mdt ddng vi -vflng ben la I'"', cdn gap cac ddng
vi khiic cua 1 la I'" va I'*', trong dd P^' cd tinh phdng xa.
Idt cd the cd nhieu boa tri (1, -t-3, +5, +7), quan trpng nhdt
ve jihfldng dien dia boa la P*. Ban kinh cua ion 1' (Ri 0 la
2,20A". The ion hoa cua 1 thap, nen phan flng 21 -> I2 de dang

285
thflc hien trong mdi trfldng bieu sinh, Eo cua 1 la 0.535V (thap
hdn Ed cua Fe^* -> Fe^*). Sfl phan be'cua I trcng tfl nhien nhu
sau: Clac = 4.10'^%, trong thien thach 4.10''%. trong da sieu
bazd la 4.10-''%, da bazd 5.10'', da trung tinh 3.10', da axit 4.10
\ da tram tich (set va phien set) 1.10"''% va trcng thd nhfldng lii
5.10'%, trdng nfldc luc dia khoang 1.10'%, nfldc bien 6.10*'%,
trong thflc vat luc dia n.lO'- n.l0*^% va cd the ngfldi khoang
1.10''%. Nhfl vay I lk nguyen td hiem vii phan tan dien hinh
trong vd Trai Ddt. I rdt it tao khoang vat ddc lap. hien mdi biet
den 8 khoang vat I nhflng chung deu rat hiem gap nhfl: lautorit
- CallOj].,, ditseit - Ca[10,).,(CsO,), seilzit - Cu[I0,,OHi, shvap-
sembergit - Pb5[Cl.-,03] [IO3], v.v.. I dfldc tap tryng chu yeu trong
sinh vat (barie sinh dia boa).
Ham Iflpng 1 trong rong bien la cao nhat (den vai %). trong
bpt bien (0,1%). Luc nay he so'biofil cua I dat tdi 5.000, nhung
biofil chung cua I trong thflc vat luc dia lai nhd ~ 0.2 (xap xi he
so talasofil ~ 0,12). I cd the dfldc tap trung nhd hap phu trong
bun bidn (0,7% vdi KK = 250), set (KK=2.5), nhd bay hdi (KK
trong cac hd mud! ~ 2). v.v...
Ngudn cap I chu yeu trong mdi trfldng la nfldc bien. Ngudn
gdc ddu tien cua I trong nfldc bien lai la phun trao nui liia, chu
yeu la phun trao dfldi nfldc. Tfl nfldc bien I dfldc tap trung trong
bun bien (theo cd che hap phu), nhdt la bun cd chfla vat liou
hflu cd (sinh vat bien chfla I sau khi chet se gom 1 lai). Theo
A.P. Vinogradov (1966) thi bun bien chfla 0,1%I, s^t bien mau
xam chfla 0,02%l vk set dd 0,0029%)!. Qua trinh chuyen hoa bun
bien thanh da trdm tich giai phdng I va dfla I vao nfldc ngdm
sau - lam mat bdt I trong mdi trfldng bieu sinh (hinh 6.1).

286
 Frong nflr'ic bien, dfldi tac dung cua cac chat oxy hoii (Fe'*,
.Mn '. ().) thi I chuyen hda thanh I, Ngoai ra, nhd tiic diing cua
mot so chat khfl ma 10, cung chuyen hoa tharih 1.^ . 1.^ de dang
tha n nhap vao khi quyen. Vi vay. khdng khi d vflng bien (ngudn
cap I), ven bien giau I htm khdng khi ri luc dia xa bien. ('hafng
h.in khdng khi d ven bd bien Den chfla 10 - 20pgl/m"'. khdng khi
d vung Trepkaskaia (luc dia each bd bien khoang 100km) chi
clifli 1.28pgl/m'. ('ang len cao hiim Ifldng 1 trong khdng khf
("an,-; giam. (^fl len cao 1000m so vdi iniic nfli'tc bidn hiim lUdng 1
giiin dl 40%.
Hiim Ifldng trung binh lot trong nfldc mfla vung luc dia
ciin;: rat thap (1-2.10''g/1), nen trong 1 nam tren Iha cd tfl 9-
•")!)g dudc nfloc mfla mang xudng va dat dfldc lam giau i. nhat
lii t-ong tang nfldc. Thuc vat cung hap phu mdt phan 1 tfl khi
quviui, phdn khac tfl dat.
.Nfltic mfla va ddng chay mat lai cd kha nang hoii tan I va
marg ra sdng. bien. Lam giam hiim Iflpng I trong dat (xem hinh
6. 1 . Trong canh quan nhiet ddi giau O., va vat lieu hflu cd tac
ra ridi trfldng axit trong dat vii VPH thuc day quii trinh rfla lua
I liin ngheo 1 trong ddt. Ham Ifldng 1 trong dat ty le thuiin v6x
luprg mfla (mang 1 den), ty le nghich vdi xdi mdn va (juii trinh
rfla lua axit...
Dila vao vdng tudn hoan I neu tren cd the giai thich dflpc sfl
thiei hut I trong mdi trfldng khi, nfldc ddt cua ciic vflng nui cao
nliut ddi nhit nfldc ta.
Sfl thieu hut hoac dfl thifa I trong mdi trfldng se dan den sfl
thiol hut hoac dfl thfla I trong cd the ngfldi thdng qua chudi
tlifli iin. Thieu hut va dfl thfla I deu cd nhflng hau qua nghiem
trprg ddi vdi sflc khoe con ngfldi.

287
 Da
nlO'-nlO-"*

,, Phong hoa
Nudc mat luc dia
(song, hd ..)

Tich luy
trong nudc
Nufiic bifin
ngam sau Tao Con nuin'ii
(.'i.lO'^)
bun bien -0.1'
TTTT
Phun trao
dirdi n-joc

Khf quycn.
nudc mua
(I:)

Dat Thuc vat

Hinh 6.1. Mo hinh vong tuan hoan lot

Trong ddng vat ndi chung, con ngfldi ndi rieng, 1 tiip trung cJ
tuyen giap. Tuyen giap tao ra cac hocmon tirocksin T3. T4.
Hoocmdn quan trpng cua tuyen giap la tirocksin (C,5H,,04Nl4)
chfla tdi 65%I. Hocmon nay thuc day qua trinh oxy hoa. dn dinh
nhiet dp cd the, dam bao cho sfl phat t n e n xfldng va bd niio ndi
chung he thdn kinh ndi rieng. Mdi ngiiy con ngfldi cdn lOOpgl
lam nguyen heu de san xudt ra 32pgT3 va 84pgT4.
Thieu I trong mdi trfldng, trong thflc an, nfldc udng dan den
thieu 1 trong cd the va thieu hoocmdn T;,, T,. Thieu I se ddn den
benh tri ddn. chkm phat trien mii dau hieu ra ngoiii la hitdu cd.

288
'riui'n i(')i ,s(' liim cho thu'a T,, T,, cfldng hoa (jua trinh oxy hoa va
l.-iiri xuiii hicn benh ha'/odo (gay run chiin, run tay, ldi mat, suy
\-cv loan than...).
K('t (|ua nghien (-flu cho thay cd mdi (juan he khii chat chf'
giu'a ham lu'dng I trong mdi trfldng vi'ii benh thieu idt (bang 6.4).
Bang 6.6. Quan he giiJra ham luong I trong moi trudng
vdi mflc do bi benh bifdu co do thieu idt (2, 27, 31)

N'di nghien Thanh Ham lUdng 1 thieu hut va mucbenh tat (ppb)
cdu phan Nang Trung binh Khong c6
moi
trudng
Nga Oat 1222 2678 15,970
Ucrain NUdc 1 -2 2-3 8 - 12
Biingan Dat 1000-2000 2000 - 3000 5000 - 20,000
NUdc 0 - 2Mg/l 2-4 7,6-9
My Nudc 0,0-0,5 - 8
Niewtheland Oat 300 - 12000-14000

Theo Kovalski V.V,. khi hiim Ifldng I trong diit Idn hdn
•]Oj.)pm thi xuat hien benh bazodo. thap hdn oppm se xuat hien
bi'i ih bu'du cd do thieu id't.
Trong y te ngu'di ta phan vung benh thieu id't theo sd %
ngi. ldl mac benh va tinh trang benh tat. Ngfldi binh thfldng cd
hai.n lupng 1 trdng nfldc tieu la lOOpg/lOOcm', neu ham Iflpng 1
nhii hdn tri sd nay cd bieu hien cua benh thieu id't. Vi du ngfldi
t l jihan ra vflng cd 10% ngfldi hi benh, vflng 30%, 50%, v.v... d
vui.ig Tay bac nflifc ta so ngfldi hi benh do thieu idt la 30%), d
riiiit sd' khu vflc cd ham Iflpng I trong dat dfldi 2,8ppm thi sd
ngi.ldi bi benh nay len den 80%.
Sfl thieu h u t id't trong cd the ngfldi cd the do 2 nguyen
nh.an: Mdt la ham Iflpng I trong ciic thiinh phan mdi trfldng,
t:-0)ng thflc an va nfldc udng thap. Nguyen nhiin thfl hai la trong

289
thflc an, nfldc udng va mdi trfldng ndi chung cd sfl dfl thfla hoac
thieu mot so nguyen to' khac can trd sfl hdp thu 1. Chiing ban
neu thfla Mn, thieu Cu vk Co trong ngudn thflc an se can trd sfl
hdp thu dang ke I trong cd the ngfldi.
Cd nhieu bien phap phdng chdng benh thieu idt nhu bd sung 1
vao thflc an (mudi, nfldc mdm, thflc an khd...) hoac iin cac thflc iin
giau I (rong bien, ca bien, v.v...) va cac bien phap khac.

6.2.2. Dia hoa moi trifdng c u a lflu h u y n h igS^^*^"

Lflu huynh fS) la nguyen to' tieu bieu va quyet dinh dac
tinh ciia mdi trfldng sdng. S cd nhieu ddng vi:
8'" (95,1%); S ' ' (0,74%) ; S'" (4,20%) ; S"' (0,16%).
Hoa tri ciia S cd the la -2, 0, +4, +6, trong dd quan trcng
nhat la S^ va S**. Gifla chflng cd mdi quan he phflc tap (xem
hinh 6. 2).

Hinh 6.2. Moi quan he giiira cac dang hoa trj

khac nhau cua luu huynh

1- Oxy hoa do vi khuSn hao khi. 4- Phan Ling trao ddi.

2- KhU nhd vi khuin ky khi. 5- Phan hu^
3- Oxy hoa nhd vi khuSn hao khi 6- KhCr do vi khuSn ky khi
7- Oxy hoa do vi khuSn hao khi.

290
 Clac (^ua S trong vd Trai Dat la 4.7.10-2%, hiim Iflpng S
tnmg thien thach da 2,0%. Ham Ifldng cua S trong ciic hdp phdn
khac nhfl sau (% trpng Ifldng):
Dii sieu bazd 1.10 Trong dat 8.5.101
Dii bazd 3.10 Sinh quyen 5.10^,
Da trung tinh 2.10 Thuy quyen 8,9.10 ^
Da axit 4.10 Con ngfldi 6.4.10'^
Dii tram tich (set \va phien set) 3.10'
S phan bd'kha ddng deu trong cac loai da macma nhflng cd
ham Iflpng tang cao trong da tram tich va thuy quyen. Ham
lupng S trong sinh quyen xap xi gifi tri clac. Nhfl vay he so'biofil
ciia S gan biing Cl (1,1) va oxy (1,5). Lflu huynh tao thanh 369
khoang vat ddc lap trong dd quan trpng.nhat la khoang vat
sunfua va sunfat.
Ngudn cap S trong mdi trfldng la cac thanh tao chfla sunfua
(md sunfua, cac da chfla sunfua, xac thflc vat ...) nui Ifla va dac
biet la boat ddng nhan smb.

