I Review.2nd - Qrtr.ip

Project I-REVIEW: Enhancing Social Science Learning
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

2ND QUARTER
WEEK 1
The power of collision (Aristotle) - Will is to be understood wholly in terms of intellect. If there
were no intellect, there would be no will. “All actions have consequences.”
● Human beings are rational
● To reason is a divine characteristic
● Reason, will and action drives each other
It also pertains to human beings are naturally born rational. It means that we humans are often
guided by our consideration rather than impulsiveness. It also allows us to plan for the future,
reflect on our past, and make decisions that align with long-term goals.
These are the different paths of actions that supported us in choosing the right decision.
● Our inner awareness of an aptitude to do right or wrong;
● The common testimony of all human beings;
● The rewards and penalties by rulers; and
● Delivering praise and blame.
St. Thomas Aquinas - He combined the theological principles of faith and the philosophical
principle of reason that creates the Four-Fold Classification Law.
● Eternal Law - It is the law which governs the universe and control the life cycle of everything
in existence. (The God himself)
● Divine Law - It is the law that is revealed to the people using a scripture or the Bible. (Word
of God). It can also be brought by the Son of God, Jesus Christ, that convey the divine law to
the people.
● Natural Law - It is our conscience that directs the situation to the right outcome. (Good = to
be done and Evil = to be avoided)
● Human Law - It is the everyday rules that govern our lives from the legal system. (Any kind
of rules that were made by humans.)
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Spiritual Freedom - The existence of God as the first cause. Of all God’s creations, humans
have the unique power to change themselves and things around them for the better. As humans,
we are both material and spiritual. We have a conscience because of our spirituality. God is Love
and Love is our destiny.
WEEK 2
Social Contract - Implicit agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.
Existentialism - Philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual
person as free and responsible agent.
Behaviorism - Theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning,
without appeal to thoughts or feelings.
Freedom - Power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.
THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT

- “Social Contract” described as a real hypothetical agreement between the governed and their rulers
that specifies their rights and obligations.
- The theory posits that individuals initially lived in a state of nature, which could be characterized as
either favorable or unfavorable.
Law of Nature (lex naturalis) - Is a precept of general rule established by reason which a person is
forbidden to do that is destructive of his life or takes away the means of preserving the same.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social Contract

- Rousseau famously opens with the statement, “Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains.”
- Rousseau's exploration of how civil society restricts the inherent freedom of individuals.
- In the state of nature, humans are free and unbounded.
ROUSSEAU’S POLITICAL ASPECTS: TWO PARTS

1. There must be a sovereign consisting of the whole population, women included, that represents the
general will and is the legislative power within the state.
2. The second division is that of the government, being distinct from the sovereign.
Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract (1588-1679)

- An influential English philosopher, is renowned for his development of Social Contract Theory.
- Theorized that in the earliest stages of human history, individuals existed in a “state of nature”.
- Proposed that individuals enter into a Social Contract.
- Hobbes believed that the best form of government to ensure stability and security was an absolute
monarchy.
Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism ( 1905 - 1980 )

- A prominent French novelist, playwright, and leading exponent of Existentialism.
- Made significant contributions through his novels and plays, which explore themes of freedom,
alienation, and the human condition.
Sartre’s Principle of Existentialism
- based on the idea that "The person is nothing else but what he makes of himself."
- Emphasizes Sartre’s belief in the profound power and responsibility inherent in human freedom.
- Critiques the concept of “bad faith,” which describes a person’s attempt to escape their obligations and
responsibilities.
B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism

