EXERCISES IN CHAPTER 3

1 3 0 1 2 −3
3.1. Let 𝐴 = [−1 2], 𝐵 = [ 3 2], 𝐶 = [1 2 ]. Compute:
3 4 −2 3 4 −1
a) (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 b) 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶) c) 𝐴𝑡 , 𝐵 𝑡 , 𝐶 𝑡
d) 𝐴𝑡 𝐵 e) 𝐵𝐶 𝑡
3.2. Let 𝑀2 be the vector space of square matrices of order 2. Determine whether the
following vectors are linearly independent or linearly dependent.
1 1 1 0 1 1
𝐴=[ ], 𝐵 = [ ], 𝐶 = [ ].
1 1 0 1 0 0
4 −11
3.3. In the vector space 𝑀2 , find the coordinates of the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] in the basis
−11 −7
−1 1 −1 1 0
1 1 0
{[ ], [ ], [
], [ ]}.
0 1 0 0
1 1
0 0
1 −1 2 4 0 −3
3.4. Let 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ],
0 3 4 −1 −2 3
2 −3 0 1 2
𝐶 = [ 5 −1 −4 2], 𝐷 = [−1].
−1 0 0 3 3
a) Compute 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝐴 + 𝐶, 3𝐴 − 4𝐵.
b) Compute 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐶, 𝐵𝐷, 𝐶𝐷.
c) Compute 𝐴𝑡 , 𝐴𝑡 𝐶, 𝐷𝑡 𝐴𝑡 , 𝐵 𝑡 𝐴, 𝐷𝑡 𝐷, 𝐷𝐷𝑡 .
1 2
3.5. Let 𝐴 = [ ].
4 −3
a) Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 5, compute 𝑓(𝐴).
1−𝑥 2
b) Let 𝑔(𝑥) = | |, compute 𝑔(𝐴).
4 −3 − 𝑥
3.6. Prove that if 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴, then for all positive integers n > 0, we have
𝑛(𝑛−1)
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑛𝐴𝑛−1 𝐵 + 𝐴𝑛−2 𝐵2 +. . . +𝐵 𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝐶𝑛𝑘 𝐴𝑛−𝑘 𝐵 𝑘 ,
2

where𝐴0 = 𝐼, 𝐴1 = 𝐴.
3.7. Compute
1 −2 5 2 −1 𝑛 0 1 1999
a) [ ] b) [ ] c) [ ]
3 −4 3 −2 −1 0
n 𝜆1 0 ⋯ 0 𝑛
écos a - sin a ù 0 𝜆2 ⋯ 0 𝜆 1𝑛
d) êê ú e) [ ] f) [ ] .
êësin a cos a úú
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 𝜆
û 0 0 ⋯ 𝜆𝑛
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
3.8. Let 𝐽 = [ ]
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
a) Compute 𝐽2 .
b) Put 𝐴 = 𝛼𝐼 + 𝛽𝐽, show that 𝐴𝑛 is of form 𝐴𝑛 = 𝛼𝑛 𝐼 + 𝛽𝑛 𝐽.
 Compute 𝛼𝑛 , 𝛽𝑛 by 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑛.
3.9. * Compute 𝐴100 , where
1 −2 1 2 1 2
a) 𝐴 = [−1 1 0] b) 𝐴 = [0 1 0]
−2 0 1 0 0 2
0 2 1 1
c) 𝐴 = [ ] d) 𝐴 = [ ].
−3 5 −1 3
3.10. Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be a square matrix of order 𝑛 > 2;
ìï 0 if i = j
aij = ïí
ïï 1 if i ¹ j
î
a) Find 𝛼, 𝛽 such that 𝑃 = 𝛼𝐴 + 𝛽𝐼 and 𝑃2 = 𝐼.
b) Find 𝑃 explicitly in the cases 𝑛 = 3, 𝑛 = 4.
