BRONZE AGE RITES AND RITUALS

IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

PROCEEDTNGS OF THE INTERNATTONAT COLLOQUTUM

FROM T'^ARGU MUR,ES

8-10 October 2010

Edited by
Srlndor BERECKI
Rita E. NEMETH
Botond REZI

Editura MEGA
Tirgu Mureg
201 i
BIBTTOTHECA MVSEI MARTSIENSTS
SERIA ARCHAEOLOGICA
IV

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAI COTLOQIIUMS

F+oM rAncu MURE5
Editor
SANDOR BERECKI
-

O Mureg CountY Museum, 201 I

Executive editor: Zolt6n So6s' Director

MuzEUt JuDETEA n Mu nss

CP 85, str. M.lriqti nr' 8A,540328
TArgu Mureg, Ronlania

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Nafionale a Rominiei

BRONZE AGE RITES AND RITUALS IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN.

International colloquium (2010 i Targu-Mure9)
of the
Bronze age rites and rituals in the Carpathian basin : proceedings
Internationa'iColloquium from TArgu Mure9, 8-10 October 2010 i ed by
Sdndor Berecki, Rita E. N-dneth, Botond Rezi - Tirgu-Mure; : Mega' 2011

ISBN 978-606-s43 ls6 0

1. Berecki, Sdndor (ed.)

IL Ndmeth, Rita (ed.)
ll l. Rezl, Botond (ed.)
903"637"(4)(23 CarPati)(063)

mnl
Fi+.iftll
F.orrr tr,r MEc,L rvrvrvedituranrcga. r o
e-mail: megaeredituLamega ro
 CONTENT

Preface

Aleksandar KAPURAN
Relationship between Settlements and Necropoles of the Bronze Age in Eastern Serbia........................ 9

Horia CIUGUDEAN
Mounds and Mountains: Burial Rituals in Early Bronze Age Transylvania 21

Sindor BERECKI-Aldor Csaba BALAZS

Discoveries belonging to the Schneckenberg Culture from $incai, Transylvania........................... .-....59

Tiberiu Ioan TECAR-Monica Voichila TECAR

A Unique Cult Object belonging to the Wietenberg Culture...................... .. .........77

Oliver DIETRICH
Kinderspielzeug oder Kultobjekte? Uberlegungen zu anthropomorphen Figurinen
der Wietenberg- und Tei-Kultur..... 87

Florea COSTEA-Zsolt SZEKELY

Aspects ofthe Ritual Life ofthe Wietenberg Culture. Miniature Religious Shrines from Racog,
Transylvania......... IQ7

Attila LASZLd
Eine Kultstelle der Wietenberg-Kultur auf der Fi.ivenyestet6 Anhdhe bei Malnag Bdi

Laura DIETRICH
,,Aschehiigel" der Noua-Kultur als Pldtze von Arbeit und Fes1............ .................... 131

Iens NOTROFF
Menace from the Afterlife? Some Remarks about the Archaeological Evidence for Fearing and
Banishing the Dead and a Contribution to Otomani and Fiizesabony Sepulchral Rite ..'................... 143

MalvinKa URAK_Liviu MARTA

Human Remains ofthe Late Bronze Age Settlements in the Upper Tisza Area. New Researches

Florin GOGALTAN_RiIa E. NEMETH_Emese APAI

Eine rituelle Grube bei Vlaha, Gemeinde Sdvldisla (Kreis Cluj).... ......................... 163

Jinos EMODI
About the so-called'Hand Protectors' of the Bronze Age........................... .............. 185
Tiberius BADER
Grossgrabhiigel von Mediegu Aurit/Aranyosmeggyes, Bez. Satu Mare, Rumenien.............................. 1g9

Carol KACSO
Die Hiigelnekropole von Lipug. Eine zusammenfassende Einleitung ....................213

Daria Loinjak DIZDAR

Funerary Practices of Late Bronze Age Comn.runities in Continental Croatia ........................ .............245

Mihai WITTENBERGER-Mihai ROTEA

Aspects ofthe Bronze Metallurgy in Transylvania. .....................261

Tudor SOROCEANU
Zweigeteilte Eir.rheit oder geeinte Zweiheit? Zur Frage der Dualitat in den bronzezeitlichen

Wojciech BLAIER
Zwischen dem Karpatenbecken und der Ostsee. Bemerkungen zu den besonderen Fundumstdnden

Botond REZI
Voluntary Destruction and Fragmentation in Late Bronze Age Hoards

Gibor V. SZABO
spatbronzezeitliche Bronzehortfunde im Siedlungskontext - Neue Forschungsergebnisse

Tobias MORTZ
At the Head of Concealment. The Deposition of Bronze Age Helmets in the Carpathian 8asin.......357
 FUNERARY PMCTICES OF LATE BRONZE AGE COMMUNITIES IN
CONTINEUTEL CROATIA

Daria Loinjak DIZDAR

Institute of Archaeology
Zagreb, Croatia
[email protected]

