青岛新航道学霸学院四级课程

New Channel, Qingdao, Elites Program Level 4

青岛新航道学霸学院
课程理论 (Rationale and Theory)

中国英语教育一直遵循行为主义学习理论，进行不同课程设计。 长期以来，以老师为中心
的英语教学形式在不同的英语课程中一直很流行。 老师，作为知识的传授者，在课堂中占
据主导地位；学生，作为知识的接收者，在课堂中“听”的成分占据较多。所以，老师是至关
重要的角色， 因为他们不仅在知识和技能上对学生有直接的影响，并且在学生的人生观，
价值观和世界观的培养方面也有潜移默化的影响。以考试为中心的教学理念使老师，学生和
家长逐渐将考试放在首位。最终，以通过考试为教学目的，老师为中心，学生配合听课的固
定型思维（fixed mindset）教学和学习理念逐渐形成。Ren （2011）指出目前中国大学生学
习大学英语的主要动力是为了通过大学四、六级考试，升级个人简历 ，未来找到心仪的工
作。

中国加入 WTO 之后，对于英语学习的要求不再只局限于一个学科或者一门考试。英语，作

为一种交流工具，要求各方面人才都具备英语交流能力。为了达到此目的，很多高校开设
EMI 和 ESP 项目，试图通过让学生用英语学习相关的专业知识，提高学生在不同领域的英
语能力，从而更好学习国内外先进知识。但是，根深蒂固的学习方法和教学形式让其目的未
能达到。 换句话说，如果老师、学生和家长依然遵守传统“分数至上”的原则，即使教材内
容更新，也很难达到预期效果。比如，Rose & Galloway 在针对世界英语的研究中指出：中
国大学生主要参与 EMI 和 ESP 项目的主要目的是提高自身英语水平从而通过大学英语等级
测试，而并不是学习如何使用英语学习先进技术和提高自身英语交流能力。

21 世纪，随着全球经济化和跨文化交流日益增多，对于人才的要求升级，并且有了新的诠
释。 新航道国际教育集团董事长兼 CEO 胡敏教授，在美国哈弗大学发布的《PIS 全球任胜
力框架》中指出，21 世纪人才需要具备对地区、全球和跨文化议题的分析能力；对于他人
看法和价值观理解并且欣赏的能力；与不同文化背景的人进行开放、得体和有效的互动能力；
以及为集体福祉和可持续发展采取行动的能力；并且，中国教育部颁布的《国家中长期教育
改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020）》也将全球胜任力纳入人才培养体系。那么，到底什么
是全球胜任力？胡敏教授给出了一个很真实的例子：新航道有一位女同学，热衷公益和环保
事务，高中时参加了环保社团，为学校建立了废旧电池回收处，并且做了大量分类垃圾知识
宣传。2019 年，她被全美排名前 10 名的杜克大学数据分析专业研究生录取。她励志回国后，
利用所学，助力中国乃至世界的环保事业发展。

不难看出，一个学生的全球胜任力是需要时间培养的，需要老师、学生和家长开放眼界，站
在更广更大的格局看待学生能力培养。 若还是依赖传统的固定型思维（fixed mindset）教学，
以考试为中心的理念学习英语，那最终的产出可能只会停留在“学过英语”，但“并不会说英
语”。这也是为什么很多中国留学生很难适应和融入国外的校园生活。 很多应届毕业生，虽
然拥有英语四、六级证书，却依然无法使用英语进行交流和学习去获得更好的事业机会。

全球胜任力 (Global Competence)

新航道学霸学院 1
新航道国际教育集团董事长兼 CEO 胡敏老师在美国哈佛大学发布的《PIS 全球任胜力框架》
指出：21 世界人才需要具备对地区、全球和跨文化议题的分析能力，对于他人看法和价值
观理解并且欣赏的能力，与不同文化背景的人进行开放，得体和有效的互动能力， 以及为
集体福祉和可持续发展采取行动的能力。并且，中国教育部颁布的《国家中长期教育改革和
发展规划纲要》也将全球胜任力纳入人才培养体系。

全球胜任力 (Global Competence)

国际人才需要具备核心素养，称为 4C：
Critical thinking（批判型思维）： 能够理解和分析想法之间的联系，评估观点、论据和选
项，综合想法和信息；
Communication (沟通)：能够使用合适的符合语境的语言，具备会话管理能力，自信并清晰
的参与共同；
Collaboration (合作) ：在群体合作中承担个人责任， 以尊重的态度倾听并对他人的贡献做
出建设性意见，在小组活动期间评估多个解决方案和观点，已确认最优方案；
Creativity and Innovation (创造和创新)：能够参与并阻止创造性活动，从自己的想法或者其
他资源中创造新的内容，通过使用新创性的内容来解决问题和做出决定。

胡敏教授还指出全球胜任力需要具有全球视野和中国根基，同时包括外语能力与人文科技素
养 STREAM（科学，科技，阅读/写作，工程，艺术，数学）两项“硬能力”和 4C “软实力”。

新 航 道 初 中 生 学 霸 计 划 课 程 是 通 过 英 语 学 习 ， 培 养 青 少 年 的 全 球 胜 任 力 （ global
competence）为最终目，基于构建主义学习理论（Constructivism Learning Theory）和培
养成长型思维理论（growth mindset）设计的创新英语课程。

本教材内容大致是从《TED 演讲》，Chinadaily.com(中国日报网)，《学霸学院语法教材》
等材料中进行整合、修改和编著制成。

新航道学霸学院 2
从实际出发，踏踏实实教学，不骄不躁，不忘初心。

我坚持，我成功！

感谢所有学霸学院老师们的付出！

感谢所有家长和同学们的信任！

--- 新航道学霸学院

新航道学霸学院 3
 新航道学霸四级目录

Class1. Collaboration.......................................................................................................................... 5
C1-1. Time for global cooperation, not ifs and buts, in anti-virus fight.....................................6
C1-2. TED. A guide to collaborative leadership --- Lorna Davis...............................................8
C1-3. Combating COVID-19: Challenge and opportunity.......................................................13
Class 2. Language Learning..............................................................................................................16
C2-1. TED: 4 reasons to learn a new language (John McWhorter)......................................... 17
C2-2. TED: The secret of learning a new language (Lýdia Machová).....................................20
C2-3. The Benefits of Being Bilingual (IELTS 12-T6-P3)...................................................... 24
Class 3. Social Media........................................................................................................................ 29
C3-1. TED: The rapid growth of the Chinese Internet and where it’s headed......................... 30
C3-2. The Effects of Social Media on Communication............................................................35
C3-3.How did the Chinese public express their demands amid epidemic?............................. 38
Class 4. Communication................................................................................................................... 40
C4-1. 10 ways to have a better conversation............................................................................ 41
C4-2. How to lead a conversation between people who disagree............................................ 45
C4-3. 3 ways to be a better ally in the workplace.....................................................................48
Class 6. Energy Saving......................................................................................................................52
C6-1. How behavioral science can lower your energy bill.......................................................53
C6-2. TED:High-altitude wind energy from kites !..................................................................56
C6-3. Clean energy challenge and opportunity........................................................................ 58
Class 7. Chinese Achievement.......................................................................................................... 61
C7-1. "Sky Road" Built by Dedication and Wisdom................................................................62
C7-2. "Taking a High-Speed Train Trip....................................................................................64
C7-3. The Birth of Hybrid Rice................................................................................................ 66
Class 8. World Literature...................................................................................................................68
C8-1. The Declaration of Independence................................................................................... 69
C8-2. I have a dream (Martin Luther King, Jr.)........................................................................75
Class 9. Leadership........................................................................................................................... 83
C9-1. What Is A Leader and What Is Leadership?................................................................... 84
C9-2. 3 ways to measure your adaptability -- and how to improve it...................................... 87
C9-3. Everyday leadership (Drew Dudley).............................................................................. 90

新航道学霸学院 4
Class1. Collaboration

新航道学霸学院 5
C1-1. Time for global cooperation, not ifs and buts, in anti-virus fight

By Hujjatullah Zia | China Daily | Updated: 2020-04-15

As the coronavirus pandemic spread across the world, China became the target of
harsh rhetoric and disinformation campaign even though it has made remarkable
achievements in containing the virus－even lifting the lockdown on Wuhan, capital of
Hubei province and the epicenter of the outbreak in China after 76 days －at a time
when the rest of the world is still grappling with it.

Associating the pandemic with China or the Chinese people will prove counter
productive, because hate crimes, including attacks on people of Asian origin － as
reported from several cities in the West－will do no society or economy any good.
Many believed the pandemic would bring all countries on a global platform to
cooperate in the fight against this common human enemy. Instead, irresponsible
remarks have fueled tensions.

As a non-traditional security threat, the pandemic is no different from terrorism: it

doesn't discriminate on the basis of country, color, creed or class. As Mike Ryan, head
of the World Health Organization's health emergency programs, said: "Viruses know
no borders, and they don't care about your ethnicity, the color of your skin, or how
much money you have in the bank". The WHO has even advised against scapegoating
a country or people, while praising Beijing for its transparency in the fight against the
virus.

Since we live in a "global village" and share a common destiny, the outbreak has put
the life of all at stake and the imminent economic crisis will wreak havoc on people
across the world. As such, we should all make greater efforts to build a community
with a shared future for humankind.

During my stay in China for almost one year, I heard officials reiterating on different
occasions the importance of cooperation, people-to-people exchanges and peaceful
coexistence to promote global social harmony.

With this policy in mind, China has expanded cooperation with many countries in the
fight against the virus. For instance, China was the first country to send medical
experts and supplies to Serbia, which sought China's help. Many other countries,
including Afghanistan, have also received medical help from China.

This is a time for global cooperation, not blame games or stigmatizing others. It is
also a time to bridge the gaps and build trust. It is not the time for finger pointing or
doubting the role and neutrality of international organizations such as the WHO

新航道学霸学院 6
whose funding the US administration has threatened to freeze. So all countries should
seize this opportunity to cement their ties by helping each other and resolving
differences through dialogue.

In particular, the US and China need to cooperate in the fight against the virus to
prevent the pandemic from causing more damage to the global economy. The US
administration initially downplayed the virus threat. Even weeks after Singapore and
the Republic of Korea implemented emergency measures, the US remained in denial.
As a result, more than 553,000 people had been infected and nearly 22,000 killed in
the US by Tuesday. Perhaps the US administration misconstrued its own "America
first" policy as "America alone" policy.

Despite people continuing to fall victim to the pandemic in the US, Italy, Spain, Iran
and elsewhere, some countries are still engaged in finger pointing and trading insults.
Washington is not even considering easing sanctions against Teheran so the latter can
better fight the outbreak.

But since blame games and hostility will not save human lives, all countries should
join hands in order to prevent more human fatalities. And even after the pandemic is
contained globally, they need to continue cooperating to deal with the inevitable
economic fallout of the epidemic.

As such, the global focus should be on how to effectively contain the outbreak. China
has sent out a clear message that all countries should come together and share their
experiences in the fight against the pandemic, while developing a vaccine and
devising a detailed plan for treating COVID-19 patients.

The author is a writer with Daily Outlook, an independent newspaper in Afghanistan.

The views don't necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

新航道学霸学院 7
C1-2. TED. A guide to collaborative leadership --- Lorna Davis

What's the difference between heroes and leaders? In this insightful talk, Lorna Davis
explains how our idolization of heroes is holding us back from solving big problems --
and shows why we need "radical interdependence" to make real change happen.

t was a fantastic new pink suit with big buttons and shoulder pads. It was 1997, and I
was the new boss of Griffin's Foods, an iconic cookie and snacks company in New
Zealand. It was my first time as the leader of a company, and I was on the stage to
give a big speech about our ambitious new goals. I knew exactly what my call to
action was, which was "One in every four times a Kiwi eats a snack, it will be one of
ours." I emphasized that we knew how to measure our results and that our future was
in our control. Embarrassingly enough, I finished up with "If not this, what? If not us,
who? And if not now, when?"

I got this huge round of applause and I was really, really pleased with myself. I
wanted so much to be a good leader. I wanted to be followed by a devoted team, I
wanted to be right. In short, I wanted to be a hero. A hero selling chips and biscuits in
a pink suit. What happened after that speech? Nothing.All of that applause did not
lead to action. Nothing changed. Not because they didn't like me or the message. The
problem was that no one knew what they were expected to do. And most importantly,
they didn't know that I needed them.

Now, you may think that this is a classic hero speech, where I'm going to tell you that
I overcame that obstacle and triumphed. Actually, I'm going to tell you that in a world
as complex and interconnected as the one we live in, the idea that one person has the
answer is ludicrous. It's not only ineffective, it's dangerous, because it leads us to
believe that it's been solved by that hero, and we have no role.

新航道学霸学院 8
We don't need heroes. We need radical interdependence, which is just another way of
saying we need each other. Even though other people can be really difficult,
sometimes. I spent decades trying to work out how to be a good leader. I've lived in
seven countries and five continents. And in recent years, I've spent a lot of time with
the B Corp community, originally as a corporate participant and more recently as an
ambassador.

Now, B Corps are a group of companies who believe in business as a force for good.
There's a tough certification with about 250 questions about your social and
environmental performance. You must legally declare your intention to serve the
community as well as your shareholders and you must sign the declaration of
interdependence.
Now one of the things that inspires me the most about the companies in this
movement is that they see themselves as part of a whole system. It's sort of as if they
imagine themselves on a big, flowing river of activity, where, if they are, for example,
soft drinks manufacturers, they understand that upstream from them, there's water and
sugar, and farmers that grow that sugar, and plastic and metal and glass, all of which
flows into this thing that we call a company which has financial results. And the
flowing continues with consequences. Some of them intended, like refreshment and
hydration, and some unintended, like garbage and obesity.

Spending time with leaders in this space has led me to see that true collaboration is
possible, but it's subtle and it's complex. And the leaders in this space are doing a few
things very differently from traditional heroic leaders. They set goals differently, they
announce those goals differently and they have a very different relationship with other
people.

Let's begin with the first difference. A hero sets a goal that can be individually
delivered and neatly measured. You can recognize a heroic goal -- they use terms like
"revenue" and "market share" and are often competitive. I mean, remember pink-suit
day? Interdependent leaders, on the other hand, start with a goal that's really important,
but is actually impossible to achieve by one company or one person alone.

I want to give you an example from the clothing industry, which produces 92 million
tons of waste a year. Patagonia and Eileen Fisher are clothing manufacturers, both of
them B Corps, both of them deeply committed to reducing waste. They don't see that
their responsibility ends when a customer buys their clothes. Patagonia encourages
you not to buy new clothes from them, and will repair your old clothes for free. Eileen
Fisher will pay you when you bring back your clothes, and either sell them on or turn
them into other clothes. While these two companies are competitive in some ways,
they work together and with others in the industry to solve shared problems. They
take responsibility for things that happen upstream as well.