- An American psychologist best-known for his Influence on the field of behaviorism.
- Challenge conventional notions of free will and offer an alternative perspective on how human actions
are determined.
- Skinner’s radical behaviorism posits that the concept of free will is merely an illusion.
Skinner’s Approach
- Based on the concept of operant conditioning, which includes modifying behavior using
rewards and punishments.
- Behavior is learned through interactions with the environment, where actions followed by
positive outcomes are reinforced
- He believed that understanding and manipulating the conditions that lead to certain behaviors
could effectively guide and modify human actions.
WEEK 3
Martin Buber - He is a Jewish existentialist philosopher who wrote the "I and Thou" (Ich and
Du) in 1923 that conceived the human person in his wholeness, totality, concrete existence, and
relatedness to the world. The human person establishes the world of mutual relation, of
experience. The human persons as subjects have direct and mutual sharing of selves. (Person to
person, subject to subject)
● "Human being does not exist in isolation and separation from the situations and people
around him."
I-IT RELATIONSHIP - It is a mode of encounter that treats others as an object to be used for
one's own purpose. It can also be characterized by detachment, objectification, and lack of
empathy.
I-THOU RELATIONSHIP - It is characterized by mutual respect, empathy, and dialogue. In
this mode of encounter, the other is recognized as a unique and valuable individual with their
own perspective and qualities. Able to engage mutual recognition and respect for one another.
Karol Józef Wojtyła (Saint Pope John Paul II) - He was elected to the papacy on October 16,
1978 (Great Pope). He criticized the meaning of "Rational Animal" on humans. Wojtyla upholds
the human person as one who exists and acts. Thus, actions reveal the nature of the human agent.
Appreciating the Talents of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and Those from the
Underprivileged Sectors of
Society
● On PWDs - Recognizing and identifying the handicap for parents with PWD will include
feelings of shock, bewilderment, sorrow, anger, and guilt. Instead of saying "disabled person" say
"the person with disability". Emphasize the person and their identity rather than first describing a
disability. Community sensitivity, through positive and supportive attitudes toward PWDs, is also
an important component (Mapp 2004)
● On Underprivileged Sectors of Filipino Society

- Dimension of Poverty - The notion of poverty is not one-dimensional; rather, it is
multidimensional. This means a person can be
poor not only in terms of money, clothing, and food but also in terms of education, love,
and relationships. (Poverty = Deprivation in a certain dimension.) The most common
measure of the underprivileged is income poverty.
WEEK 4
The society develops the Human beings’ potential Social Exchange

Social Exchange According to the social exchange theory,the outcome of an exchange process is
social behavior. The goal of the exchange is to reduce costs and increase gains. According to this
theory, people weigh the benefits and drawbacks of their social connections. If the risks outweigh
the advantages, they will terminate or break off the relationship. Giving and receiving are a part
of most partnerships, but this does not mean that the transactions are always equal. Social
exchange holds that how much we value each social relationship's advantages and disadvantages
determines whether or not we choose to remain in it.
Aristotle
"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not
accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human," stated the venerable Greek
philosopher Aristotle. It is society, not the individual, that comes first. Man cannot live in
isolation. In order for him to sustain himself, some physiological Demands must be fulfilled. He
needs to engage with other people in order to have a life. individuals. There is no guy who can
escape the ties of interdependence. This may begin between the embryo and the mother and
continue until he exhales his last. The needs of the embryo are the opposite of those of the
mother, who has greater mental than physical needs.
Plato
Plato considers the ideal in order to solve the question of justice.polis, a collective with the
ability to govern itself, and the relationship between the achievement of justice and the structure
of the Republic's institutions. Plato argues that philosopher monarchs need to rule as all
philosophers aim to comprehend the ideal polis.The beautiful city or "kallipolis,"is a fair city
where governmental authority is based on information, which Philosophers are kings, not rulers.
However, in theory, it would be ideal if the Republic and the modern state were ruled by
knowledge and not power, power is crucial in the make-up of political activity. This is amongst
the problems with Plato's reasoning that will be covered throughout the article. The query of who
ought to be in charge, and the essay will end by stating that, According to Plato, the philosopher
kings shouldn't govern as he advocates for an undemocratic political structure run by a kind
tyrant. However, it is unavoidable to identify certain aspects of the contemporary state that align
with the concept.
Confucianism
Confucianism's central tenet is the significance of possessing moral integrity, which can later
have a positive influence on the universe through the idea of "cosmic harmony." If the emperor is
morally perfect, his reign will be peaceful and helpful. Breaking from the ancient principles leads
to conflict and natural disasters. This moral character is gained through the virtue of ren, or
"humanity," which promotes more virtue-based behaviors like humility, compassion, and respect.
Confucius believed that This moral character was developed in large part through schooling.
Despite the fact that others may have strayed, he thought They are excellent by nature, based on
appropriate standards of behavior. Confucian rituals were intended to foster a sense of
togetherness and this respectful attitude within a group.
Karl Marx
believes that interaction with others, self-awareness and purposefulness combine to create a
human being. Additionally, he held that "human nature" is derived from "social relations" and is
produced by the individual human. People engage in social activities to live their lives.
Man must participate in the group process while simultaneously working together so they can be
considered as a ‘human being’. Feelings and roles must be acknowledged
Dynamics of Social Relations