Key*ords: cor.rtinental Croatia, funerary practices, Late Bronze Age, Ur nfield

culture, cremation burial, tlpes of urns

Incineration burials were a deeply rooted practice in the region of southern Pannonia throughout
the Bronze Age, and they were particularly widespread during the Late Bronze Age when continental
Croatia and a large part of Europe were characterised by the Urnfield culture. Northern Croatia is located
at the southern rim of the distribution zone of the Urnfield culture, which lasted from 1300 to 800 BC,
approximately. Within its distribution zone, there were several local groups with distinctive pottery and
costumes, but also with variations in funerary practices reflected in the selectio:.r ofvessel tlpe used as urn
and in the selection of grave goods.
During the early phase of the Late Bronze Age, trvo cultural groups were present in the west-
ern part of northern Croatia: the Virovitica group in the Podravina region and in the upper Part of the
Posavina region, and the Barice-Gredani group in Posavina, east ofOkuiani. At the same time, the eastern
part ofcontinental Croatia belonged to the BelegiS II group, which was a segment ofthe East Carpathian
community. Given that no graves of the Belegi5 1l group have been discovered in eastern Croatia, the
information about their burial practice comes from the graves uncovered in eastern Sirmium in Serbia
(eg. Suriin, BelegiS, Karaburma).
The customary burial practice in the Virovitica group consisted of the cremated remains of the
deceased being placed in an urn a pot (Pl. l), usually covered with a bowl that served as the lid (Vrxsrr-
G-rsp,q.nruI 1973,37; DULAR Er AL.2OO2, 197), and sometimes (Moravde, Podsmreka; Soxol 1996, 32;
MuRGELJ Svor-J5ex 2003,223), covered with fragments of other vessels. Bronze items have rarely been
found in graves, but several bronze objects - pins, a chisel and a dagger - were discovered in the ruined
graves in Virovitica (VrNsxr-G,qsp.qnrN r 1973,T. l0/10-15). In the Virovitica group, there are also graves
ir.r which broken vessels were placed prior to the urn's being laid down, for example, in Virovitica, Sirova
Katalena. Zbelava (VrNsxt-GASPARINI 1973, 44: K,q.L,qperli Er AL. 2009,36' T. 314) 'lhe same custom
has also been recorded in the region of the Bakony Mountains, where it has been well documented in
graves from the end of the Middle Bronze Age and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. In Podravina,
the earliest graves of the Urnfield culture that are knolvn thus far (Sirova Katalena, Moravte, Lepoglava,
Zbelava) are flat incineration graves with urns (VINsxt G,q.sp,q.r.tNt 1973, 38; SoKoI- 1996' 36; Stulx 2003;
Kereperri Er Ar. 2009), which difer from those in the Transdanubian region where, at the turn of the
late'Iunulus culture into the Urnfield culture, the nost frcquent graves are incineration graves in Pits
under tumuli, although there are also known cases of burials in pots. This situation has been recorded
in the Slvoly graveyards (graves rvith urns and one cremation burial \'\'ithout urn under a tumulus), ir.t
older gravcs in Vors-Papkerf and Balatonmagyar6d Hidvtgpuszta (graves 9, 72,22) and in graveyards of
Farkasgyepii Pbrdserd6 and Bakonyjak6 in the Bakony Mountains (JANKovtrs 1992a; HoNrr 1996).

Bronze Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin,20ll, P.245 259
2,16 ] D^RIA l,ozNlAK DtzDAR

Thc energence of several crenratiolr burials ir.r pits, in which bones rvere covered rvith bowls,
in the regiotr of Podravina, that is in the Virovitica group distribution z-one Jakopovec (BEKIil 2006,
10S, T. 9/2), iepinski Martir.rci (Keler.lrr6 2009, 2,1) , brings up several questions. If we are to assume
that these arc conterrporary graves, they could have been ntade bv immigrauts who kept theit tirner-
ary practices, but they could also have been just a result of the chronological dillerence in the bulial
method, as indicated by the hncls fron the very beginning ofthe Urnfield culture, recordecl iu neighbour-
ing Transdanubia (JlNrovrrs 1992a) and Styria (Trlrur,-cneBER 2007). \Vhich of these assumptit)rrs i\
correct will be revcalcd once the explored graveyards are fully published ancl further researcheci.
'1
On the basis ofthe type ofpots used as urns in the Jakopovec grave (lhxti 2006' 108, 9/2) and
in the only grave in lVloravte (grave 3) in rvhich tl.re bones were laid in the grave pit and covered with a pot
tery sherd (Soxor. 1996, 30, hg. 8/ I ), it has been assumed that they belong to the Middle Bronze Age tradi-
tion. For the time being one can or.rly speculate about the funerary practice of the Middle Bronze Age in
continental Croatia, since all the data are based on individual graves. It is assumed that the deccased were
cremated, although several inhumation graves have also been lbund rvhicl.r can be dated to the Middle
Bronze Age (Sigetec, Bijelo brdo, grave 121, Erdut, Orolik) (VINsr<t-Gesr.lrlNl 1973' 184' 1-. 6l12;321179:
1ll-7;6ll 2; 14; HANssr 1968, 87, 89, Tal 1'1138-41; DAVID 2002, Beilage 1). It should be emphasized
that, in view ofthe buriai nrethocl and grave goods, these inhumation graves have been linked to the ir.rflu
ence ofthe Tumulus cuiture (DAvrD 1998,306 307), and most ofthem have been founcl in the easterr.)
part of continental Croatia.
With regard to the tradition of cremation burials dating from the time of the Early Bronze Age
Vinkovci cuiture, the poor state of research of Middle Bronz-e Age graveyards and the olciest graves fronr
the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, which were all incineration graves, it is assumed that the sane firntr-
ary crLstom was applied during the Middle Bronze Age.
'lhis is supported by the burial practice tecorcled at
the turn of the Middle into the Late Bronze Age in the regions adjacent to the Virovitica grouP distribution
zone. An analogy for the burial method used in fakopovec, rvhere the crenatecl bones vvere simpl1, covered
by a vessel, is grave 2 in tunulus I in FarkasgyepilL- Poroserdo (Je...'rovlrs 1992a, 19, Abb. l1; 1211). In this
tumulus, there were l5 incineratior] glaves with no proper urns (Brondsch ttutrgsgrz&). In seven graves out
of 15, the cremated bones lay under sone pottery finds (l,tNrovrrs 1992a, 15, 59).'lhe cremation but-ials
under tumuli in tl're region of the Bakony Mountains are characteristic of the late 'Iumulus culture, or its
period, BrD (|eNrovlrs 1992a,76-77). Atthe Bakonyjdko graveyard, in 26 ofthe 28 investigated gravcs. the
cremated bones ofthe deceased were simply laid in grave pits, ar.rd in only two ofthe graves werc the bones
pJaced in urns (feNrovrrs 1992b, 324). Tl.re site of Ndmetbinya is significant for the end of lhc Tumulus
culture: there, nine tumuli with cremation burials without urns lvere Lrncot'ered, u'hile in only one case r,vere
the cremated remains covered with pottery sherds (Ilox 1996,206-207). 'lhe continuity between the late
Tumulus culture and the early Urnfield culture in the territory ofliansdanubia has been noted primarily in
the burial custom and the shapes ofpottery and metal items (JANKovlrs I992a.77 78). The diverse burial
ir.r
n.rethods used in Transdanubia in the BrD period and the contemportrry tunerarv practices in Posavina may
throw son.re additional light on the way in which the deceased woman lvas buried in Jakopovec
'forvards the er.rd of the Middle Bronze Age, in the regions adjacent to Podravina, the funerary
practice consisted ofincineration burials in flat graves (Styria, Transdarubia) (TIrruNc;neaER 2007, 106-
107; KEMEN-czEr 1990, 208). Flat incineration graves were also klorvn in the iate Tulnulus culture irr the
territory of north rrestent, eastern and rvestern Transdanubia (KtrltNczrl 1990, 208). All this suggests
that the funerary practice in the territorv of northern Croatia was that of incineration, and in sonle cases
also bi ritutrl burial (Bilelo Brdo), in view of a small number of recot ded frrds of gt-aves from the lv{iddle
llronze Age.
Ir.r the Middle Bronze Age, northern llosria rvas inhabitcd by rrembers of the Barice Gredani
eroup (the Brod rroup, according to J. Lozuk, or the Posavina group, accotdine to B. i\'lar i.jan), rvhich
practised cremation burials uncler turnuli (l.irminci and Podnovl.jc), while in thc Late Bronze Age all the
graveyards rvere flat (eovri 1988,21). B. eovii suggests that the origin ofthc Barice-Gredirni group rvas
autochthonous, a1d that the same is truc oftheir funerar,v practice (Covti 1988, 21). C)nt-'coulcl assumc
tl.rat a sir.nilar process took place in thc territory oInorthern Croatia (in ]ight ofthe Jakopovec lind and the
current state of research), u'het'e it-lcitteratiot-l gr aves with urns were predomlnnnt '