Around the world, there are around 300 million people who work from home in this

新航道学霸学院 9
industry, most of them women, many of them in very difficult circumstances with
poor lighting, sewing on buttons and doing detailed stitching. Until 2014, there was
no protection for these workers. A group of companies got together with a
not-for-profit called Nest to create a set of standards that's now been adopted by the
whole industry. Once you've seen problems like this, you can't unsee them, so you
have to ask others to help you to solve them. These folks take interdependence as a
given, and said to me, "We don't compete on human rights."

The second big difference for collaborators is their willingness to declare their goals
before they have a plan. Now the hero only reveals their carefully crafted goal when
the path to achieve it is clear. In fact, the role of the hero announcement is to set the
stage for the big win. Hero announcements are full of triumph. Interdependent leaders,
on the other hand, want other people to help them, so their announcements are often
an invitation for co-creation, and sometimes, they're a call for help.

At the North American division of the French food company Danone, I announced
that we wanted to become a B Corp. And unlike pink-suit day, I had no plan to get
there. I remember the day really clearly. Everybody in the room gasped, because they
knew we didn't have a plan. But they also knew that we had seen our role in the river
that is the food system, and we wanted to make a change.

Making that declaration without a plan meant that so many young people in our
company stepped up to help us, and B Corps around us all rallied around. And the day
we became a B Corp wasn't just a self-congratulatory moment of a hero company -- it
was more like a community celebration.

Now when you gave goals that you can't achieve alone, and you've told everyone
about them, inevitably, you'll end up at the third big difference, which is how you see
other people, inside your company and outside.Heroes see everyone as a competitor
or a follower. Heroes don't want input, because they want to control everything
because they want the credit. And you can see this in a typical hero meeting. Heroes
like making speeches. People lean back in their chairs, maybe impressed but not
engaged. Interdependent leaders, on the other hand, understand that they need other
people. They know that meetings are not just mindless calendar fillers. These are the
most precious things you have. It's where people collaborate and communicate and
share ideas. People lean forward in meetings like this, wondering where they might fit
in.

When I was in Shanghai in China, where I lived for six years, running the Kraft Foods
business, selling, amongst other things, Oreo cookies, we had a problem with hero
culture. We kept on launching new products that failed. And we would find out
afterwards that everyone in the company knew they were going to fail, they just didn't
feel free to tell us. So we changed the way we ran our innovation and planning
meetings in two important ways. First of all, language went back to Chinese. Because

新航道学霸学院 10
even though everyone spoke great English, when I was in the room and the meeting
was in English, they focused on me. And I was the foreigner, and I was the boss and I
apparently had that intimidating hero look. The second thing is we asked every single
person in the meeting their opinion. And our understanding of the subtleties of the
differences between American taste and Chinese taste, in this case, really improved,
and our new product success rate radically turned around and we launched a lot of
winners, including the now famous green-tea-flavored Oreos.

Hero culture sneaks in everywhere. At Danone, we had a lot of great stuff happening
in one part of the world, and we wanted it to spread to another part of the world. But
when you put a person in business gear up in front of a group of people with
PowerPoint, they have the urge to become sort of heroic. And they make everything
look super shiny and they don't tell the truth. And it's not compelling and it's not even
interesting.

So, we changed it and we created these full-day marketplaces, kind of like a big
bazaar. And everybody was dressed up in costume, some people a little, some people
a lot. And sellers had to man their stalls and sell their ideas as persuasively as possible,
and people who were convinced bought them with fake check books. Creating just a
bit of silliness with the environment and a hat or a scarf drops people's guard and
causes ideas to spread like wildfire.

There's no recipe here, but time together has to be carefully curated and created so
that people know that their time is valuable and important, and they can bring their
best selves to the table.Hero culture is present right here in TED. This whole process
makes it look like I think I'm a hero. So just in case there's any doubt about the point
that I'm trying to make, I want to apply these ideas in an area in which I have zero
credibility and zero experience.

I'm originally South African, and I'm deeply passionate about wildlife conservation,
most particularly rhinos. Those majestic creatures with big horns. Every day, three
rhinos are killed, because there are people who think that those horns are valuable,
even though they're just made of the same stuff as hair and fingernails. It breaks my
heart. Like all good recovering heroes, I did everything I could to reduce this goal to
something that I could do by myself. But clearly, stopping rhino poaching is a goal
way too big for me. So I'm immediately in interdependence land. I'm declaring my
goal on this stage. I found other people as passionate as I am and I've asked if I could
join them. And after today, there may be more. And we're now in the complex but
inspiring process of learning how to work together. My dream is that one day,
someone will stand on this stage and tell you how radical interdependence saved my
beloved rhinos.

Why does hero culture persist, and why don't we work together more? Well, I don't
know why everyone else does it, but I can tell you why I did it. Interdependence is a

新航道学霸学院 11
lot harder than being a hero. It requires us to be open and transparent and vulnerable,
and that's not what traditional leaders have been trained to do. I thought being a hero
would keep me safe. I thought that in the elevation and separation that comes from
heroic leadership, that I would be untouchable. This is an illusion.

The joy and success that comes from interdependence and vulnerability is worth the
effort and the risk. And if we're going to solve the challenges that the world is facing
today, we have no alternative, so we had better start getting good at it.

Thank you.
(Applause)

新航道学霸学院 12
C1-3. Combating COVID-19: Challenge and opportunity

By Mushahid Hussain | chinadaily.com.cn

Updated: April 23, 2020

The start of the New Year, coinciding with the beginning of a new decade, is seeing
an epic crisis of global proportions -- an unprecedented global pandemic, probably the
most serious such challenge in the past 100 years. The coronavirus or COVID-19, as
it is labeled, is testing not only the human spirit, but also each country's capacity to
confront it and the international community's ability and willingness to come together
and cooperate in jointly combating COVID-19.

COVID-19 is somewhat unique in that it does not recognize any boundaries or

barriers of religion, country, race, continent or class. It can hit any and every person
with equal ferocity and, today, no county in the world has so far been able to find the
cure for it. In fact, as the saying goes, prevention is the cure.

In analyzing COVID-19 and its global impact, some key lessons are relevant. First,
since China was initially the hardest hit of countries, its handling of the crisis merits
attention. In this crisis, where even the WHO has praised China's role and effective
policy of early detection through widespread testing and early treatment coupled with
quarantine of the affected areas is proof of the quality of leadership, efficiency and
capacity of the healthcare system, and overall governance and administrative
framework that enabled China's success in effectively combating the coronavirus.
President Xi Jinping showed remarkably decisive leadership, taking tough measures
in a short span that produced positive results. For example, two special hospitals for

新航道学霸学院 13
COVID-19 patients were constructed within 10 and 12 days each, respectively, in
Wuhan, Central China's Hubei province, with a total capacity of 2,500 beds. Then
Wuhan was kept under a 76-day lockdown which was pivotal for containing
COVID-19. Equally important was the coordination of personnel and supplies, with
the result that over 42,000 medical personnel rushed to Wuhan from all parts of China
to take part in this heroic battle against the invisible, faceless enemy.

After winning this battle within China, a positive example of global camaraderie
emerged with China providing leadership by sending medical teams to several
countries of the world, to share their experiences and provide urgently needed medical
equipment.

The second lesson is relevant for us as Pakistanis, being neighbors of China, with a
very close and historic "all-weather friendship", as both Pakistan and China are
considered "Iron Brothers". Pakistan was one of the first countries to airlift masks to
China on Feb 1, when it faced a shortage of masks. On Feb 10, I sponsored a
resolution in the Senate, the Upper House of Pakistan's Parliament, expressing
solidarity with China, appreciating the leadership of President Xi Jinping and
thanking China for treating Pakistani students in Wuhan "as their own". This
resolution was passed unanimously and the Pakistan Parliament was the first
parliament to pass such a resolution of solidarity with China during this COVID-19
crisis. The president of Pakistan also visited China on March 16-17 to express
solidarity with China. Pakistan was one of the first countries which was the recipient
of China's medical assistance, both medical personnel as well as equipment such as
217 ventilators, 100,000 testing kits, 70,000 sets of protective gear for health workers
and 2 million face masks. In fact, the Chinese government and Chinese companies
gave preference to Pakistan, by airlifting such medical assistance on daily basis
during a weeklong period which started on March 25 till April 3. This was a living
example of two countries cooperating in crisis, with China helping those in need after
having contained the crisis at home.

The third lesson of the COVID-19 pandemic is that the politicization of the virus or
stigmatizing, blaming or name-calling countries, on the basis of politics, ethnicity or
ideology is counterproductive, and certainly no solution to the crisis. In fact, in a
shameful and reprehensible development, some Western countries also resorted to
blatant racism and ethnic profiling during this COVID-19 crisis. Racism as a factor in
US policy towards China has been mentioned by writers, both in the East and the
West. In his recent book Has China Won?, the distinguished Singaporean diplomat
and academic Kishore Mahbubani hit the nail on the head, quoting an important US
policymaker as saying that the American “contest with China was with a
‘non-Caucasian’ power. In doing so, she put her finger on what is driving the
emotional reactions to China”.

Writing in The Washington Post on Feb 5, John Pomfret in his article The
Coronavirus Reawakens Old Racist Tropes Against Chinese People, wrote that this

新航道学霸学院 14
medical crisis has also “reawakened centuries-old prejudices against the Chinese
people.” The article even referred to the 1882 China Exclusion Act passed by the US
Congress, a law which targeted China and the Chinese people, banning Chinese
workers from traveling to the United States.

Regrettably, the United States has gone beyond negative rhetoric to even withholding
funding for the WHO, which is the leading global organization in the fight against
COVID-19, an action that has been condemned internationally. The London-based
Guardian titled its April 15 story as "A Crime Against Humanity" since this action has
been taken at the height of the COVID-19 crisis, undercutting international
institutional efforts to curb and contain this existential threat to humanity.

Barring this aberration, which is partly driven by racism and partly by domestic
political considerations of President Trump since, facing a tough election, he wants to
divert attention by blaming China and the WHO to cover up his own failings in
effectively combating COVID-19, the international community has risen to the
occasion to express camaraderie through mutual cooperation and joint efforts against
this unique enemy in a war which is being fought not with armies or tanks or bombs
but through medicine, hospitals, doctors and nurses. The health workers are
universally recognized as the heroes and front-line warriors in this battle against the
virus.

Like climate change, COVID-19 has brought home the reality that globalization is the
only way forward for humanity to save itself from similar crises in the future. No one
country, no one continent, no one institution alone can do this as the "common
enemy" requires a collective effort through joint cooperation in which China has
demonstrated not just leadership but the vision and the will to match its words with
deeds, producing positive results in the process, both at home and abroad.

Senator Mushahid Hussain, chairman of the Pakistan Senate Foreign Affairs

Committee.

The opinions expressed here are those of the writer and do not necessarily represent
the views of China Daily and China Daily website.

新航道学霸学院 15
Class 2. Language Learning
新航道学霸学院 16
C2-1. TED: 4 reasons to learn a new language (John McWhorter)

The language I'm speaking right now is on its way to becoming the world's universal
language, for better or for worse. Let's face it, it's the language of the internet, it's the
language of finance, it's the language of air traffic control, of popular music,
diplomacy -- English is everywhere. Now, Mandarin Chinese is spoken by more
people, but more Chinese people are learning English than English speakers are
learning Chinese. Last I heard, there are two dozen universities in China right now
teaching all in English. English is taking over.

And in addition to that, it's been predicted that at the end of the century almost all of
the languages that exist now -- there are about 6,000 -- will no longer be spoken.
There will only be some hundreds left. And on top of that, it's at the point where
instant translation of live speech is not only possible, but it gets better every year. The
reason I'm reciting those things to you is because I can tell that we're getting to the
point where a question is going to start being asked, which is: Why should we learn
foreign languages -- other than if English happens to be foreign to one? Why bother to
learn another one when it's getting to the point where almost everybody in the world
will be able to communicate in one?

I think there are a lot of reasons, but I first want to address the one that you're
probably most likely to have heard of, because actually it's more dangerous than you
might think. And that is the idea that a language channels your thoughts, that the
vocabulary and the grammar of different languages gives everybody a different kind
of acid trip, so to speak. That is a marvelously enticing idea, but it's kind of fraught.

So it's not that it's untrue completely. So for example, in French and Spanish the word
for table is, for some reason, marked as feminine. So, "la table," "la mesa," you just
have to deal with it. It has been shown that if you are a speaker of one of those
languages and you happen to be asked how you would imagine a table talking, then
much more often than could possibly be an accident, a French or a Spanish speaker
says that the table would talk with a high and feminine voice. So if you're French or
Spanish, to you, a table is kind of a girl, as opposed to if you are an English speaker.

It's hard not to love data like that, and many people will tell you that that means that
there's a worldview that you have if you speak one of those languages. But you have
to watch out, because imagine if somebody put us under the microscope, the us being
those of us who speak English natively. What is the worldview from English?
So for example, let's take an English speaker. Up on the screen, that is Bono. He
speaks English. I presume he has a worldview. Now, that is Donald Trump. In his way,
he speaks English as well.
(Laughter)

新航道学霸学院 17
And here is Ms. Kardashian, and she is an English speaker, too. So here are three
speakers of the English language. What worldview do those three people have in
common? What worldview is shaped through the English language that unites them?
It's a highly fraught concept. And so gradual consensus is becoming that language can
shape thought, but it tends to be in rather darling, obscure psychological flutters. It's
not a matter of giving you a different pair of glasses on the world.

Now, if that's the case, then why learn languages? If it isn't going to change the way
you think, what would the other reasons be? There are some. One of them is that if
you want to imbibe a culture, if you want to drink it in, if you want to become part of
it, then whether or not the language channels the culture -- and that seems doubtful --
if you want to imbibe the culture, you have to control to some degree the language
that the culture happens to be conducted in. There's no other way.

There's an interesting illustration of this. I have to go slightly obscure, but really you
should seek it out. There's a movie by the Canadian film director Denys Arcand --
read out in English on the page, "Dennis Ar-cand," if you want to look him up. He did
a film called "Jesus of Montreal." And many of the characters are vibrant, funny,
passionate, interesting French-Canadian, French-speaking women. There's one scene
closest to the end, where they have to take a friend to an Anglophone hospital. In the
hospital, they have to speak English. Now, they speak English but it's not their native
language, they'd rather not speak English. And they speak it more slowly, they have
accents, they're not idiomatic. Suddenly these characters that you've fallen in love
with become husks of themselves, they're shadows of themselves.

To go into a culture and to only ever process people through that kind of skrim curtain
is to never truly get the culture. And so the extent that hundreds of languages will be
left, one reason to learn them is because they are tickets to being able to participate in
the culture of the people who speak them, just by virtue of the fact that it is their code.
So that's one reason.