Ngudn dfl trfl S chu yeu t&p trung trong thach quyen
(24,1.10'^kg), dac biet la trong dii bien chat va da tram tich
(5 - 11,4.10'* kg) va trong ddt (2,4.10'%g) (bang 6.5).
Gifla cac hpp phdn mdi trfldng ludn cd sfl chuyen hoa lflu
huynh cho nhau (hinh 6.3). Khdi Ifldng chuyen boa S gifla cac
hdp phdn mdi trfldng thfldng ty le (hoac gan vdi ty le) vdi khdi
hfdng cua S trcng cac hdp phdn mdi trfldng tfldng flng. Mat
khiic boat ddng nhan sinh da lam thay ddi rat manh sfl phan bd
v,-i chuyen hoa 8 gifla cac hdp phdn mdi trfldng.

291
 Bang 6.7. Khoi li/dng cua S trong cac h(3p phan chinh cua moi trUdig
(Freney va Tsudinger, 1986)

Hpp phan mdi trudng Khoi lifOng S (Kg)

1. Khi quyen 3,6.10''

2 Thuy quyen 1,3.10'»
- Oai dUdng 1,2.10'«
- Sinh vat bien 2,4.10'°
- Nudc ngot 3,0.10'^
- Bang 6,0.10'^
3. Thach quyen 24,1,10"
- Oa macma 5,0.10"
- Oa bien chat 11,4,10'^
- Oa tram tich 7,7.10'^
-*- Tram tich mudi 5,1.10"
+ Phien set 2,0.10"
-t- Oa vdi 0,1 10'=
+ Cat kei 0,3.10'*
- Dat 2,4.10'"

+ Vat chSi hiiu cd 1,0.10'^

4. Sinh quyen 7.6.10'='

8 trong ddt da. quang dfldi tac ddng cua qua trinh pi ong
hoa, hoat dpng cua vi sinh vat cd the bi chuyen hoa tfl t^ang
thai it linh dpng sang trang thai linh diing. tfl dang hoa tri may
sang dang boa tri khac (hinh 6. 3).

29i
 Hinh 6.3. .Su chuyen hda S giijra cac hcJp phan moi trudng
(Theo Trudiger, 1986)
Con so chi khdi lUdng chuyen hda S (10'^g S/nam)

N'hin chung. trong mdi trfldng khii S tdn tai d dang it linh
d(»ng. trong mdi tritdng oxy hoa S d dang SOf' rat linh ddng.
Khi nui Ilia chfla H^S va SC).^ va qua trinh oxy hoa chung tao ra
S o , ' . Mdt phdn wSO," tfl phun trao dfldi nfldc dflpc gifl lai d dd.
Flian S 0 | - tao ra trong qua trinh phong hoa tfl cac dii chfla
S hoiic quang sunfua se theo nfldc mat chuyen ra bien. Nfldc
mua vung khi hau ban ddi gidu SO4' hdn vflng nhiet ddi
(n.lO ' mg/l). Nfldc sdng chfla SO.,- tfl n.lO V l (vung nhiet ddi)
(toil n.lO 'g/l (vflng khi hau khd). 0 vflng khi hau nhiet ddi S di
chuven vii phan tan manh hdn ra khdi dat va phdn tren vd
phong lioii. Do dd ddt d diiy ngheo S hdn d vung klii hiiu khd
iKing. S tap trung trong ddi oxy hoii khoang san sunfua (do lam

293
giau thfl sinh) va trong vung phat t n e n da thach cao cui ca
vung nhiet ddi idn han ddi (dfldi dang MS hoac CaSO.,).
Trong mdi trfldng ddt 8 tham gia vad nhieu phan fln; va
qua trinh khac nhau. 8 dfldc dfla vao dat tfl ngudn nhan sirh la
chu yeu (hinh 6.4) . Trong dat 8 tham gia vi:io qua t i n h
chuyen hda trong thflc vat, ddng vat rdi cudi cung trd lai .1;'^.
Phdn bd sung S cho mdi trfldng ddt la phdng hda, idng dpn? tfl
khi quyen, phan bdn, thudc bao ve thflc vkt. phan giai xac cdng
vat, thflc vat va vat lieu hflu cd. Riia trdi, n i a lua hda hp- va
r^a troi do nfldc mfla cung nhfl hap phu bdi thflc vat va cac qua
trinh khac lam giam ham Iflpng S trong mdi trfldng.

Khoing vat
Khodng vat trong dat
trong dat

Luu huynh
(S)
Hinh 6.4. Chu trinh S trong moi trUdng dat (Theo Bradry, 1994)
S cung cd kha nang tich luy nang Ifldng m a t trdi khi diui
sunfat, thanh tad H2S va cac sunfua. Nang Ifldng dd do S ich

9.94
luy (tu(Jc gnii phdng khi oxy hoa sunfua. H^S vii (S) nguyen to
lflu huynh.
Hoat ddng nhan sinh da thay ddi dang tdn tai. cfldng dp di
chuyen cua S. Phdn Idn khi SOj, 80^ trong khi quyen vii thuy
(juytm lii san pham boat ddng cdng nghiep. Hang nam con ngfldi
khai thiic tren 25 trieu tan S (trong dd 10,4 trieu tan S; 6,2
tri()ii tan S tfl FeS^..) nen he so technofil cua 8 la-4.10''*. S dfldc
dung nhieu trong ndng nghiep (phan bdn). trong luyen kim. cac
nha may dien. van tai dfldng sat. Hang niim cd khoang 20 trieu
Liin SO^ dudc thai viio khi quyen tfl nhii may nhiet dien dung
than. Cfl sau khoang 100 nam Ifldng S trdng khi quyen lai tang
gap ddi. Hien nay tdng Ifldng S ma con ngfldi thai vao khi quyen
khoang 1.5. 10"kg/nam

S vdi ham Ifldng cao cd tac hai tdi thflc vat va con ngfldi
nhat. la d dang SO;,. SOv,, H2S0,,,...(xem d nhiem khi quyen).
T,-ing SO,,"^ trong dat lii bieu hipn cua phen hoa cd h;u cho cay
trdng.
Sunfua dioxyt (SOM) la mdt trong nam thanh phan dflpc chu
y nha't khi nghien cflu d nhiem mdi trfldng. 80^ tac ddng len cd
quan hd ha'p, tang trd khang ciia khdng khi, lam dau day thdn
kmh. thanh quan, gay co thdt thanh quan, viem phdi, va tfl
vong... Mflc dp tac dpng ciia SO2 len he hd hdp phu thudc vao
ndng dp SO.,: khi ndng dp 80v = 5ppm thi hdu het mpi ngfldi bi
kich thich, mot sd ngfldi man cam cd the bi kich thich khi ndng
dp thap hdn (80.^ = 1 - 2ppm); cdn khi SO.^ = 5 - lOppm thi bi cc
thdt thanh quan, 8 0 ^ = SOOppm se gay chet ngfldi. 6 nhiem mdi
trucing bdi SO.^ da gay ra nhieu tham hoa nghitim tnmg

295
tSng cfldng khi dp dm khdng khi tang len vi cd phan ing
SO2 -+- HvO -> H28O:, tao ra axit bam tren la.
Tham hpa SO2 the hien ro nhdt khi cd cac tran mfla jxit
lam chet cay trdng va de boa nghiem trpng ckc sinh vat titiii
nfldc. Vl nhflng tac ddng nguy hiem va phd bien nen viec qian
ly, thu gom mpi ngudn thai chfla S phai dfldc dac biet lflu y.
Bang 6. 8. Mot so thim hoa do 6 nhiem 802 trong khong khi gay ra/1

Nam Oia diem Hau qua dddc ghi nhan

12/1930 Mense River Chuyen dong nhiet li/u gifl SO^, 60 ngidi
chet, mdt sd sue vat bi chet
10/1948 Donora Sd ngifdi nhilm doc den 40%, 20 ngi/di :het
Pennsylvania, My
12/1952 London Dao Idn nhiet dd, sifdng mu day dSr
12/1952 London Khoang 3500 - 4000 ngi/di chet
01/1956 London Khoang 180-200 ngi/di chet
12/1957 Sd ngiidi chet chu yeu (60%) a Ifla tuoi ^0

6.2,3. Dia hoa moi trfldng cua thuy ngan (Hg) aoHg^**

Thuy ngan dfldc ngfldi Trung Qudc biet den tfl the ky 11
trfldc Cdng nguyen. Hg la kim loai duy nha't d trang thai kng
trong dieu kien binh thfldng, cd so thfl tfl 80 trong bang t i d n
hoan, nguyen tii Ifldng 200,6. Hg cd 7 ddng vi:
Ddng vi: Hg^°« , Hg-"^ , Hg'«« , Hg^"' . H g " " . Hg'-"^ , Hg'^'
% : 23,1 29,8 16.84 13,22 10,02 0,86 0,1'
Hg cd nhiet dp sdi cao (356,58°C) nhflng rat de bay hds vi
nhiet dp ddng dac thdp (• 38,87°C).
Ban kinh nguyen txi cua Hg (R„g) = 1,5A (lA = lO'^mm), tiia
Hg^* la 1,12A. Hg^* dd dang hi cac ion cd ban kinh xdp xi t l a y
the ddng hinh nhfl Ag'^ (1.13). Cd-* (1.03), Bi'*(l,l).

296
 The ion hoa cua Hg rat cao: 1,,^* = 10.04. 1|,^2* = 29,06. cao
hon he ion hoa cua Au. Ag. Nhflng vi de bay hdi nen it gap Hg
d (la lg til sinh so v(ii Au va Ag.
'lac cua Hg lii 8,3.10''%>. Cd ttii 99,98% Hg ttSn tai d dang
pli.-ii: tan. Chi cd 0.02%Hg tdn tai d dang khoang vat. Trong so
20 Ihoang vat cua Hg thi kinova (than sa, HgS) la phd bien
nha:. Tdiig trfl Ifldng Hg trong vd Tnii Dal la 1,6.10'"T. Hg
pha 1 bd kha ddng deu trong cac loai da macma nhfl sieu bazd
(1 1(V"%,). bazd (9.10''%)), trung tinh (6.10%) va axit (8.10*^%).
Hg :iip trung trong cac quang nhiet dich nhiet dp thdp (150" -
50") Vi set hap phu nhieu Hg nen ham Ifldng Hg trong da tram
tich set kha cao (9.10''%). Nhflng tram tich bun bien hien dai lai
mrQi Hg(1.10'% ). Ham Ifldng Hg trong nfldc be mat khoang
1. U '%. trong nfltic bien !a 3.10"% vdi he sd talasofil = 4 , 1 0 '
Hg la nguyen td de bay hdi nen ludn co mat trong khi
quyen. (Jac ddng vi nhii cua Hg thfldng tiip trung nhieu hdn
troi g khi (juyen vung nui Ifla vii vung sudi nfldc ndng vdi ndng
d(\ oen 0.02pg/m''. Tuy nhien, neu khdng cd sfl can thiep ciia con
nt^Uti thi khi quyen vdn khdng bi nhiem bdn bdi thuy ngan vi
Hg :fl khi quyen theo nfldc mfla di vao thuy quyen va thach
quyen hinh thanh vdng tudn hoan Hg tfldng ddi can bdng
(hinh 6. 5).
Ngudn cap Hg quan trpng la boat dpng nui liia: fldc tinh cd
tdi 1 hoang 100.000 tan Hg bdc hdi tfl cac nfli liia. Nhfl vay bdng
con dfldng tfl nhien, thuy ngan dfldc tap trung chu yeu d vung
cd (uang nhiet dich (dac biet la quang kindva), vung cd nhieu
trdn tich set. Tuy nhien, do boat ddng nhan sinh ma Hg dfldc
tap trung va phan tan ra cac khu vflc khac nhau cua mdi
trijfng.