l'Jli5infltlde!thcPo]ii1\'inlgrl\'cs(l]iIIice(l|ed,rniIoL\]).gi\
fhccd urncler r bo\\'l thrt scr !ed Lrs in Lrfn.
 Funerary Practiccs of Late Bronze Age Communities in Co tinentol Croaliq 247

In the Barice Gredani group, the dead were buried in grave pits, during the early phase of the
Late Bronze Age usually with a bowl that served as a cover urn. Althougl.r the burial custom was rather
uniform, there are also differences between individual graves and also between jndividual graveyards.
Thus, in the Popernjak graveyard in the vicinitl ofZupanja, only bowls were used as urns, and there u'ere
no other grave goods made of pottery (Merl1.r.N 2010, 125). B. Marijan analysed the types of bowls that
served as urns, in an attempt to establish a pattern that would correspond to the anthropological analy-
ses. His type A was only found in fenale graves, while other types were present in female, male and child
graves (MrnrJ.lN 2010, I l8 1,24, fig. 32). This hypothesis of the use of a particular type of bowl rn the
burial ritual should be tested in other graveyards of the Barice Gredar.ri group, but, because of the poor
state of preservation of the anthropological material from earlier excavations, this is not always possible.
In contrast to the Popernjak graves, in which, alongsicle bowls used as urns, there are no otlrer grave goods
made ofpottery, in the graves in Gredani near Okuiani, there are also potterl grave goods: jugs and bowls
(MrNrcunerten 1983, 80-84, T. 3, grave 4, passim).

. Gravcs with pots uscd as urns: Lepoglava, Zbelava, lt{oravie, Sirova Katalcna, DrljanovLrc, 1\4ala Pupelica,
Virovitica. VoiiD. CcDinski lvlartinci.
. Graves lvith bonlllke llds used to cover tlrc cremated bones: fakopovec, aepinski Nlartinci, Credini,
iuaikovac, Poiega, Oriovac, Glabarje, Perkovci, Strossrnayerovac, Poperdak.

Mirp 1. Grirves ofthe earlv phase ofthe Urnfield culture in the continental part ofCroatia.

On the basis ofthe graves ofthe Barice Gredani group that have been explored thus far in the ter
ritory ofPosavina and northern Bosnia, the conclusion can be drawn that this community used onlybowls
as urr.rs (Pl. 2). This shoulcl be seen as a regional characteristic, since the neighbouring groups did not use
these vessels (Map l). The costume that appears in graves of the Barice Gredani group often includes
pins: of the mace type, and pins with biconical horizontally-channelled heads (Covri 1988, fig. 8; 3 5;
12). Bone items rvere also tbund in these graves (Barice, graves 10,24 and 26; Popernjak, graves 5, 14, 17;
Covri i958, 81-84, 92, fig. 6, 8, 9; MenrleN 2010, ll7 118,T.72-73) and in several cases also decorative
plates (Mant;e.N 2010, 117,T.7118-9). The abundance ofbronze items worn by menrbers of these com-
n.runities during their Iives is visible in numerous l.roards (VrNsrr GlsplnrNr I973,78,T.27:30 ,18; KoNrc
200,1, Tal 79) that are known in the territory of tl.re Barice-Gredani grorrp.
B. TerZan ofers an explanation for the large number of rnixed compositior.t hoards in the early
phase of the Urnfield culture and says that these rvere sacrificial gifts made by groups of people. -Ihese
248 | D.taLr LoZNIAK DTZDAR