Second reason: it's been shown that if you speak two languages, dementia is less
likely to set in, and that you are probably a better multitasker. And these are factors
that set in early, and so that ought to give you some sense of when to give junior or
juniorette lessons in another language. Bilingualism is healthy.

And then, third -- languages are just an awful lot of fun. Much more fun than we're
often told. So for example, Arabic: "kataba," he wrote, "yaktubu," he writes, she
writes. "Uktub," write, in the imperative. What do those things have in common? All
those things have in common the consonants sitting in the middle like pillars. They
stay still, and the vowels dance around the consonants. Who wouldn't want to roll that
around in their mouths? You can get that from Hebrew, you can get that from
Ethiopia's main language, Amharic. That's fun.

新航道学霸学院 18
Or languages have different word orders. Learning how to speak with different word
order is like driving on the different side of a street if you go to certain country, or the
feeling that you get when you put Witch Hazel around your eyes and you feel the
tingle. A language can do that to you. So for example, "The Cat in the Hat Comes
Back," a book that I'm sure we all often return to, like "Moby Dick." One phrase in it
is, "Do you know where I found him? Do you know where he was? He was eating
cake in the tub, Yes he was!" Fine. Now, if you learn that in Mandarin Chinese, then
you have to master, "You can know, I did where him find? He was tub inside gorging
cake, No mistake gorging chewing!" That just feels good. Imagine being able to do
that for years and years at a time.

Or, have you ever learned any Cambodian? Me either, but if I did, I would get to roll
around in my mouth not some baker's dozen of vowels like English has, but a good 30
different vowels scooching and oozing around in the Cambodian mouth like bees in a
hive. That is what a language can get you. And more to the point, we live in an era
when it's never been easier to teach yourself another language. It used to be that you
had to go to a classroom, and there would be some diligent teacher -- some genius
teacher in there -- but that person was only in there at certain times and you had to go
then, and then was not most times. You had to go to class. If you didn't have that, you
had something called a record. I cut my teeth on those. There was only so much data
on a record, or a cassette, or even that antique object known as a CD. Other than that
you had books that didn't work, that's just the way it was.

Today you can lay down -- lie on your living room floor, sipping bourbon, and teach
yourself any language that you want to with wonderful sets such as Rosetta Stone. I
highly recommend the lesser known Glossika as well. You can do it any time,
therefore you can do it more and better. You can give yourself your morning pleasures
in various languages. I take some "Dilbert" in various languages every single morning;
it can increase your skills. Couldn't have done it 20 years ago when the idea of having
any language you wanted in your pocket, coming from your phone, would have
sounded like science fiction to very sophisticated people. So I highly recommend that
you teach yourself languages other than the one that I'm speaking, because there's
never been a better time to do it. It's an awful lot of fun. It won't change your mind,
but it will most certainly blow your mind.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

新航道学霸学院 19
C2-2. TED: The secret of learning a new language (Lýdia Machová)

I love learning foreign languages. In fact, I love it so much that I like to learn a new
language every two years, currently working on my eighth one. When people find that
out about me, they always ask me, "How do you do that? What's your secret?" And to
be honest, for many years, my answer would be, "I don't know. I simply love learning
languages." But people were never happy with that answer. They wanted to know why
they are spending years trying to learn even one language, never achieving fluency,
and here I come, learning one language after another. They wanted to know the secret
of polyglots, people who speak a lot of languages. And that made me wonder, too,
how do actually other polyglots do it? What do we have in common? And what is it
that enables us to learn languages so much faster than other people? I decided to meet
other people like me and find that out.

The best place to meet a lot of polyglots is an event where hundreds of language
lovers meet in one place to practice their languages. There are several such polyglot
events organized all around the world, and so I decided to go there and ask polyglots
about the methods that they use.And so I met Benny from Ireland, who told me that
his method is to start speaking from day one. He learns a few phrases from a travel
phrasebook and goes to meet native speakers and starts having conversations with
them right away. He doesn't mind making even 200 mistakes a day, because that's
how he learns, based on the feedback. And the best thing is, he doesn't even need to
travel a lot today, because you can easily have conversations with native speakers
from the comfort of your living room, using websites.

I also met Lucas from Brazil who had a really interesting method to learn Russian. He
simply added a hundred random Russian speakers on Skype as friends, and then he
opened a chat window with one of them and wrote "Hi" in Russian. And the person
replied, "Hi, how are you?" Lucas copied this and put it into a text window with
another person, and the person replied, "I'm fine, thank you, and how are you?" Lucas
copied this back to the first person, and in this way, he had two strangers have a
conversation with each other without knowing about it.
(Laughter)

And soon he would start typing himself, because he had so many of these
conversations that he figured out how the Russian conversation usually starts. What
an ingenious method, right?And then I met polyglots who always start by imitating
sounds of the language, and others who always learn the 500 most frequent words of
the language, and yet others who always start by reading about the grammar. If I
asked a hundred different polyglots, I heard a hundred different approaches to
learning languages. Everybody seems to have a unique way they learn a language, and
yet we all come to the same result of speaking several languages fluently.And as I was
listening to these polyglots telling me about their methods, it suddenly dawned on me:

新航道学霸学院 20
the one thing we all have in common is that we simply found ways to enjoy the
language-learning process. All of these polyglots were talking about language
learning as if it was great fun. You should have seen their faces when they were
showing me their colorful grammar charts and their carefully handmade flash cards,
and their statistics about learning vocabulary using apps, or even how they love to
cook based on recipes in a foreign language. All of them use different methods, but
they always make sure it's something that they personally enjoy.

I realized that this is actually how I learn languages myself. When I was learning
Spanish, I was bored with the text in the textbook. I mean, who wants to read about
Jose asking about the directions to the train station. Right? I wanted to read "Harry
Potter" instead, because that was my favorite book as a child, and I have read it many
times. So I got the Spanish translation of "Harry Potter" and started reading, and sure
enough, I didn't understand almost anything at the beginning, but I kept on reading
because I loved the book, and by the end of the book, I was able to follow it almost
without any problems. And the same thing happened when I was learning German. I
decided to watch "Friends," my favorite sitcom, in German, and again, at the
beginning it was all just gibberish. I didn't know where one word finished and another
one started, but I kept on watching every day because it's "Friends." I can watch it in
any language. I love it so much. And after the second or third season, seriously, the
dialogue started to make sense.

I only realized this after meeting other polyglots. We are no geniuses and we have no
shortcut to learning languages. We simply found ways how to enjoy the process, how
to turn language learning from a boring school subject into a pleasant activity which
you don't mind doing every day. If you don't like writing words down on paper, you
can always type them in an app. If you don't like listening to boring textbook material,
find interesting content on YouTube or in podcasts for any language. If you're a more
introverted person and you can't imagine speaking to native speakers right away, you
can apply the method of self-talk. You can talk to yourself in the comfort of your
room, describing your plans for the weekend, how your day has been, or even take a
random picture from your phone and describe the picture to your imaginary friend.
This is how polyglots learn languages, and the best news is, it's available to anyone
who is willing to take the learning into their own hands.

So meeting other polyglots helped me realize that it is really crucial to find enjoyment
in the process of learning languages, but also that joy in itself is not enough. If you
want to achieve fluency in a foreign language, you'll also need to apply three more
principles.

First of all, you'll need effective methods. If you try to memorize a list of words for a
test tomorrow, the words will be stored in your short-term memory and you'll forget
them after a few days. If you, however, want to keep words long term, you need to
revise them in the course of a few days repeatedly using the so-called space repetition.

新航道学霸学院 21
You can use apps which are based on this system such as Anki or Memrise, or you can
write lists of word in a notebook using the Goldlist method, which is also very
popular with many polyglots. If you're not sure which methods are effective and what
is available out there, just check out polyglots' YouTube channels and websites and
get inspiration from them. If it works for them, it will most probably work for you
too.

The third principle to follow is to create a system in your learning. We're all very busy
and no one really has time to learn a language today. But we can create that time if we
just plan a bit ahead. Can you wake up 15 minutes earlier than you normally do? That
would be the perfect time to revise some vocabulary. Can you listen to a podcast on
your way to work while driving? Well, that would be great to get some listening
experience. There are so many things we can do without even planning that extra time,
such as listening to podcasts on our way to work or doing our household chores. The
important thing is to create a plan in the learning. "I will practice speaking every
Tuesday and Thursday with a friend for 20 minutes. I will listen to a YouTube video
while having breakfast." If you create a system in your learning, you don't need to
find that extra time, because it will become a part of your everyday life.

And finally, if you want to learn a language fluently, you need also a bit of patience.
It's not possible to learn a language within two months, but it's definitely possible to
make a visible improvement in two months, if you learn in small chunks every day in
a way that you enjoy. And there is nothing that motivates us more than our own
success.I vividly remember the moment when I understood the first joke in German
when watching "Friends." I was so happy and motivated that I just kept on watching
that day two more episodes, and as I kept watching, I had more and more of those
moments of understanding, these little victories, and step by step, I got to a level
where I could use the language freely and fluently to express anything. This is a
wonderful feeling. I can't get enough of that feeling, and that's why I learn a language
every two years.

So this is the whole polyglot secret. Find effective methods which you can use
systematically over the period of some time in a way which you enjoy, and this is how
polyglots learn languages within months, not years.
Now, some of you may be thinking, "That's all very nice to enjoy language learning,
but isn't the real secret that you polyglots are just super talented and most of us
aren't?"

Well, there's one thing I haven't told you about Benny and Lucas. Benny had 11 years
of Irish Gaelic and five years of German at school. He couldn't speak them at all when
graduating. Up to the age of 21, he thought he didn't have the language gene and he
could not speak another language. Then he started to look for his way of learning
languages, which was speaking to native speakers and getting feedback from them,
and today Benny can easily have a conversation in 10 languages. Lucas tried to learn

新航道学霸学院 22
English at school for 10 years. He was one of the worst students in class. His friends
even made fun of him and gave him a Russian textbook as a joke because they
thought he would never learn that language, or any language. And then Lucas started
to experiment with methods, looking for his own way to learn, for example, by having
Skype chat conversations with strangers. And after just 10 years, Lucas is able to
speak 11 languages fluently.

Does that sound like a miracle? Well, I see such miracles every single day. As a
language mentor, I help people learn languages by themselves, and I see this every
day. People struggle with language learning for five, 10, even 20 years, and then they
suddenly take their learning into their own hands, start using materials which they
enjoy, more effective methods, or they start tracking their learning so that they can
appreciate their own progress, and that's when suddenly they magically find the
language talent that they were missing all their lives.

So if you've also tried to learn a language and you gave up, thinking it's too difficult
or you don't have the language talent, give it another try. Maybe you're also just one
enjoyable method away from learning that language fluently. Maybe you're just one
method away from becoming a polyglot.

Thank you.
(Applause)

新航道学霸学院 23
C2-3. The Benefits of Being Bilingual (IELTS 12-T6-P3)

A According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now
bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the
past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their
monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have
allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and
changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear
benefits of being bilingual.

B Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active
at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the
sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s
language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will
likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier
stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a
single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the
language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this
phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’, comes from studying eye movements. A
Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would
look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t know Russian, because the Russian
word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In
cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could
map onto words in either language.

C Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties,
however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name
pictures more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can
almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two
languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any
given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require
conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to
name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i.e., the
word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when
the colour and the word don’t match (i.e., the word ‘red’ printed in blue). This occurs
because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people
often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing
perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are
also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to
switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by
shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting
better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.

新航道学霸学院 24
D It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain
areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and
bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening
background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers
play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the
bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of
the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch
perception.

E Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual

person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual
adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second
language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focusing on information about
the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.

F Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive
mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that
become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to
monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over
200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients
reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than
monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of
bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms.
Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their
monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the
same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same
amount of fuel.

G Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very
early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in
monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet
appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began
appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had
to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully
learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older
people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far
beyond language.

新航道学霸学院 25
Question 27-31

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

新航道学霸学院 26
Question 32-36
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage 3?
In boxes 32 - 36 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32. Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.

A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN

33. Bilingual people are better than monolingual people at guessing correctly
what words are before they are finished.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN

34. Bilingual people consistently name images faster than monolingual people.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN

35. Bilingual people’s brains process single sounds more efficiently than
monolingual people in all situations.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN

36. Fewer bilingual people than monolingual people suffer from brain disease in
old age.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. NOT GIVEN

新航道学霸学院 27
Question 37-40

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

新航道学霸学院 28
Class 3. Social Media
新航道学霸学院 29
C3-1. TED: The rapid growth of the Chinese Internet and where it’s headed

--- Gary Liu

The Chinese internet has grown at a staggering pace -- it now has more users than the
combined populations of the US, UK, Russia, Germany, France and Canada. Even
with its imperfections, the lives of once-forgotten populations have been irrevocably
elevated because of it, says South China Morning Post CEO Gary Liu. In a
fascinating talk, Liu details how the tech industry in China has developed -- from the
innovative, like AI-optimized train travel, to the dystopian, like a social credit rating
that both rewards and restricts citizens.

Once every 12 months, the world's largest human migration happens in China. Over
the 40-day travel period of Chinese New Year, three billion trips are taken, as families
reunite and celebrate. Now, the most strenuous of these trips are taken by the country's
290 million migrant workers, for many of whom this is the one chance a year to go
home and see parents and their left-behind children.

But the travel options are very limited; plane tickets cost nearly half of their monthly
salary. So most of them, they choose the train. Their average journey is 700
kilometers. The average travel time is 15 and a half hours. And the country's tracks
now have to handle 390 million travelers every Spring Festival. Until recently,
migrant workers would have to queue for long hours -- sometimes days -- just to buy
tickets, often only to be fleeced by scalpers. And they still had to deal with
near-stampede conditions when travel day finally arrived.

新航道学霸学院 30
But technology has started to ease this experience. Mobile and digital tickets now
account for 70 percent of sales, greatly reducing the lines at train stations. Digital ID
scanners have replaced manual checks, expediting the boarding process, and artificial
intelligence is deployed across the network to optimize travel routes. New solutions
have been invented. China's largest taxi-hailing platform, called Didi Chuxing,
launched a new service called Hitch, which matches car owners who are driving home
with passengers looking for long-distance routes. In just its third year, Hitch served 30
million trips in this past holiday season, the longest of which was further than 1,500
miles. That's about the distance from Miami to Boston. This enormous need of
migrant workers has powered fast upgrade and innovation across the country's
transport systems.

Now, the Chinese internet has developed in both familiar and unfamiliar ways. Just
like in Silicon Valley, some of the seismic shifts in technology and consumer behavior
have been driven by academic research, have been driven by enterprise desires, with
the whims of privilege and youth sprinkled in every once in a while.