297
 Thai ra Khf quyen

Hoat ddnq sinh vat

Bay hdi
Sinh quyen
__ A iSnq

Qua trinh nhiet dich

Hoat ddnq sinh vat Thuy quyen
Thai
Hoat dcng
ntJi Ifla

Phong hoa

i
L ^m giau

Tram tich Da macma

Oa ndng
chay

Hinh 6. 5. Vdng tuan hoiin sinh thai cua Hg

(theo Rankama va Sahama)

Hoat dpng khai thac Hg dfldc biet den tfl the ky 5 trudc
Cdng nguyen. Ngay nay ngfldi ta che tao va dfla vao sfl dung
nhieu hdp chdt mdi chfla Hg trong ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep. y
hpc, v.v..., lam cho he sd technofil cua Hg len tdi 5.10*. Linh vflc
khai thac va sii dung Hg chu yeu la: Khai thac quang Hg, luyen
kim, tinh che Au, san xudt den cao ap Hg, cdng tdc dien, san
xudt clo va NaOH bang phfldng phap dien phan sii dung dien
cflc Hg; San xuat thud'c trfl sau, diet cd, thudc chdng nam hao
quan hat gid'ng.

298
 Kim loai Hgp chat

Cac ngainh Cong nghiep

Rang san xuat clo
.ong nghiep khac

204 1778 1574

Nudc
Khdng khi Hg'',CH3Hg- Oat Cac ddi
tUdng

Sinh vat
du-oi nydc
Rau qua
Gia cam

Thuc
pham

20 ng/ngay

Con ngUdi

Nghe nghiep My pham

<280
ng/ngay

Hinh 6. 6. Chu trinh sinh thai Hg va s i / t h a m nhap cua Hg vao ngi/di

(theo Douglas, 1972 va Gary, 1994). So lieu tren hinh tinh bang 1000 Ib/nSm
(trCr nhOmg ndi da ghi ro ddn vj,1lb=0,454kg)

299
 Metyl nitril Hg CH3 - Hg - C = N
Metyl dixyan diamit Hg:
H N — H

CH3 - H g -- N - - C — NH,
1 1
1 1
N — NHCN
Metyl axetat Hg:
^ 0
CH3 - Hg -
0CH3
Etyl clorua Hg:
C.H., ^- Hg -^ Cl
Gieo hat gid'ng da dflpc xfl ly bang cac hoa chat ndi tren len
dien tich Idn se dan den sfl phan tan rdng cua Hg.
Ccic hoat ddng nhan sinh da thai vao mdi trfldng khdng khi.
nfldc, ddt, trdm tich Iflpng Idn thuy ngan. Nfldc thai nha may.
khu cdng nghiep va dd thi cd the chfla Hg gap 10 lan nfldc tfl
nhien (0.001 - O.OOOlppm). Hang nam do cac boat dting nhiin
sinh 8 tan Hg dfldc tung vao khi quyen. cd 5.000 tan Hg dfldc bd
sung vao nfldc bien, tfldng dfldng Ifldng Hg do cac quii trinh tfl
nhien cung cdp (cung 5.000 tan Hg/nam). Khi thuy ngan hap
thu trong tram tich cua cac ngudn nfldc, se dan dan dflpc giai
phdng Hg vao nfldc va gay nen sfl nhidm bdn thfldng xuyen va
lau dai sau khi ngudn d nhiem ban ddu cua Hg da dflpc loai trfl.
Tfl mdi trfldng, thdng qua chudi chflc an Hg tham nhap vao
cd the ngfldi, hoan thien them vdng tudn hoan sinh thiii cua Hg
(hinh 6. (>).

300
 Tdc dung sinh hod cua Hg
'Vac dung sinh boa cflng nhfl tinh ddc cua thuy ngiin phu
thudc nhieu vao dang tdn tai cua nd trong mdi trfldng vii con
ngfldi (bang 6.7)
Hg tdn tai d dang nguyen tii. khdng dpc hai. Hg kim loai hi
riuiit viio bung se khdng tieu boa, ma hi dao thai ra ngoai.
Nhung hdi thuy ngan lai rat d()c. neu hit phai thi hdi Hg di vao
rnau. huy hoai manh he than kmh trung fldng. Hg./"^ it ddc, hoa
tau kem. khi bi nudt vao da day se gap ciic ion Cl tao ket tua
Hg. Cl.j khdng ddc. Cdn Hg^* cd kha nang metyl hoa rat cao.
Hg-' de hoa tan trong cac md md va cfl tru" lai trong dd, de lien
ket vdi S trong protein ddng thdi nd cung tao lien ket vdi
hemoglobin va albinmin huyet thanh. Tuy nhien ion Hg^"^ khdng
(ie dang tti qua cac mang sinh hpc nen rat khd thiim nhap vao
Ccic t,e bao sinh vat.

Bang 6.9. Dang ton tai va tinh chat doc hai cua Hg/16, 20/

Dang t o n tai cua Hg Tinh chai ddc hai

t-l(j (kitn loai) Trd va khong dpc
Hg (hOi) Do bay hdi cao, neu hit phai thi rat doc (tac dung
len nao)
H g / ' (!) (thudng phd' Tao hdp chat khdng tan vdi clorua. dpc tinh thap
bien Hg.Clj)
Hg" Rat dpc, khdng de dang chuyen qua cac mang
sinh hoc
RHg* (hcJp chat cd thuy Cd ddc tinh rat cao, ddc tinh dSc biet cao khi d
ngan) dang C H j H g ' , gay nguy hiem cho day than kinh 1
chieu, rat nguy hiem cho nao, de chui qua mang
sinh hoc, thUdng c d tru trong cac md md
RjHg (hap chat cd Hg) Dp doc thap nhi/ng the hien tinh doc khi nd bien
thanh RHg" , dac biet la trong mdi trudng axit
trung tinh vi phan flng sinh hoa xay ra nhanh.
HgS Ton tai trong mdi trudng dat, tram tich, do hoa tan
kem va khdng ddc.

301
 Dac biet ddc la metyl thuy ngan (CH;,Hg*). Nd hoii toiin tdt
trong md, trong phdn hpit (chat beo) cua mang te bao va de
tham nhap vao cac md ciia nao. Khi CH, Hg* tham nhap va hoa
tan d cac bd phan ciia cd the ngfldi nd se tdn tai d dd trnng thdi
gian dai. Nhiem dec thuy ngan xay ra khi cd khoang 0.5p[)ni
(Hg*) trong mau. Dac biet nguy hiem cho phu nfl cd thai nhiem
chat nay vi nd so di chuyen vao bao thai thdng qua nhau.
CH:,Hg* lien ket vdi mang te bao nen nd ngan can sfl viin
chuyen cha't dudng vao trong te bao vii chi cho phep K* di (pia.
Chinh su ngan can nay dan den tinh trang thieu hut nang
Ifldng cfla te iiao lam hdn loan viec truyen cac xung kich thii h
than kinh. Dit-u dd giai thiVh vi sao tre sinh ra do mc nhicm de'ic
metyl thuy ngan (^3 chflng benh than kinh nhfl te liet niio. [ihaii
xa than kmh kem. co giat. (^H;Hg* liim cho ciic nhiem sac the bi
phan lap va bi be gay ngay trong te bao. diin tdi sfl ngan can
qua trinh phiin chia te bao.
Qua trinh metyl hoa thuy ngan trong thuc pham lii hiicic
khdi dau dan den ngd ddc thuy ngiin.
Nha may boa chat thai Hg d dang Hg-*, Hg.,-* vao ndi5>c
nhflng lai tim thay CHjHg* d trong thflc pham. Mot phdn ion
Hg-*, Hg2~* chuyen hoa thanh CH,Hg* la do tac ddng cua vi
sinh vat hiem khi cd kha nang tdng htip metan trong nu'i'ic. Qu.a
trinh chuyt'^n hoii nay xay ra rat nhanh khi cd mat ciia Co(in )
chfla coeiizym vitamin B12. Chinh metyl thuy ngan dii tham gi.a
vao chudi thflc an thdng qua sinh vat trdi ndi vii diWc tiii) trunjg
d ca vdi ndng dp gap 1000 lan hoac hdn so vdi luc dau (x(>in
hinh 6.7).

302
 Hinh 6. 7 Co che tich luy Hg trong chuoi thflc an

.Mill viiy ndng dp thuy ngiin dfldc tiing nhanh d mdi mflc
iiong (-Inidi thflc an ngav i-a trong mdi tru'dng khdng nhiem ban
lie. Thuy ngiin cd mat tnaig nuii trfldng khdng hi d nhiem Hg.
iliiiv ngan lii nguyt"-!! lu phan tan trong nhieu hdp jilian cua mdi
inidng \'a su chuydn ima lliuy ngan trong i hudi thflc an tia tdn
'r.w i-;'ii lau tru'di- kill i-dng nghid)) phat tnen. Dieu tld dflpc khang
'linh qu.-i ket qua ph,-in iich ca(- ca Idn thdi xa xUa (lfl(;lc lflu gifl d
cai- i'.io tiing. Hoal ddng .-^an xuat cdng nghii'p da cfldng hoii quti

303
trinh liim giau va chuyen boa Hg trong mdi trfldng sdng n'li
chung trong chudi thflc an va tham nhap Hg vao ngfldi nii
rieng. Cac qua trinh tfl nhien (qua trinh tram tich. sinh hoc. )
tang cfldng chuyen boa thuy ngan, tang kha nang di chuyci.
tang dpc tinh thuy ngan.
Nhiem ddc thuy ngiin da gay ra cac tham hoa mdi tru'drg
chdn ddng the gidi. Nam 1960 cac nha may thai Hg-* vao v u h
Minamata (Nhat Ban). Hai san d day hap thu cdng don Hg qi.a
chudi thflc an lam cho ham Iflpng Hg dat t(ii 27 - 102ppm. Dan
quanh vinh ndi tren an phai loai ca nhiem dtic Hg da bi ngd doc
chet tdi 300 ngfldi, hang tram ngUdi phai di cap cflu benh vu}:i.
Dac biet la tre sd sinh cua cac ba me ngd ddc thuy ngan c(') 1 e
than kinh hi tdn thudng nang. Nam 1960 cd 221 ngfldi hi nf:d
ddc thuy ngan (sungicide gianosan) nang phai dfla vao benh
vien d Baghdad. Nam 1965 d Ouatemala cd 45 ngfldi bi ngd dec
thuy ngan trong dd cd 20 ngfldi chet. Nam 1972 d Irac cd 500
ngfldi chet va 600 ngudi hi ngd dpc thuy ngan do an banh nn
lam tfl hot my nhiem thud'c trfl sau cd chfla thuy ngan d dang
phflc cd kim. Cdn nhieu trfldng hdp ngd ddc Hg khac nfla giiv
nhieu hau qua Idn va liiu dai cho con ngfldi.

Kiem soat, quan ly chat che va nghiem ngat ngudn thai

chfla Hg la dieu dac biet quan trpng de ngan chan nhiem dpc
thuy ngan. Uy ban bao ve mdi trfldng cua My va Thuy Dien da
de nghi cac nguyen tdc ngan chan nhiem ban mdi trfldng btii Hg
nhfl sau: khdng sfl dung dien cflc Hg trong cac nha may san
xudt clo va xut an da. Nen sfl dung cdng nghe mdi cho muc dich
nay; cam set dung tat ca thudc trfl sau loai ankyl thuy ngan; <ac

304
I hiiiir- tru' ,-^;au (-hfla Hg khiic pluii dfldc sii d u n g han cht' () nhflng
\iiiiL' (lUi.fc hia (-hon k y . v v .

(5.2.4. D i a h o a nidi t r f l d n g c u a a s e n isAs'*'"*""

.Asf'n la nguyiMi td cd n h i e u t i n h c h a t ddi lap. la (lp(- td r a t

niiuih. la i-hiit d a c hict (-an thiet k h d n g t h e t h a y tht-.
.-\.-^cn la kim loai k h d n g (lien h i n h m a u x a m . niiu den de bay
lidi \ a rat doi-. .-Xs cd mdt ddng vi vflng ben lii A s ' ' .

