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Next, perform the multiplication. In this step, the factor 0.080 has the fewest significant
figures, so round the answer to one significant figure.
38.91  0.080 = 3.11 = 3

1
2 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 2

1.4. a. 1.84 x 10−9 m = 1.84 nm

b. 5.67 x 10−12 s = 5.67 ps
c. 7.85 x 10−3 g = 7.85 mg
d. 9.7 x 103 m = 9.7 km
e. 0.000732 s = 0.732 ms, or 732 µs
f. 0.000000000154 m = 0.154 nm, or 154 pm

1.5. a. Substituting, we find that

5C 5C
tC =  (tF − 32°F) =  (102.5°F − 32°F) = 39.167°C
9F 9F
= 39.2°C

b. Substituting, we find that

 1 K   1K
TK =  tc   + 273.15 K =  78C   + 273.15 K = 195.15 K
 1C   1C 
= 195 K

1.6. Recall that density equals mass divided by volume. You substitute 159 g for the mass and 20.2
g/cm3 for the volume.
m 159 g
d= = = 7.871 g/cm3 = 7.87 g/cm3
V 20.2 cm3

The density of the metal equals that of iron.

1.7. Rearrange the formula defining the density to obtain the volume.
m
V=
d
Substitute 30.3 g for the mass and 0.789 g/cm3 for the density.
30.3 g
V= = 38.40 cm3 = 38.4 cm3
0.789 g/cm3

1.8. Since one pm = 10−12 m, and the prefix milli- means 10−3, you can write
1012 m 1 mm
121 pm   3 = 1.21  10−7 mm
1 pm 10 m

3
 1010 m 
3
67.6 Å    1 dm 
 
−26
 = 6.76  10 dm
3 3
1.9.
1
 1 Å   10 m 
3 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 3

1.10. From the definitions, you obtain the following conversion factors:
36 in 2.54 cm 10-2 m
1= 1= 1=
1 yd 1 in 1 cm

The conversion factor for yards to meters is as follows:

4 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 4

36 in 2.54 cm 10-2 m
1.000 yd x x x = 0.9144 m (exact)
1 yd 1 in 1 cm

Finally,
0.9144 m
3.54 yd x = 3.237 m = 3.24 m
1 yd

■ ANSWERS TO CONCEPT CHECKS

1.1. Box A contains a collection of identical units; therefore, it must represent an element. Box B
contains a compound because a compound is the chemical combination of two or more elements
(two elements in this case). Box C contains a mixture because it is made up of two different
substances.

1.2. a. For a person who weighs less than 100 pounds, two significant figures are typically used,
although one significant figure is possible (for example, 60 pounds). For a person who
weighs 100 pounds or more, three significant figures are typically used to report the weight
(given to the whole pound), although people often round to the nearest unit of 10, which
may result in reporting the weight with two significant figures (for example, 170 pounds).
b. Assuming a weight of 165 pounds, rounded to two significant figures this would be
reported as 1.7 x 102 pounds.
c. For example, 165 lb weighed on a scale that can measure in 100-lb increments would be
200 lb. Using the conversion factor 1 lb = 0.4536 kg, 165 lb is equivalent to 74.8 kg. Thus,
on a scale that can measure in 50-kg increments, 165 lb would be 50 kg.

1.3. a. If your leg is approximately 32 inches long, this would be equivalent to 0.81 m, 8.1 dm, or
81 cm.
b. One story is approximately 10 feet, so three stories is 30 feet. This would be equivalent to
approximately 9 m.
c. Normal body temperature is 98.6°F, or 37.0°C. Thus, if your body temperature were 39°C
(102°F), you would feel as if you had a moderate fever.
d. Room temperature is approximately 72°F, or 22°C. Thus, if you were sitting in a room at
23°C (73°F), you would be comfortable in a short-sleeve shirt.

1.4. Gold is a very unreactive substance, so comparing physical properties is probably your best
option. However, color is a physical property you cannot rely on in this case to get your answer.
One experiment you could perform is to determine the densities of the metal and the chunk of
gold. You could measure the mass of the nugget on a balance and the volume of the nugget by
water displacement. Using this information, you could calculate the density of the nugget. Repeat
the experiment and calculations for the sample of gold. If the nugget is gold, the two densities
should be equal and be 19.3 g/cm3.
Also, you could determine the melting points of the metal and the chunk of pure gold. The two
melting points should be the same (1338 K) if the metal is gold.
5 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 5

■ ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW QUESTIONS

1.1. One area of technology that chemistry has changed is the characteristics of materials. The liquid-
crystal displays (LCDs) in devices such as watches, cell phones, computer monitors, and
televisions are materials made of molecules designed by chemists. Electronics and
communications have been transformed by the development of optical fibers to replace copper
wires. In biology, chemistry has changed the way scientists view life. Biochemists have found
that all forms of life share many of the same molecules and molecular processes.

1.2. An experiment is an observation of natural phenomena carried out in a controlled manner so that
the results can be duplicated and rational conclusions obtained. A theory is a tested explanation of
basic natural phenomena. They are related in that a theory is based on the results of many
experiments and is fruitful in suggesting other, new experiments. Also, an experiment can
disprove a theory but can never prove it absolutely. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of
some regularity of nature.

1.3. Rosenberg conducted controlled experiments and noted a basic relationship that could be stated
as a hypothesis—that is, that certain platinum compounds inhibit cell division. This led him to do
new experiments on the anticancer activity of these compounds.

1.4. Matter is the general term for the material things around us. It is whatever occupies space and can
be perceived by our senses. Mass is the quantity of matter in a material. The difference between
mass and weight is that mass remains the same wherever it is measured, but weight is
proportional to the mass of the object divided by the square of the distance between the center of
mass of the object and that of the earth.

1.5. The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass remains constant during a chemical
change (chemical reaction). To demonstrate this law, place a sample of wood in a sealed vessel
with air, and weigh it. Heat the vessel to burn the wood, and weigh the vessel after the
experiment. The weight before the experiment and that after it should be the same.

1.6. Mercury metal, which is a liquid, reacts with oxygen gas to form solid mercury(II) oxide. The
color changes from that of metallic mercury (silvery) to a color that varies from red to yellow
depending on the particle size of the oxide.

1.7. Gases are easily compressible and fluid. Liquids are relatively incompressible and fluid. Solids
are relatively incompressible and rigid.

1.8. An example of a substance is the element sodium. Among its physical properties: It is a solid, and
it melts at 98°C. Among its chemical properties: It reacts vigorously with water, and it burns in
chlorine gas to form sodium chloride.

1.9. An example of an element: sodium; of a compound: sodium chloride, or table salt; of a

heterogeneous mixture: salt and sugar; of a homogeneous mixture: sodium chloride dissolved in
water to form a solution.

1.10. A glass of bubbling carbonated beverage with ice cubes contains three phases: gas, liquid, and
solid.

1.11. A compound may be decomposed by chemical reactions into elements. An element cannot be
decomposed by any chemical reaction. Thus, a compound cannot also be an element in any case.
6 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 6

1.12. The precision refers to the closeness of the set of values obtained from identical measurements of
a quantity. The number of digits reported for the value of a measured or calculated quantity
(significant figures) indicates the precision of the value.

1.13. Multiplication and division rule: In performing the calculation 100.0 x 0.0634 ÷ 25.31, the
calculator display shows 0.2504938. We would report the answer as 0.250 because the factor
0.0634 has the least number of significant figures (three).
Addition and subtraction rule: In performing the calculation 184.2 + 2.324, the calculator display
shows 186.524. Because the quantity 184.2 has the least number of decimal places (one), the
answer is reported as 186.5.

1.14. An exact number is a number that arises when you count items or sometimes when you define a
unit. For example, a foot is defined to be 12 inches. A measured number is the result of a
comparison of a physical quantity with a fixed standard of measurement. For example, a steel rod
measures 9.12 centimeters, or 9.12 times the standard centimeter unit of measurement.

1.15. For a given unit, the SI system uses prefixes to obtain units of different sizes. Units for all other
possible quantities are obtained by deriving them from any of the seven base units. You do this by
using the base units in equations that define other physical quantities.