I am a product of the American tech industry, both as a consumer and a corporate

leader. So I am well acquainted with this type of fuel. But about a year and a half ago,
I moved from my home in New York City to Hong Kong to become the CEO of the
South China Morning Post. And from this new vantage point, I've observed something
that is far less familiar to me, propelling so much of China's innovation and many of
its entrepreneurs. It is an overwhelming need
economy that is serving an underprivileged
populous, which has been separated for 30
years from China's economic boom. The stark
gaps that exist between the rich and the poor,
between urban and rural or the academic and
the unschooled -- these gaps, they form a soil
that's ready for some incredible empowerment.
So when capital and investment become
focused on the needs of people who are
hanging to the bottom rungs of an economic
ladder, that's when we start to see the internet
truly become a job creator, an education
enabler and in many other ways, a path forward.

Of course, China is not the only place where this alternative fuel exists, nor the only
place where it is possible. But because of the country's sheer scale and status as a
rising superpower, the needs of its population have created an opportunity for truly
compelling impact. When explaining the rapid growth of the Chinese tech industry,
many observers will cite two reasons. The first is the 1.4 billion people that call China
home. The second is the government's active participation -- or pervasive intervention,

新航道学霸学院 31
depending on how you view it. Now, the central authorities have spent heavily on
network infrastructure over the years, creating an attractive environment for
investment. At the same time, they've insisted on standards and regulation, which has
led to fast consensus and therefore, fast adoption. The world's largest pool of tech
talent exists because of the abundance of educational incentives. And local, domestic
companies, in the past, have been protected from international competition by market
controls.

Of course, you cannot observe the Chinese internet without finding widespread
censorship and very serious concerns about dystopian monitoring. As an example:
China is in the process of rolling out a social credit rating that will cover its entire
population, rewarding and restricting citizens, based on highly qualitative
characteristics like honesty and integrity. At the same time, China is deploying facial
recognition across many of its 170 million closed-circuit cameras. Artificial
intelligence is being used to predict crime and terrorism in Xinjiang province, where
the Muslim minority is already under constant surveillance.

Yet, the internet has continued to grow, and it is so big -- much bigger than I think
most of us realize. By the end of 2017, the Chinese internet population had reached
772 million users. That's larger than the populations of the United States, Russia, of
Germany, of the United Kingdom, of France and Canada combined. Ninety-eight
percent of them are active on mobile. Ninety-two percent of them use messaging apps.
There are now 650 million digital news consumers, 580 million digital video
consumers, and the country's largest e-commerce platform, Taobao, now boasts 580
million monthly active users. It's about 80 percent larger than Amazon. On-demand
travel, between bikes and cars, now accounts for 10 billion trips a year in China.
That's two-thirds of all trips taken around the world. So it's a very mixed bag.

The internet exists in a restricted, arguably manipulated form within China, yet it is
massive and has vastly improved the lives of its citizens. So even in its imperfection,
the growth of the Chinese internet should not be dismissed, and it's worthy of our
closer examination.

Let me tell you two other stories today. Luo Zhaoliu is a 34-year-old engineer from
Jiangxi province. Now, his home region used to be extremely important to the
Communist party because this was the birthplace of the Red Army. But over the
decades, because of its separation from the economic and manufacturing centers of
the country, it has slid into irrelevance. Luo, like so many in his generation, left home
at a young age to look for work in a major city. He ended up in Shenzhen, which is
one of China's tech hubs. As the young migrate, these rural villages are left with only
elderly, who are really struggling to elevate themselves above abject poverty.

After nine years, Luo decided to return to Jiangxi in 2017, because he believed that
the booming e-commerce marketplace in China could help him revive his village.

新航道学霸学院 32
Like many rural communities, Luo's home specialized in a very specific provincial
craft -- making fermented bean curd, in this case. So he started a small factory and
started selling his locally made goods online. There have been many years of
consumption growth across China's major cities. But recently, technology has been
driving an explosion in craft goods sales among China's middle and upper classes.
WeChat and other e-commerce platforms allow rural producers to market and sell
their goods far beyond their original distribution areas.

Research companies actually track this impact by counting what is called "Taobao
villages." This is any rural village where at least 10 percent of its households are
selling goods online and making a certain amount of revenue. And the growth has
been significant in the last few years. There were just 20 Taobao villages in 2013, 212
in 2014, 780 in 2015, 1,300 in 2016 and over 2,100 at the end of 2017. They now
account for nearly half a million active online stores, 19 billion dollars in annual sales
and 1.3 million new jobs created. In Luo's first year back home, he was able to
employ 15 villagers. And he sold about 60,000 units of fermented bean curd. He
expects to hire 30 more people in the next year, as his demand rapidly rises.

There are 60 million left-behind children scattered across China's rural landscape.
And they grow up with at least one parent far away from home, as a migrant worker.
Alongside all the general hardships of rural life, they often have to travel vast and
dangerous distances just to get to school. They account for 30 percent of the country's
primary and high school students. Ten-year-old Chang Wenxuan is one of these
students. He walks an hour each way every single day to school, across these deep
ravines, in an isolated landscape. But when he arrives at the small farming village in
Gansu province, he will find just two other students in this entire school. Now,
Chang's school is one of 1,000 in Gansu alone that has less than five registered
students. So with limited student interaction, with underqualified teachers and
schoolhouses that are barely furnished and not insulated, rural students have long
been disadvantaged, with almost no path to higher education.

But Chang's future has been dramatically shifted with the installation of a “Sunshine

新航道学霸学院 33
Classroom.” He's now part of a digital classroom of 100 students across 28 different
schools, taught by qualified and certified teachers live-streaming from hundreds of
miles away. He has access to new subjects like music and art, to new friends and to
experiences that extend far beyond his home. Recently, Chang even got to visit the
Frederiksborg Castle museum in Denmark -- virtually, of course.
Now, online education has existed for many years outside of China. But it has never
reached truly transformative scale, likely because traditional education systems in
other tech centers of the world are far more advanced and far more stable. But China's
extreme terrain and size have created an enormous and immediate need for innovation.
There's a tech start-up in Shenzhen that grew to 300,000 students in just one year. And
by our best estimation at the Post, there are now 55 million rural students across
China that are addressable and accessible by live-streaming classes. This market of
need is larger than the entire US student population between kindergarten and grade
12.

So I'm extremely encouraged to find out that private investment in ed-tech in China
now exceeds one billion dollars a year, with another 30 billion dollars in public
funding that is committed between now and 2020. As the Chinese internet continues
to grow, even in its imperfection and restrictions and controls, the lives of its
once-forgotten populations have been irrevocably elevated. There is a focus on
populations of need, not of want, that has driven a lot of the curiosity, the creativity
and the development that we see. And there's still more to come.

In America, internet population, or penetration, has now reached 88 percent. In China,

the internet has still only reached 56 percent of the populous. That means there are
over 600 million people who are still offline and disconnected. That's nearly twice the
US population. An enormous opportunity.

Wherever this alternative fuel exists, be it in China or Africa, Southeast Asia or the
American heartland, we should endeavor to follow it with capital and with effort,
driving both economic and societal impact all over the world. Just imagine for a
minute what more could be possible if the global needs of the underserved become the
primary focus of our inventions.

Thank you.
(Applause)

新航道学霸学院 34
C3-2. The Effects of Social Media on Communication

The “six degrees of separation” theory assumes that anyone can get in touch with gets
to another person in fewer than six steps, and people could connect any two persons
by a chain of “friend of a friend”. Social media uses this theory to change the way
people communicate. It is a platform that offers individuals the opportunity to share
their personal perspectives, ideas and experiences. Nowadays, it mainly includes the
social networking sites, blogs, podcasts, consumer products or service websites and
internet discussion forums. Based on the Internet social media transmit huge
information to people, which has become an essential and even indispensable part of
their personal lives. People can receive their friends news on Twitter, talk to those
who have the same interests on Facebook, share clothing and food on blog and
comment others’ content on Facebook. They have a striking ability to connect with
others and to share their interests, opinions and even everything. In other words,
people’s brands can use social websites to communicate with their audience.

Social media has different impacts on our communication. And we need to know how
the social media evolve and change our society sending and getting information. One
of the best applications of the social media is on business. The retailers think social
media is the main factor that affects various behavior of consumers, including
awareness, purchase behavior and post-purchase feedback about a certain brand.
Twitter connect with customers and help them recognize their own characters and
preference rather than use traditional method such as simply posting their products
and services, which make people feel more comfortable and convenient interact with
these companies. For example, Jeff Swartz, the CEO of the Timberland Company,
uses his Twitter to display his personal life and introduce the Timberland’s project to
draw attention of people to concern the environment, instead of the company’s
homepage. In this way, Swartz makes a connection with people in an efficient way to
introduce Timberland products. In addition, businessmen have their own broadcast
network such as Facebook and Twitter think the small acts with internet are more
valuable than the huge campaigns. Besides, in the past years, if we want to express
our feelings and experiences about services or products of company, we need to talk
with every relatives and friends by face-to-face, which is of less efficiency and
consume more time and energy. On the contrary, today, we just spend several minutes
making people know about what happened through Facebook or other social websites.
Customers easily and widely broadcast their own feedbacks and experiences through
the various media of communication.

Admittedly, social media brings many benefits and convenience to persons’ daily
lives, and its evolution promotes the business and other industries’ development.
However, social media is like a double-edged sword. Shortcomings become clear and
evident as an increasing number of people using it. For examples, people change their
focus of attention since they concern more about news of their social circles and they

新航道学霸学院 35
also encounter problems in privacy security due to the personal information they post
online.

First and foremost, social media makes many people lose their characters. Most of
them use social websites not do what they really want to do, but are just influenced by
their partners. As their peers often talk about kinds of information by the social
websites, in order to have the same topics, they start to open account on the social
websites and talk with their companions. In addition, some of them only blind chase
the trend to follow other people’s behaviors. What’s more, they post personal
information and anything on the social websites like their meals, clothing and mood
by which they can attracts more followers’ attention. In fact, their behavior and deeds
are kind of expression of flaunt, because they want others know how many people
follow and pay attention to them. Meanwhile, all of their personal identities have been
shown to the public, which causes people lose their only own characters.
Consequently, fewer people concern about the current affairs around them. And they
are more likely to look at the stories of their friends or news of their followers via
Facebook and Twitter than to read news like USA Today or CNN.

In addition, not only some persons overshare their personal information through social
media, but the serious Internet censorship also occurs in some countries, for example
in China, John Lagerkvist (2011) in her article “New media entrepreneurs in China:
allies of the party-state of civil society” implies that Internet censorship in China is a
pressing concern for the country politics because social media tools become battle
found between the state and the opposition in today’s nondemocratic regimes. Chinese
government heavily restricted Internet environment after the event of the Arab Spring,
and the Chinese Communist Party doesn’t agree voices in society and the media, so
they want companies of social media restrict information spread to the public, in the
same time, companies of social media want give more various information to the
public, so these company get into a dilemma. The social media companies need to
take measures to achieve balance providing social media platforms where users can
speak free and protecting the party-state. So companies of social media have long way
to make good and available information to satisfy the state’s and the public’s need.

Furthermore, people spend less time and opportunity communicating with others
through face-to-face way so that they weaken the ability deal with the multi-aspect
interpersonal relationship in their daily lives. People use the social media just to keep
touch with their close friends, and they do not explore the further interpersonal
relationship to extend their social circles. Most people get more information from
their friends through the Internet, which occupies them more time to focus on
cellphones or computers rather than real communication with those who are around
them. In addition, influence of social media on teenage is far deeper and more
profound. According to a recent poll about teenagers use of the social website
situation, “seventy percent of teens have their own cellphones, what’s more, twenty
two percent of teens log on social media about ten times a day, and more than half of

新航道学霸学院 36
teens log on it more than once a day” (Gwenn and Kathleen, 2011). Children use
smartphone not just to give calls but to play games or to concern their favorite stars’
lives. With tens of thousands of people having access to social media and spending
more time on it, it become an usual situation that some people play smartphone on the
table and ignore those who they dine together In fact, face-to-face is a direct way to
share sorrow and happiness when they talk with each other about work or study
experiences and other topics. They take advantage of all of their free time to play on
social media, which encloses themselves and shutdowns their emotion. That is
actually diagnosed and identified as “socially detrimental human-technology
relationship” (Chou et al, 2014).

In addition, one of the worse consequences of social media is deficiency of protecting

privacy. People improperly use technology, share too much information and post
personal stuff in an unsafe way, which may put personal privacy at risk. For example,
they need to register personal information on social website, like the ID number and
password, similarly, we often search information on the websites. The producers of
social media could gain their personal information, especially their privacy
information on the social media, because they leave behind the evidence of what we
visit on the Internet, it called “digital footprint”. Although they can set their privacy
settings in a higher level, personal privacy on social networks could be searched and
used by producers of social media. In this situation, the information and messages can
be shared and spread father and faster than at any other time in human history. For
example, Google has privacy settings that let users protect information and the
network does not reveal personal information, especially for the younger users.
However, when they decide to share information openly, Google could collect their
information and compile into the profile of their personal information, and then they
would give a right judgment according to their profile and send related advertisements
to their social websites. So people need to carefully protect their privacy information
on complicated social media.

All in all, social media makes our lives and work more convenient; as we can be
informed of and share updated information whenever and whatever we do.
Nevertheless, social media has emerged some shortcomings that we people should
realize, and it is necessary for us to adopt rational way to use it such as how long we
spend on it or what situation we should better close it. In this way, we can avoid using
it incorrectly and make the social media more meaningful to our lives.

新航道学霸学院 37
C3-3.How did the Chinese public express their demands amid epidemic?

---China daily

It is important to note that the information provided in this Series is intended for your
general knowledge only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice or
treatment.

The public could make their appeals through the following ways amid the COVID-19
epidemic.

First, the public could use official channels. The public could express their
reasonable demands through official channels such as websites of the State Council
and local governments at all levels, the 12345 service hotline set up by local
governments, and grassroots-level governments. Governments at all levels were
responsible to deal with and give feedback on opinions, suggestions and clues put
forward by the public in a timely and appropriate manner. For example, starting from
January 24, the General Office of the State Council has collected clues and
suggestions related to epidemic prevention and control measures through the "Internet
Plus Supervision" platform of the State Council. Such opinions and suggestions were
then timely sorted out and handled to respective localities and authorities for
follow-up.

Second, the public could appeal to government officials conducting inspection

and survey in their regions. The central government and governments at different
levels irregularly dispatched officials to grassroots level to ensure the appropriate
implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures. The public could take
these opportunities to directly express their demands and suggestions. For instance, on
March 5, when the central government team guiding the epidemic control work in
Hubei was conducting inspection and survey in Cuiyuan community of Wuhan,
residents complained that the community property management company did not
fulfill its duties as required. The team then held a special meeting to discuss the

新航道学霸学院 38
complaints the same day to make sure that people's livelihoods were properly
guaranteed.