Trong tu nhii'-n cd t h e g a p .As d cac hoa tri khac n h a u :

. \ s ' ' f.-\s(),) va As'iAs.X);:). hii'm hdn As*-(AsS). Ban kinh cua
.\.-' • la (1.1(i.-\. i-ua A.s" la 0.58A. de d a n g t h a y the ddng hinh cho
S. Sh, H;. V \-., .-Xs lit nguven tiV chancofil. de cho hdp chii't vdi 8.
.•^c, Tc tai) th.-'inh cac sunfua. sunfo mudi. tlac diet lii vdi Cu, Fe,
Nl. Co, .-\s i-o 140 khocing vat dpc lap. t r o n g dd q u a n t r p n g n h d t
'a acs('n<)()it-il (FoAsS). r e a n g a (AsS) va ocpimcn (AsS.). Ngoai
-'.i .\s i-nn (-() mat t r o n g cac k h o a n g vat k h a c nliu' pyrit, v.v...

Clac cua .-\s lii 2.10 '"o. Hiim lUdng cua As trong thitm t h a c h
^iit lii O.oaO",,. t h i e n t h a c h dii 2 0 . ] 0 ' ' % , t r o n g da su'ni bazd 5.10
"M.. (la t),i/.o 2.-1.10 '%. da t r u n g t i n h 2 . 4 . 1 0 ' % . dii axit 1.5.10"%..
,ta t r a m tich 6.6.10"%, t r o n g d a t 5 . 1 0 ' % . As dfltic t a p t r u n g
trong (-lie t h a n h tao giau viit lieu hflu cd nhfl phien set (5-15.10
'"n). phidn set lan t h a n . dai- biet la bfln b i e n d . K ) ' %). H a m
luong /\s t r o n g ilat den giiiu c h a t m u n cao hdn dat podzol. Nfldc
liicn ngin-o .-\si:i7.10 ' %)

.N.mion i-ap .-\s chu yeu t r o n g mdi trfldng la cac md. cac da va
klioam: v,-ii (-hfla As cung nhfl b o a t thing nui Ifla. Trong q u a
I rinh pliong hoa cat- da vii rpiiing . As t h e hien tinh chiit hai

305
mat cua minh: mdt mat As (nhiit lii As'') rat hnh ddng. mat
khiic As cd kha nang tfldng tac vdi nhieu nguyen to' tao cac hi.tp
chat cd d(i boa tan khac nhau. Mdt phan As linh ddng dfltic hoii
tan mang ra khdi VPH. vao nfltic mat. nfltic ngam va ra bien.
Phdn khac cua As tao cac khoang vat thfl sinh tap trung tiong
VPH nhfl skorodit (FeAsO,.2H..O), a.senat ciia Pb (mmnctezit).
cua Nl (annabergit). v.v... Sfl cd mat H2S(J|. Fe.^tSO,), vii
H:,As{), thuc day sfl di chuyen va phan tan As . cdn Pb. Ni, Co
va keo hydroxyt Fe'* kim ham di (huyen As vi tao vdi As h(.:ip
chat khd hoii tan. Viit chat hflu cd cung tYi kha ni'ing hap phu va
tich luy asen. Dieu do giai thich vi sao As tap trung cao ii-orig
tdng mun cua dat diui. trong ciic da phien set than, v.v Dat vii
nfldc vung cd mil Ifla. nha't la cd nfltic khoang di kem. thudng
giau As hdn cac vflng khac. Qua trinh khu keo hvdrd.xyt Ft- '
hoac oxy hda cac khoang vat chu'a .\s trong tram luh i hudng la
ngudn cap As cho nfldc ngam nhu ddi vdi vung Hii \ -i v.ii vung
tay Bengac

Hoat ddng con ngfldi cung thuc day sfl phan tiin .As. Khai
thac. die bien. viin chuyen quang chfla As phan tan As vdi khdi
Iflpng Idn. As dfltic dflng rdng rai trong luyen kim. cdng nghiep
ban drill, nhiin quang dien, thutic chfla benh, thudc trfl sau. duel-
ed va chat ddC boa htic. Viec su dung .\s vao cac muc dich nay t.1a
phat tan va 1,-im d nhiem mdi tru'dng btii As tren then rdng Idui.
Ddt xung (luanh cic nha may dien dung than thfldng hi d iihieim
nang bdi As. vv. As tu' mdi trudng tham nhap vao ve-i the ngu'idi
chu yen (pia chudi thflc an va niKic udng (hinh 6. 8).

306
 As trong da. riuang
( A s ' ' . A s " , As'")

Khi nuyon t3ong vat

VPH. dat,
(As") ThUc '/at

^
NUdc
ngam

1 Con ngUdi va
Hon! dong 5inh vat
NUdc mat luc hoat dong nhan
rlij'ci
mil lua. dia, (As'") smh
IlU'-)i
As' •
11 il

Tram tich

Oa tram
tich

Ni/dc bien

Hinh 6.8. So do vdng tuan hoan cua asen trong mdi tru'dng

307
 Do ban chiit hoa hpc va sinh hoa ma As dfldc sfl tlung vao
hai muc dich triii ngUpc nhau: liim thud'c chfla benh khdng
the thay the dfldc va lam chat ddc dac biet nguy hiem. As dudi
dang hdp chat cd kim dfldc dflng lam thud'c (nhfl xanvarxan.
novaprecenol. miapcenol) chfla ht^nli thfldng ban, s(it ret. tluKX'
dac tri sau rang, thudc chfla benh ngoai da. Cac hpp chai vd
cd cua As nhfl asenit kali (KAsO^). hidroasenat natri
(Na2HAsO,.7HjO), anhydrydasen (AsO,) cd tac dung kim ham
bdt qua trinh oxy hoii trong cd the, thflc day qua trinh tao mau.
Nfltic khoang chfla As vdi ham Ifldng vfla phai lii loai nifric
khoang quy hiem du'ilc dung rai nhieu de chfla benh vii taiig
cfldng sflc khoe.
Dieu dac biet la As lai cdn dU(.)c dung tao ra cac hdp chai ' d
dtic tinh cflc cao. trong rat nhieu loai thuoc d()c. vii khi boa hoc
Trong sd'cac hdp chat cua Asen thi A s " cd tinh ddc cao nhiit. Ba
tac dung sinh hoti chinh ciia As ddc tti la: tgo phdc vdi coenzvin:
phd huy qua trinh jihdt phiit boa: 1dm ddng tu protein (Pham
Hflng Viet. 1996).
As' the hien tinh ddc bang viec tdn cdng \en ciic nhdm -,'-^Fl
cua cac enzym, lam can trd boat ddng cua enzym theo sd dd s,i u
[14]:
SH
[Enzym] / " \ A O
SM O^ As -

S
[Enzym] (^ ^ As - O + 20H
\ S -^

Cac enzym san sinh nang Iflting cua tc biio trong chu t n n h
cua axit vitric hi iinh huting rat Idn bdi su" cd mat cua As. F n z . m

308
 .(• hi uv i-lic do Viet- tao phut- vdi-.-\s" liim cho tluK'u- t i n h siin
,-i!ih p h a n tii (-ua .ATP ( a d e n o z m t n p h o t p h a t ) hi n g a n can. Cd
I lie t h a \ ' duoi- hum tifdng niiy khi nghi('n cflu sii p h a t t n e n s m h
ho;i (-na chiit tao n a n g Ifldng chu yeu lii .ATP Mdt giai doan
iHi;iii t r o n g t r o n g (juii t r i n h hinh t h a n h vii phat t n e n cua A T P
iii long hop e n z y m cua ]..'5 - dijihotpho glyxiM-at tU g l y x e r a l d e h y t
'•'> p h o t p h a t , .'\sen se tao ra l'ars(mo-3-ph()tphoglyxcrat giiy can
t lo f'lai (loan nav.

HS- (Ti
/ ()- I"
(I
0
.KCilll
t)- I
H S - CH
I
CH
I" (CH,,)4
I
CH
i" c=o
CH \
r Protein
CH A

r
CH

C = 0
t
Protein Phflc bi t h u d o n g
dih\-drohpoir axit - protein hoa cua protein va asen

C^-ia t r i n h p h o t p h o hoa dutJc t h a y b a n g asen hda. Q u a t r i n h

tluiv t h e nay k e m theo sfl t h u y p h a n tfl nhien tao t h a n h 3-
p h o i p h o g l v x c r a t va asen nhfl sd dd dfldi day[14]:

309
 CH2- OPO32- CH2- OPOg'-^-
„ ' _„ phot phat qua trinh phu. (lAn
H-C-OH • H - C - OH J.
I I dgn tao thanh ATP
C= O C= o
I I
H OPHa^-
glyxeraldehyt l,3diphotpho
3-photphat glyxcrat

CK2 - OPOa-
OH ». .3photi)ho[tlvxfrat
..„
c—
H - C1 X ' •« . .1. . • . n,,,"*" arson it
ngftn can vi§c tao thanh ATF
C =• 0
1
0 - As =1 0
^0-
l-asen-3-photphoglyxerat

As'* d ndng dp cao liim ddng tu cac protein, cd le la do As

pha buy cac lien ket nhdm sulphur cd chflc nang bao toan cac
cau true bac 2 va 3.
Trong vu khi hoa hpc ngfldi ta hay dung cac hdp chii't cua
As nhfl apsin (AsHs). Day la chat ddc nhdt trong tat ca cac hdp
chat cua As: neu hit thd khdng khi chfla 0,5pg AsH/l trong mia
gid thi sau vai ngay se hi nhiem ddc toan than. As d ndng dp
5pg/l gay tfl vong ngay lap tflc. Cac phan tii AsH, "bao vay hdng
cdu". lam xuat hien trong mau peroxyt hydro (H.^0._,) cd tac dung
pha huy mau. Chdt nay cdn dac biet nguy hiem d chd cac thiet
bi chdng ddc dung than boat tinh khdng ngan can diWc sfl tham
nhap cua AsH, vao ngfldi. Cac asenid vdi kim loai khac cflng
dfldc cci la vu khi giet ngfldi hang Inat. Cac hdp chat hflu cd As

310
nliu diphiMiylarsin - ((-,,H,-,)._,AsCl vii diphenylsianarsin •
iC, 11,) ..As('N (-flng du'oc dung lam chat dpc hoii hpc, cd tac dung
;:av kich thich rat khd (-hiu. Khi bi nhiem cac chat neu tren thi
iiH'in mac- hi phii huy. chay nfliic miit lii'^n tuc. ho. non mfla, giiy
i-am giiic- hoang loan, liim kiet sflc vii chet. Liufit cung la chat
il'M- nguy hiem vi nd () dang sfldng. long cd the tham nhap qua
il.i gav ngd d(}c toiin than cho nen ngfldi My gpi liuiit la loai
"silling chtit ngfldi".
Ciic (-hat chdng dgc As la cac hoii chii't cd nhdm -SH cd kha
nang tao hen ket vdi A s " nhfl dimercapLopropanol chang han.

SH - ( T { , - C H - C H , ( ) H

SH
Sfl hen ket vdi nhdm -SH da liim giam tinh ddc cua As rat
nhidu, Ciich chting dpi- As uit nhat quan iy cue ky nghiem ngiil
iiioi hpi) chii't chfla As. mpi ngudn thai cd As bang mdt bd luat
(l.ic hiet ,

G.2.5. Dia hoa mdi tru'dng cua chi K2Ph'""'"*

(*hi lii kim loai miiu xiini phdt xanh, mem, cd ty trpng cao.
Chi CO 5 ddng vi. trong dd cd 4 ddng vi vflng ben

pb204 , i
Dong v[ Pb''"^ Pb'"' Pb^
1
Nijuon goc Nguyen sinh ; Do U ' * phan ra Do U"' phan ra Do Th™ phan I
ra 1
.. lYle'%. ... 1,48 I 23,60 1 22,60 52,30

Dua \-ae) thanh phan ddng vi ciia chi cd the xiic dinh dfltic
ii;di va ngudn g(i'c cua da. khoang vat.