1.16. An absolute temperature scale is a scale in which the lowest temperature that can be attained
theoretically is zero. Degrees Celsius and kelvins have units of equal size and are related by the
formula
1°C
tC = (TK − 273.15 K) 
1K

1.17. The density of an object is its mass per unit volume. Because the density is characteristic of a
substance, it can be helpful in identifying it. Density can also be useful in determining whether a
substance is pure. It also provides a useful relationship between mass and volume.

1.18. Units should be carried along because (1) the units for the answers will come out in the
calculations, and (2), if you make an error in arranging factors in the calculation, this will become
apparent because the final units will be nonsense.

1.19. The answer is c, three significant figures.

1.20. The answer is a, 4.43 x 102 mm.

1.21. The answer is e, 75 mL.

1.22. The answer is c, 0.23 mg.

■ ANSWERS TO CONCEPT EXPLORATIONS

1.23. a. First, check the physical appearance of each sample. Check the particles that make up each
sample for consistency and hardness. Also, note any odor. Then perform on each sample
some experiments to measure physical properties such as melting point, density, and
solubility in water. Compare all of these results and see if they match.
7 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 7

b. It is easier to prove that the compounds were different by finding one physical property that
is different, say different melting points. To prove the two compounds were the same
would require showing that every physical property was the same.
c. Of the properties listed in part a, the melting point would be most convincing. It is not
difficult to measure, and it is relatively accurate. The density of a powder is not as easy to
determine as the melting point, and solubility is not reliable enough on its own.
d. No. Since neither solution reached a saturation point, there is not enough information to tell
if there was a difference in behavior. Many white powders dissolve in water. Their
chemical compositions are not the same.

1.24. Part 1
a. 3 g + 1.4 g + 3.3 g = 7.7 g = 8 g
b. First, 3 g + 1.4 g = 4.4 g = 4 g. Then, 4 g + 3.3 g = 7.3 g = 7 g.
c. Yes, the answer in part a is more accurate. When you round off intermediate steps, you
accumulate small errors and your answer is not as accurate.
d. The answer 29 g is correct.
e. This answer is incorrect. It should be 3 x 101 with only one significant figure in the answer.
The student probably applied the rule for addition (instead of for multiplication) after the
first step.
f. The answer 28.5 g is correct.
g. Don’t round off intermediate answers. Indicate the round-off position after each step by
underlining the least significant digit.
Part 2
a. The calculated answer is incorrect. It should be 11 cm3. The answer given has too many
significant figures. There is also a small round off error due to using a rounded-off value
for the density.
b. This is a better answer. It is reported with the correct number of significant figures (three).
It can be improved by using all of the digits given for the density.
10 ball bearings 1.234 g 1 cm3
c. V=   = 3.90889 = 3.909 cm3
1 1 ball bearing 3.1569 g

d. There was no rounding off of intermediate steps; all the factors are as accurate as possible.

■ ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS

1.25. a. Two phases: liquid and solid.
b. Three phases: liquid water, solid quartz, and solid seashells.

1.26. If the material is a pure compound, all samples should have the same melting point, the same
color, and the same elemental composition. If it is a mixture, these properties should differ
depending on the composition.
8 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 8

1.27. a. You need to establish two points on the thermometer with known (defined) temperatures—
for example, the freezing point (0C) and boiling point (100C) of water. You could first
immerse the thermometer in an ice-water bath and mark the level at this point as 0C. Then,
immerse the thermometer in boiling water, and mark the level at this point as 100C. As
long as the two points are far enough apart to obtain readings of the desired accuracy, the
thermometer can be used in experiments.
b. You could make 19 evenly spaced marks on the thermometer between the two original
points, each representing a difference of 5°C. You may divide the space between the two
original points into fewer spaces as long as you can read the thermometer to obtain the
desired accuracy.

1.28. a. b. c.

1.29. a. To answer this question, you need to develop an equation that converts between F and
YS. To do so, you need to recognize that one degree on the Your Scale does not
correspond to one degree on the Fahrenheit scale and that −100F corresponds to 0 on
Your Scale (different “zero” points). As stated in the problem, in the desired range of 100
Your Scale degrees, there are 120 Fahrenheit degrees. Therefore, the relationship can be
expressed as 120F = 100YS, since it covers the same temperature range. Now you need
to “scale” the two systems so that they correctly convert from one scale to the other. You
could set up an equation with the known data points and then employ the information from
the relationship above.
For example, to construct the conversion between YS and F, you could perform the
following steps:
Step 1: F = YS
Not a true statement, but one you would like to make true.
120°F
Step 2: °F = °YS 
100°YS
This equation takes into account the difference in the size between the temperature unit on
the two scales but will not give you the correct answer because it doesn’t take into account
the different zero points.
Step 3: By subtracting 100F from your equation from Step 2, you now have the complete
equation that converts between F and YS.
120°F
F = (YS  ) − 100F
100°YS
b. Using the relationship from part a, 66°YS is equivalent to
120°F
(66YS  ) − 100F = −20.8F = −21F
100°YS
9 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 9

1.30. Some physical properties you could measure are density, hardness, color, and conductivity.
Chemical properties of sodium would include reaction with air, reaction with water, reaction with
chlorine, reaction with acids, bases, etc.

1.31. The empty boxes are identical, so they do not contribute to any mass or density difference. Since
the edge of the cube and the diameter of the sphere are identical, they will occupy the same
volume in each of the boxes; therefore, each box will contain the same number of cubes or
spheres. If you view the spheres as cubes that have been rounded by removing wood, you can
conclude that the box containing the cubes must have a greater mass of wood; hence, it must have
a greater density.

1.32. a. Since the bead is less dense than any of the liquids in the container, the bead will float on
top of all the liquids.
b. First, determine the density of the plastic bead. Since density is mass divided by volume,
you get
m 3.92  102 g
d= = = 0.911 g/mL = 0.91 g/mL
V 0.043 mL

Thus, the glass bead will pass through the top three layers and float on the ethylene glycol
layer, which is more dense.
c. Since the bead sinks all the way to the bottom, it must be more dense than 1.114 g/mL.

1.33. a. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 g.

b. Answers will vary depending on your particular sample. Keeping in mind that the SI unit
for mass is kg, the approximate weights for the items presented in the problem are as
follows: a grain of sand, 1  10−5 kg; a paper clip, 1 x 10−3 kg; a nickel, 5  10−3 kg; a 5.0-
gallon bucket of water, 2.0  101 kg; a brick, 3 kg; a car, 1  103 kg.

1.34. When taking measurements, never throw away meaningful information even if there is some
uncertainty in the final digit. In this case, you are certain that the nail is between 5 and 6 cm. The
uncertain, yet still important, digit is between the 5 and 6 cm measurements. You can estimate
with reasonable precision that it is about 0.7 cm from the 5 cm mark, so an acceptable answer
would be 5.7 cm. Another person might argue that the length of the nail is closer to 5.8 cm, which
is also acceptable given the precision of the ruler. In any case, an answer of 5.7 or 5.8 should
provide useful information about the length of the nail. If you were to report the length of the nail
as 6 cm, you would be discarding potentially useful length information provided by the
measuring instrument. If a higher degree of measurement precision were needed (more significant
figures), you would need to switch to a more precise ruler—for example, one that had mm
markings.

1.35. a. The number of significant figures in this answer follows the rules for multiplication and
division. Here, the measurement with the fewest significant figures is the reported volume
0.310 m3, which has three. Therefore, the answer will have three significant figures. Since
Volume = L x W x H, you can rearrange and solve for one of the measurements, say the
length.
V 0.310 m3
L= = = 0.83496 m = 0.835 m
W  H (0.7120 m) (0.52145 m)
10 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 10

b. The number of significant figures in this answer follows the rules for addition and
subtraction. The measurement with the least number of decimal places is the result 1.509
m, which has three. Therefore, the answer will have three decimal places. Since the result is
the sum of the three measurements, the third length is obtained by subtracting the other two
measurements from the total.
Length = 1.509 m − 0.7120 m − 0.52145 m = 0.27555 m = 0.276 m

1.36. The mass of something (how heavy it is) depends on how much of the item, material, substance,
or collection of things you have. The density of something is the mass of a specific amount
(volume) of an item, material, substance, or collection of things. You could use 1 kg of feathers
and 1 kg of water to illustrate that they have the same mass yet have very different volumes;
therefore, they have different densities.

■ SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Note on significant figures: If the final answer to a solution needs to be rounded off, it is given first with
one nonsignificant figure, and the last significant figure is underlined. The final answer is then rounded to
the correct number of significant figures. In multistep problems, intermediate answers are given with at
least one nonsignificant figure; however, only the final answer has been rounded off.