Third, the public could use the media, especially new media such as Weibo and
WeChat. The mass media is one of the most common and important channels for the
public to express their demands. The rise of new media has transformed the way the
public obtain and communicate information, enabling them to express demands,
supervise government activities and offer suggestions online. As a matter of fact, it
has become trendy for the public to use new media such as Weibo and WeChat to
make appeals and provide feedback amid the COVID-19 epidemic. For example, on
February 16, 16 district-level integrated media centers in Shanghai opened channels to
solicit suggestions on epidemic prevention and control and residents could make
appeals and propose suggestions through WeChat and Weibo accounts of government
agencies.

Author: Hu Dengsheng,Center for International Knowledge on Development

新航道学霸学院 39
Class 4. Communication

新航道学霸学院 40
C4-1. 10 ways to have a better conversation

---Celeste Headlee
When your job hinges on how well you talk to people, you learn a lot about how to
have conversations -- and that most of us don't converse very well. Celeste Headlee
has worked as a radio host for decades, and she knows the ingredients of a great
conversation: Honesty, brevity, clarity and a healthy amount of listening. In this
insightful talk, she shares 10 useful rules for having better conversations. "Go out,
talk to people, listen to people," she says. "And, most importantly, be prepared to be
amazed."

All right, I want to see a show of hands: how many of you have unfriended someone
on Facebook because they said something offensive about politics or religion,
childcare, food? And how many of you know at least one person that you avoid
because you just don't want to talk to them? You know, it used to be that in order to
have a polite conversation, we just had to follow the advice of Henry Higgins in "My
Fair Lady": Stick to the weather and your health. But these days, with climate change
and anti-vaxxing, those subjects are not safe either. So this world that we live in, this
world in which every conversation has the potential to devolve into an argument,
where our politicians can't speak to one another and where even the most trivial of
issues have someone fighting both passionately for it and against it, it's not normal.

Pew Research did a study of 10,000 American adults, and they found that at this
moment, we are more polarized, we are more divided, than we ever have been in
history. We're less likely to compromise, which means we're not listening to each
other. And we make decisions about where to live, who to marry and even who our
friends are going to be, based on what we already believe. Again, that means we're not
listening to each other. A conversation requires a balance between talking and
listening, and somewhere along the way, we lost that balance.

Now, part of that is due to technology. The smartphones that you all either have in
your hands or close enough that you could grab them really quickly. According to
Pew Research, about a third of American teenagers send more than a hundred texts a
day. And many of them, almost most of them, are more likely to text their friends than
they are to talk to them face to face. There's this great piece in The Atlantic. It was
written by a high school teacher named Paul Barnwell. And he gave his kids a
communication project. He wanted to teach them how to speak on a specific subject
without using notes. And he said this: "I came to realize..."

"I came to realize that conversational competence might be the single most
overlooked skill we fail to teach. Kids spend hours each day engaging with ideas and

新航道学霸学院 41
each other through screens, but rarely do they have an opportunity to hone their
interpersonal communications skills. It might sound like a funny question, but we
have to ask ourselves: Is there any 21st-century skill more important than being able
to sustain coherent, confident conversation?"

Now, I make my living talking to people: Nobel Prize winners, truck drivers,
billionaires, kindergarten teachers, heads of state, plumbers. I talk to people that I like.
I talk to people that I don't like. I talk to some people that I disagree with deeply on a
personal level. But I still have a great conversation with them. So I'd like to spend the
next 10 minutes or so teaching you how to talk and how to listen.

Many of you have already heard a lot of advice on this, things like look the person in
the eye, think of interesting topics to discuss in advance, look, nod and smile to show
that you're paying attention, repeat back what you just heard or summarize it. So I
want you to forget all of that. It is crap.

There is no reason to learn how to show you're paying attention if you are in fact
paying attention. Now, I actually use the exact same skills as a professional
interviewer that I do in regular life. So, I'm going to teach you how to interview
people, and that's actually going to help you learn how to be better conversationalists.
Learn to have a conversation without wasting your time, without getting bored, and,
please God, without offending anybody.

We've all had really great conversations. We've had them before. We know what it's
like. The kind of conversation where you walk away feeling engaged and inspired, or
where you feel like you've made a real connection or you've been perfectly
understood. There is no reason why most of your interactions can't be like that.

So I have 10 basic rules. I'm going to walk you through all of them, but honestly, if
you just choose one of them and master it, you'll already enjoy better conversations.
Number one: Don't multitask. And I don't mean just set down your cell phone or your
tablet or your car keys or whatever is in your hand. I mean, be present. Be in that
moment. Don't think about your argument you had with your boss. Don't think about
what you're going to have for dinner. If you want to get out of the conversation, get
out of the conversation, but don't be half in it and half out of it.

Number two: Don't pontificate. If you want to state your opinion without any
opportunity for response or argument or pushback or growth, write a blog. Now,
there's a really good reason why I don't allow pundits on my show: Because they're
really boring. If they're conservative, they're going to hate Obama and food stamps
and abortion. If they're liberal, they're going to hate big banks and oil corporations
and Dick Cheney. Totally predictable. And you don't want to be like that. You need to
enter every conversation assuming that you have something to learn. The famed
therapist M. Scott Peck said that true listening requires a setting aside of oneself. And

新航道学霸学院 42
sometimes that means setting aside your personal opinion. He said that sensing this
acceptance, the speaker will become less and less vulnerable and more and more
likely to open up the inner recesses of his or her mind to the listener. Again, assume
that you have something to learn. Bill Nye: "Everyone you will ever meet knows
something that you don't." I put it this way: Everybody is an expert in something.

Number three: Use open-ended questions. In this case, take a cue from journalists.
Start your questions with who, what, when, where, why or how. If you put in a
complicated question, you're going to get a simple answer out. If I ask you, "Were you
terrified?" you're going to respond to the most powerful word in that sentence, which
is "terrified," and the answer is "Yes, I was" or "No, I wasn't." "Were you angry?"
"Yes, I was very angry." Let them describe it. They're the ones that know. Try asking
them things like, "What was that like?" "How did that feel?" Because then they might
have to stop for a moment and think about it, and you're going to get a much more
interesting response.

Number four: Go with the flow. That means thoughts will come into your mind and
you need to let them go out of your mind. We've heard interviews often in which a
guest is talking for several minutes and then the host comes back in and asks a
question which seems like it comes out of nowhere, or it's already been answered.
That means the host probably stopped listening two minutes ago because he thought
of this really clever question, and he was just bound and determined to say that. And
we do the exact same thing. We're sitting there having a conversation with someone,
and then we remember that time that we met Hugh Jackman in a coffee shop. And we
stop listening. Stories and ideas are going to come to you. You need to let them come
and let them go.

Number five: If you don't know, say that you don't know. Now, people on the radio,
especially on NPR, are much more aware that they're going on the record, and so
they're more careful about what they claim to be an expert in and what they claim to
know for sure. Do that. Err on the side of caution. Talk should not be cheap.

Number six: Don't equate your experience with theirs. If they're talking about having
lost a family member, don't start talking about the time you lost a family member. If
they're talking about the trouble they're having at work, don't tell them about how
much you hate your job. It's not the same. It is never the same. All experiences are
individual. And, more importantly, it is not about you. You don't need to take that
moment to prove how amazing you are or how much you've suffered. Somebody
asked Stephen Hawking once what his IQ was, and he said, "I have no idea. People
who brag about their IQs are losers." Conversations are not a promotional
opportunity.

Number seven: Try not to repeat yourself. It's condescending, and it's really boring,
and we tend to do it a lot. Especially in work conversations or in conversations with

新航道学霸学院 43
our kids, we have a point to make, so we just keep rephrasing it over and over. Don't
do that.

Number eight: Stay out of the weeds. Frankly, people don't care about the years, the
names, the dates, all those details that you're struggling to come up with in your mind.
They don't care. What they care about is you. They care about what you're like, what
you have in common. So forget the details. Leave them out.

Number nine: This is not the last one, but it is the most important one. Listen. I cannot
tell you how many really important people have said that listening is perhaps the most,
the number one most important skill that you could develop. Buddha said, and I'm
paraphrasing, "If your mouth is open, you're not learning." And Calvin Coolidge said,
"No man ever listened his way out of a job." Why do we not listen to each other?
Number one, we'd rather talk. When I'm talking, I'm in control. I don't have to hear
anything I'm not interested in. I'm the center of attention. I can bolster my own
identity. But there's another reason: We get distracted. The average person talks at
about 225 word per minute, but we can listen at up to 500 words per minute. So our
minds are filling in those other 275 words. And look, I know, it takes effort and
energy to actually pay attention to someone, but if you can't do that, you're not in a
conversation. You're just two people shouting out barely related sentences in the same
place.

You have to listen to one another. Stephen Covey said it very beautifully. He said,
"Most of us don't listen with the intent to understand. We listen with the intent to
reply."
One more rule, number 10, and it's this one: Be brief.
【 A good conversation is like a miniskirt; short enough to retain interest, but long
enough to cover the subject. -- My Sister】All of this boils down to the same basic
concept, and it is this one: Be interested in other people. You know, I grew up with a
very famous grandfather, and there was kind of a ritual in my home. People would
come over to talk to my grandparents, and after they would leave, my mother would
come over to us, and she'd say, "Do you know who that was? She was the runner-up
to Miss America. He was the mayor of Sacramento. She won a Pulitzer Prize. He's a
Russian ballet dancer." And I kind of grew up assuming everyone has some hidden,
amazing thing about them. And honestly, I think it's what makes me a better host. I
keep my mouth shut as often as I possibly can, I keep my mind open, and I'm always
prepared to be amazed, and I'm never disappointed.

You do the same thing. Go out, talk to people, listen to people, and, most importantly,
be prepared to be amazed.

Thanks.
(Applause)

新航道学霸学院 44
C4-2. How to lead a conversation between people who disagree

--- Eve Pearlman

In a world deeply divided, how do we have hard conversations with nuance, curiosity,
respect? Veteran reporter Eve Pearlman introduces "dialogue journalism": a project
where journalists go to the heart of social and political divides to support discussions
between people who disagree. See what happened when a group that would have
never otherwise met -- 25 liberals from California and 25 conservatives from
Alabama -- gathered to talk about contentious issues. "Real connection across
difference: this is a salve that our democracy sorely needs," Pearlman says.

So in the run-up to the 2016 election, I was, like most of us, watching the rise in
discord and vitriol and nastiness in our public spaces. It was this crazy uptick in
polarization. It was both disheartening and distressing. And so I started thinking, with
a fellow journalist, Jeremy Hay, about how we might practice our craft differently.
How we might go to the heart of divides, to places of conflict, like journalists always
have, but then, once there, do something really different. We knew we wanted to take
the core tools of our craft -- careful vetting of information, diligent research, curiosity,
a commitment to serving the public good -- to serving our democracy -- and do
something new. And so we mapped out this process, what we call dialogue journalism,
for going to the heart of social and political divides, and then, once there, building
journalism-supported conversations between people on opposite sides of polarizing
issues.

But how actually to do this in a world that's so divided, so deeply divided -- when we
live in a world in which cousins and aunts and uncles can't talk to one another, when
we often live in separate and distinct news ecosystems, and when we reflexively and
habitually malign and dismiss those with whom we disagree? But we wanted to try.
And so right after the 2016 election, in that time between the election and the
inauguration, we partnered with the Alabama Media Group to do something really
different. We brought 25 Trump supporters from Alabama together in conversation
with 25 Clinton supporters from California. And we brought them together in a closed,
moderated Facebook group that we kept open for a month. What we wanted to do was
to give them a place to engage with genuine curiosity and openness. And we wanted
to support them in building relationships, not just with each other but with us as
journalists. And then we wanted to supply facts and information -- facts and
information that they could actually receive and process and use to undergird their
conversations.

And so as a prelude to this conversation, the first step in what we call dialogue
journalism, we asked what they thought the other side thought of them. So when we
asked the Trump supporters from Alabama what they thought the Clinton supporters

新航道学霸学院 45
in California thought of them, this is some of what they said. "They think we are
religious Bible thumpers." "That we're backwards and hickish, and stupid." "They
think that we all have Confederate flags in our yards, that we're racist and sexist and
uneducated." "They think we're barefoot and pregnant, with dirt driveways." "And
they think we're all prissy butts and that we walk around in hoop skirts with cotton
fields in the background."

And then we asked that same question of the Californians: "What do you think the
Alabamians think about you?" And they said this: "That we're crazy, liberal
Californians." "That we're not patriotic." "We're snobby and we're elitist." "We're
godless and we're permissive with our children." "And that we're focused on our
careers, not our family." "That we're elitist, pie-in-the-sky intellectuals, rich people,
Whole Foods-eating, very out of touch."

So by asking questions like this at the start of every conversation and by identifying
and sharing stereotypes, we find that people -- people on all sides -- begin to see the
simplistic and often mean-spirited caricatures they carry. And in that -- after that, we
can move into a process of genuine conversation.

So in the two years since that launch -- California/Alabama Project -- we've gone on
to host dialogues and partnerships with media organizations across the country. And
they've been about some of our most contentious issues: guns, immigration, race,
education. And what we found, remarkably, is that real dialogue is in fact possible.
And that when given a chance and structure around doing so, many, not all, but many
of our fellow citizens are eager to engage with the other.

Too often journalists have sharpened divides in the name of drama or readership or in
service to our own views. And too often we've gone to each side quoting a partisan
voice on one side and a partisan voice on the other with a telling anecdotal lead and a
pithy final quote, all of which readers are keen to mine for bias. But our
dialogue-based process has a slower pace and a different center. And our work is
guided by the principle that dialogue across difference is essential to a functioning
democracy, and that journalism and journalists have a multifaceted role to play in
supporting that.

So how do we work? At every stage, we're as transparent as possible about our

methods and our motives. At every stage, we take time to answer people's questions --
explain why we're doing what we're doing. We tell people that it's not a trap: no one's
there to tell you you're stupid, no one's there to tell you your experience doesn't matter.
And we always ask for a really different sort of behavior, a repatterning away from
the reflexive name-calling, so entrenched in our discourse that most of us, on all sides,
don't even notice it anymore.

So people often come into our conversations a bit angrily. They say things like, "How

新航道学霸学院 46
can you believe X?" and "How can you read Y?" and "Can you believe that this
happened?" But generally, in this miracle that delights us every time, people begin to
introduce themselves. And they begin to explain who they are and where they come
from, and they begin to ask questions of one another. And slowly, over time, people
circle back again and again to difficult topics, each time with a little more empathy, a
little more nuance, a little more curiosity. And our journalists and moderators work
really hard to support this because it's not a debate, it's not a battle, it's not a Sunday
morning talk show. It's not the flinging of talking points. It's not the stacking of
memes and gifs or articles with headlines that prove a point. And it's not about scoring
political victories with question traps.