3.11. Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be a square matrix of order n. We denote by T r A = a11 + a22 + ... + ann
the trace of 𝐴. Show that
a) T r(A + B ) = T r A + T r B ;
b) Tr AB = Tr BA ;
c) If 𝐵 = 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃, then Tr A = Tr B ;
d) There do not exist matrices 𝐴, 𝐵 such that 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼.
𝑎 𝑏
3.12. * Let 𝐴 = [ ].
𝑐 𝑑
a) Show that 𝐴 satisfies
𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑑)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0.
b) Show that 𝐴𝑘 = 0, where 𝑘 is a positive integer greater than 1, if and only if 𝐴2 = 0.
𝑥 𝑦
3.13. Two matrices 𝐴, 𝐵 are called commutative if 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴. Find all matrices 𝐴 = [ ]
𝑧 𝑡
1 1
such that A and the matrix [ ] are commutative.
0 1
3.14. Show that the set of symmetric matrices of order 𝑛is a subspace of the vector space 𝑀2 .
Find a basis of this subspace.
𝑎 𝑏
3.15. Find the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] satisfying one of the following cases
𝑐 𝑑
a) 𝐴2 = 0 b) 𝐴2 = 𝐼 c) 𝑐 = 0 và 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐼 , where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
3.16. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be matrices of size 𝑚 × 𝑛. Show that
𝑟(𝐴 + 𝐵) ≤ 𝑟(𝐴) + 𝑟(𝐵).
3.17. Compute the following determinants
0 1 1 1 2 −5 1 2
1 1 1
1 0 1 1 −3 7 −1 4
a) |−1 0 1| b) | | c) | |
1 1 0 1 5 −9 2 7
−1 −1 0
1 1 1 0 4 −6 1 2
 7 6 3 7 6 −5 8 4
3 5 7 2 9 7 5 2
d) | | e) | |.
5 4 3 5 7 5 3 7
5 6 5 4 −4 8 −8 −3
𝑘 𝑘
3.18. Find all the values of 𝑘 such that | | = 0.
4 2𝑘
3.19. Find the determinants of the following matrices
3 −2 −5 4
1/2 −1 −1/3
−5 2 8 −5
a) 𝐴 = [3/4 1/2 −1 ] b) 𝐵 = [ ]
−2 4 7 −3
1 −4 1
2 −3 −5 8
𝑡 + 3 −1 1
c) 𝐶 = [ 5 𝑡−3 1 ].
6 −6 𝑡 + 4
1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
3.20. Solve the equation |1 2 4 8|=0.
1 3 9 27
1 4 16 64
3.21. Without computing the determinant, show that
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
a) |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 | = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
b) |𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑥 𝑐2 | = −2𝑥 |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 + 𝑏3 𝑥 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 𝑥 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎3 1 𝑎 𝑎2
c) |1 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 | = |1 𝑏 𝑏 | 2 d) |1 𝑏 𝑏 | = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |
3

1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 1 𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐3 1 𝑐 𝑐2
1 𝑎2 𝑎3 1 𝑎 𝑎2
e)|1 𝑏 2 𝑏 3 | = (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) |
1 𝑏 𝑏2|
1 𝑐2 𝑐3 1 𝑐 𝑐2
1 1 ... 1
𝑥 𝑥2 . . . 𝑥𝑛
3.22. * Let 𝐷𝑛 =| 1 | be the Vandermonde determinant.
... ... ... ...
𝑥1𝑛−1 𝑥2𝑛−1 . . . 𝑥𝑛𝑛−1
Show that 𝐷𝑛 = ∏1≤𝑗<𝑖≤𝑛(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 ) = ∏𝑛𝑘=2(∏𝑘−1 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑖=1 (𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑖 )) = ∏𝑖=1 (∏𝑘=𝑖+1(𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑖 )).
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑥 . . . 𝑥
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 . . . 𝑥
3.23. Compute 𝐷𝑛 = | 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎3 . . . 𝑥 ||
|
... ... ... ... ...