311
 Trong tfl nhien chu yeu gap chi d dang hoa tri -i-2, riit ucm
khi gap d dang hda tri -i-4 (nhfl PhO.,, PbaO,). Hpp chat cui I'h
rai khd tan nen trong tfl nhien gap rdt nhieu cac niuti va
sunfua mudi ciia chi.
Ban kinh ion cua Pb-* la 1,32A'', nen Pb"* cd the t h a ' the
cho Sr''* (1.27A°). Ba-* (1.13A"). K* (1.33A^') va Ca ••'*(1.06 A")
Chi vfla cd tinh chancofil vfla cd tinh litofil. Lii nguy-ii to
chancofil, chi tao nen hdp chdt ddn gian vdi S, Se, To. suifua
mudi v.v... La nguyen i-d litofil, Pb tham gia vao thanh phas cua
cac khoang viit tao da nhfl silicat va alumosilicat (cung vd Ca
Mn, Fe, K), cac khoang vat halogen (cung vtii Cu). ciii- kh)ang
vat oxit, manganit. cacbonat va photphat (cung vdi As. V Cu
Zn. Mn, Fe v.v..).
(^lac cua chi la 1.6.10 ''',), ham Ifldng Pb trong thien tiiach
da la 2.10^%, trong da sieu bazd 1.1()"%, dii bazd 8.10",. da
trung tinh 1,5.10^%., da axit 2.10''%. trong da trdm tich 2.10""..
tram tich bien hien dai 4.5.10 ' %, nfldc dai dfldng chfla 3. ()'*"•,
( trong nfldc tdng mat khoang 2. 10'''% ). nudc .sdng (mpL .so .ung
cua Viet Nam) 2.10"^%. tro thflc vat n.lO '% (n<2). Ndng d) chi
trong khdng khi tfl viii pg den 30 (vflng gdn dfldng giao thing).
50 pg/m' (gan nha may). Dieu dang luu y la clac cua Ph thiv ddi
theo thdi gian vi chi ludn ilfldc bd sung do sfl phan r< ciir
nguyen to'phdng xa m.inh. Nhfl vky. Pb tap trung chu veu rong'
quang sunfua, trong da axit, trong da tram tich giau va; lieu
hflu cd, trdng tdng mun cua dat.
Trong tfl nhien chi tdn tai d cac dang chinh nhfl sau:
- Khoang vat ddc liip: Chi tao nen 180 khoang vat. pjan
trpng nhdt la galcnit (PbS), xeruxit (PhCOj. anglezit (PbSO,).
Thay the ddng hinh hoac tap chat trong cac klioanj vat
nhfl plagiocla. fenpat kali, cac khoang vat sunfua.

312
 - Dang phan tiin trong bui khi (juyen. cac ion trong mie'ic.
(hiiitr phflc CO kim trong smh vat. vat lieu vii hdp chiit hflu cd
~ Uang ha]) phu trong set, vat lieu hflu cd... Ngoiii ra. con
ngu'di cdn tdng hdp nhieu hpp chat hflu cd chfla Ph nhfl alkyl.
nicihvl ciia Ph. trong hdp chiit phu gia viio ga.solinc (xang dau).
nUdi tac (long cua cac (jua trinh tfl nhien va boat ddng nhiin
smh. chu trinh cua Ph trong indi trfldng cung nhu qua trinh
thiim nhiip cua chi viio cii the ngfldi trd nen ra't phflc ta)). Qua
tniih phong hoa. thanh tao thd nhfldng. boat ddng nui liia va
cac (jua t n n h tu nhien khac phdng ihich viio khi quven 25.000
tim chi mdi niim.
(^ua trinh [ihong hoa quiing Pb hoac da chfla Pli dan den sU
i^to :hanh cac khoang vat thu' sinh cua Ph dang sunfat.
ca(-l)onat. clorit... Phan Idn cac khoang vaL ay lu'dng ddi ben
vung trong ddi hiiiu smh vii (-d dp hoii tan kem. A'i vay mdt jihan
Pl) dutic gill lai Irong Vl'H. trong dat. Phiin khac cua Ph"* cd
the diidc iiUiic mang ra sdng. hd vii hien. Tuy nhi(>n irong mdi
trudng nhiet ildi cd nhieu chat keo. hdp chiit hflu co de'' diuig keo
(ill d; chuyen vii mang ra kbtii VPH cung nhfl diii. Viit lieu hflu
cd va than (-d khii niing ha'p iihu Pb (da tram tich bitum set)
(hua Ph tdi vai phiin tram v.v.. Pb thfldng dflpc tap trung nhieu
hdn trong lang mun cua dat. (^hi tfl bui dat cd the tham nhap
\iui nidi triuing khdng khi nhd gid.

()u.-i trinh di chuyen jihan tiin cua chi trong mni trfldng cdn
(iud'c tiing cudng bdi boat ddng khai thiic. che bu'^ii. san xuat .
villi (huvcn vii sfl dung chi. Chi dUiic dung rdng rai trong nhieu
linh vile kh.-ic nhau - hdp kim. sting dan, sdn. b()t diinh hdng. hot
riiiu. dill- hit't lii (-hiii phu gia ti-ong xiing de tang Incu suat va

313
chdng kich nd cho ddng cd v.v...Mdi nam con ngfldi khai tha- vii
sii dung 10 trieu tdn chi, rieng'toan bd ciic nganh san xuat. tieu
thu chi cua My xa vao mdi trfldng khdang 100.000 tan Ph .
Hang nam hoat ddng nhan sinh cung cap cho khi qiyen
khoang 440.000 tan chi, gap gdn 24 lan so vdi cac qua trirh tu
nhien (18.600 tan) vdi ty le gdp phan nhfl sau: dtit chay ;ang
ddu chfla chi -58,5%; san xua't thep va cac kim loai klaf -
22,1%: khai thac va che bien quang chi - 7,7%; dfit than - 4,8%;
bui do gid - 3,4%; thoat ra tfl thflc vat - 0,4%); bui do chay ring,
phun trao nui Ifla va bui thien thach- 0,12%): phan rii phdrg xa
tfl nhien va bui mudi tfl nfldc bien- 0.08%. Ngfldi ta dfla ch viio
xang dfldi dang tetra alkyl: PbtC.H^),. Pb(CH,)4. 1.2- dicloM.?iii
va 1.2- dibrometan. Hai chiit sau cung cd tiic dung liim ^ach
pitong, xi lanh. Qua trinh dot xang da thai khoang 100.00( tia'n
Pb/nam vao khdng khi, dat. nfldc. Ham Iflpng chi trong kiding
khi dd thi Lhdi tien cdng nghiep khoang 0.6 ng/m' (Patteison.
1965: Ing = 10"g) thap hdn nhieu so vdi khdng khi dd thi ciiia
nhflng nam 1960-1970: Berlin - 4100 ng/m' : Boston - t5(00
ng/m' : Los Angeles- 6600 ng/m'(Nriagu, 1978) khdng khi ^umg
gdn xa Id ddng xe- 40.000 ng/m' : khdng khi chung quanl cac
nha may che bien quang va san xudt cac san phdm chfla -hi -
50.000 ng/m'. Nfldc mfla thudc khu vflc cac nha may neu tnen
cung guiu Pb, chfla tdi 50mg/l. Ddt d gdn nha may, gdn c;ac
dfldng giao thdng ddng xe chfla tdi 100 - 4000 mg/kg cao hcJn
nhieu lan tieu chudn cho phep (lOppm). Ham Iflpng chi t-t)rig
trdm tich hd cd xu hfldng tang theo thdi gian cung vdi sfl )h.at
trien cdng nghiep cua cac khu vUc chung quanh nhif ddi vo Ind

314
>'o i c i n i t e t C a h l o r n i a ) lang tfl 9.6i)pm(nam 1700) den
1 l,S],iim(lS7-l) vii 42.4ppm (19H8). Thflc vat p h a t t n e n tr(">n d a t
k h o n g l)i d nliiem cd h a m lUdng Ph (26-85i)pm) thaj) hdn k h o a n g
1 On 1,-in so vi'ii thfli- viit e) v u n g da't hi d iihitMn.

Til k h d n g khi. iu,l(')i- vii IhUi- p h a m . thdng (jua chudi ihfli- an

va do dungiso'n t r a n g va sdn d('). dng diin nUi'lc. dd sfl triing men
l'li< ). ai-iiLiy.thiel hi in...) Pb i-d tht^ thiim nhiip vao cd t h e ngfldi
(hmh 0. 9) \'<(i ly le ddng gi'ip Pb nhu' sau: tfl thflc an 200
• inii^g /ngiiv, k h d n g khi i-ung cii'p lOpg /ngiiy cdn nudc
l-iug 'ngiiy. T r o n g tdng so chi hiip t h u hdi al thti chi cd k h o a n g
L'-^) ug I'h duiic gui lai trong xudng mdi ngiiy. phiin cdn lai hi t h a i
ta nr.oai qua bin tiet H,-im lu'dng chi trong t()c k h o a n g 24ppm.
tiung; h m h trong c() t h(> ngfldi k h o a n g :59ppm (tro. ngfldi cd dp
t-iioi ;-;()-69). tr(ui 90",i lildng chi dd t a p t r u n g chu yeu t r o n g
xuiing. Hiim I'li'dng (hi trong xfldng cua iigUdi the ky 14 k h o a n g
1 p p n U C r a n d i e a n va Holma. 1973) t a n g li^ui 7ppm ddi v(ii ngfldi
tin'' ky 18 vii d a t 35-<'-!r) ppm ddi vdi ngu'di hien nay. Nhin c h u n g
d a n thiinh p h d va diin giin cac dudng d td cd Iflpng Pb cao t r o n g
c.) i h c hdn diin ciic v u n g k h a c . Nhfl viiy h a m Ifldng chi t r o n g cd
the ngfliii t a n g t h e o hiim Iflpng cua nd trong MTS.

Chi t a c dong tdi sU tdng hdp m a u d a n den pha vd h d n g cdu.

Chi uc che mdt so e n z v m q u a n trpng cuii c\ua trinh tdng htip
m a u do sfl tich luy cac hpp c h a t t r u n g gian trong quii t r i n h t r a o
dii chiit. Mdt hdp (-hai t r u n g gian kieu niiy la delta - a m i n o
!i irjinu- axit. Mdt p h a (juan t r p n g cua quii t r i n h tdng hdp m a n
1; sii (-huyen hoa delta - amino - hnailinic axil ihanh
n 'i-pliohilinogcn.

315
 (I) HO2C - CH2 - CH, - CH - CO,H

I
NH,
delta- aminolevulinic axit
(II) HO,C - CH., - CH, ~ C ^ CH, - CO,H

H,N - H.,C - N - H
I
H
porphobilinogen

Chi flc che ALA- dchydraza enzym (1). do dd vao giai tlo.an
tiep theo. (11) porphobilinogen khdng dflpc tao thanh. Tac dung
tdng hpp ciia chi la can trd qua trinh tdng hpp hemoglobin cflng
nhfl cac sac td'hd hdp cdn thiet trong mau nhfl cytochromes.

Cudi cflng chi can trd viec sfl dung O, va glucoza de giai
phdng nang Ifldng cho qua trinh sdng. Sfl can trd cd the nhan
thay khi ndng dp chi trcng rnau khoang 0,3 ppm. Vdi cac ndng
dp cao hdn trong mau (>0,8ppm) chi cd the gay nen hien tupng
thieu mau do sfl thieu hemoglobin. Khi ham Ifldng chi trdng
mau nam trdng khdang (>0.5 - 0.8 ppm) thi PI) giiy ra su rdi
loan chflc nang ciia than va pha buy nao.