1.37. By the law of conservation of mass:

Mass of sodium carbonate + mass of acetic acid solution = mass of contents of reaction vessel +
mass of carbon dioxide
Plugging in gives
15.9 g + 20.0 g = 29.3 g + mass of carbon dioxide
Mass of carbon dioxide = 15.9 g + 20.0 g − 29.3 g = 6.6 g

1.38. By the law of conservation of mass:

Mass of iron + mass of acid = mass of contents of beaker + mass of hydrogen
Plugging in gives
5.6 g + 15.0 = 20.4 g + mass of hydrogen
Mass of hydrogen = 5.6 g + 15.0 g − 20.4 g = 0.2 g

1.39. By the law of conservation of mass:

Mass of zinc + mass of sulfur = mass of zinc sulfide
Rearranging and plugging in give
Mass of zinc sulfide = 65.4 g + 32.1 g = 97.5 g
For the second part, let x = mass of zinc sulfide that could be produced. By the law of
conservation of mass:
20.0 g + mass of sulfur = x
11 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 11

Write a proportion that relates the mass of zinc reacted to the mass of zinc sulfide formed, which
should be the same for both cases.
mass zinc 65.4 g 20.0 g
= =
mass zinc sulfide 97.5 g x

Solving gives x = 29.81 g = 29.8 g

1.40. By the law of conservation of mass:

Mass of aluminum + mass of bromine = mass of aluminum bromide
Plugging in and solving give
27.0 g + Mass of bromine = 266.7 g
Mass of bromine = 266.7 g − 27.0 g = 239.7 g
For the second part, let x = mass of bromine that reacts. By the law of conservation of mass:
18.1 g + x = mass of aluminum bromide
Write a proportion that relates the mass of aluminum reacted to the mass of bromine reacted,
which should be the same for both cases.
mass aluminum 27.0 g 18.1 g
= =
mass bromine 239.7 g x

Solving gives x = 160.7 g = 161 g

1.41. a. Solid b. Liquid c. Gas d. Solid

1.42. a. Solid b. Solid c. Solid d. Liquid

1.43. a. Physical change

b. Physical change
c. Chemical change
d. Physical change

1.44. a. Physical change

b. Chemical change
c. Chemical change
d. Physical change

1.45. Physical change: Liquid mercury is cooled to solid mercury.

Chemical changes: (1) Solid mercury oxide forms liquid mercury metal and gaseous oxygen; (2)
glowing wood and oxygen form burning wood (form ash and gaseous products).

1.46. Physical changes: (1) Solid iodine is heated to gaseous iodine; (2) gaseous iodine is cooled to
form solid iodine.
Chemical change: Solid iodine and zinc metal are ignited to form a white powder.
12 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 12

1.47. a. Physical property

b. Chemical property
c. Physical property
d. Physical property
e. Chemical property

1.48. a. Physical property

b. Chemical property
c. Physical property
d. Chemical property
e. Physical property

1.49. Physical properties: (1) Iodine is solid; (2) the solid has lustrous blue-black crystals;
(3) the crystals vaporize readily to a violet-colored gas.
Chemical properties: (1) Iodine combines with many metals, such as with aluminum to give
aluminum iodide.

1.50. Physical properties: (1) is a solid; (2) has an orange-red color; (3) has a density of
11.1 g/cm3; (4) is insoluble in water.
Chemical property: Mercury(II) oxide decomposes when heated to give mercury and oxygen.

1.51. a. Physical process

b. Chemical reaction
c. Physical process
d. Chemical reaction
e. Physical process

1.52. a. Chemical reaction

b. Physical process
c. Physical process
d. Physical process
e. Chemical reaction

1.53. a. Solution
b. Substance
c. Substance
d. Heterogeneous mixture
13 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 13

1.54. a. Homogeneous mixture, if fresh; heterogeneous mixture, if spoiled

b. Substance
c. Solution
d. Substance

1.55. a. A pure substance with two phases present, liquid and gas.
b. A mixture with two phases present, solid and liquid.
c. A pure substance with two phases present, solid and liquid.
d. A mixture with two phases present, solid and solid.

1.56. a. A mixture with two phases present, solid and liquid.

b. A mixture with two phases present, solid and liquid.
c. A mixture with two phases present, solid and solid.
d. A pure substance with two phases present, liquid and gas.

1.57. a. four
b. three
c. four
d. five
e. three
f. four

1.58. a. five
b. four
c. two
d. four
e. three
f. four

1.59. 40,000 km = 4.0 x 104 km

1.60. 150,000,000 km = 1.50  108 km

8.71  0.0301
1.61. a. = 8.457 = 8.5
0.031

b. 0.71 + 89.3 = 90.01 = 90.0

c. 934  0.00435 + 107 = 4.0629 + 107 = 111.06 = 111
d. (847.89 − 847.73)  14673 = 0.16  14673 = 2347 = 2.3  103
14 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 14

8.71  0.57
1.62. a. = 0.8456 = 0.85
5.871

b. 8.937 − 8.930 = 0.007

c. 8.937 + 8.930 = 17.867
d. 0.00015  54.6 + 1.002 = 0.00819 + 1.002 = 1.0101 = 1.010

1.63. The volume of the first sphere is

V1 = (4/3)r3 = (4/3)  (5.15 cm)3 = 572.15 cm3
The volume of the second sphere is
V2 = (4/3)r3 = (4/3)  (5.00 cm)3 = 523.60 cm3
The difference in volume is
V1 − V2 = 572.15 cm3 − 523.60 cm3 = 48.55 cm3 = 49 cm3

1.64. The length of the cylinder between the two marks is

l = 3.50 cm − 3.20 cm = 0.30 cm
The volume of iron contained between the marks is
V = r2l =   (1.500 cm)2  0.30 cm = 2.12 cm3 = 2.1 cm3

1.65. a. 5.89  10−12 s = 5.89 ps

b. 0.2010 m = 2.01 dm
c. 2.560  10−9 g = 2.560 ng
d. 6.05  103 m = 6.05 km

1.66. a. 4.851  10−6 g = 4.851 µg

b. 3.16  10−2 m = 3.16 cm
c. 2.591  10−9 s = 2.591 ns
d. 8.93  10−12 g = 8.93 pg

1.67. a. 6.15 ps = 6.15  10−12 s

b. 3.781 µm = 3.781  10−6 m
c. 1.546 Å = 1.546  10−10 m
d. 9.7 mg = 9.7  10−3 g

1.68. a. 6.20 km = 6.20  103 m

b. 1.98 ns = 1.98  10−9 s
c. 2.54 cm = 2.54  10−2 m
d. 5.23 µg = 5.23  10−6 g
15 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 15

5°C 5°C
1.69. a. tC =  (tF − 32°F) =  (68°F − 32°F) = 20.0°C = 20.°C
9°F 9°F
5°C 5°C
b. tC =  (tF − 32°F) =  (−23°F − 32°F) = −30.56°C = −31°C
9°F 9°F
9°F 9°F
c. tF = (tC  ) + 32°F = (26°C  ) + 32°F = 78.8°F = 79°F
5°C 5°C

9°F 9°F
d. tF = (tC  ) + 32°F = (−81°C  ) + 32°F = −113.8°F = −114°F
5°C 5°C

5°C 5°C
1.70. a. tC =  (tF − 32°F) =  (51°F − 32°F) = 10.556C = 11C
9°F 9°F
5°C 5°C
b. tC =  (tF − 32°F) =  (−11°F − 32°F) = −23.9°C = −24°C
9°F 9°F
9°F 9°F
c. tF = (tC  ) + 32°F = (−41°C  ) + 32°F = −41.8°F = −42°F
5°C 5°C

9°F 9°F
d. tF = (tC  ) + 32°F = (22°C  ) + 32°F = 71.6°F = 72°F
5°C 5°C

9°F 9°F
1.71. tF = (tC  ) + 32°F = (−20.0°C  ) + 32°F = −4.0°F = −4.0°F
5°C 5°C

9°F 9°F
1.72. tF = (tC  ) + 32°F = (−222.7°C  ) + 32°F = −368.86°F = −368.9°F
5°C 5°C

m 12.4 g
1.73. d= = 3
= 7.560 g/cm3 = 7.56 g/cm3
V 1.64 cm

m 23.6 g
1.74. d= = = 0.7867 g/mL = 0.787 g/mL
V 30.0 mL

1.75. First, determine the density of the liquid.

m 6.71 g
d= = = 0.7894 = 0.79 g/mL
V 8.5 mL

The density is closest to ethanol (0.789 g/cm3).