I100 BC and prior to the

tlpes ofhoards appeared in the BrD period ancl in the HaA phase, that is' before
items in graves
#erge,.r.e of lnrge graveyards of the Urnfield culture it.t southern Parnonia, when bronze
.,".re "m',ch ,.r.rorJ..,--on. For this reason, she has linked the appearance of hoards witl.r lunerary prac-
tices and beliefs in the afterlife ('IlnZ AN 1987,72-73).lt should be
pointed out that the same tyPes of fi nds
Gredani group, and in
that were present il.l the hoards have also been discovered in graves of the Barice
tl.re rvider ierritory of Pannonia, e.g. pins with mace-like heads or
biconical horizontally-chanr.relled heads'
hollow mace-like pins (Dulo* E)r AL.2002, fig. 49, Iist 2). So far no hoard has been found withi. rny
graveyard ofthe Barice-Gredani group, but the possibiiity cannot be ruied out
that the communityburied
pits without any
iacrificial gilis outside the gravey-ard perimeteri. Two finds from Greclani, consisting of
to the rituals
remains of cremated bones or soot, which have been labelled cenotaphs, might be linked
were I I vessels. Five of them were turned
undertaken at graveyards. In the pit marked as grave 66, there
crushed_into fragments ln
upside dowr.r, riith tLeir bottoms iacing upwards, while th_e remaining six were
turned bottom up. while
the second pit, marked as grave 70, thJre were seven small vessels, four of them
55-56; T. 17 lgrave 66; 18/grave 70)- A different type
the others were broken (Mrr,ucurerrER 1983, 5I -53,
represented by grave 26 at Popernjak' in which a footed bowl was turned bottom up' and
of cenotaph is
asainitdidnotcontainanybones(M,1p.r1eN2010,104,T.68/1_2)'Examplesofthiskindcouldindicate
ttiat the community engaged in some rituals at the graveyard
YetanotherinterestingpointrelatingtogravesfromtheearlyphaseoftheUrnfieLdculturetn
continer.rtal Croatia has been noticed thanks io the results of a small number of
anthropological analyses,
and this is the appearance of female graves containing pieces of costume collected from the pyre and Iaid
grave 8 at Drljanovac,
in the grn,re tog.ther with the remairls ofthe deceased. The examples are the female
grave 24 at
which-ca' be Jated to the HaAl phase (MelN,tnIi-PlNoZri 1988, 17, T. VI) and the chiid's
Popern'jak'Asregardsgrave24at.Popernjak,theanthropologicalanalysishasconfirmedthatitcontained
wire coils - suggest
the renains of u .nita Z to 7 years oid, and the grave goods - bracelets, pins, bronze
that this was a girl's costume iMARTtAN 2010, 103, ll 71). Rich girls' graves are not rare in the territory ot
the eastern circ'ie of the Urnheld culture, and amot]g the most oPulent are
the grave in Dedinka (PAULiK
1986, Obr, 8) and the grave in Zurndorf in Burgenland (Hrrcrnr I9g5'
202' T 4)' which belong to the
Cun" g.o.,p.'rn. rare Jpulent female graves in southern Pannonia indicate that the southern rim of the
Urnfre'ld culture distribution zone haJ links with the customs practiced in the central Danubian region
fie communities that lived in continental Croatia shared the special care with which they saw their female
members offto the afterlife, while the selectior.r of goods that were placed in their graves dillered from one
locality to another.
the late
In the territory of Podravina, the Virovitica grouP was replaced by a group that marked
Trnovaia, can be dated to
phase ofthe Urnfield culture. The largest graveyarcl _explored thus far, Slatina
modt-
ih" HuA2 phnr", uccording to H. Mnller-Karpe. The burial custom practised in SLatina show-s some
remains ofthe deceased
fications oithe funerary piactices ofthe previous Virovitica grouP. The clemated
with a bowl. Given that urns were of
were placed in pots, amphorae or jugs which were usually covered
of broken vessels' nor
a s-nller sire, tie grave pits were also smaller, and they did not contain
any sherds
remains
were they filled u1i with the remains of the funeral pyres. 1.r the majority of graves
the_hunlan
were also used (Pl.3/1-5) For
were in pots, fbliowecl by amphorae, and in exceptional cases.jugs or bowls
the time being, one can onllspeculate about the reasons for the selection of
particular receptacles for the
burial ofthe crcmdt(d remain' of the deceased
Burials in bicor]ical jugs, other than in Slatina, have also been recorded in grave
I ir.r Zagreb-
Vrapieat.ldinMartijanec'andthesehavebeendatedtotheHaAlphase(VINsrlGese,tntlI|973,70'
72,'T. 23ll;25l5). During the HaB phase, in the RuSe group a
jug was used as the receptacie for crematecl
graves with no urn (lvli)t.t rr.-
bones, but it u.as also frequently pln.ed n. a grave good in incineration
KARpE 1959, Ta[ 108, passim; ioiS,.oo 2006, 1'17) Amphorae typical of the
HaA2 phase were used as
(NIap 2)
urns in sever:rl graveyat-ds in continental Croatia' at Za'greb Vrapie' Dalj or Slatina
Thi, cuitorn should be viewed in relation to the central Danubian region and the contemPoraly
phase I ofthe Vil group (Koszecr 1960, 179). Amphorae often setved as urns
in tl.re HaA2 phase iD tl.re
territory of the central l)anubian regiou, which rvas narked by the afor enrentioned \ril group (Szentendre'
Tc;kol, Neszmdly) (p.qur 1968, llaltXX/2,5 6; CXXI; Koszr:cI 1988,68;
Bour.uD 2000, 145' ill.6/1,3)' in
'l
the rcgion betwee n tl.rc Danube and the isa (Csorva, Doroslovo)
(Tnocr't,trln 1963' 89, 102, 'Ial VI I/ 1 1:
.1.x,+1K'ov
r cl 2008,71, erave,18, 1), in the tenitory of
the Kyatice culture (Funr'tLNrr-MITAS 2010.98-99,
obr. 15/l l, l5j ,16/9 il), all tJre rvay to southem Pannonia (Dobova, Gorice
pri Turnilcu) (S'lARi 1975'
 Funerttry Prdctices of Lale Bronze AXe Commu itics in Colllinental Crcltid I 219