So what we've learned is that our state of discord is bad for everyone. It is a deeply
unhappy state of being. And people tell us this again and again. They say they
appreciate the chance to engage respectfully, with curiosity and with openness, and
that they're glad and relieved for a chance to put down their arms. And so we do our
work in direct challenge to the political climate in our country right now, and we do it
knowing that it is difficult, challenging work to hold and support people in opposing
backgrounds in conversation. And we do it knowing democracy depends on our
ability to address our shared problems together. And we do this work by putting
community at the heart of our journalistic process, by putting our egos to the side to
listen first, to listen deeply, to listen around and through our own biases, our own
habits of thought, and to support others in doing the same. And we do this work
knowing that journalism as an institution is struggling, and that it has always had a
role to play and will continue to have a role to play in supporting the exchange of
ideas and views.

For many of the participants in our groups, there are lasting reverberations. Many
people have become Facebook friends and in-real-life friends too, across political
lines. After we closed that first Trump/Clinton project, about two-thirds of the women
went on to form their own Facebook group and they chose a moderator from each
state and they continue to talk about difficult and challenging issues. People tell us
again and again that they're grateful for the opportunity to be a part of this work,
grateful to know that people on the other side aren't crazy, grateful that they've had a
chance to connect with people they wouldn't have otherwise talked to.

A lot of what we've seen and learned, despite the fact that we call ourselves Spaceship
Media, is not at all rocket science. If you call people names, if you label them, if you
insult them, they are not inclined to listen to you. Snark doesn't help, shame doesn't
help, condescension doesn't help. Genuine communication takes practice and effort
and restraint and self-awareness. There isn't an algorithm to solve where we are.
Because real human connection is in fact real human connection. So lead with
curiosity, emphasize discussion not debate, get out of your silo, because real
connection across difference ... this is a salve that our democracy sorely needs.
Thank you.

新航道学霸学院 47
C4-3. 3 ways to be a better ally in the workplace

--- Melinda Epler

We're taught to believe that hard work and dedication will lead to success, but that's
not always the case. Gender, race, ethnicity, religion, disability, sexual orientation are
among the many factors that affect our chances, says writer and advocate Melinda
Epler, and it's up to each of us to be allies for those who face discrimination. In this
actionable talk, Epler shares three ways to support people who are underrepresented
in the workplace. "There's no magic wand for correcting diversity and inclusion," she
says. "Change happens one person at a time, one act at a time, one word at a time."

In 2013, I was an executive at an international engineering firm in San Francisco. It

was my dream job. A culmination of all the skills that I've acquired over the years:
storytelling, social impact, behavior change. I was the head of marketing and culture
and I worked with the nation's largest health care systems, using technology and
culture change to radically reduce their energy and water use and to improve their
social impact. I was creating real change in the world. And it was the worst
professional experience of my life.

I hit the glass ceiling hard. It hurt like hell. While there were bigger issues, most of
what happened were little behaviors and patterns that slowly chipped away at my
ability to do my work well. They ate away at my confidence, my leadership, my
capacity to innovate. For example, my first presentation at the company. I walk up to
the front of the room to give a presentation on the strategy that I believe is right for
the company. The one they hired me to create. And I look around the room at my

新航道学霸学院 48
fellow executives. And I watch as they pick up their cell phones and look down at
their laptops. They're not paying attention. As soon as I start to speak, the
interruptions begin and people talk over me again and again and again. Some of my
ideas are flat out dismissed and then brought up by somebody else and championed. I
was the only woman in that room. And I could have used an ally.

Little behaviors and pattern like this, every day, again and again, they wear you down.
Pretty soon, my energy was absolutely tapped. At a real low point, I read an article
about toxic workplace culture and microaggressions. Microaggressions -- everyday
slights, insults, negative verbal and nonverbal communication, whether intentional or
not, that impede your ability to do your work well. That sounded familiar. I started to
realize that I wasn't failing. The culture around me was failing me. And I wasn't alone.
Behaviors and patterns like this every day affect underrepresented people of all
backgrounds in the workplace. And that has a real impact on our colleagues, on our
companies and our collective capacity to innovate. So, in the tech industry, we want
quick solutions. But there is no magic wand for correcting diversity and inclusion.
Change happens one person at a time, one act at a time, one word at a time.
We make a mistake when we see diversity and inclusion as that side project over there
the diversity people are working on, rather than this work inside all of us that we need
to do together. And that work begins with unlearning what we know about success
and opportunity. We've been told our whole lives that if we work hard, that hard work
pays off, we'd get what we deserve, we'd live our dream. But that isn't true for
everyone. Some people have to work 10 times as hard to get to the same place due to
many barriers put in front of them by society. Your gender, your race, your ethnicity,
your religion, your disability, your sexual orientation, your class, your geography, all
of these can give you more of fewer opportunities for success.

And that's where allyship comes in. Allyship is about understanding that imbalance in
opportunity and working to correct it. Allyship is really seeing the person next to us.
And the person missing, who should be standing next to us. And first, just knowing
what they're going through. And then, helping them succeed and thrive with us. When
we work together to develop more diverse and inclusive teams, data shows we will be
more innovative, more productive and more profitable.

So, who is an ally? All of us. We can all be allies for each other. As a white,
cisgendered woman in the United States, there are many ways I'm very privileged.
And some ways I'm not. And I work hard every day to be an ally for people with less
privilege than me. And I still need allies, too.

In the tech industry, like in many industries, there are many people who are
underrepresented, or face barriers and discrimination. Women, people who are
nonbinary -- so people who don't necessarily identify as man or woman -- racial and
ethnic minorities, LGBTQIA, people with disabilities, veterans, anybody over age 35.

新航道学霸学院 49
We have a major bias toward youth in the tech industry. And many others. There is
always someone with less privilege than you. On this stage, in this room. At your
company, on your team, in your city or town. So, people are allies for different
reasons. Find your reason. It could be for the business case, because data shows
diverse and inclusive teams will be more productive, more profitable and more
innovative. It could be for fairness and social justice. Because we have a long history
of oppression and inequity that we need to work on together. Or it could be for your
kids, so your kids grow up with equal opportunities. And they grow up creating equal
opportunities for others. Find your reason. For me, it's all three. Find your reason and
step up to be there for someone who needs you.

So, what can you do as an ally? Start by doing no harm. It's our job as allies to know
what microaggressions are and to not do them. It's our job as allies to listen, to learn,
to unlearn and to relearn, and to make mistakes and to keep learning. Give me your
full attention. Close your laptops, put down your cellphones and pay attention. If
somebody is new or the only person in the room like them, or they're just nervous,
this is going to make a huge difference in how they show up.
Don't interrupt. Underrepresented people are more likely to be interrupted, so just take
a step back and listen. Echo and attribute. If I have a great idea, echo my idea and
then attribute it to me, and we thrive together. Learn the language I use to describe my
identity. Know how to pronounce my name. Know my pronouns -- he, she, they.
Know the language I use to describe my disability, my ethnicity, my religion. This
really matters to people, so if you don't know, just ask. Listen and learn.

An executive told me recently that after doing allyship on his team, the whole team
started to normalize calling themselves out and each other out for interrupting. "I'm so
sorry I'm interrupting you right now, carry on." "Hey, she's got a great idea, let's
listen."

Number two, advocate for underrepresented people in small ways. Intervene; you can
change the power dynamics in the room. If you see somebody is the only person in
the room like them and they are being belittled, they are being interrupted, do
something, say something. Invite underrepresented people to speak. And say no to
panels without underrepresented speakers. Refer someone for a job and encourage
them to take that job and to take new opportunities. And this one's really important --
help normalize allyship. If you're a person with privilege, it's easier for you to
advocate for allies. So use that privilege to create change.

Three, change someone's life significantly. So, be there for somebody throughout their
career. Mentor or sponsor them, give them opportunities as they grow. Volunteer --
volunteer for a STEM program, serving underserved youth. Transform your team to
be more diverse and inclusive. And make real commitments to creating change here.
Hold yourself and your team accountable for creating change.

新航道学霸学院 50
And lastly, help advocate for change across your company. When companies teach
their people to be allies, diversity and inclusion programs are stronger. You and I can
be allies for each other, whether we're inside or outside of work.

So, I realized recently that I still have lingering shame and fear from that moment in
my career when I felt utterly alone, shut out and unsupported. There are millions of
people out there, like me, right now, feeling that way. And it doesn't take much for us
to be there for each other. And when we're there for each other, when we support one
another, we thrive together. And when we thrive, we build better teams, better
products and better companies. Allyship is powerful. Try it.

Thank you.
(Applause)

新航道学霸学院 51
Class 6. Energy Saving
新航道学霸学院 52
C6-1. How behavioral science can lower your energy bill

---Alex Laskey
What's a proven way to lower your energy costs? Would you believe: learning what
your neighbor pays. Alex Laskey shows how a quirk of human behavior can make us
all better, wiser energy users, with lower bills to prove it.

How many of you have checked your email today? Come on, raise your hands. How
many of you are checking it right now? And how about finances? Anybody check that
today? Credit card, investment account? How about this week?

Now, how about your household energy use? Anybody check that today? This week?
Last week? A few energy geeks spread out across the room. It's good to see you guys.
But the rest of us -- this is a room filled with people who are passionate about the
future of this planet, and even we aren't paying attention to the energy use that's
driving climate change. The woman in the photo with me is Harriet. We met her on
our first family vacation. Harriet's paying attention to her energy use, and she is
decidedly not an energy geek. This is the story of how Harriet came to pay attention.

This is coal, the most common source of electricity on the planet, and there's enough
energy in this coal to light this bulb for more than a year. But unfortunately, between
here and here, most of that energy is lost to things like transmission leakage and heat.
In fact, only 10 percent ends up as light. So this coal will last a little bit more than a
month. If you wanted to light this bulb for a year, you'd need this much coal. The bad
news here is that, for every unit of energy we use, we waste nine. That means there's
good news, because for every unit of energy we save, we save the other nine. So the
question is, how can we get the people in this room and across the globe to start
paying attention to the energy we're using, and start wasting less of it?

新航道学霸学院 53
The answer comes from a behavioral science experiment that was run one hot summer,
10 years ago, and only 90 miles from here, in San Marcos, California. Graduate
students put signs on every door in a neighborhood, asking people to turn off their air
conditioning and turn on their fans. One quarter of the homes received a message that
said, did you know you could save 54 dollars a month this summer? Turn off your air
conditioning, turn on your fans. Another group got an environmental message. And
still a third group got a message about being good citizens, preventing blackouts.
Most people guessed that money-saving message would work best of all. In fact, none
of these messages worked. They had zero impact on energy consumption. It was as if
the grad students hadn't shown up at all.

But there was a fourth message, and this message simply said, "When surveyed, 77
percent of your neighbors said that they turned off their air conditioning and turned on
their fans. Please join them. Turn off your air conditioning and turn on your fans."
And wouldn't you know it, they did. The people who received this message showed a
marked decrease in energy consumption simply by being told what their neighbors
were doing.

So what does this tell us? Well, if something is inconvenient, even if we believe in it,
moral suasion, financial incentives, don't do much to move us -- but social pressure,
that's powerful stuff. And harnessed correctly, it can be a powerful force for good. In
fact, it already is.

Inspired by this insight, my friend Dan Yates and I started a company called Opower.
We built software and partnered with utility companies who wanted to help their
customers save energy. We deliver personalized home energy reports that show people
how their consumption compares to their neighbors in similar-sized homes. Just like
those effective door hangers, we have people comparing themselves to their neighbors,
and then we give everyone targeted recommendations to help them save. We started
with paper, we moved to a mobile application, web, and now even a controllable
thermostat, and for the last five years we've been running the largest behavioral
science experiment in the world.

And it's working. Ordinary homeowners and renters have saved more than 250
million dollars on their energy bills, and we're just getting started. This year alone, in
partnership with more than 80 utilities in six countries, we're going to generate
another two terawatt hours of electricity savings.

Now, the energy geeks in the room know two terawatt hours, but for the rest of us,
two terawatt hours is more than enough energy to power every home in St. Louis and
Salt Lake City combined for more than a year. Two terawatt hours, it's roughly half
what the U.S. solar industry produced last year. And two terawatt hours? In terms of
coal, we'd need to burn 34 of these wheelbarrows every minute around the clock

新航道学霸学院 54
every day for an entire year to get two terawatt hours of electricity. And we're not
burning anything. We're just motivating people to pay attention and change their
behavior.

But we're just one company, and this is just scratching the surface. Twenty percent of
the electricity in homes is wasted, and when I say wasted, I don't mean that people
have inefficient lightbulbs. They may. I mean we leave the lights on in empty rooms,
and we leave the air conditioning on when nobody's home. That's 40 billion dollars a
year wasted on electricity that does not contribute to our well-being but does
contribute to climate change. That's 40 billion -- with a B -- every year in the U.S.
alone. That's half our coal usage right there.

Now thankfully, some of the world's best material scientists are looking to replace
coal with sustainable resources like these, and this is both fantastic and essential. But
the most overlooked resource to get us to a sustainable energy future, it isn't on this
slide. It's in this room. It's you, and it's me. And we can harness this resource with no
new material science simply by applying behavioral science. We can do it today, we
know it works, and it will save us money right away.

So what are we waiting for? Well, in most places, utility regulation hasn't changed
much since Thomas Edison. Utilities are still rewarded when their customers waste
energy. They ought to be rewarded for helping their customers save it.

But this story is much more than about household energy use. Take a look at the Prius.
It's efficient not only because Toyota invested in material science but because they
invested in behavioral science. The dashboard that shows drivers how much energy
they're saving in real time makes former speed demons drive more like cautious
grandmothers.

Which brings us back to Harriet. We met her on our first family vacation. She came
over to meet my young daughter, and she was tickled to learn that my daughter's name
is also Harriet. She asked me what I did for a living, and I told her, I work with
utilities to help people save energy. It was then that her eyes lit up.

She looked at me, and she said, "You're exactly the person I need to talk to. You see,
two weeks ago, my husband and I got a letter in the mail from our utility. It told us we
were using twice as much energy as our neighbors." (Laughter) "And for the last two
weeks, all we can think about, talk about, and even argue about, is what we should be
doing to save energy. We did everything that letter told us to do, and still I know there
must be more. Now I'm here with a genuine expert. Tell me. What should I do to save
energy?" There are many experts who can help answer Harriet's question. My goal is
to make sure we are all asking it.

Thank you.

新航道学霸学院 55
C6-2. TED:High-altitude wind energy from kites !