1.76. First, determine the density of the mineral sample.

m 5.94 g
d= = 3
= 8.137 = 8.1 g/cm3
V 0.73 cm
16 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 16

The density is closest to cinnabar (8.10 g/cm3).

1.77. The mass of platinum is obtained as follows.

Mass = d  V = 21.4 g/cm3  5.9 cm3 = 126 g = 1.3  102 g
17 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 17

1.78. The mass of gasoline is obtained as follows.

Mass = d  V = 0.70 g/mL  43.8 mL = 30.66 g = 31 g

1.79. The volume of ethanol is obtained as follows. Recall that 1 mL = 1 cm3.

m = 19.8 g
Volume = 3
= 25.09 cm3 = 25.1 cm3 = 25.1 mL
d 0.789 g/cm

1.80. The volume of bromine is obtained as follows.

m = 88.5 g = 28.54 mL = 28.5 mL
Volume =
d 3.10 g/mL

1.81. Since 1 kg = 103 g, and 1 mg = 10−3 g, you can write

103 g 1 mg
0.480 kg x  3 = 4.80  105 mg
1 kg 10 g

1.82. Since 1 mg = 10−3 g, and 1 µg = 10−6 g, you can write

10-3 g 1 μg
611 mg x  -6 = 6.11  105 µg
1 mg 10 g

1.83. Since 1 nm = 10−9 m, and 1 cm = 10−2 m, you can write

109 m 1 cm
555 nm   2 = 5.55  10−5 cm
1 nm 10 m

1.84. Since 1 Å = 10−10 m, and 1 mm = 10−3 m, you can write

1010 m 1 mm
0.96 Å   3 = 9.6  10−8 mm
1Å 10 m

1.85. Since 1 km = 103 m, you can write

 103 m 
3

3.73  10 km  
8 3
 = 3.73  1017 m3
 1 km 

Now, 1 dm = 10−1 m. Also, note that 1 dm3 = 1 L. Therefore, you can write
3
 1 dm 
3.73  10 m   -1  = 3.73  1020 dm3 = 3.73  1020 L
17 3

 10 m 

1.86. 1 µm = 10−6 m, and 1 dm = 10−1 m. Also, note that 1 dm3 = 1 L. Therefore, you can write
 10-6 m   1 dm 
3 3
1.3 µm  
3
 
−15 −15
 = 1.3  10 dm = 1.3  10 L
3
18 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 18

 1 μm   10 m 
-1

2000 lb 16 oz 1g
1.87. 3.58 short ton x   = 3.248  106 g = 3.25  106 g
1 short ton 1 lb 0.03527 oz
19 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 19

252.0 cal 4.184 J

1.88. 3.15 Btu   = 3321 J = 3.32  103 J
1 Btu 1 cal

6 ft 12 in.  2.54  102 m

1.89. 2425 fathoms    = 4434.8 m = 4.435  103 m
1 fathom 1 ft 1 in.

42 gal 4 qt 9.46 x 10-4 m3

1.90. 1.3 x 1010 barrels    = 2.066  109 m3 = 2.1 x 109 m3
1 barrel 1 gal 1 qt

 2.54 cm 
3
1L
1.91. (20.0 in.)  (20.0 in.)  (10.0 in.)   = 65.54 L = 65.5 L
  3
 1 in.  1000 cm
 1000 m   33 worms
2

1.92. (1.00 km)  (2.0 km)  (1 m)   = 6.60  107 = 6.6  107 worms
 
 1 km  1 m3

■ SOLUTIONS TO GENERAL PROBLEMS

1.93. From the law of conservation of mass,
Mass of sodium + mass of water = mass of hydrogen + mass of solution
Substituting, you obtain
19.70 g + 126.22 g = mass of hydrogen + 145.06 g
or,
Mass of hydrogen = 19.70 g + 126.22 g − 145.06 g = 0.86 g
Thus, the mass of hydrogen produced was 0.86 g.

1.94. From the law of conservation of mass,

Mass of tablet + mass of acid solution = mass of carbon dioxide + mass of solution
Substituting, you obtain
0.853 g + 56.519 g = mass of carbon dioxide + 57.152 g
Mass of carbon dioxide = 0.853 g + 56.519 g − 57.152 g = 0.220 g
Thus, the mass of carbon dioxide produced was 0.220 g.

1.95. From the law of conservation of mass,

Mass of aluminum + mass of iron(III) oxide = mass of iron +
mass of aluminum oxide + mass of unreacted iron(III) oxide
5.40 g + 18.50 g = 11.17 g + 10.20 g + mass of iron(III) oxide unreacted
Mass of iron(III) oxide unreacted = 5.40 g + 18.50 g − 11.17 g − 10.20 g = 2.53 g
Thus, the mass of unreacted iron(III) oxide is 2.53 g.
20 Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement Chapter 1: Chemistry and Measurement 20

1.96. From the law of conservation of mass,

Mass of sodium bromide + mass of chlorine reacted = mass of bromine +
mass of sodium chloride
20.6 g + mass of chlorine reacted = 16.0 g + 11.7 g
Mass of chlorine reacted = 16.0 g + 11.7 g − 20.6 g = 7.1 g
Thus, the mass of chlorine that reacted is 7.1 g.

1.97. 53.10 g + 5.348 g + 56.1 g = 114.54 g = 114.5 g total

1.98. 66.5 g + 58.2 g + 5.279 g = 129.979 g = 130.0 g total

1.99. a. Chemical b. Physical c. Physical d. Chemical

1.100. a. Physical b. Chemical c. Physical d. Chemical

1.101. Compounds always contain the same proportions of the elements by mass. Thus, if we let X be
the proportion of iron in a sample, we can calculate the proportion of iron in each sample as
follows.
mass of iron 1.094 g
Sample A: X= = = 0.72068 = 0.7207
mass of sample 1.518 g
mass of iron 1.449 g
Sample B: X= = = 0.70476 = 0.7048
mass of sample 2.056 g
mass of iron 1.335 g
Sample C: X= =
mass of sample 1.873 g = 0.71276 = 0.7128

Since each sample has a different proportion of iron by mass, the material is not a compound.

1.102. Compounds always contain the same proportions of the elements by mass. Thus, if we let X be
the proportion of mercury in a sample, we can calculate the proportion of mercury in each sample
as follows.
mass of mercury = 0.9641 g
Sample A: X= = 0.92612 = 0.9261
mass of sample 1.0410 g

mass of mercury = 1.4293 g = 0.92607 = 0.9261

Sample B: X= 1.5434 g
mass of sample
1.1283 g
mass of mercury =
Sample C: X= 1.2183 g = 0.92612 = 0.9261
mass of sample

Since each sample has the same proportion of mercury by mass, the data are consistent with the
hypothesis that the material is a compound.