27,'1. 1lA1; PLESTENIAK 2010, 98 99). the concept of an anrphorai serving as the receptacle for crernated
bones goes all the way back to the very beginnir.rgs of the Urnheld culture in the central Danubiar.r region
(Rinovsxi. 1982, 35 39, T. 1A), and in continental Croatia it r.as usecl for tl.ris purpose between the late
12d,and gd,centuries BC, with certain yariations in the an.rphora type, cleper.rding on tl.re cultural group
and tl.re period. (lonmunication along the Danube and Drava rivers linked the comnrunities of the time,
resulting in the selection of similar types ofutns lbr use in burials

N{ap 2. Graves u,ith atlphotae used irs ul llsill sollthern Parlnonia

Dobova, Gotice pri lulniiiLr, Zagreb \,hpt'e, Slatina, l)alj Sfrdertric, Doroslovo, Csorva.

Particularl.v interestir.rg is the discovery ofthe dual grave l5 in Slatina, ir.r which one ofthe cleceased
rvas br,rried in a pot, and the other in an amphora.r In the duirl grave, rvhich star.rds apart fion.r other graves
in tlte sane graveyard for the nature o[ its grave goods, there were severirl pottery vessels, placed in the
grave either int2rct or in iragl.rents. In the Slatina gravevard, pieces of costume, damaged b,v the funeral
pyre, could be found among the crelnated bones; pins, torques and bronze wire coils, indicating that the
costume had been n.rodifiecl in con)parison to the previous Virovitica grotlp. In addition, in Slatina fhere
are no graves that could be linked to tlte \rirovitica group either by the burial nethod used or by the type
of potter)' r'essels in them, as r'r,as the case in Voiin (LoZr.r1,tx 2003), Drijanovac (M.qlx.rrId-PeN o7.tc
1988, 19, T. ll/2-3; III; IV/1-2; NIAINARIC-P.q N oZrcl 1994) ancl Zagreb-Vrapie (VINsrI Gesr,lntNI 1973,
70, T. 2315 9). Tl]ere, the Virovitica shapes are present together r,ith the influences of the Baierdorf-
Velatice circle, l.hich could be linl<ed chronologically to the HaAl phase. According to the infornatiott
that is available bday, this was a short lived l.rorizon, as indicatecl by the oldest graves .rt the Dobova
(Durex 1978, 37, combination table), Slatina or Doroslovo gravevards ('l'n,A.lKovtc 2008, gtave 9/1 4).
The metal fir'rds discovered there inclicate that the graves originate fronr the hnal clays ofthe HaAl phase,
rvhile the urn types belong to the potter,v characteristic of the rniddle and late Urnficltl culture in the cen
tral Dar.rubian regiolr (LocuNr:r 1994,201, Abb. 108).
Trvo graves tl-om Beliite illustrate the funeriul practice in the region of Donja Podravina in the
late HaB phase. 'lhe graves can be dated to the 9" century BC. In them, pots \\'ere usecl as urns, and borvls
served as lids (Pl. 3/9 l0). No metal items have been found in the graves, but there rvere fragments ofpot
tery yessels both among the cremated bones ;rnd trbove the urn, indicating that the buriai ritual probabl,v
inclucled the use of receptacles for food at.rd clrink at the pyr e and atrove the gravc.
2'ItIenainstobeshorr''rrbi'1ul.theranthropologicl1lnali'seslvhetheIitr\.astllc5ext
or solrlethillg clsc,
250 lhnr,r Lo2xllx Drzr,rn

ln the territor-,y of the Gornia Posavina region, the Virovitica group of the lale phase of the l.ate
Bronze Age u'as replacecl b,vthc Velilia Gorica Dobov:r group (Tln2,rN 1999, 1l I ), knorvn chiefl1.ly 1[e5"
t$'o eponynr graveyards. 'Ihe funerary ritual ofthis local group was characterized by thc selection ofves-
sels uith a l.role in thcir rvall (Pl. 3/6 8), r'l'hich rvcre used as uLr.ts ir.t some ofthe graves, b), the particular
l
grat'e goocls, such as iveirpons in mzrle graves, and b,v cremation burials ithout urns (VINsxt-Geslettr.''t
1973, l5-5; SrARi 1975, 1.1). V IIolfiller excavatecl tl.re Velika Gorica grave,vard in 1908 ancl reported that
sln:rll receptacles u'ere used as urns and, in rare cases, covered with even smaller receptacles. He turther
rrentiored that the glaves rvcr e surrouuclecl by the remains of the fiureral pyres and coai, r,hile the cre
rlated bones rvere also scattered outside the urns. Other itens $.ere placed either next to or above the
recept.rcle (llorrII-rR 1909, 121- 122).
On thc basis of tl.re nretal finc1s discovered in thern, the preserved Velilia Gorica graves can be
dated to the earil'HaB phase (VrNsxr (llsllrrNr 1973, 156). What rnalies the Velika Gorica graveyard
exceptional is the rich lerrale costunrc firuncl in fernale graves, and weapons and razors that u'ere placed as
grave goods in r.na1e glaves (l(,rner',lxrd 2009, 57 70). lhcse t-eatures set it ripiut flom the contemporary
gravevirrd in Dobovr, r ,hich lrekrngs to lhe san]e cultural group (TEnZex 1999, I l5 I I6, fie. 10 l1). A
detailecl conparison of grave goocls fbr.rnd in \relika Gorica ancl Dobova has been r.nacle by S. I(lner-eNtt:
(2000,35 ,13). l he d illerence in the selection of grave goocls may suggest that these \\,ere t$,o colnrrunities
that clicl not enjo,v the same level of powet and u'ealth.
At the far' lvest of coltinental Croatia, in the Kup:r vallel', during tl.re late phase of the Urnlield
culture ther-e \\'as a separirte group marked by some regional characteristics of its costune, funer:rry prac
tice arlcl Lype of receptacles used as un.rs (Pl. 3/13).'Ihe buriai custom appliecl at the gravcvards of Ozalj
(BerrN Lr-:r ursti 1981), l(rupaie (BnuNivto 1898), Treiierovac (Llurrri 1885) and Budinjak (St<oelrnt
I999, 2l ) can be linlied to the graves at l(apiteljslia Niiva in Novo Nlesto in Dolenjsha (Knr2 1995; KnrZ
1i'r Ar. 2009, cat. No. 4.5, ,1.6, ,1, ,1.6, 13) ancl at the Boritek graycyard in trletlika in the neigl.rbouring Bela
l(rajira (Dulln 1979). In sorr.re cases the grave pit r.,'as lined with stones (BALEN l.r'r'r uNIi 1981, 15),
and anothel characteristic feature is large pythoi that l'ere usecl as urns. C)ccasionally the urn itself rvas
coveled u'ith a stonc, insteacl o[ a borvl. In sonre graves there $'e]'e irlso antphorac rvith fulnel-shaped
necks (Cinrnlx 200.1, 13,1, lig. 28), u'hich represents a local {brn.r. Theretbrc, in the territory ofcontinental
C)olti:t, in the late phase of the Late Bronze Age there was a pronounced regional cliversit| in fttnerary
prilctices, in corltr-.rst k) thc t\\.o rather unifornr groups ofthe eatl,v phase ofthe l-ate Bronze Age.