316
 Phong hoa Quang <3a chiia Pb

Khai thac, che bien

Zol khi ^t,-. .u'^ • u- Cac san pham

^ Chat thai cong nghiep . ^
li/6t(i va cong nghiep chUa Pb

Sdn pin
Oat ^ Song, ho, bien
^Bpt danh bong
\
Do gom (bot mau)
Thim vat NUDC uong
Do chdi
Bo chii in

Hdp kirn, sung, dan

\
! Thd Oong vat Sint', vat duoi nu-oc

Tham nhap vao ngUdi

Bai
tiet

Te bao hong cau

tkhong khuyech tan)

pha tiuy gua trinh Pha huy Can Trd Roi loan Pha huy nao
tong hdp hong cau. san xuat chi/c nSng
Hemoglobin sSc to nang luong mau

Hinh 6. 9. Sd do chu chuyen trong moi trudng

va tham nhap cua Pb vao cd the ngUdi

317
 Do cd sU tfldng tfl ve mtit so'tinh chat boa hoc cua Ph vaCa.
xfldng dfldc xem la ndi tang trfl va tich tu Pb. Sau dd phan chi
nay cd the tfldng tac cflng vdi phdtphat trdng xfldng va the lien
tinh dec khi truyen vao cac md mem cua cd the.

Nhiem ddc chi cd the dfldc chfla bdng cac hdp chat chela cd
kha nang lien ket manh vdi Pb''* nhfl phflc chelat cua cmxi
trong dung dich. Pb^* the chd cua Ca^* trong phflc chelat vakdt
qua la phflc chelat Pb^* dfldc tach ra nhanh vao nfldc tisu.

6.2.6. Thuoc bao ve thflc vat

Dai cUOng ve thudc bao ve thUc vat

Thudc bao ve thflc vat (TBVTV) la nhflng hdp chat dp; co

ngudn gdc tfl nhien hoac nhan tao, dfldc dflng de [ihdng tru cac
sinh vat cd hai (sau benh, cd dai, chuot, ...) ddi vdi cay trdn; va
ndng san.

Cd nhieu each phiin loai TBVTV khac nhau. Dfla vao loai
sinh vat cd hai ma thud'c cd the tieu diet, ngfldi ta phan TB n"V
ra cac nhdm nhfl thud'c trfl sau, thudc trfl cd dai, thud'c trfl
nhen, thud'c trfl chuot, thudc trfl dc bfldu vang v.v.. Mdi nidm
thudc nay dflpc phan ra cac loai thudc khac nhau (bang 6.10
 Bang 6.10. Bang phan loai thuoc bao ve thUc vat
(Theo Tran Quang Himg 1995, c6 sfla 601)

STT Nhom thuoc Loai thuoc

1 Thuoc trfl sau - Thuoc thao moc
- Thuoc clo huu cd
- Thuoc photpho hiiu cd
- Thuoc cacbamat
- Thuoc trCr sau purlthroit
- Mot so loai khac
2 Thuoc trU benh - Thuoc lull huynh vo cd
- Thuoc chfla dong
- Hdp chat dithiocacbamat kim loai
- Mot so loai khac
3 Thuoc trif CO dai - Cac hdp chai cacbamat
- Cac hap chat nhom thazin
- Cac hdp chai phenyluie
- Cac hcJp chai lan hCru ca
- Cac hdp chai acetamid
- Cac thudc khac
4 Thuoc trfl chuot - Cac hap chai huu cd clo, brom
- Cac hap chai chtfa photpho
- Cac hdp chai hflu cd hidroxi
5 Thuoc trfl 6c bUdu vang - Cac hdp chai hCru cd chiia nitd - clo

6 Thuoc trir nhen - Cac h(3p chat hCai cd chiia nitd

- Cac hdp chai hufu co chfla luu huynh
- Cac hdp chai hOfu co chfla clo

Ngoai ra, TBVTV cdn dfldc phan theo dp ddc dd'i vdi ddng
vat mau ndng va con ngfldi. Cd hai nhdm TBVTV: nhdm chat
dpc ndng dp (concentrative poison) vii nhdm chat dpc tich luy
(cumulative poison). Mflc dp gay ddc cua nhdm thfl nhiYt phu
lluidc vao Ifldng thudc tham nhiip vao cd the (qua mieng, qua
dudng hd hdp. qua da v.v...). 0 ham Ifldng dfldi lieu chi tfl , cac
loai chat dpc nay khdng gay tfl vong cho con ngfldi ma dfltic

319
phan giai dan va bai tiet ra khdi cd the (hdp chat pyrelhoit, hdp
chdt phospho hflu cd. cacbamat v.v...). Cac loai thud'c ctia nhdm
dpc tinh tich luy cd kha nang tich luy lau trong cd the gay nen
cac bien ddi sinh ly cd hai nhfl hdp chdt clo hflu cd. hdp chii't
chfla As, Pb, Hg... TBVTV cd the gay nhiem dtic cap tinh va
nhiem ddc man tinh. Nhiem ddc cap tinh la khi thudc thiim
nhap vao cd the gay nhiem ddc tflc thdi.
TBVTV tham nhap vad ngfldi bang nhieu con dudng khac
nhau: tiep xuc trflc tiep va chii yeu la theo chudi thflc an.
Ngudn thflc an ciia ngfldi va dpng vat mau ndng rat da dang,
trong dd cd cac loai ndng san. Nhfl da neu d phdn trfldc, dfl
Ifldng TBVTV la ngudn gay ddc quan trpng cho ngfldi va ddng
vat mau ndng. Dfl ludng TBVTV trong ndng san phu thudc viio
dp ben. kha nang phan giai. chuyen boa cua TBVTV va thdi ky
sinh trfldng cua thflc vat, mflc dp boat ddng cua men cay, dieu
kien thdi tiet. Khi cay d thdi ky sinh trfldng manh trong didu
kien dp am cao, cfldng dp anh sang manh cua cac vung nhiet drii
nhfl nfldc ta thi tdc dp chuyen hda va phan guii TBVTV trong
thflc vat la rdt Idn.

Cd the xep thudc trfl sau clo hflu cd vao day theo thfl tfl
giam d a n dp ben vflng ciia chung trong mdi trfldng sdng nh u
sau: aldrin > dieldrin > heptacloepoxit > DDT > clodan > lindan
> endrin > heptaclo > toxaphen > methoxyclo... Thudc clo hflu cd
rat ben trong cd the dpng - thflc vat. tich luy lau trcng md md.
trdng lipit. lipoprotein, dau thflc vat. trong sfla v.v.
Cac TBVTV nhdm phospho hflu cd va cacbamat khdng tk h
luy lau trong lipit. lipoprotein va trong md md. Nhflng thuidc
hoa tan trong dan xudt ette cua axit hflu cd vdng thdm tdn kr'u
ra't lau trong cd the sinh vat. 8fl chuyen boa cacbamat trong f:d
the dpng viit va thflc vat cham hdn va khdng phflc tap bang ciic

320
hop ehat p h o s p h o hflu cei. Ciic- hpp c h a i (-huyen hoa t r u n g gian
111 I i-ac-hamat co d()c I m h ihiip hdn hdp chat h a n d a u . C a c chiit
rh i-^en hoii t r u n g gian ciia cac T I W T V chfla phosjiho hflu cei cd
dov- l i n h cao luin nhidu hdp chii't nguyen thuy. Vi du. paraoxen-
inctiivl la s a n jiham c h u y e n hoa. phiin giai cua iiarathion-
ini'thvl doc hdn p a r a t h i o n - m e t y l tdi 5 lan. P O - d i n i e t h o a t hi s a n
pli inn c h u v e n hoii ciia o l i m e l h o a t ddc gap 10-11 lan hdp chiit
ha n d a u v.v.
T1)\'TV loai p y r e t h r o i t vii mot so i-ha't kliiic nhif
i)i-ii/')\Iphenylure. dim x u a t cua t h i a d i a z i n v.v de c h u y e n hoa
\ il p h a n gull n l i a n h dudi tac d d n g cua men cay vii iinh siing mat
i n i i . Ciif- hdp c h a t p h a n giai cua c h u n g it dpc htin hdp chii't h a n
diiu hoac m a t I m h ddc. Ciic h o p chiit p y r e l h r o i l cd cau t r u e nit
•al u<' l a p nhu'ng khi p h a n guii c a u t r u e hi tiich nhd thiinh nhflng
ic p i-lial d(i:i guin cd the c h u a nitd. brom v.v.. it, hoac k h d n g dpc.
I'\ rolliroit dfldc sfl d u n g il va k h d n g cd khii ming lflu giu' lau
: 11 mg ndng s a n ni^n it cd n g u y cd tich luy du' lu'dng.
Dua viio mflc dp nguy h i e m cua chii't ddc du lu'dng ddi vdi cd
'.he ngu'di vii ddng vat miiu ndng. ngfldi la cd t h e pluin chia
ri-!\'TV ra ba n h d m ddc dfl lu'dng nhfl sau ( T r a n Q u a n g H u n g .
19 9.')):

•-' Nhom dejc 1 (rat dpc): cd dfl Iflpng trpng ndng s a n phiii lii
O m g / k g va lupng dfl xiic d i n h dfldc < 0,004 mg/kg ( s u l t o t e p p .
phosmet. parathion. parathion-methyl. dimethoat.
d e m e p p h i o n , a m i t r a z v.v.).
* Nhom ddc '2 (ddc t r u n g binh) vdi dfl Iflpng t r o n g n d n g s a n
dui)(- coi la Omg/kg vii Ifldng dfl xac djnh dfldc dfldi 0,02
mg/kg ( p i n m i c a r d . naled, m e t h o m y l . m e t h i d a t h i o n . l i n d a n .
dieofol. DDVP. h u t o n a t . b r o m o p h o s v.v.)

321
 * Nhdm ddc 3 (it dtic): vdi dfl ludng dfldc cdi la O mg/kg va
Ifldng dfl xac dinh dfldc < 0,1 mg/kg (pyrethrin, pyrethroit.
DMDT, malathion, cyhexatin...).
Loai ngfldi da biet sii dung cac phfldng tien va phfldng phiip
khac nhau de bao ve thflc vat. Hdn 1500 nam trfldc cdng
nguyen, ngfldi Trung Qudc da biet dti't chay rdm ra, than ciiy
sau thu hoach de ngan ngfla lan truyen cao cao, ve sau ngfldi ta
da biet sfl dung cac chat ddc chiet xuat tfl thao mdc (ciiy thuiic
la, cay dudi ca...) de trfl sau bp. Tiep dd ddu hoa. nhua. than da
cung dfldc dflng de bao ve thflc vat. Viec nghien cflu khoa hpc va
che tao TBVTV bat ddu phat trien kha manh tfl nhflng nam 80
cua the ky XIX sau khi phiit hien ra dung dich boocdo trfl nam
benh ciiy nho. Nam 1939 la nam bung nd phat trien cdng nghicp
san xuai TBVTV sau khi ngfldi la phat hien dfltic tlac tinh trfl'
sau cua DDT va cac hpp chat hflu cd clo khac. Khoang 1940-
1960 va nhflng nam sau dd cac thudc hflu cd-phdspho tru' sau.
trfl nhen. cac thud'c hflu cd tdng hdp (quinon, dithiocacbamat.,.)
dfldc day manh san xua't va sfl dung rdng rai. Ngay nay, hang
nam ndng nghiep the gidi .sfl dung khoang 2 trieu tan (tinh tht^o
hoat chat) ciia khoang 1000 hoat chat TBVTV Tiing gia tri
TBVTV dfldc sd dung kheang 20 ty USD, chiem kheang 2,2-
3,2% gia tri san Ifldng cdng nghiep hoii chat. Phdn Idn TBVTV
tren the gidi chii yeu so cac nfldc cd nen cdng nghiep boa chdt
p h a t t n e n manh san xudt nhfl My, Dflc, Anh, Thuy Si, Phap,
Nhat Ban va mdt so nfldc khac nhfl An Dp, Braxin... Nhflng
cdng ty Idn san xuat TBVTV la Bayer (Dflc), Ciba Ceigy (Thuy
Si), ICI (Anh), Dapont (My), Shell (Anh-Ha Lan) v.v.
Sd Ifldng TBVTV dfldc sii dung tren the gidi, dac biet la d
My va Nhat Ban ngay cang tang (hinh 6.10; 6.11; 6.12. dfldc xay
dflng dfla vao sdlieu ciia Nguyen Manh Tuyen, 1993).