1.103. V = (edge)3 = (39.3 cm)3 = 6.069  104 cm3 = 6.07  104 cm3

1.104. V = r2l =   (2.56 cm)2  56.32 cm = 1159 cm3 = 1.16  103 cm3
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
naturalist, painter, doctor, philosopher, and instructor, far more than
in my character of merchant, a strong liking for my boarders. I
succeeded, by my powers of penetration, in reading in their eyes
their desires, wants, and thoughts, and almost ended by conversing
with them. In this psychological study I should, without doubt, have
attained a height unknown to the most skilful naturalists of our grand
European museums, if the fatal accident through which my poor
father lost his life had not all at once put an end to my passion for
animals. After this unfortunate calamity it was impossible for me not
to see in each animal of my collection an accomplice of the tiger
which had deprived my parent of existence. This antipathy, day by
day growing stronger, caused me at first to neglect the brutes, and
afterwards to punish them with far more severity than I had hitherto
been accustomed to exhibit towards them. They soon perceived this,
since animals have stronger instincts perhaps than men, and
thereupon they repaid me with hatred and spite for the rigour with
which I ordinarily treated them. They became wicked and vindictive;
and I, on my part, became only the more inflexible. A struggle
commenced between us, which was carried to a point when I was no
longer able to rule them except by threats and red-hot bars of iron.
This was the result; if, in order to punish and to tame them, I no
longer allowed any one among them to leave his cage, I was obliged
from motives of prudence to refrain from entering any of their dens.
On both sides there was a permanent state of anger and hostility,
and I must say there was no end to the wicked tricks they played me.
The last one they were guilty of was of so cruel, and indeed terrible a
character, that if I were to pass it over in silence, the origin of my
prodigious troubles would be rendered in a great measure
unintelligible. One alone was guilty of this deed, though all were in a
degree parties to it by reason of their undisguised animosity towards
me.
Vice-Admiral Campbell, who at that time was commander of the
English naval station in Oceania, was in the habit, every time he
touched at Macao, of visiting my bazaar, and of making purchases
for his aviaries and ship menageries of such things as parroquets,
birds from the Island of Lugon, or tame tigers, which served to
amuse him during his passage from one island to another, and
throughout the long anchorages he was occasionally compelled to
make up some wearisome and disagreeable inlet.
I may here say a few words on the importance of the English
stations in the Chinese and Australian seas. The object of these—
which, by the way, is not always attained—is to protect the lives and
properties of Europeans from the descents of Chinese and Malay
pirates, a numerous and terrible race. These formidable sea-
serpents, who are to Oceania what the Algerians were in former
times to the Mediterranean, recognise no authority under heaven—
neither that of the Emperor of China, backed by his mandarins; nor
that of the sultans who reign over some few large islands, like
Borneo and Mindanao; nor even that of the English and Dutch
viceroys, representatives of powerful nations, it is true, but who find
considerable difficulty in making their flags respected in these distant
seas.
The Malay pirates may be said to brave everything, and to be
everywhere. The archipelago of Sooloo, which contains no less than
160 islands, is entirely peopled by them. At an appointed time they
will sail forth over the waters with a fleet of, perhaps, 500 junks,
manned by 5,000 sailors, and lie in ambuscade for unsuspecting
merchantmen. The booty which they secure they divide among
themselves; and the prisoners whom they take are only set at liberty
on the receipt of a considerable ransom: too frequently they are
killed. These water-rats have sometimes pushed their audacity so far
as to make descents in the very midst of such great centres of
commerce as the islands of Sumatra and Java; and on one occasion
they even dared to come and buy powder and ball at Macao. What is
quite as remarkable, too, the merchants of this place did not hesitate
a moment to sell them all the ammunition they required: in this
respect reminding one of those mercenary Dutchmen who, when
besieged by the Spaniards, made a practice each evening of selling
to their adversaries—no doubt at remunerative prices—the cannon-
balls which they had fired against their town during the day. These
pirates are apparently indestructible; they have lasted for centuries
as it is, and they bid fair to last for centuries more.
 It is to protect its subjects against the poisoned daggers of these
swarming bandits that England, as I have mentioned above, is
constantly sending forth ships to innumerable points on the sea-
coast of China, and to the interminable shores scattered round
about.
These vessels often remain for entire years in localities which are
believed to be menaced with a visit from these formidable corsairs. It
is then that the officers take up their quarters on shore, that tents are
pitched, and houses even are constructed, where naval men can
manage to lodge in something like comfort.
This particular kind of naval campaign is much dreaded by the
English sailors, obliged to contend at the same time against
tempests, pirates, and fevers of every kind and colour; and, above
all, with the wearisomeness arising from the monotonous kind of life
they are here forced to lead, and which may be described as the
yellow fever of the mind.
Vice-Admiral Campbell, who commanded, as I have already said,
at one of these stations, had hoisted his pennant on board Her
Majesty’s steam frigate Halcyon.
The admiral was preparing to leave the roads of Macao on the
very day that he came with all his staff—captains, lieutenants,
commanders, and officers of every grade—to view my menagerie.
Some of these gentlemen had brought their wives with them,
whence I concluded that their stay at the station to which they were
about to proceed would be an unusually long one.
Fortunately, I had received a short time previously some
considerable additions to my stock of animals; and I can truly say
that my establishment at this time was alike worthy of the attention of
men of science and of amateurs. Besides birds from every clime,
which enriched my aviaries, I possessed gazelles from Egypt, bisons
from Missouri, goats from Cashmere, ant-eaters, jaguars, leopards
from Senegambia, otters, polar bears, black panthers, lynxes,
moose-deer from Canada, rhinoceroses with one horn, llamas from
Brazil, lions from Bengal, and a magnificent selection of tigers. But
the cream of my collection was its endless variety of apes: waggish,
wicked, shy, wild, grave, pensive, sinister, intellectual, stupid,
melancholy, and grotesque. I had ourang-outangs, gibbons,
baboons, papios, mandrills, wanderoos, monkeys, macaques, patas
monkeys, malbroncks, mangabeys, lemurs, talapoins, cluks, and
magots. Of all these apes, there were four that seemed to divide
among themselves the curiosity of the large party at that moment
assembled in my museum.
Firstly, there were two baboons of unequalled strength and ferocity
—as large as men, as intelligent as men, and, I was about to add, as
wicked as men. They made their cage shake again with their violent
movements, they often turned it over even; and, in an excess of
anger, would twist the iron bars through which they made a point of
insulting every one that stopped to gaze at them, as though these
stout metal rods were so many sticks of pliant wax. How was it that
visitors generally were so pleased with them? Could it have been
because they were so supremely wicked? I am half afraid that this
was the reason.
The two other apes who divided the sympathies of the visitors with
the big baboons were a male and female chimpanzee, both
possessing youth, and, I may add, even grace. The male
chimpanzee was gentle as a young girl, delicate, sensible,
understanding everything, approaching as near the limits of
intelligence as is permitted to a being deprived of the Divine light of
reason. He was fond of children, played with them, and appeared to
have a taste for music, since he invariably left off eating whenever
he heard the sounds of an instrument.
With me he filled the office of a footman. At dinner he held the
plates, and handed round the wine; he even ate at table when I
invited him. The trifling marks of attention which I occasionally paid
him made the other apes jealous, almost to frenzy.
With regard to his companion, who was likewise a young
chimpanzee, she differed from most female apes, who are fond of
ribbons, lace, and embroidered handkerchiefs, and appeared
perfectly contented with her own natural grace and prettiness. She
was never so happy as when some one gave her a beautiful flower,
which she would either place behind her ear, or else regard with
looks of melancholy for entire hours.
I had named my two baboons, the one Karabouffi the First, the
other Karabouffi the Second; and I had given to the male
chimpanzee the name of Mococo, and to the female that of Saïmira.
Mococo loved Saïmira very much; and it is quite certain that
Saïmira on her part loved Mococo in return.
Karabouffi the First had also a hidden and terrible love for Saïmira.
Nothing could exceed the black jealousy of this ferocious baboon.
Whenever the two young chimpanzees, who enjoyed the liberty of
perambulating the galleries of the museum, passed in front of his
cage, his terrible claws became rigid as iron hooks, his eyes flashed
forth angry and vindictive glances, as he curled up his blue lips, and
gnashed his teeth. On these occasions terror reigned throughout the
menagerie, and even the lions and tigers seemed lost in reflection.
There was not a single one of these animals that did not at times
recall to me, point by point, the characters, desires, and passions of
men. I became convinced with Buffon, who has written so many
admirable pages on natural history, that if, instead of beating and ill-
treating them and making them constantly suffer, we were only to
study them, and take a real and active interest in such an
occupation, we should penetrate an immense and unexplored world
of ideas and sensations, where as yet we can be hardly said to have
placed our feet.
Vice-Admiral Campbell was so delighted with the grimaces, the
tricks, the eccentricities, and I must also add the ferocity, of my
boarders, that he immediately purchased an ape and a monkey.
Whereupon every officer, out of deference to his superior, selected in
like manner an ape and a monkey.
I confess I could not bring myself to part with Mococo and Saïmira,
for it was necessary to sell both or to keep both; but Vice-Admiral
Campbell’s lady wished so much to possess them, that I had no
alternative except to resign them to her. I knew, moreover, that she
would take as much care of them as I myself had been in the habit
of; nevertheless, I asked her to promise me never to leave them in
the power of their prime persecutor, Karabouffi the First. She gave
me her word, and I abandoned my two young chimpanzees with
confidence to her keeping. The poor things appeared even more
afflicted than myself at our separation, for they embraced me like two
children, and moistened my hands with their tears. Overcome by
these marks of affection, I was on the point of taking them back
again; but I recollected that I was a trader, and that a trader must sell
the wares in which he deals: interest therefore had its way.