Ntlp 3. Cr.rvcs of the Dalj (iroup rvilh ftanl/rcro,c hnds: Batina, Osijek, Dali, l)or.oslor-o, \'ukor.ar, Sotin.
 Funerary Practices of L6te Bronze Age Cont unities in Conti ettal CrodLiLi 251

Yet another regional feature is the kantharoi tl.rat appeared in the territorl of the Dalj group
(north-eastern Croatia and south eastern Transdanubia), in graves fron.r the 9rr'and 81' c. BC, tl.rat is, from
phases II and IIIa according to C. MrrzNrn NEBELSTcK (2002, 169, Abb. 73, 6), :rnd remained in use
until the Late Iron Age (MrrzNER-NEBrLsrcK 2002.172-178. Abb. 7518 9:7615:7717: DrzDAR20l0).At
the Sotin graveyard, 28 graves of the Dalj group have been excavated, and in 15 of them kantharoi have
been found, lving in the eastern side of the burial pit or within the pot. Kantharoi are also present in large
numbers in graves in Vukovar (B,urN LEruNIi 1996, 92, cat. 56.2), l)oroslovo (Tne1ror.r6 2008, grave I,
3),Dalj (Horrrrlen 1938,pl. 13/1 3), Batina(METZNBR NrrrrElsrc x 2002,Taf .214 6). The contemporary
graves in the Upper Tisa Valley (Plrlr 1993, l9 46, Abb. 10 I l) and in the lorver Datrube region (GuuA
1993; Mr:novli 2003, 101 102,Abb.3) do not contain sinrilarlv rich gravc goods in the form of kantharoi.
For this reason, this custom and form can be considered to be regional, although the idea of placing
kar.rtharoi in graves had been present in the East Carpathian community ever since the Middle Bronze
Age, and, according to the Suriin fincls (VrNsr<r Gesperurr 1973,T.2,7, 9), it u'as also present during the
early phase of the Late Bronze Age, that is, during the tirr.re of the Belegii IT group (\1uxr6 2002,9 r- -99).
Graveyards of this group have not yet been found in the territory of the rvestern rim of its distribution
zone in earstern Slavonia (Map 3). Tlpologically different shapes of hantharoi appeared in the HaB period
eyen farther to the west, in Podravina, in the territory ofthe Ruie group (MuLrrR-K,A.nps 1959, thf. 109\,1,
2;'I'ERZAN 1990, fig.2113; CnsSN,ln 2006, 128, Iig.26).
The marginal position ofthe Dalj group within the Urnlielcl cultule is borne witness to b)' the urns
of biconical t)'pe that had undoubtedly developed from the pots frequently used as urns in graves of the
Belegi5 II group (VRANIC 2002,86 91, cat. No. 35). Such pots are frequent in the area between the Tisa and
Maros rivers, which was inhabited by a variant of the G6va group that presents some southern features,
primarily the shapes of urns that \\'ere favoured by the Bobda II-Susani-Ticvaniul Mare-Kar abur ma III-
Belegii II circle (V Sz,c.s6 1996, 55, Abb. 55/l 2). Interestingly, in the earliest graves that can be attributed
to the Dalj group, amphorae were used ars urns, which is tl.pical of the Urnheld culture. The biconical
urns can be traced fiom the 9'r'c. BC, by the finds in the graves in l)oroslovo ('l'rulxovri 2008, grave
,1/ l; grave 1 15/ I and Sotin, although C. Metzner-Nebelsick dated this type of urn only to the IIIb pottery
)
horizon of the Dalj group and onwards
(MlrzNrn-Nrnelsrcr 2002, 172 17 5,
Abb. 7516, .12). The kantharoi and
bicor.rical pots used as urns suggest a
local genesis of the Dalj group and its
Iinks to the previous Belegi5 II group,
but also the strong influences of the
Urnfi eld culture (amphorae, numerous
pottery grave goods).
In grave 44 in Sotin, judging
liom their rectangular distribution, the
cremated bones were placed in some
kind of receptacle rnade of organic
nraterial, which also included a kan-
tharur. Abor e tlre bone',, th ree cer.l m i(
whorls were found that used to belong
Fig. 1. Sotin, grave,14 witl.r remains ofa spindle.
to a spindle (Fig. l). The spindle was
probably laid over the cremated bones as a tarewell gift that a member of the community iaid in the
grave ofthe deceased woman. This example testifies that in addition to the funerarv canons, an individual
approach to saying goodbye to the deceased was also present.