---Saul Griffith
In this brief talk, Saul Griffith unveils the invention his new company Makani Power
has been working on: giant kite turbines that create surprising amounts of clean,
renewable energy.

If you're at all like me, this is what you do with the sunny summer weekends in San
Francisco: you build experimental kite-powered hydrofoils capable of more than 30
knots. And you realize that there is incredible power in the wind, and it can do
amazing things. And one day, a vessel not unlike this will probably break the world
speed record.

But kites aren't just toys like this. Kites: I'm going to give you a brief history, and tell
you about the magnificent future of every child's favorite plaything. So, kites are more
than a thousand years old, and the Chinese used them for military applications, and
even for lifting men. So they knew at that stage they could carry large weights. I'm not
sure why there is a hole in this particular man.

In 1827, a fellow called George Pocock actually pioneered the use of kites for towing
buggies in races against horse carriages across the English countryside. Then of
course, at the dawn of aviation, all of the great inventors of the time -- like Hargreaves,
like Langley, even Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, who was flying
this kite -- were doing so in the pursuit of aviation.

Then these two fellows came along, and they were flying kites to develop the control
systems that would ultimately enable powered human flight. So this is of course
Orville and Wilbur Wright, and the Wright Flyer. And their experiments with kites led
to this momentous occasion, where we powered up and took off for the first-ever
12-second human flight. And that was fantastic for the future of commercial aviation.

But unfortunately, it relegated kites once again to be considered children's toys. That
was until the 1970s, where we had the last energy crisis. And a fabulous man called
Miles Loyd who lives on the outskirts of San Francisco, wrote this seminal paper that
was completely ignored in the Journal of Energy about how to use basically an
airplane on a piece of string to generate enormous amounts of electricity. The real key
observation he made is that a free-flying wing can sweep through more sky and
generate more power in a unit of time than a fixed-wing turbine.

So turbines grew. And they can now span up to three hundred feet at the hub height,
but they can't really go a lot higher, and more height is where the more wind is, and
more power -- as much as twice as much.

新航道学霸学院 56
So cut to now. We still have an energy crisis, and now we have a climate crisis as well.
You know, so humans generate about 12 trillion watts, or 12 terawatts, from fossil
fuels. And Al Gore has spoken to why we need to hit one of these targets, and in
reality what that means is in the next 30 to 40 years, we have to make 10 trillion watts
or more of new clean energy somehow. Wind is the second-largest renewable resource
after solar: 3600 terawatts, more than enough to supply humanity 200 times over. The
majority of it is in the higher altitudes, above 300 feet, where we don't have a
technology as yet to get there.

So this is the dawn of the new age of kites. This is our test site on Maui, flying across
the sky. I'm now going to show you the first autonomous generation of power by
every child's favorite plaything. As you can tell, you need to be a robot to fly this
thing for thousands of hours. It makes you a little nauseous. And here we're actually
generating about 10 kilowatts -- so, enough to power probably five United States
households -- with a kite not much larger than this piano. And the real significant
thing here is we're developing the control systems, as did the Wright brothers, that
would enable sustained, long-duration flight. And it doesn't hurt to do it in a location
like this either.

So this is the equivalent for a kite flier of peeing in the snow -- that's tracing your
name in the sky.
And this is where we're actually going. So we're beyond the 12-second steps. And
we're working towards megawatt-scale machines that fly at 2000 feet and generate
tons of clean electricity.
So you ask, how big are those machines? Well, this paper plane would be maybe a --
oop! That would be enough to power your cell phone. Your Cessna would be 230
killowatts. If you'd loan me your Gulfstream, I'll rip its wings off and generate you a
megawatt. If you give me a 747, I'll make six megawatts, which is more than the
largest wind turbines today. And the Spruce Goose would be a 15-megawatt wing.

So that is audacious, you say. I agree. But audacious is what has happened many times
before in history. This is a refrigerator factory, churning out airplanes for World War II.
Prior to World War II, they were making 1000 planes a year. By 1945, they were
making 100,000. With this factory and 100,000 planes a year, we could make all of
America's electricity in about 10 years.

So really this is a story about the audacious plans of young people with these dreams.
There are many of us. I am lucky enough to work with 30 of them. And I think we
need to support all of the dreams of the kids out there doing these crazy things.

Thank you. (Applause)

新航道学霸学院 57
C6-3. Clean energy challenge and opportunity

By Sujay Shah | China Daily | Updated: 2020-04-17 07:07

Over the past few weeks the novel coronavirus pandemic has caused significant
macroeconomic turbulence, prompting many to ask, not if we are on the brink of
global recession, but when will global recession set in.

While the clean energy and environment-focused sectors have so far fared slightly
better than their fossil fuel-driven counterparts, cracks are starting to emerge.
Investment in the clean energy sector has been slowing since peaking in 2017. This
situation is likely to worsen as the impact of the pandemic continues to squeeze
liquidity conditions. Energy research company Rystad Energy has warned that this
could lead to a complete halt in the growth rate of renewable energy installations.

We also expect to see delays in project execution, postponement of auctions (which

accounted for up to a staggering 80 GW of capacity procurement in 2019) and
difficulties in operating and maintaining existing projects, especially when it comes to
complex assets like offshore wind.

Project financing may impact clean energy projects

While the good news is that banks are much better capitalized than they were during
the 2008 global financial crisis, and a downturn in the oil market is likely to drive
more liquidity into the clean energy sector, the fact is that liquidity has become
scarcer since the outbreak of the pandemic. We are increasingly seeing investors
moving away from riskier opportunities.

This could have a knock-on effect on the financing of projects in frontier markets as
well as newer technologies where risk-sharing practices are not as well established.
Smaller developers with projects not yet off the ground could also be hit hard, as their
financing becomes scarce.

As market shutdowns continue around the world, daily energy consumption has fallen.
New York is just one example of this. It remains unclear what impact this type of
shock will have on subsectors like renewable energy, which are somewhat protected
by long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs). What we should be aware of,
however, is that PPA prices are in many cases higher than market prices and, as the
demand declines, there could be higher risk of curtailment coming through.

Assets market could see some repricing

Over the longer term, we can also expect some repricing in the asset markets as
investors grapple with higher off-take risks, as the wave of sovereign downgrades has
now hit the headlines from Mexico to the United Kingdom to Oman.

新航道学霸学院 58
Greenfield projects are already experiencing disruption as a direct impact of the
coronavirus pandemic. In the solar energy sector, a shortage of installation
components including inverters and modules is pushing prices up by as much as 15
percent in markets like the United States.

In our (Standard Chartered's) view, this may spell adversity for greenfield project bids
that have already been awarded － some of these will be salvaged by higher quality
bidders, but a number of these situations are likely to result in stranded projects which
may never see the light of day.

Energy procurement contact prices likely to increase

Given the risks associated with executing new projects at this time, we expect to see
energy procurement contract prices increase in the near to medium term. We could
also see resource companies, particularly in the oil and gas sector, materially reducing
investment in clean energy value chains, at least in the near term.

These companies have historically opted to be in the riskier part of the business
(direct PPAs and technology, for instance) given their preference for higher returns.
But the pandemic seems to have shifted the conversation from business diversification
to protecting core cash flows and liquidity. Such a situation was unthinkable even
three months ago.

In the near term, the pandemic is expected to have a significant impact on energy
storage and electric vehicle sectors, as ongoing production disruptions and the
restriction on the movement of people, and therefore laborers, in Asia has disrupted
production and supply.

We also expect a significant and long-term impact on the speed of adoption of electric
vehicles since the sector faces a perfect storm in the form of lower oil prices, which
will delay the break-even point for electric vehicles, and the upcoming recession,
which will reduce the overall demand for cars as well as prevent consumers from
paying the material premium needed for electric vehicles.

While the negative impact of the pandemic on the clean energy sector is clear, some
opportunities are emerging. Industry insiders have long complained of short-term
build and flip investors bringing returns down to unsustainable levels. The current
crisis offers an opportunity for long-term capital providers to enter or expand their
presence in the clean energy sector.

Opportunities of clean energy is still there

But the biggest challenge and the opportunity for all are the unprecedented amount of
stimulus spending that has been announced globally. A total of $7 trillion (and
counting) has been announced across tax breaks, government spending, money

新航道学霸学院 59
printed by central banks, and more.

The fossil fuel sector enjoys more than $400 billion of subsidies each year－and the
International Energy Association estimates that 70 percent of the world's energy
investments is driven by governments.

As such, this stimulus funding offers a once in a generation opportunity for all
industry participants, including developers, investors and financiers, to use the
spending to accelerate the energy transition and low-carbon agenda.

The author is managing director, clean tech, Standard Chartered.

The views don't necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

新航道学霸学院 60
Class 7. Chinese Achievement

新航道学霸学院 61
C7-1. "Sky Road" Built by Dedication and Wisdom

China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the "Roof of the World," lies at an average
of three thousand meters above sea level, and has ten of the highest mountains in the
world. These daunting conditions have given birth not only to a miracle of Nature but
also a miracle of Chinese transportation engineering---the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

Due to one thousand li of tundra, extreme cold, shortage of atmospheric oxygen and a
fragile ecology, construction of parts of the line were delayed for thirty years. These
problems not only posed unprecedented challenges for China's construction
technology, they constituted a task which baffled the whole world. Nevertheless, in
the face of these world-level problems, China's planners and construction teams did
not abandon the project; instead, they conquered one difficulty after another with
enormous contributions and sacrifices.

Thirty-year-old Shao Yaoxia (邵 尧霞 ) was one of them. With an ideal of a railway

worker, she carried out her work in extremely adverse conditions. The difficulty of
constructing the line was far worse than she had imagined: During a flood, she had to
direct an emergency repair team to construct a temporary bridge, and was almost
swept away by the floodwater herself. Once, while guarding a construction site alone,
she had to fend off a pack of wolves from the surrounding wilderness. Because she
was the only woman on the construction team, at first there were no toilet facilities for
her, and so she had to restrict her intake of liquids, causing problems to her health...
To press ahead smoothly with this historically unprecedented task, she often had to go
without sleep; if she had any spare time in the evening she devoted it to studying
engineering textbooks; on duty, she worked diligently, not sparing herself, her favorite
saying being "It's better to be criticized than to be guilty." This woman, who was
neither big nor sturdy, left an impression of being a giant in the Tangula Mountains.

新航道学霸学院 62
The Mount Fenghuo Tunnel is 1,338 meters long, and the tracks inside it are at an
elevation of 4,905 meters. This is all located in an area of permafrost. The tunnel is
the highest in the world, and the longest on a plateau permafrost area. The deeper the
tunnel was dug, the rarer became the content of oxygen in the air, but even when the
air was so thin that the workers had to carry oxygen cylinders on their backs the
tunneling did not stop for a single day. The workers found themselves short of breath,
with pressure in their chests, headaches and rubbery legs; compressed-air drills which
used to be handled by two men, now took four to pick up. The efficiency of the work
dropped rapidly. The lives of the constructors faced a grave threat. The lights of the
construction headquarters blazed throughout the nights. Finally, the leaders of the
project decided to form a special task force of their own planners and experts from the
University of Science and Technology Beijing to tackle this new hurdle. The
technologists worked night and day at experiments aimed at solving the problem,
skipping sleep and meals. After over two hundred setbacks, they finally succeeded in
building the world's first plateau oxygen-supply station. As a result, a permanent and
sufficient supply of oxygen was provided for the whole length of the tunnel, which
was finally completed.

Some Westerners said, "With the Kunlun Mountains in the way, the railway will never
reach Lhasa," and "With the Tangula Mountains in the way, the railway will never
reach Lhasa." A railway project that foreigners said was impossible was completed by
the ever-greater efforts of Chinese railway workers. This is clear evidence of the
strength of China, and the pride of all its people.

新航道学霸学院 63
C7-2. "Taking a High-Speed Train Trip

This weekend, it was a most unforgettable and joyous thing for Yangyang to take a
trip with his parents on a high-speed train. His parents were usually very busy at work,
so they had never before agreed to his request to travel on a high-speed train. But this
time they did.

Just as the sky was brightening on Saturday morning, Yangyang and his family
shouldered their traveling bags, and left home.

Today they were to take a high-speed train from Beijing to Tianjin; then they were to
take another one from Tianjin to Shanghai. The following day they were to return to
Beijing on another high-speed train. In the short time of two days they would travel
two thousand kilometers there and back. What made the trip even more exciting for
Yangyang was the fact that it would be his first journey by high-speed rail. What
would it be like? What kind of experience would it be to travel by high-speed train?
Yangyang had previously only seen it on television and in pictorials.

Mother, Father and Yangyang soon arrived at Beijing South Railway Station. Father
pointed to a high-speed train waiting by a platform, and said, "Yangyang, that is a
high-speed train. What does it look like to you?"

Yangyang replied, "It looks like a big white shark or a space ship."

Pleased, Father said, "It not only looks like a space ship; it has a special speed. It is
the fastest train in the world. It only takes thirty minutes to travel from Beijing to
Tianjin."

On board the high-speed train Yangyang and his parents observed a small experiment:
On the small table in front of them was a glass full of water, but from the time the
train started until it reached its destination not a drop of water was spilled. This led
Mother to remark that the high-speed train was both fast and stable.

In Tianjin Yangyang played in the amusement park and enjoyed tasting the famous
local snacks known as goubuli baozi and damahua. After lunch, the family boarded a
high-speed train again, and arrived in Shanghai three hours later, in the evening. The
following morning, Yangyang went with his parents to Disneyland, and sampled
famous snacks at the City God Temple of Shanghai. In the afternoon they boarded
another high-speed train at Shanghai Hongqiao Station. At seven o'clock in the
evening they arrived back at their home in Beijing. Noticing that Yangyang was not a
bit tired, Father said to him,"Yangyang, do you know that in the past two days, we
took the Jingin (Beijing-Tianjin) Intercity High-Speed Train and the Jinghu

新航道学霸学院 64
(Beijing-Shanghai) Intercity High-Speed Train? The Jinghu High-Speed Train was the
first one designed and made entirely by our country, and the Jinghu is well known as
the farthest and fastest of any high-speed train in the world."

Yangyang asked, "Are China's high-speed trains the best in the world?" Mother said,
smiling: "Yes. And our country is going to build many more high-speed rail tracks,
and help foreign friends build them, too." Yangyang threw up his hands in excitement,
and giving his mother a five, said, "Mama, next time let us take a trip abroad by
high-speed train." His parents laughed heartily.

Yangyang and his parents wound up their high-speed train trip with cheerful chatter.

新航道学霸学院 65
C7-3. The Birth of Hybrid Rice

In 1960 China suffered a serious shortage of food grains.