As all the gentlemen belonging to the station bought, as I think I
have already said, my animals in pairs, it happened that, owing to
my having an odd ape, one of the two baboons, Karabouffi the
Second, was left on my hands. For want of a female to pair with him,
he was condemned to remain in the menagerie, a circumstance
which irritated him to that degree as to cause him to utter shrieks of
rage on seeing his companions about to be taken away while he
alone was to be left behind.
His companions in their turn, pitying the lot of their unfortunate
comrade who remained a captive behind the iron bars, uttered the
most plaintive cries, and sought to prevent themselves from being
conveyed on board the vessels which were to carry them to the
distant station. It became necessary, therefore, to have recourse to
the whip.
As may be supposed, all Macao was in commotion at the event.
However, the law was strong, and the whole of the apes were
eventually embarked.
It would be impossible to give an idea, either by the aid of
language or of painting, of the dark and revengeful looks which the
solitary baboon directed towards me when I re-entered the
menagerie after his companions’ departure.
I question whether the most irritated and malignant of men,
burning with feelings of suppressed hatred, ever condensed such
unmistakable threats of vengeance into his eyes as I could read in
those of the infuriated baboon. I saw there a positive hankering after
blood, and that blood, moreover, my own.
 Nearly a year had elapsed since this extensive sale of apes, on
which I had, as the reader may suppose, realised enormous profits,
when one night I woke up suffocated by a dense smoke which
seemed to rise from the crevices in the floor of my room. This
flooring, which was composed of very thin boards, extended above
the menagerie. I found myself positively choking, and rose from my
bed with infinite difficulty, and directed my steps towards the window,
which I immediately flung open. Indeed, I opened every window and
door so as not to perish of suffocation. But directly the air had
penetrated into the apartment, it was no longer smoke that I had to
contend with, but fire, which, running along the cracks of the floor,
enveloped ere long the whole house in a blaze.
My first thought was to save my poor mother, but I was, alas! too
late. The back part of the house, where her room was situated, was
the first to be filled with smoke, and my poor mother must have been
suffocated before she could call out for assistance. For myself, I was
dragged from the room where I wished to die. My neighbours saved
me, carried me into the street, and placed me on a stone bench,
from whence I saw my entire establishment consumed before my
eyes. Through the broken door, through the open entrance of the
bazaar, I was a witness of a spectacle which I shall never forget.
In the midst of the devouring flames, which were roasting my finest
birds, and in which my superb tigers were writhing with fearful cries,
nobody meanwhile daring to approach near enough to attempt to
rescue them, the baboon, a lighted brand in each hand, danced,
chuckled, grinned, and frisked about with a hideous kind of joy. His
attitude, his impudent looks, indeed everything about his frightful
expression, sufficiently proved him to be the author of the
conflagration—he who, in the course of a long-meditated night of
vengeance, had managed to procure some matches with which he
had seen the keeper of an evening light up the bazaar; he who,
breaking his chains and the bars of his cage, had first turned on the
gas, and after allowing it to escape had then set light to it. Such was
the supreme vengeance of this terrible baboon, Karabouffi the
Second.
 One of my neighbours shot him as he was dancing in the midst of
the flames. But I was not the less ruined; I had not the less lost my
excellent mother.
Under the weight of so many afflictions, and so much misery, I
resolved to change my profession; remembering rather late my poor
father’s admonition. For more than two years I traded in ivory,
feathers, and furs; but not being versed in this kind of traffic, I made
only moderate profits, and entertained no hope whatever of realising
any very great ones in future. Moreover, this mode of life, less active
than what I had been accustomed to, did not please me; my former
pursuit was continually recalled to my mind by the enticing nature of
my studies in natural history. I regretted it even for the dangers with
which it was beset, and of which I have already spoken. At last, after
a good deal of hesitation, I determined to follow it again. I was still
young; several thousand piastres were lying to my credit with M.
Silvao, banker at Goa. I had the means of re-establishing my
business; but it was necessary for me to undertake two or three
journeys to the islands of Oceania, and join the great hunters of wild
beasts and birds of prey, with whom I counted upon scouring the
woods and swamps. It was a hardy and adventurous course to
follow; still there was no other way of re-stocking my establishment
at Macao. I hesitated for a time, I admit; but after awhile I took leave
of my few relations and my numerous friends, and made the final
preparations for my voyage. I ought not to omit to say that I had
chartered a Chinese junk on my own account, and that I had it at my
service for an entire year. My first destination was Australia, that
immense island, as large as a continent, where I was certain,
according to the accounts of travellers, to find some of the most
varied and least known animals of creation.
I set sail on the 3rd of July, 1850, in the junk which I had
chartered, and which did not make up for its great weight by any
unusual strength. It was an old tub of a thing, none the better for its
numerous voyages to Corea and Japan. Formerly it had been able to
resist bad weather, but, for all that, it could only boast at the present
time of somewhat shaky ribs and planks, scarcely to be relied on in
rough weather, for anything that Master Ming-Ming, its very indulgent
captain, might say.
My first point of debarkation being New Holland or Australia, we
steered direct south on quitting Macao.
For eight days we were favoured by a wind which carried us
straight in this direction. So we soon found ourselves in the midst of
the archipelago of the Philippines, spite of the want of agreement
prevailing among the crew, which was composed of eight Chinese,
eight Malays, and eight Portuguese, three nations holding each other
in the greatest possible aversion, detesting one another as much as
the Genoese formerly detested the Corsicans, and the Corsicans the
Genoese, and settling all disputes by the arbitration of the knife.
While passing the Island of Mindanao, and at the moment of
entering the Sea of Celebes, we sprung a leak, and as if to make up
for the fine weather we had already enjoyed, the sky became
overcast, and squalls began to blow from every point of the
compass.
Throughout ten entire days we endeavoured to pass the Straits of
Mindanao. The wind and currents, however, always drove us
towards the west, and the greater the efforts which we made to resist
this deviation from our course the more the leak in the junk
increased.
To aggravate our position in the midst of a sea of itself sufficiently
dangerous, the crew refused to work at pumping out the water which
was gaining on us every hour. Chinese, Malays, and Portuguese
alike refused to perform this task as being too laborious for them;
laborious it may have been, but on it, nevertheless, the safety of all
depended.
Captain Ming-Ming, I could only too plainly see, had no power
whatever over his incongruous crew; I even suspected him of having
formerly exercised the profession of pirate in company with the eight
Malays, who placed him on a footing of such perfect equality as
unmistakably indicated the bonds of an old and equivocal fraternity,
and deprived him of any kind of authority over them. The discovery
was not very assuring for me, who knew so well, as I have already
explained, the utterly savage character of these untamable brigands.
This revelation, I confess, startled me; I nevertheless dissembled my
fears, but took the precaution of loading a couple of pistols, and
placing one in each of my two side pockets.
The crew would not work at the pumps, and the water was
continually rising in the hold. Not by any means such good sailors as
the Chinese and Malays, the Portuguese portion of the crew became
alarmed at the fate which evidently threatened us, and proposed to
make for some port. This the Malays and Chinese opposed, and
their will carried the question, which only helped to confirm me in my
suspicions of their former character, as they evidently did not wish to
show themselves in any port which boasted of a regular police.
Moreover, what port should we make for? In the first place, where
were we? Were we above or below the Equator? Were we sailing
along the Strait of the Moluccas or of Macassar?
Master Ming-Ming, more learned in the art of smoking opium than
in that of navigating a vessel, was not the man to have informed us.
The sky was black, the wind blew our great bamboo sails into
shreds, and the waves seemed as though they would engulf us.
When it was no longer possible to overcome the danger which had
now become most imminent, this confused medley crew began one
and all to change their minds. The instinct of preservation awoke
within them when it was too late. They attempted to clear the water
out of the junk; but the pumps would no longer act. Fear then took
possession of these bandits, every one of whom, Malays,
Portuguese, and Chinese, greedily sought land on the horizon,
although the chance was that they would be hung as pirates as soon
as they set foot on shore. During this anxious time I could do nothing
beyond looking to the preservation from sea water of my good arms,
my nets, and the various traps with which I had left Macao, in the
hope of replenishing my menagerie. Alas! what was the use of all
these precautions? Was I destined to escape myself from my
present critical position?
 On the twenty-eighth day of our voyage, there was no other
course left us but to abandon ourselves to the discretion of the
tempest. Master Ming-Ming therefore left the junk to itself. I don’t
think, although I have seen many hurricanes on the coasts of Japan,
whilst sailing with my father, that the winds and waves were ever so
frightfully disturbed as they were on this occasion. The old junk
bounded on the crest of the sea like an elastic ball on the ground.
After three days passed between life and death, we perceived a
point black as ink, standing out from the lurid sky on the horizon. The
Malays, whose eyes have an infallible power of penetration, affirmed
that it was land. We sped along with all the violence of a hurricane.
The night having almost immediately supervened, we had not time to
calculate if, when the light of day re-appeared, we should have
reached or passed this wished-for land. And what a night it was for
us, with neither sails, nor masts, nor rudder, with the wind blowing
great guns, and the junk seeming as though it were splitting in
pieces on every side!
 CHAPTER II.
We are Shipwrecked.—I alone escape.—I find myself on an unknown island.—A strange form
appears to me and vanishes.—A deluge of Apes.—I am cudgelled with a rattan cane.—
Am saved at length by my cravat.—I am parched with thirst.—I discover water.—Four
thousand of us drink in company.—Ingenious way of procuring fruit from the top of a tall
tree.—Two valets-de-chambre, such as are seldom seen in Europe.—I miraculously
escape their care.