The overview ofthe funerary practices in the Late Bronze Age in the territor,v ofnorthern Croatia
indicates that different cultural groups had difiering buriarl custorrs, and there are also exarnples r'vhich
suggest that jn certain cases the rite varied fron one settlement to another. It is ob\.ious that sone cornmu-
nities shared burial customs, but the selection ofgrave goods was also locally determined (e.g. Popernjak
Gredar.ri, Velika Gorica-Dobova). The uniformity ofthe burial practice in the early phasc ofthe Urnlield
252 l)ARrA Lo'NJAK l)r zDAR

culturc is clcar;:lt that tilr.lc, in thc Virovitica group and in the tsarice Gredani group, thc reln:rins ofthe
decctiscd werc bur icd :rlnrost in line with thc calon: pot used as urn, bowl used as lid or bowl used irs
um. It is interesting that the shapes ofvessels used in graves in tl.re eariy phase ofthe Urnfield culture:rrc
locally bouncl (e.g. pots in the Virovitica group or bor'vls usecl as un.rs in the Barice Greclani group,.N{ap
I , Pl. I 2). In tl.re late phase oi the Urnfield cultr,u e in the territory of continental Cloatia, several groups

har.e been identified, ancl the main difl-er er.rces betr,eeu them lay il their costulne and funerary practice.
'lhe unifbrnr bur.ial custorn started to dcvelop rcgional variants (PI. 3), judging fr-on the receptacles usecl
as uLrrs trntl the sclcction of grave goods (costulne). In addition to the general practice of placing hunran
renuins in anrphorae, r,r'hich rvas recordecl il the HaA2 phase in the rvide area stretching froln thc central
Danubian region to southern Pannonia, uhich belongecl to t].re Urnlielcl culture, frorr the HaBl phase
onrvard, regional lealui'es u'ere nrore and more pronounced, accompanied by local lirnerarv custons.
llesicles tl.re legiorral clivelsification in the qlave inventories, the social status ofthe clecease,:1 rl'as certainly
vcry inrportaut, ancl this r.as iig:rin rr.rore obr.ious in t-ernalc gravcs, as it w'as in the early pl.rase ol the
Urnfield culture. (LoZNl,rx DIZDAR 2009). Except for a t-ew richlv furnishetl nale graves (Velika Goric.r,
grave 1/1911) that represert an exceptiur, rather than a rule, no pattern has been established in the prac
tice of bur,ving nel. Il temirle gra\res, several items of costume were found, probably of the costumc in
r,lricl.r tl.re cleceasecl hircl been crenratecl, but in vierv ofthe smali r.rlrnrber ofexplolecl graves clating fi-onr
thc latc phase of thc Ur nficld cLrltr.u c, fbr the tinrc bcing thc rclcvant irnalyses cirnnot be carr-iecl out
'lhc usc of stonc in gra\-c irrchitcctrJre \\.as present in the terr iior,v of contineutal Croatia ti-onr the
earliest graves ofthe Urnheld culture in N{oravie, then in grave 2 in Zagreb-Vrapc'e, on to the Ozal.j graves.
The conclusion can be drau,n that stone rvas tiequently usecl for lining the grave pit, or as a lid for thc urn,
throughout the LiiLe Blonze Age ill weslern Croaliir, $'hereas ilr easlern Croatia there has been no record
of such plactice (N{ap .1).

N'lap.1. (iraves rvith stone architecture in the continental part ofCroatia. N,lorar.ie, Zagreb lirapic, Ozalj, Budinjak.

Along rl'ith the influence of the central Danubian region, which \\'as ver,v strong, judging by the
funeriuy custor.r'r and the selection of urns in the late HaAl phase and in the HaA2 ph;rse, it is obvioLrs
that in the HaB phase the \.estern part of continental Croatia rvas iinked b the Dolenjska and Posavlje
regions of Skrvenia, u'hile eastern Croatia was linhed to the territory bet$,een the Danube and Tisa rrr.ers
and to south-eastern Transclairubia. The r.narginal position ofthe Dal.j Group rvithin the Urnheld culture
is reflectecl in the selection of indiviclual tlpes oi receptacles thal \rere used in the furerary cult (biconical
unls, kanthluoi), rvhich, by their genesjs, belong to the F.ast Carpathi.rn communily. C)n the other hand,
 lunerary Practices o_f Late Brttnze Agc Contmunitics in Continent.tl Croatia | 253