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 . . . 𝑎𝑛
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
−𝑏 𝑎 𝑑 −𝑐
3.24. * Show that a) | | = (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 )2
−𝑐 −𝑑 𝑎 𝑏
−𝑑 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎
 𝑎 −𝑏 −𝑎 𝑏
−𝑏 𝑎 −𝑏 −𝑎
b) | | = 4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 )
−𝑐 −𝑑 𝑐 −𝑑
𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐
1 + 𝑎1 𝑎2 ... 𝑎𝑛
𝑎 1 + 𝑎2 ... 𝑎𝑛
3.25. * Show that | 1 | = 1 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 +. . . +𝑎𝑛
... ... ... ...
𝑎1 𝑎2 . . . 1 + 𝑎𝑛
1 2 ... 𝑛 − 1 𝑛
𝑛 1 ... 𝑛 − 2 𝑛 − 1
3.26. Compute 𝐷𝑛 = ||𝑛 − 1 𝑛 . . . 𝑛 − 3 𝑛 − 2||
... ... ... ... ...
2 3 ... 𝑛 1
3.27. Find all the values of 𝜆 such that the following vectors are linearly independent.
𝑢 = (𝜆, −1, −1), 𝑣 = (−1, 𝜆, −1), 𝑤 = (−1, −1, 𝜆).
3.28. Find the rank of the following matrices.
4 3 −5 2 3
2 −1 3 −2 4 8 6 −7 4 2
a) 𝐴 = [4 −2 5 1 7] b) 𝐵 = 8 3 −8 2 7
2 −1 1 8 2 4 3 1 2 −5
[8 6 −1 4 −6]
3 𝑚 1 2 −1 2 1 −1 1
1 4 7 2 𝑚 −1 1 −1 −1
c) 𝐶 = [ ] d) 𝐷 = [ ]
1 10 17 4 1 𝑚 0 1 1
4 1 3 3 1 2 2 −1 1
3.29. Find the inverses of the following matrices, if possible
2 1 −1 1 4 2 1 −1 2
a) 𝐴 = [0 1 3] b) 𝐵 = [−1 0 1] c) 𝐶 = [−1 2 1]
2 1 1 2 2 3 2 −3 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 −1 −1
d) 𝐷 = [2 3 2 ] e) 𝐸 = [ ]
1 −1 1 −1
1 3 −1
1 −1 −1 1
𝑡−1 3 −3
3.30. Let 𝐴 = [ −3 𝑡 + 5 −3 ]
−6 6 𝑡−4
a) Find the values of 𝑡 such that 𝐴 is invertible.
b) When 𝑡 = 3, find 𝐴−1.
𝑡+1 7 3
3.31. Let 𝐴 = [ −1 𝑡−1 −2 ]
𝑡 − 5 2𝑡 − 5 𝑡 − 6
a) Find the values of 𝑡 such that 𝐴 is invertible.
b) Find the inverse of 𝐴 when 𝑡 = 2.
3.32. *Find the inverses of the following square matrices of order n.
 1 1 1 ... 1 0 1 1 ... 1
1 0 1 ... 1 1 0 1 ... 1
a) 𝐴 = 1 1 0 ... 1 b) 𝐵 = 1 1 0 ... 1
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
[1 1 1 ... 0] [1 1 1 ... 0]
𝜆 1 0 0 0 1 𝑎 𝑎2 . . . 𝑎𝑛
0 𝜆 1 0 0 0 1 𝑎 . . . 𝑎𝑛−1
c) 𝐶 = 0 0 𝜆 1 0 d) 𝐷 = 0 0 1 . . . 𝑎𝑛−2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
[0 0 0 ... 𝜆] [0 0 0 ... 1 ]
3.33. *Show that if (𝐼 + 𝐴)𝑘 = 0, then det A ¹ 0 .
3.34. *Show that if 𝐼 + 𝐴𝐵 is invertible, then 𝐼 + 𝐵𝐴 is also invertible.