322
 2S

20

l.S

II)

0
I9S6 1987 I9S4 1990

Hinh 6.10. Bien dong tieu thu TBVTV tren the gidi

I 9 K () 19 X .^ 19 9 0

Hiinh 6.11. Bien dong tieu thu TBVTV d Hoa Ky (tinh bSng ty USD)

323
 , 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
«
Hinh 6.12. Bien (Jong tieu thu TBVTV d Nhat Ban (tinh b i n g ty USD)

0 mien Bac nfldc ta trfldc nam 1975 cd mdt sd nha may san
xua't va gia cdng thud'c bdt rac 666 va nhap tfl cac nfldc xa hdi
chu nghia mot sd che pham hflu cd - phospho nhu' DDVP.
metaphos, wofatose va thud'c trfl nam hflu cd - thuy ngiin nhu
falisan v.v. 0 mien nam nfldc ta trfldc ngay giai phdng
(30/04/1975) da cd mdt sd cd sd gia cdng che bien thudc trfl dich
hai dang nhu dau. hot tham nfldc, bdt rdc, thudc hat. Tfl 1975-
1989 cac cd sd gia cdng TBVTV (Idn nhdt la cdng ty thuii'c sat
trung mien Nam) cd kha nang cung cap khoang 10.000 - 20.000
tan che phdm. Tit 1990 cho den nay, ngoai cac che phdm ciia
cac cd sd san xuat trnng nfldc, nganh ndng nghiep nfldc ta cdn
nhap cac TBVTV vdi tdng gia tri thfldng phdm khdang 30-35
trieu USD. Hien nay d nfldc ta sii dung khoang 0,425 kg thut>c
trfl dich hai (tinh theo boat chdt)/l ha. Cac loai TBVTV dif((c
dung d nfldc ta la DDT, hdn htip 666 (nay da bi dinh chi sii
dung), lindan. thiodan. metaphos. 'wofatose, pandan, furadaii.
deltamethrin v.v.

324
 Bang 6.11. Dac diem cac phuong phap rai TBVTV
(Tran Quang Hiing 1995)

' \ Dudng kinh Lir(3ng thuoc

TT Phrrong phap giot nUdc phun Thiet bi phun
rai thuoc phun tren 1 ha
(micron)
1 Phun va rSc Ldn Ldn Odn gian
thuoc bot
Phun mua 150-400 Lua 600-800 lit Tai ca cac loai
2 Cay ldn: 800-2000 bdm phun thuoc
lit
Phun SUdng 50 - 200 50-100 1 Bom CO dpng cd
(thuoc trii sau)
100-2001
3 (thuoc trU benh)
50-2001
(thuoc i r i / c o dai)
300-600 lit
(cay Idn)
4 Phun mil 5 0 - 60 3-15 Bdm CO dpng va
thiei bi phun mu
Phun lupng 150-400 0,3-0,5 lit Bdm CO thiei bi
5 cdc nho 50 - 200 dac biet
50-60

Cd nhieu phfldng phap khac nhau sii dung TBVTV de diet

iru' vat hai: phun va rdc thud'c bdt, phun mfla, phun sfldng v.v.
(bang 6.11). Mdi phfldng phap rai thudc cd mat manh va mat
yeu khiic nhau tuy thudc vac loai thudc, loai thflc pham can bao
ve va ciic loai sau bp cung nhfl cd dai, thdi ky smh trfldng cua
ciiy trong va vat hai v.v.. Hien nay phfldng phap phun sfldng
cue nhd la phd bien nhat vi cac thiet hi chuyen dung cdn thiet
da dfl(3c san xudt. hieu sudt phun thudc cao, Ifldng thudic dang
cho mdt ddn vi dien tich it hdn cac phfldng phap khac khoang
10-50 ldn v.v.

325
 * Tdc dong cua thuoc bdo ve thUc vdt vdi moi trudng
va con ngudi.
Viec sii dung TBVTV cd the gay d nhilm tat ca cac thanh
phdn mdi trfldng: khong khi, ddt, nfldc trdm tich v.v. Tac dting
cua TBVTV den mdi trfldng phu thudc vao loai. dang thudc.
phfldng phap va thdi gian rai thucK; cung nhfl dac diem cua mdi
trfldng. Khi phun thuoc nfldc va hot cho cay trdng cd tdi tren
50% Ifldng thudc phun ra hi rdi xudng dat, cdn khi bdn TBVTV
trflc tiep vao dat thi ty le nay la 100%. Trong dat mot phdn
TBVTV hi cay hap thu, phdn khac bi keo ddt gifl lai va ddn dan
dfldc phan giai vdi mot Ifldng nhdt dinh dfldi tac ddng cua cac
yeu td hoa- ly va hoat dpng sinh hpc cua dat. Phdn TBVTV
trong ddt khdng bi phan huy cd the hi riia trdi gay nhilm bdn
ngudn nfldc mat va nfldc ngdm. Qua trinh phun TBVTV cd the
lam d nhiem trflc tiep mdi trfldng nfldc va khdng khi. Trong
trfldng hdp dd TBVTV cd the gay hai cho dpng vSit cd ich song
dfldi nfldc (ca, torn, cua...). Dac biet la TBVTV cd the tham nhap
trflc tiep vao ngfldi khi dung chflng khong dam bao quy trinh ky
thuat va an toan thudc.
Cac TBVTV cd tac ddng khac n h a u tdi cdn trung, dpng vat
mau ndng va con ngfldi tuy thudc vao dac tinh ciia thudc, each
thflc tham nhap cua thudc vao cd the cung nhfl kha nang chting
dpc ciia cd the. Cac chat dec phdspho hflu cd va cacbamat flc che
hoat tinh men cholinesteraza (CHE) lam che qua trinh dan
truyen kich thich than kinh bi te liet. Qua trinh flc che nay cua
phospho hflu cd gpi la phosphoryl boa va cua cacbamat la
cacbamyl hoa men CHE va dfldc the hien qua cac phfldng t n n h
phan flng sau[14] :

326
 A - Su Uc che do thuoc chua phospho hUu cO gdy ra:
OR OR
I I
EOH + X - P - O R ' EO - P - O R ' + HX (A,)
II ~^ I I
O 0
Hdp chiit cd photpho Enzym photphoryl

OR OR
I
i cham ^ EOH + H O - P - O R ' (A.,)
l-:0 - P - OR' ^ H.O 11

II 0
O
B . Su Uc che do thud'c cacbamat gdy ra:
0 R' 0 R'
1 i y^ enzyme casbasyl II y^
EOH -H RO - C - N — • EO -H RO - C - N (B,)

H H
O R ' O R '
I1 y cham II y
EO-CN + H.,0 *- E O H - ^ O H - C - N (B.,)
\ - \ -

H H

327
 Thudc diet cdn trflng hflu cd chfla photpho cd the tac dung
gidng nhfl axetylcholin va kich thich sfl tao thanh pbotphorvl
enzym. Tdc do phiin flng dfltic do bang tdc dp thd cho nhdm X (i
nguyen lii P bang enzym (xem phan flng B). Cac phan flng A va
B xay ra tfldng tfl phosphoryl va carbaryl enzyme d phan flng
Al va B l va ndng dp enzym hoat ddng bi giam di. Acetylcholin
khdng tiep tuc hi phan buy du nhanh va thdn kinh bdt dau hoat
ddng d trang thai khdng kiem soiit dfldc, ket qua la cdn trung hi
tieu diet.
Qua trinh dan truyen kich thich thdn kinh lien quan chiit
che vdi viec giai phdng ra dau mut day thdn kinh chat dan
truyen kich thich thdn kinh la axetylchclin. Axetylcholin cd
chflc nang dan truyen xung qua khoang khdng gian gifla ctic le
bao than kmh (khe synapase) rdi lai dflpc thuy phan ihanh
cholin. Axetylcholin la ette ciia axit axetic va colin, sinh ttjiig
hdp nhd men cliolinaxetylaza va thuy phan thanh colin vii
axetat nhd men colinetteraza. Trong te bao nao axetylcholin hi
thuy phan nhd men cholinetteraza, rat nhay cam vdi sfl flc che
cua thucK: photpho hflu cd va cacbamat. Cac ettenaza khac trong
te bao nao cung thuy phan axetylcholom nhflng cham hdn va
gpi la pseudocholinesteraza. Tfldng quan can bdng sinh tdng
hdp vdi sfl thuy phan axetylcholom bang men cholinesteraza cd
y nghia ldn ddi vdi qua trinh dan truyen kich thich than kinli.
Khi men CHE hi flc che, can bang dan truyen kich thich than
kinh bi pha vd va he thdn kmh hi te liet. Phdn axetylcheloin
khdng dfldc thuy phan tich luy lai vdi Ifldng ldn gay ra hien
tfldng qua kich thi'ch thdn kinh, lam chd day than kinh ton
thfldng va dflt doan. Khi hi nhilm dpc TBVTV photpho hflu c(i
cac dpng vat cd bieu hien te liel than kinh, rdi loan trao ddi
nfldc nhfl fl dpng dich trong xoang phfl tang va xudt huyet ijua
mieng v.v. Cd che gay dpc ciia thud'c clc hflu cd va pyrethroit doi

328
vo! eon trung vii ddng viit mau ndng cd niH khac biet .so vdi ciic
t hiKK- iiholjiho liiiu '-(i vii cacbamat (xem phan DDT).
• DDT
Trong sd ciic TBVTV thi DDT (dyclodiphenvl tncloetan)
iliiiic nghitui Cliu ky hdn cii ve pluin hd. chuyiui hoii. tiic diing
.-mil thai, sinh ly. v.v... .\hii hoa hiic Thuy Sy Paul .Miller (ngUdi
doat giai Nobel hoii binh niim 1948) la ngfldi phiit minh ra
DDT.
Ciiu true cua DDT nhfl sau:

Cl

CCI,
DDT khdng bi bay hdi. hau nhfl Kiiong lan Irong nfldc, tan
gKJi han trong dau btjo vii tan trong cac dung mdi hflu cd khdng
pluin cue nhfl melylnaphlalen. xylen, xycloheaxanon... Vi ('d
tmh axil nen DDT khdng ben khi dflpc pha trdn vdi cac chat
kiem. khdng Lfldng hpp vdi mdt sti khoang vat set. DDT la chat
d^)c tiep xuc (ddc tinh cap II), dung de trfl sau, cac cdn trung lan
truyen benh.
DDT hi san pham nhan sinh hoan toan khdng cd trong tfl
nhicn. DDT dfltic phan tiin vao mdi trfldng tfl ca 3 khau: san
xuat. vim chuyen va sii dung. Chung dfltic dung d dang dung
dh-h. phun thanh sfldng vao ddi tfldng can diet. Vi vay chung
duo'c phai tiin nhanh vao mtii trfldng. Tuy ham Ifldng khdng cao
nhung DDT dfldc phat hien trong tat ca cac hdp phdn cua mdi
u-u'(~aig (biing 6. 12).

d20
 Bang 6.12. Ham luong DDT (ppm)trong moi trudng |3,251

Hop phan cua moi tri/dng Ham li/ong

Khi quyen 0,000004

Nudc mua 0,0002
Bui khong khi 0,04
Dai trong trot 2,0
Nudc ngpt luc dia 0,00001
Nudc bien 0,000001
Co 0,05
Thi/c vat dudi nudc 0,0003
Dong vat khong xUdng song tren can 4.1
Dpng vat song d nUdc 0,001
Ca nUdc ngpt 2,0
Ca bien 0,5 __J