Two types of Human Relationships
1. Exchange Relationships – There is an expectancy
2. Communal Relationships – There is willingness/ genuineness
Social Exchange Theory

Its balance is not always equal. When the cost outweighs the benefit, the relationship is
terminated. Level fairness varies between relationships (more generous – give a lot. Stingy-
won’t give anything at all)
Attachment Theory
Believes that people normally feel secure when a ‘significant other’ is present and will feel
anxious if
not around. Human contact is desired: need for attachment and need for affiliation
Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Humans reduce their anxiety by getting to know them better. By knowing people together,
behavior can be predicted and trust will be built eventually
Equity Theory
Concerned not only in rewards but also in fairness. People value fair or equal treatment which
motivates them to maintain their fairness in their relationships
Minding Relations Relationship

Happiness in a relationship is created in the mind.
WEEK 5
Four Factors that make up a Social System:
● First – the social system is composed of two or more individuals which are called actors.
● Second – the actors interact with one another physically or environment.
● Third – the interaction is goal directed.
● Fourth – the relationship is mediated by a shared symbol.
A social organization is a social system that is made up of individuals interacting for a common
goal, where each of them has their own function. It helps the members of the group to stay
connected to one another to maintain a sense of community. It can be authorized by different
cultures or others.
Different forms of Society
Pre-Industrial Societies - It pertains to societies that existed before the 18th century or even
before the Industrial Revolution.
- Hunting and Gathering Societies - It is the simplest type of society, wherein people
survive just by hunting and gathering food. They often do not have a permanent house or
village as they constantly move where they consume the resources of their current
location.
- Pastoral Societies - It is where the hunters discovered that animals can be tamed and bred
to secure food resources. Started the presence of inequality in the society as wealthier
pastoral families handed down their possessions to the next generations. As a result
wealth and power are centralized into those families who inherited the properties of their
ancestors.
- Horticultural Societies - This type of society learned to cultivate plants, and it is far
from agrarian or agricultural type, primarily because of the difference in technology and
land area. They often have simple tools, like digging sticks, or hoes. They plant in a small
area of land. This led to the production of other goods that were made available for
trading. Owning more wealth and property than others made some families superior to
others. Inequality was established in horticultural societies. (Established
semi-permanent to permanent houses.)
- Agrarian Societies - It is where they innovate new materials and methods for
cultivating plants and animals that give a path to agrarian societies. Some examples of
products of agrarian society are the invention of wheels, wind power sailboats, the
calendar, and other technological inventions that up until now, we have benefited from.
- Industrial Societies - The accumulation of information and the continuing innovations

and technological development of the agrarian societies paved the way to industrial
societies.
- Technology swiftly evolved in industrial societies resulting in even
more efficiency in production. This eventually led to a problem of overproduction.
- Educational Society - Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic
instruction, especially in school or university. Its main role is to transfer a piece of
knowledge and information to one another, in an educational institution.
- Virtual/ Social Networks - It specifically enhances the telecommunication system