At last the day broke, and we saw land only a quarter of a mile distant. But this
quarter of a mile was only a chain of shoals white with foam from the sea
incessantly breaking over them. It was inevitable that ere many minutes
elapsed poor crazy junk would break itself as the sea was doing on the rocks,
covered with foam and bearded with patches of slimy sea-weed, which lay
direct in our course. We had no time to reflect on the fate which awaited us.
Two sudden and frightful concussions, two blows of the heel, to use sailor’s
language, shattered the ribs of the poor junk, whose poop at the same time
was carried away by a terrible sea, and with it five of the crew. We scarcely
heard the cries which they uttered as they disappeared in the watery abyss.
The other sailors at once sought to possess themselves of the only boat we
had, in order, if possible, to reach the land. They had, however, no sooner
commenced lowering it than a frightful struggle arose as to who should occupy
it. It would scarcely have held more than half-a-dozen persons, and there
were fifteen desperate men eager to fill it. Knives were drawn. A cutting of
throats commenced; but the theatre of the struggle was about to disappear
beneath the feet of conquerors and conquered alike.
Having kept clear of this desperate struggle for the possession of the boat, I
caught sight at this moment of danger of one of those buoys fastened by a
rope to the cable of the anchor, and which serves to mark the exact point
where the anchor has been let go. I at once pull out my knife and cut the rope
at a certain distance from the cable, and then seizing the buoy in both my
arms, threw myself with it into the midst of the hissing waves. Engulfed an
instant beneath the surge, on rising again to the surface, I turn my head to see
what has become of my companions. They and the last remains of the junk
have disappeared!
For three hours I fought with death. What agony I suffered! Every time I
endeavoured to hook myself on as it were to the branches of coral which
projected above the waves, I was driven back by the surf: and my gory hands
let go of their painful support. My strength failed me; I had scarcely sufficient
left to seize the rope attached to the buoy. I had lost all energy, and almost the
desire for existence, when a last wave enveloped me, and carried me with my
buoy to the bottom of the sea. I felt myself getting weaker and weaker, then I
became cold, and recollect nothing more.
When I re-opened my eyes I found myself lying extended on a shore
covered with sea-weed and marine plants. I fancied too that trees were not far
distant. My astonishment was that of a person waking from a trance—I hadn’t
strength enough to rise. The storm no longer raged. The sun, which appeared
to my still weak sight to have attained a certain height in the heavens, spread
a general glow around, and the sand grew warm beneath my touch. By
degrees the sensation of life returned to me. I sought for myself, I asked
myself if it were really I, and whereabouts I was; I saw for certainty that there
were trees—in fact a forest at some little distance off. My lethargy passed
away like a fleeting cloud, and I endeavoured to rise and walk a few steps; but
my legs bent under me. Nevertheless I held myself upright. The sun, which
had risen still higher in the heavens, now shone down almost perpendicularly
on the ground. The heat diffused throughout the air was so intense that I fell
faint and exhausted at the foot of a palm-tree whose cool and refreshing
shade served to revive me.
Gradually my eyes grew heavy, and I fell fast asleep. I do not know how
long I remained plunged in this second and more refreshing lethargy; but
when I awoke, I judged by the position of the sun that it was afternoon. From
the degree of comfort which I felt, I concluded that I must have slept
altogether something like eight hours. I can, however, say nothing positive on
this score, my watch having stopped from the various shocks my whole body
had received since the preceding evening.
In order to dissipate the heaviness which held possession of my senses
after this prolonged sleep, I rose and took a few rapid steps straight before
me. I had scarcely proceeded twenty yards in a direction immediately opposite
to the sea, when I caught sight of something like a human form at the end of a
long avenue of trees. Naturally enough, my first impression was that this must
be some inhabitant of the island on which I had been cast by my unlucky
shipwreck. I was already rejoicing at the discovery, though, I must confess, not
without a certain amount of inquietude as to the possible nature of the
companion whom fortune had sent me. I walked straight in the direction in
which I had first seen him; but, to my intense surprise, after the lapse of five or
six minutes, I failed in encountering him, or even in discovering what had
become of him. Had my eyes deceived me? Had the numerous mirages of the
sun assisted to produce some kind of hallucination? I knew not how to explain
the affair, which left upon me a certain disagreeable impression. Nevertheless
I continued to walk on.
I had proceeded no very great distance, when all at once another view
opened to my sight; and, to my intense satisfaction, I again saw the figure
which I had observed a few minutes previously. Ah! how truly happy I felt at
this second discovery! I could manage to distinguish him far more clearly than
I had done before, although the distance between us was very much greater. I
watched him with the utmost attention, and was surprised to find how
excessively quick and lively all his movements were. He was continually
disappearing and appearing again, passing as quick as lightning from one
point to another. After a time I felt convinced that he had seen me, and that he
was afraid. I thereupon advanced towards him with increased boldness, and
had just arrived at the spot where I had last seen him, when something—
indefinable at the first glance, a kind of hairy and sinewy form, uttering noisy,
guttural, and savage cries, which were taken up and repeated by the many
echoes around—suddenly descended from the top of a tree, almost at my
very feet. It was an ape. With one bound he mounted the tree again, then
sprang down, and ended by placing himself immediately in my path, as
though to prevent me from proceeding.
This pretension on his part was not at all to my mind; I therefore broke off
the first branch of a tree which I could manage to reach with my hand—it was,
I believe, a small stick of cane—and threatened the animal with it. My action
evidently displeased him. At a second cry, which he uttered as a call, judge of
my consternation to see rushing from the four points of the compass, through
the openings in the forest, clouds upon clouds of apes, of all forms, colours,
and sizes, who in an instant, clambering up the trees, rolling themselves
among the branches like squirrels, or taking possession of the ground about
me, proceeded to regard me with quick and menacing glances, and to
overwhelm me with hissing cries, and gnashings of the teeth, so fierce, so
noisy, so positively deafening, that I became quite dizzy and bewildered. I was
compelled to clap my hands over my ears, so as not to lose all sense of
consciousness in the midst of this infernal commotion. Nothing like it, I
believe, had ever been heard before in the forests of Oceania.
 Clouds upon clouds of apes, of all forms, colours, and sizes, clambering up the trees, rolling
themselves among the branches like squirrels, or taking possession of the ground about me.—
Page 30.