the strong influence of the Urnfield culture is visible in the earl,v phase of the Dalj group, rvhen its burial
practice and types of vessels used could only be linkecl to the rvest, and this can be identifiecl in graves in
Doroslovo (Tnl1r<ovrc 2008, grave 23, I 3, passim), Dalj (Horrlr-r-rn 1938, pl. 1al4,8 9; Srr,rrc 199,1,200,
pI.7lI-3) and Batina (MurzNrr NEBEI-sICK 2002, thf. l611).1he influence ofthe Urnfield culture was
also felt in the neighbouring Bosut group in Sirnium and southern Banat, and this is visible in the pottery
frorn its early phase, Bosut I (Vlsrc 1987, 540, fig. 30). The rare graves dating from that phase bear witness
to inhrlrnation burials (N1elovri 2003, 101-102, Abb. 3), rvhich set it apart frorn other contemporary
groups y.ith distribution zones truther to the west. Lr the eastemmost part of Croatja, this group has beer.r
known on the basis of settlenrents and individual inhumation graves dating trom the beginr.rir.rg ofthe Iron
Age, found rvithin graveyar ds belonging to the comnunities of the Dalj group (VlNsxt GASIARINI 1973,
160,T. 125; BAr.r.rN l.EruNri 2001,L7,19 20, T.5-6;7/1-2; T,A.sri 1979; LOZNIAK DTZDAR 2004).
The funerarl practices ofthe Late Bronze Age conmurities in conlinenlal Croatia sl]orv a general
trend that is also present in the Urnlielcl cuiture in the Caryradrian Basin. The pledominant burial custom
is crenation, and the dillerences amotrg individual groups, apart flon.r some cli1l-erences ir.r their n.raterial
culture, can also be seen in the selectior.r of ur ns, number ar.rcl type of potterv receptacles in graves, pres
ence of broken receptacles and relnains of the costurne in which the deceased rvere sent o1r to the afterlife.
At larger grave,vards that have been explored (Gredani, Popernjah), renrains have been found lrfiich could
be linkecl to a cult that rvas pertbrmecl at the burial or in respect of the memory of the deceased. Some
exanrples, such as the spindle placed in gra\,e,14 in Sotin, bear witness to the gifts that r,ele used b)r the
living to say goodb,ve to tl.re dead. In addition to the customs that were practised by the inhabitants of a
settlenent, a \\'hole cornmuniq. or even a whole cultural circle, there are also records of sone personalized
approaches to sending certain individuals offto the afterlii-e (e.g. grave 1/1911 in Velika Gorica, dual grave
15 in Slatina). Indir.idual selection ofthe burial rlethod r.vas particularll' u,idespread rvithin the territory
of continental Croatia at the beginnir.rg of the lron Age (late 9"' century and 8' ' century BC), l'hen, r.r,ithir.r
a single community, two rituals were in use sin.rult:rneously iucineration aud inhumation bulials, e.g. at
Budiryak (Srour-:uxr 1999, 2l), in llat graves or graves under tumuli Budinjak, Ozalj (BlreN LEruNrc
1981, 14 15), Batina (investigtrtions in Novenber 2010) -, which is a reflection ofthe social dil1-erentratron
tl.rat would beconre particularly prorninent in funerary practices ofthe commur.rities ofthe Early Iron Age.'

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List offigures

Fig. 1. Sotin, grave '14 with remains of a spindle.

List of maps

Map 1. Graves of the early phase of the Urnfield culture in the continental part of Croatia
. Graves with pots used as urns: Lepoglava, Zbelava, Moravte, Sirova Katalena, Drljanovac, Mala Pupelica,
Virovitica, Voiin, Cepinski Martinci.
' Graves with bowl-like lids used to cover the cremated bones: Iakopovec. Cepinski Martinci. Gredani,
Maikovac, PoZega, Oriovac, Grabarje, Perkovci, Strossmayerovac. Popernjak.
Map 2. Graves with amphorae used as urns in southern Pannonia. Dobova, Gorice pri TurniSiu, Zagreb Vrapie,
Slatina, Dalj-Strldeirac, Doroslovo, Csorva.
Map 3. Graves ofthe Dalj Group with kantharos finds: Batina, Osijek, Dalj, Doroslovo, Vukovat Sotin
Map4. Grayes with stone architecture in the continental part ofCroatia. Moravde.Zagreb Vrapie,Ozalj, Budinjak.

List of plates

Pl. 1. Selected t).pes of urns in the early phase of the Urnfield culture (Virovitica group). 1. Moravie (after So r<ol
1996, sl. 15/3);2. Drljanovac (after M,q.,Nrnri-PaNDZIi 199'1, T. 3/3); 3 5 Moravde (after Sorol 1996, sl
512;12);6. Drljanovac (after MAINARId PANDZId 1994,T.213 4).
P|.2. Selected t)'pes ofurns in the early phase ofthe Urnheld culture (Barice Gredani group). I. VlatkoYac;2-4;
7-12. Gredani (after MINIcHREITER 1983, T.25 26);5 6;l3.Popernjak(afterMenI1eN2010,sl 32)
PI.3. Selected qpes ofurns in the late phase ofthe Urnfield culture. 1-5. Slatina;6 8. Velika Gorica (after
KARAVANTd 2009, Pl. 5411. 3: 6314);9- 10. Belisie; 1 1- 12. Dalj (after VINsrt-Gesre.RrNI 1983, T XCI/1' 5)i
13. Krupade (after BRUN3MID l89B); 14-15. Ozalj (after Be.LEN-Lrruui 1981, T. ll4,T.2l4).
 Funcrary I'ractices of Lole Bro ze AgL (:a tlrtunit'ies in Cttrttinettlol CroLtlia 257

lt
1

i
I

I
I

I'latc L Selcctetl t,vpcsof r.rrns ilr the late phrsc' of tfrc Urnfielcl ctrltur c. I 5. Slatirl,r: 6 3. velika Gorice
(rlier K.rr,qr,..rxrtl 2009, Pl.5.1/1,l; 6l/.1); 9 10. Ileli!cc; I I ll. l)alj (alter \iNsKr (l'rst'.cRtst l9sl.'l x(ll/L' 5);
]]' liILlPaic'(aitcr l]nuxillttl ]tj98)j 1.1 ]5' ()zalj (.rlier B,'..r,r:s |I]rlr^.I(: l9|j]..f' li'1, I'2/,I)'
258 | DARIA LOZNIAK DTZDAR

Plate 2. Selected types of urns in the early phase ofthe Urnheld culture (Barice-Gredani group)
1. Vlatkovac;2-4;7 12. Gredani (after MINTCHREITER 1983, T.25 26);5-6;
13. Popernjak (after MARUAN 2010, sl. 32).
f

Fttnetory Praclicts oJ Lnte Bronzc Age CanlnLtnilit s in C.ontitltrttol Ctoatja | )'59

..,)
,/i.

,'i
, :t/' ,

lt" :

Platr 3. Selccted tvpes ol unts in lhe ldte phasc ol tlie Ur nlielci cuLturc. I 5. slatlnai 6 3 \'elika
Gorica
(rl1erK,cR,$,,ANrci2009,pl.5.1/1,3; 63/1): 9. 10. Bc'liiae; ll l2.Dalj (allcr vtxstit G,tst',rntxt l93l,T X(i1/1,5)i
J-3. Krtqraie (aliclBnu^-irtto l39S); 1'1 l5Ozali (afLer B'\i'rrn'-LErurlc
l9Sl'Tl/-1"f2/1)