computing technology that people use to interact with each other within the said society.
It usually refers to functionality rather than physical.
- Social System - A social system is a network of roles, relationships, and institutions that
organize how people interact in society. It includes structures like families, schools, and
governments, shaping behaviors and shared values.
WEEK 6
Death
- considered to be a natural occurrence, and as a person advance in age, the certainty of
death is seen in the gradual decline of the human body.
A controversial topic related to the belief in the existence of the afterlife is the phenomenon
known as “near death experience.” These experiences often include the person having an
“out-of-body experience” where the person views his or her body or the events surrounding his
or her apparent death from distance.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
- A person cannot hope to achieve immortality but he or she can achieve a certain degree
of timelessness if he or she learns to “live in the present.”
Karl Jasper
- Considers death as the most significant “limit situation”, and that one should have the
capacity to alter his or her perspectives and ideas to be able to live with the fact that he or
she is destined to die.
Erik Erikson
- Defines death as an important aspect in the development of man.
- In the later stages of life, man undergoes a challenge of balancing his life between ego
integrity and despair.
Grief
- The natural reaction to death and dying.
Psychological studies on grief have yielded several views on how humans deal with death,
dying, and loss.
The earliest description of the phenomenon of grief was put forth by Elisabeth Kubler- Ross.
Denial
- The dying person initially expresses disbelief regarding his or her situation; those who
hear of death of a loved one often refuse to believe the news at first.
Anger
- The person expresses frustration with his or her situation.
Bargaining
- The dying person often voices his or her wish that his or her life be prolonged, and that
he or she is willing to do whatever it takes to survive.
Depression
- The dying person experiences intense sadness and exhibits disinterest in life and its
normal routines.
Acceptance
- This is the last emotional stage of grief when the person finally comes to terms with his
or her impending death and has embraced his or her mortality.
-
Friedrich Nietzsche
- “Existence rather than Essence”
- The meaning of life is to live authentically and powerfully, creating one’s own goals and
values.
Socrates
● Who am I and why am I here?
- “The immoral person literally becomes a slave of his desire.”
- For Socrates, for a person to be happy, he has to live a virtuous life. virtue is not
something to be taught or acquired through education, but rather it is merely awakening
of the seeds of good deeds that lay dormant in the mind and heart of a person.
● PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE - One does not only know the rules of right living, but
one lives them. Hence, true knowledge means wisdom, which in turn, means virtue.
● SOCRATES MAJOR ETHICAL CLAIMS:
1. Happiness is impossible without moral virtue.
2. Unethical actions harm the person who performs them more than the people they
victimize.
Plato
- “Only the dead have seen the end of the war”
● CONTEMPLATION - In the mind of Plato means that the mind is in communion with
the universal and eternal ideas.
● THEORY OF IMMORTALITY - The body is the source of endless trouble to us by
reason of the mere requirement of food, and is liable also to diseases, which overtake and
impede us in the search after true being.
Aristotle
- “We ought, so far as it lies within our power, to aspire to immortality, and do all that we
can to live in conformity with the highest that is within us; for even if it is small in
quantity, in power and preciousness, it far excels all the rest.”
● REALIZING YOUR POTENTIAL - Everything in nature seeks to realize itself – to
develop its potentialities and finally realize its actualities.
● Entelechy - Greek word for “to become its essence”, also means nothing happens by
chance.
● The natural world is divided into two categories: Non-Living things and living things
(Price, 2000)
All things are destructible but the Unmoved Mover (God) is eternal, immaterial, with
pure actuality
or perfection
Prepared by:
- Cruz, Kane Shinamae C.
-Losigro, Khyl Henard M.
-Repala, Charls P.
-Ungos, Gheann Jannine E.

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Project I-REVIEW: Enhancing Social Science Learning

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social Contract

ROUSSEAU’S POLITICAL ASPECTS: TWO PARTS

Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract (1588-1679)

Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism ( 1905 - 1980 )

B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism

● On Underprivileged Sectors of Filipino Society

The society develops the Human beings’ potential Social Exchange

Dynamics of Social Relations

Social Exchange Theory

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Minding Relations Relationship

Four Factors that make up a Social System:

- Industrial Societies - The accumulation of information and the continuing innovations

- Virtual/ Social Networks - It specifically enhances the telecommunication system

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