Sfl dung rdng rai TBVTV trong dd cd DDT. DDE. lindan.

endrin v.v. trong san xua't ndng nghiep da lam d nhiem nfldc va
tram tich cfla sdng ven bien d nfldc ta, dac biet la vung ddng
bang Sdng Hdng (bang 5.30) va ven bien cua ddng bang Sdng
Cliu Long (bang 5.31).
Nhflng dieu dang lflu y la DDT va TBVTV dfldc tich luy
trong mdi trfldng theo nguyen ly bao toan vat chat va nguyen ly'
dpc hpc (chdt cang ben cang dfldc tich luy manh theo thdi gian).
Tfl mdi trfldng DDT, TBVTV se theo chiit'a thflc an l.ap trung
vao cd the sinh vat va con ngfldi (xem bang 4.1). Tuy thutic v.io
dac diem mdi trfldng da't. boat dpng canh tac each thflc vii mflc
dp sii dung DDT ma ham Ifldng cua TBVTV nay thay ddi phflc
tap theo ca khdng gian va thdi gian. De nghien cflu sU hien ddng
ham Ifldng DDT trdng da't vii thflc vi'ii co the sfl dung ciic md
binh va cdng thflc sau day (theo Lunev M L T r i n k i n a . L.Ui. va
ChiunaevaG.N..1985):

330
STT ' Loai mo Cong thiJrc tinh toan
^hinh
T„, ngay dem Cq ( m g / l k g dat)
1 ; C = C,,e"' T„. = 3,0/k, C = 0,317Co
II 1 C = Cj - kjin T„, = antilog (0,413Co/k,) - 1 : C = CiiO.O!5- 0,95T,j.,) -•- k.
i ( t + 1)
111 ; C - C, (t + T,„ = antilog (1,3/k,) - 1 j C --^ C,/(1- Ik,) (0,05 -
1)" - 0,95T,,)
IV 1 C - Cg - k.,t , Tg, = 0.95 CJk, j C = 0,525co

Uong do: 1 md hinli hiim sd: 11 - md hinh logarit; III - md hinh

h.nn so mu: IV - md hinh tuyen linh: (',, - hiim ludng han dau
(<i thdi diem I = 0) vii C hi hiim lUdrig d lh(ii diem I ciia DDT
Uong ddi uidng nghien cflu; k, , k.. k,. k, - he sd the hien tdc dp
cua (pui trinh.
Trfui (-d sd s(i'!icu thflc nghiem cd the lua chpn md hinh linh
ticin su iha.\' doi hiim lu'dng DDT Irong dat hoac thflc viit cho
t'.fng vung.
DDT lich luy trong chudi thflc an theo phfldng thflc nhfl
s;ui: DDT trong nudc thiim nhap viio plankton (smh viit Inii nfii)
n cua .sdng ven hien vii tich luy lai dat ham lUdng khoang
0,()4ppm DDT. ddng vat nhd se an plankton va lam tang ndng
dl) DDT len 10 lim. nghia la chung chfla khoang 0,4ppm DDT.
Til' ddng viit nhi'i den ca an tldng viit, rdi den loai chim an ca,
lium lu'dng DDT iiing tfl 0,4 ttii ;3.15 vii den 77,5ppm (hinh 6. 13).

Sinh vat troi noi.

thi/c vat bam
''
Ca Chim an ca, trai, so
0,17-0,67 3 , 1 5 - 7 7 , 5 ppm
1• 1, 1V

Trai, so
0,4i?ppm

Hinh 6.13. Su tich lOy DDT trong chuoi thiirc in dUdi nUdc
(Theo so lieu phan tich cua nhieu tac gia)

331
 DDT va TBVTV cd the tham nhap vao ngfldi qua chudi tlflc
an ma ngudn thflc an dau vao cd the la ndng san, thuy sar bi
nhiem ban b(ii DDT va cac loai TBVTV khac.
DDT va TBVTV cd the tdn tiii trong mdi trfldng va cd ht'^
sinh vat vdi thdi gian khac nhau tuy thudc vao kha niing bi
phan buy cua chung. Trong khi DDT tfldng dd'i ben va tdn ,ai
lau trong mdi trfldng thi cac nhdm khac - cac chat hflu cti
photpho va cacbamat hi bien ddi nhanh trong mdi tntdng. ddc)
ckc chat nay tac dung vdi O., va H^O va bj pha buy trong vmff
vai ngay. Phan flng phan buy hdp chat chfla photpho hflu cdvii
cacbamat thanh cac chat it ddc hoac khdng ddc nhfl sau:
8
II
RO - P - X > PO/ + ROH
I + H2O phosphat + ancol
OR

O
II + H.,0
RO - C - NHR' > CO2 + NH.R' + ROH
amm ancol
Khi thiim nhap vao cd the smh vat DDT va TBVTV se hm
ngd ddc theo nhieu cd thflc phflc tap ma chfla dfldc biet mdt cich
tfldng tan. Mdt s d n h a nghien cflu cho rdng cac hdp chat clo lflu
cd (trung dd cd DDT), pyrethroit la nhflng chat dpc ddi vdi le laci
than kinh (TBTK). TBTK chi buy hoat diing sdng ciia cd hd'
thdng qua phan xa va dfldc dan truyen dfldi hinh thflc xmgr
dien qua sfl phat sinh lien tuc ciia dien the heat ddng do cac at'

332
nhfin kich thich. Sfl di chuyen ion K* va Na* qua mang lii
iHguvt'ni nhan lam phiit sinh dien the hoal dpng de dan truyen
hoa; ddng xung. Cac loai TBVTV dang DDT, DMDT, trebon,
pt>r;hane v.v. lam le liet dan truyen xung spi true TBTK (axon).
ehiu yeu d he than kinh ngoai bien thdng qua phiin flng lien ket
v(ii miing sdi true Nhflng chat tham gia phan flng lien ket dd
thaiing la protein, lipil va men ciia mang. Hau qua cua phan
u'nt: Htm ket thud'c vi'ii thanh phan cua mang da can trd viec van
eliu'v-en ion va flc che ha'p Ihu ion Na*. K* cua mang gay nen
Inen tfldng mat phan cflc keo dai va khdng hinh thanh dflpc
dl (ir. the hoiit ddng cua mang spi true. DDT va cac hdp chat clo
hi.ji. cd cdn cd kha nang flc che men dac hieu ATP va mdt so' men
kl lac nhflng khdng flc che men CHE, lam tdn hai he thdn kmh
vian ddng va cam giae. Ddng vat trung ddc DDT. trebon va cac
htip chiit Ifldng tfl DDT bi run rdy, co 'giat, te liet cac chi va tfl
vcmi.
Cdn cd gui thu'^'l khiic cho rdng DDT hi hoii lan trong cac
m a;ig md bao quanh cac day than kmh v.-i can thiep vao sfl
chuv'en van cua cac ion vao trong hoac ra ngoai cac day thdn
k i n i . Dieu nay dan den sfl chuyen dich cac rung dpng than
k] nl cua cdn trung ma ket qua lam xudt hien cac cdn cd giat va
che:. Khoang khdng gian gifla cac te bao than kinh (synapase)
chfli ca hai chat axetylcholin va enzym axetylcholinesteraza cd
kh;'; nang pha buy axetylcholin va ngan can cac te bao than
k i n i lam viec. Dieu dd xay ra theo hai bfldc nhfl sau: trong bUdc
thu nhdt enzym tac dung len axetylcholin tao thanh phan tfl
tr-uiig gian enzym axetyl va cholin. 0 hudc thd hai enzym axetyl
hi fban buy bdi nfldc tao thanh CH,COOH va enzym ban ddu
d u o : till smb. DDT thuc day phan flng d bfldc hai. lam tang
eiiz'in axetylcholinesteraza (xem phan flng C )[14].

333
 C - Su lite che do DDT gdy ra:

CH3 CH3
I
EOH +C = O EO - C Hi2f6H,CH.,N(CH3),
•
I
OCH2CH.,N(CH3)3 0
enzym axetylcholin enzym axetyl cholinaxetylcholinesteraza

CH3
y/ xay ra n h a n h
EO - C + H2O • EOH + CH3COOH
• . . : " ^

0
DDT khdng nhflng cd tac dung diet trfl vat hai ma nd cd
anh hfldng ra't nguy hidm tdi ca ddng vat cd ich va con ngUiii.
Nhieu loai chung hi nhilm DDT dang cd nguy cd bi tieu diet vi
trflng ciia chim hi nhilm DDT va TBVTV chua clo hflu cd nen hi
gidn, lai qua mdng, rat d l vd. DDT can thiep va lam bien ddi cac
hoocmon va cac hoocmon nay cd the pha huy canxi.
DDT tdn tai lau dai va tieh luy cpng ddn theo thdi gian
trong cd the ngfldi, nhat la trong mau, md md va gay nhflng hftu
qua nguy hiem va lau dai cho con ngfldi. Nhilm dpc nang DDT
cd the bi viem phoi, co that thanh quan, bo, tflc ngflc, ung thfl.
quai thai va chet. Theo td chflc y te the gidi, hang nam cd
khdang 750.000 ngfldi hi nhiem ddc bdi thud'c trfl sau, trong dd

334
('<> 14.000 ngfldi chet. Do thuiu kien thflc ve bao quan. sfl dung
dung nhx ciic ntWc dang phiit tru'ni sfl dung khoang 30% san
luong TBVTV nhu'ng lai cd hdn 60"'n tdng sti' tnfdng hdp nhiein
do(- TBVTV (theo J a n Husians. Director of International
iu-gisler of Potentiality Toxic Chemicals of UNEP. Nairobi).
DDT hiit diiu dudc dflng sau chien tranh the gidi thfl hai va
dii()C sfl dung rdng rai Irong ndng nghiep va ve sinh mdi trfldng
((lu;t mudi). dii cflu dflpc himg triiiu ngit(ii khdi hi benh sdt ret.
hang Irieu hecla hoa mdu khdi tac dpng xau cua vat hai. Nhflng
Vl nhflng tiic thing nguy hiem va liiu dai cua DDT nen Hoa Ky
va mdt sd nu(ic khac trong dd cd Viet Nam da cam sfl dung loai
iluidc diet trii viit hai nay.
De han che lac ddng xdu cua ciic TBVTV cd the ap dung cac
bit'ii phiip sau diiy:
- .X'ghien cflu va ap dung cac bien phiip smh hoc diet trfl' vat
luu dat liiiiu qua vii Id'c dp cao.
- San xuat va sfl dung cac TBVTV il ddc hai cho con ngfldi
v.i (long Viit miiu ndng (nhfl cac hdp chat tfl nhien...).
- Phun nic thud'c dung lieu ludng, dung quy each, dung quy
tlinh vii dung thdi gian.
- Thu hoach va sfl dung ndng san sau khi thutic dii rfla Irdi
ra kli()i hoa mau hoac phan giai phdn ldn. dam bao dfl Ifldng
TBVTV d ngfldng an toan cho ngfldi va ddng vat mau ndng.
- Quan ly chai che TBVTV d tat ca cac khau nhfl san xua't,
v.in chuyen. bao quan, sfl dung ...

33f
 - Giao due, phd bien, hfldng dan, tap hua'n cho ndng danoao
quan, sfl dung dung va an toan TBVTV.
Phfldng phap thfl nhdt va thfl hai dang rat dfldc quan a m
nghien cflu trien khai vi chflng dam bad an toan tdt nha't cho
mdi trfldng va con ngfldi.
Viec nghien cflu TBVTV va cac chat dec hflu cd ngudn gti'c
nhan sinh cd trong trdm tich khdng nhflng cd y nghia qian
trpng dd'i vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng ma cdn giflp ich nhieu cho
viec xac dinh ngudn gdc va tdc dp idng dpng trdm tich. Nidsn
nhflng muc dich nay cdn sii dung phfldng phap danh ddu pia n
tfl(molecular marker) trong nghien cflu tram tich va nidi
trfldng.

336
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