My Macao experience with regard to apes was not lost upon me at this
supreme moment. In spite of my trouble, and of the danger with which I was
menaced, I managed to recognise, without difficulty, the different kinds of apes
in which I had formerly dealt. I noticed the duks, with their long tails, smooth
faces, black feet, and red ears; the wanderoos, such troublesome fellows that
they are obliged to be kept in iron cages; lowandos, with hairless flesh-
coloured faces, and all the rest of their bodies as black as their noses,
possessing long claws, and having on their heads large wigs of grisly, bushy,
compact hair. I saw monkeys with purple faces, and with violet hands, trailing
behind them tails terminating in white tufts of hair; capuchins, covered with a
flowing down of a yellowish black tint, which serves them for a kind of hood;
monas, with white bellies and wide open eyes surrounded with circles, black
as their feet, hands, and wrists; then coaïtas, or spider monkeys, with tails that
they can turn to much the same purposes as the elephant does his proboscis;
then black-crested simpias; then ourang-outangs; then hundreds of
mangabeys, monkeys with long tails, and known as apes of Madagascar. I
recognised them by their naked eyelids, their striking whiteness, their long
grey muzzles, and their eyebrows of coarse and bushy hair. In the same way I
recognised the gloomy macaques, the turbulent pinches, the malbroncks, and
the pig-tailed macaques, which gambolled, frolicked, danced, kicked,
stamped, capered, and wheeled about on every side. Hundreds and hundreds
more pressed forward to catch sight of me, but they were too far off for me to
distinguish them, as I had done those of whom I have just spoken.
Knowing by experience the thoroughly wicked nature of these animals when
congregated together, I resolved to beat a retreat. I was, however, too late. On
all sides of me were closely-packed ranks of apes, some of whom seemed
possessed of such strength, that any attempt at flight would have been a
grave imprudence on my part. I remained, therefore, perfectly still, but not
without some little anxiety. Suddenly, all these apes which encircled me round
about, commenced to sway to and fro, making at the same time the most
hostile demonstrations, although I no longer held in my hand the unlucky cane
branch, the original cause of their furious irritation. That I might bear with
patience this opposition, which I was most anxious not to increase (thinking
that if I were permitted to proceed towards the interior of the island, some
inhabitant, friend or enemy, civilised or savage, might rescue me from these
insulting occupants of the woods), I amused myself by recalling to mind the
wearisomeness of the dull tints which overpower the traveller on his arrival in
the first commercial, and the most densely-populated city in the world, that
“province covered with houses” called London, the thousand custom-house
officers—honourable persons enough, whom I should be very sorry to
compare with apes, though they are also at times equally tyrannical—that one
meets with on landing. I turned from one reminiscence of the kind to another,
until I found myself recalling how on a particular day, on my arrival at Calcutta,
the officers at the custom-house pierced with their iron gauge-rod a packet of
twenty Cashmere shawls, which were completely spoiled; but on which,
nevertheless, I was required to pay duty.
Quick as lightning, he seized the branch of cane which I had thrown on the ground, and before
I had time to place myself in a posture of defence, showered blow after blow on my arms and
legs.—Page 33.

After a time, finding the heat, striking on the open spot where I was
standing, somewhat oppressive, I endeavoured, while the disposition of my
guards seemed a trifle more to my advantage, to take a few steps in advance.
I was, in fact, frightfully hungry, and my lips were parched with thirst. No
sooner, however, had I prepared to change my position than all these groups
of importunate apes, gathering more closely around me, recommenced their
cries and their menaces. They did more, they formed a square; and when they
had taken up this strategical position, of which I occupied the centre, one of
them, leaving the ranks, advanced towards me. Quick as lightning he seized
the branch of cane which I had thrown on the ground; and, before I had time
to place myself in a posture of defence, showered blow after blow on my arms
and legs, my feet and hands, my face and head, and on my back and sides.
These blows followed one another in such rapid succession that, not being
able to run away, I commenced bounding about, jumping as though there
were blazing coals beneath my feet.
I candidly confess that I suffered quite as much shame as pain. A vile ape
was belabouring me, an abominable brute was taking upon himself to
administer correction to me in broad daylight! Other miserable apes,
witnesses of my moral degradation, were making grimaces and grinning at
me, and showing their enjoyment by capering about. It was whilst I thus
performed a part in a comedy before their eyes, and they furnished me an
occasion of observing them more closely, that I was seized with a singular
idea; but the trouble I was in prevented me from following it up. Ah! my
position was indeed a painful one, to be thrashed by an ape before an
assembly of apes! It is only animals who can introduce such a degree of
refinement into cruelty. I know very well that at London, which has the
reputation of being an extremely civilised city, people are ready to crush one
another to death, when a criminal is hanged before the door of Newgate; and
that in Paris, people pay equally dear for places to see a man executed; that it
is the same at Brussels, Vienna, and Berlin—nevertheless, spite of the
attractions which an execution offers, we neither hang nor decapitate apes;
and the right which these animals arrogated to themselves of cudgelling me,
appeared to me to be founded neither in reason nor in justice. For the moment
they were of course the stronger, and it was necessary that I should give in to
them; and I did give in. But it was melancholy to feel that there appeared to be
no end to this punishment; my tormentor never once relaxed his exertions, to
take even a moment’s rest; but continued laying on his blows, as though he
would never tire.
Certainly, with one of the two pistols which I had about me, and which I had
been prudent enough not to part with, I could easily have shot the impudent
beast through the head; but I remembered too well the accident which
happened to a certain president of the French East India Company, to attempt
any such thing. One day, when the celebrated French traveller Tavernier
accompanied the president on an excursion through some great forest on the
banks of the Ganges, the latter, being astounded at the immense number of
apes which he saw, and which suddenly surrounded him just as they had
surrounded me, stopped his carriage, and desired Tavernier to knock two or
three of them over. The servants, knowing very well the vindictive dispositions
of these animals, begged of the president not to meddle with them. He,
however, insisted, and Tavernier fired, and killed a female with her young. At
that very instant the other apes threw themselves, with cries of rage and
despair, on the president’s carriage. They knocked over the coachman, the
footmen, and the horses, and would have strangled his lordship—torn him to
pieces, indeed—if the windows of the carriage had not been promptly closed,
and the members of his suite had not engaged in a regular fight with their
assailants, from whom they only escaped with an infinite deal of trouble.
The remembrance of the danger which menaced them restrained me from
discharging my weapon at the horrible animal, who still continued his blows,
spite of my ill-concealed rage, and the efforts which I made to protect myself,
Alas! I could do nothing. I was thrashed by him till the blood flowed from me
and saturated my garments. I should have assuredly sunk under the constant
succession of blows meted out to me, since the cunning and wickedness of
these animals went so far as to induce them to volunteer to relieve my
tormentor, when he at length felt fatigued with his exertions; yes, I should
certainly have fallen a victim to their brutality, but for an idea, a really
admirable idea, which occurred to me; but which, unfortunately, like all
excellent ideas, came very late. The increased pain which I endured evidently
freshened up my memory; and, all of a sudden, it struck me that I had heard of
travellers, who found themselves in the same predicament as myself,
escaping by means of a ruse, which ruse I resolved for my part at once to
employ. I therefore proceeded to untie my cravat (a superb cravat, bought in
Bengal the preceding year), and, unfolding it, threw it among the crowd of
apes, who no sooner caught sight of my bright red neckerchief than they
rushed forward in a body to seize it, with loud chatterings, and other signs of
curiosity and delight. My tormentor followed the example of his fellows; and,
whilst they disputed among themselves the possession of the spoil which I
had resigned to them, I ran off, with all possible speed, towards the interior of
the island, where I reckoned on meeting with some of the inhabitants, and
certainly on procuring a little water, to quench my intolerable thirst. After a
breathless run of five or six hundred yards I looked back, and had the
satisfaction of finding that none of the apes were following me. For an entire
hour I continued to run in this manner over a tract of soft sand, through groups
of trees entwined together, and forming bright masses of foliage of various
colours, and which by-and-by bowed down to the earth, indicating a hollow
where I might possibly find water. I was thoroughly fatigued, I was in a burning
heat. Was I about to discover the water I so ardently longed for?
On rounding a hill covered with a whitish green moss, I was suddenly struck
by the sight of a lake upwards of a mile in length, bordered by tall trees,
ranged in a series of terraces, as though they had been planted thus by a
professor of landscape gardening. A slight descent, along the same soft
silvery turf which I had just now passed over, conducted me to the brink of a
clear, sparkling sheet of water. I knelt down to drink, and, placing my parched
lips in it, my ecstasy was so complete that I prolonged it for nearly a quarter of
an hour, partaking at intervals of draught after draught of the reviving delicacy.
My enjoyment was like a dream, it was so concentrated and so tranquil. But
the cry which escaped me on raising my head, was not altogether one of
gratitude towards Heaven, to whom I owed the delicious joy of having been
enabled thus to refresh myself. Intense surprise had something to do with my
exclamation.