In this dire situation, Yuan Longping (袁隆平), a graduate of the

Southwest Agricultural College, found himself tossing and turning at

night, unable to sleep. As a specialist in agriculture, a subject he had

devoted his life to, wasn't this time of national food shortage the very

time he was called upon to render service to his country and his people?

After a great deal of thought, Yuan came to the conclusion that a breakthrough had to be found in

the quality of the crops: If a new type of crop could be raised that could increase the grain output

by several times, that would be the solution to the problem.

To create a new type of paddy rice required the cross-breeding of existing varieties. However, this

would be difficult because paddy rice is self-pollinating. Time after time, Yuan's experiments

produced ears of rice that were too costly, while the ideal solution would rice talks that would

produce male sterile rice.

Trough concentrated research and study, Yuan Longping found that the correct gene would only

result from seedlings planted in the existing paddy fields. So he personally trudged through the

paddy fields searching for rice stalks that would produce male sterile rice.

Day after day, Yuan Longping toiled on in the paddy fields wearing a battered straw hat,

examining rice plants stalk after stalk. His feet were constantly treading in mud, and his

shoes were waterlogged and ruined. Moreover, he had to bend over all day long, sometimes

unable to straighten his back again without feeling pain. Nevertheless, in his

eagerness to find a speedy solution to the Chinese people’s food problem, he was unwilling to rest.

But hard work never lets a conscientious man down. On the fourteenth day of his field

新航道学霸学院 66
investigation Yuan Longping found an unusual rice plant whose staminate flower would not

be split off . He had found the model for his new type of rice , and the breeding work could

start ! Yuan was overjoyed at this discovery.

This finding created a sensation. The authorities lost no time organizing a sub-committee to help Y

uan study the production of cross-breed rice. With the unrelenting efforts of

these scientific research personnel , generation after generation of hybrid rice were bred.

Six hundred kilograms , eight hundred kilograms… The yields of paddy rice per hectare

kept climbing. A solution had finally been found to the problem of feeding the Chinese

people!

By the year 2017, Chinas output of " super paddy rice " per mu had topped 1,100

kilograms. Moreover, thIs rice is sturdier and more pest-resistant than the old variety. The

Chinese people have found a fine solution to their food problem by their own efforts . In

addition, hybrid rice has brought good news to the peoples of other countries all over the

globe who are suffering from food shortage.

The Moral of This Story

Hybrid rice has contributed greatly to easing the Chinese people’s food problem. It is an important

pillar supporting our country’s development. It is the fruit of diligent research by generations of

scientists, and it is of worldwide significance for solving the problem of food scarcity.

新航道学霸学院 67
Class 8. World Literature

新航道学霸学院 68
C8-1. The Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies In CONGRESS, July 4,

1776

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of
Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

在人类历史事件的进程中，当一个民族必须解除其与另一个民族之间迄今所存在
着的政治联系、而在世界列国之中取得那“自然法则”和“自然神明”所规定给他们
的独立与平等的地位时，就有一种真诚的尊重人类公意的心理，要求他们一定要
把那些迫使他们不得已而独立的原因宣布出来。

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. --That to secure these rights, Governments
are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
--That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the
Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying

新航道学霸学院 69
its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them
shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will
dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and
transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more
disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing
the forms to which they are accustomed.

But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same
Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is
their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future
security. --Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the
necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The
history of the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute
Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，他们都从他们的“造物主”那边
被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为
了保障这些权利，所以才在人们中间成立政府。而政府的正当权力，则系得自被
统治者的同意。如果遇有任何一种形式的政府变成损害这些目的的，那末，人民
就有权利来改变它或废除它，以建立新的政府。这新的政府，必须是建立在这样
的原则的基础之上，并且是按照这样的方式来组织它的权力机关，庶几就人民看
来那是最能够促进他们的安全和幸福的。诚然，谨慎的心理会主宰着人们的意识，
认为不应该为了轻微的、暂时的原因而把设立已久的政府予以变更；而过去一切
的经验也正是表明，只要当那些罪恶尚可容忍时，人类总是宁愿默然忍受，而不
愿废除他们所习惯了的那种政治形式以恢复他们自己的权利。

然而，当一个政府恶贯满盈、倒行逆施、一贯地奉行着那一个目标，显然是企图
把人民抑压在绝对专制主义的淫威之下时，人民就有这种权利，人民就有这种义
务，来推翻那样的政府，而为他们未来的安全设立新的保障。----我们这些殖民
地的人民过去一向是默然忍辱吞声，而现在却被迫地必须起来改变原先的政治体
制，其原因即在于此。现今大不列颠国王的历史，就是一部怙恶不悛、倒行逆施
的历史，他那一切的措施都只有一个直接的目的，即在我们各州建立一种绝对专
制的统治。为了证明这一点，让我们把具体的事实胪陈于公正的世界人士之前：

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the
public good.
他一向拒绝批准那些对于公共福利最有用和最必要的法律。
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
他一向禁止他的总督们批准那些紧急而迫切需要的法令，除非是那些法令在
未得其本人的同意以前，暂缓发生效力；而在这样展缓生效的期间，他又完全把
那些法令置之不理。
新航道学霸学院 70
 He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of
people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the
Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
他一向拒绝批准其他的把广大地区供人民移居垦殖的法令，除非那些人民愿
意放弃其在立法机关中的代表权。此项代表权对人民说来实具有无可估量的意
义，而只有对暴君说来才是可怕的。
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and
distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing
them into compliance with his measures.
他一向是把各州的立法团体召集到那些特别的、不方便的、远离其公文档案
库的地方去开会。其唯一的目的就在使那些立法团体疲于奔命，以服从他的指使。
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly
firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
他屡次解散各州的议会，因为这些议会曾以刚强不屈的坚毅的精神，反抗他
那对于人民权利的侵犯。
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be
elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to
the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to
all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
他在解散各州的议会以后，又长时期地不让人民另行选举；这样，那不可抹
杀的“立法权”便又重新回到广大人民的手中，归人民自己来施行了；而这时各州
仍然险象环生，外有侵略的威胁，内有动乱的危机。
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose
obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to
encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of
Lands.
他一向抑制各州人口的增加；为此目的，他阻止批准“外籍人归化法案”；他
又拒绝批准其他的鼓励人民移殖的法令，并且更提高了新的“土地分配法令”中的
限制条例。
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws
for establishing Judiciary powers.
他拒绝批准那些设置司法权力机关的法案，借此来阻止司法工作的执行。
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices,
and the amount and payment of their salaries.
他一向要使法官的任期年限及其薪金的数额，完全由他个人的意志来决定。
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to
harass our people, and eat out their substance.
他滥设了许多新的官职，派了大批的官吏到这边来箝制我们人民，并且盘食
我们的民脂民膏。
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the consent of
our legislatures.
在和平的时期，他不得到我们立法机关的同意，就把常备军驻屯在我们各州。
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil
power.

新航道学霸学院 71
 他一向是使军队不受民政机关的节制，而且凌驾于民政机关之上。
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our
constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of
pretended Legislation:
他一向与其他的人狼狈为奸，要我们屈伏在那种与我们的宪法格格不入，并
且没有被我们的法律所承认的管辖权之下；他批准他们那些假冒的法案来达到以
下目的：
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
把大批的武装部队驻扎在我们各州；
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which
they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
用一种欺骗性的审判来包庇那些武装部队，使那些对各州居民犯了任何谋杀
罪的人得以逍遥法外；
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
割断我们与世界各地的贸易；
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
不得到我们的允许就向我们强迫征税；
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
在许多案件中剥夺我们在司法上享有“陪审权”的利益；
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
以“莫须有”的罪名，把我们逮解到海外的地方去受审；
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province,
establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to
render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule
into these Colonies:
在邻近的地区废除那保障自由的英吉利法律体系，在那边建立一个横暴的政
府，并且扩大它的疆界，要使它迅即成为一个范例和适当的工具，以便把那同样
的专制的统治引用到这些殖民地来；
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering
fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
剥夺我们的“宪章”，废弃我们那些最宝贵的法令，并且从根本上改变我们政
府的形式；
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
停闭我们自己的立法机关，反而说他们自己有权得在任何一切场合之下为我
们制定法律。
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and
waging War against us.
他宣布我们不在其保护范围之内并且对我们作战，这样，他就已经放弃了在
这里的政权了。
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed
the lives of our people.
他一向掠夺我们的海上船舶，骚扰我们的沿海地区，焚毁我们的市镇，并且
残害我们人民的生命。
新航道学霸学院 72
 He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat
the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of
Cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally
unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
他此刻正在调遣着大量的外籍雇佣军，要来把我们斩尽杀绝，使我们庐舍为
墟，并肆行专制的荼毒。他已经造成了残民以逞的和蔑信弃义的气氛，那在人类
历史上最野蛮的时期都是罕有其匹的。他完全不配做一个文明国家的元首。
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear
Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren,
or to fall themselves by their Hands.
他一向强迫我们那些在海上被俘虏的同胞公民们从军以反抗其本国，充当屠
杀其兄弟朋友的刽子手，或者他们自己被其兄弟朋友亲手所杀死。
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring
on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of
warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
他一向煽动我们内部的叛乱，并且一向竭力勾结我们边疆上的居民、那些残
忍的印第安蛮族来侵犯。印第安人所著称的作战方式，就是不论男女、老幼和情
况，一概毁灭无遗。
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most
humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A
Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is
unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
在他施行这些高压政策的每一个阶段，我们都曾经用最谦卑的词句吁请改
革；然而，我们屡次的吁请，结果所得到的答复却只是屡次的侮辱。一个如此罪
恶昭彰的君主，其一切的行为都可以确认为暴君，实不堪做一个自由民族的统治
者。
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned
them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable
jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration
and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and
we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these
usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must,
therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them,
as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

我们对于我们的那些英国兄弟们也不是没有注意的。我们曾经时时警告他们
不要企图用他们的立法程序，把一种不合法的管辖权横加到我们身上来。我们曾
经提醒他们注意到我们在此地移殖和居住的实际情况。我们曾经向他们天生的正
义感和侠义精神呼吁，而且我们也曾经用我们那同文同种的亲谊向他们恳切陈
词，要求取消那些例行逆施的暴政，认为那些暴政势必特使我们之间的联系和友
谊归于破裂。然而，他们也同样地把这正义的、血肉之亲的呼吁置若罔闻。因此，
我们不得不承认与他们有分离之必要，而我们对待他们也就如同对待其他的人类
一样，在战时是仇敌，在平时则为朋友。
新航道学霸学院 73
 We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General
Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude
of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by the Authority of the good People of these
Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right
ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to
the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of
Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent
States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish
Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of
right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection
of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and
our sacred Honor.

因此，我们这些集合在大会中的美利坚合众国的代表们，吁请世界人士的最
高裁判，来判断我们这些意图的正义性。我们以这些殖民地的善良人民的名义和
权力，谨庄严地宣布并昭告：这些联合殖民地从此成为、而且名正言顺地应当成
为自由独立的合众国；它们解除对于英王的一切隶属关系，而它们与大不列颠王
国之间的一切政治联系亦应从此完全废止。作为自由独立的合众国，它们享有全
权去宣战、媾和、缔结同盟、建立商务关系、或采取一切其他凡为独立国家所理
应采取的行动和事宜。为了拥护此项“宣言”，怀着深信神明福佑的信心，我们谨
以我们的生命、财产和神圣的荣誉互相共同保证，永誓无贰。

新航道学霸学院 74
C8-2. I have a dream (Martin Luther King, Jr.)

---delivered 28 August 1963, at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C.

I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest
demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today,
signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great
beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of
withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their
captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the
life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains

新航道学霸学院 75
of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of
poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later,
the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an
exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful
condition.

In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of
our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of
Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to
fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men,
would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness." It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note,
insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred
obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come
back marked "insufficient funds."

But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that
there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so,
we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of
freedom and the security of justice.

We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of
Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing
drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is
the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of
racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice
to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of
God's children.

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This
sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an
invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a
beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now
be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. And
there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his
citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of
our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.
But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold
which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we
must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom
by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our
struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative
protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the
majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.

新航道学霸学院 76
The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead
us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by
their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our
destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our
freedom.

We cannot walk alone.

And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead.
We cannot turn back.

There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be
satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the
unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our
bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the
highways and the hotels of the cities. **We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro's
basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as
long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by
signs stating: "For Whites Only."** We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in
Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which
to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls
down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."

新航道学霸学院 77
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and
tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you
have come from areas where your quest -- quest for freedom left you battered by the
storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been
the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned
suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to
South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and
ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be
changed.

Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends.
And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a
dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its
creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and
the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of
brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the
heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an
oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will
not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its
governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification"
-- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join
hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain
shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be
made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it
together."

This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.
With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a
beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together,
to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom

新航道学霸学院 78
together, knowing that we will be free one day.

And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able
to sing with new meaning:
My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers
died, land of the Pilgrim's pride, From every mountainside, let freedom ring!
And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.
And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.
Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.
Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.
Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.

But not only that:

Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.
Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.
From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from
every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to
speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and
Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of
the old Negro spiritual:

Free at last! Free at last!

Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!

新航道学霸学院 79
中文译稿：
今天，我高兴地同大家一起参加这次将成为我国历史上为争取自由而举行的最伟
大的示威集会。
100 年前，一位伟大的美国人--今天我们就站在他象征性的身影下--签署了《解放
黑奴宣言》。这项重要法令的颁布，对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴，犹
如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔，恰似结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅黎明。
然而 100 年后的今天，我们必须正视黑人还没有得到自由这一悲惨的事实。100
年后的今天，在种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的枷锁下，黑人的生活备受压榨。100
年后的今天，黑人仍生活在物质充裕的海洋中一个穷困的孤岛上。100 年后的今
天，黑人仍然蜷缩在美国社会的角落里，并且意识到自己是故土家园中的流亡者。
今天我们在这里集会，就是要把这种骇人听闻的情况公诸世人。
就某种意义而言，今天我们是为了要求兑现诺言而汇集到我们国家的首都来的。
我们共和国的缔造者草拟宪法和独立宣言的气壮山河的词句时，曾向每一个美国
人许下了诺言，他们承诺所有人--不论白人还是黑人--都享有不可让渡的生存权、
自由权和追求幸福权。
就有色公民而论，美国显然没有实践她的诺言。美国没有履行这项神圣的义务，
只是给黑人开了一张空头支票，支票上盖着“资金不足”的戳子后便退了回来。但
是我们不相信正义的银行已经破产，我们不相信，在这个国家巨大的机会之库里
已没有足够的储备。因此今天我们要求将支票兑现——这张支票将给予我们宝贵
的自由和正义保障。
我们来到这个圣地也是为了提醒美国，现在是非常急迫的时刻。现在绝非奢谈冷
静下来或服用渐进主义的镇静剂的时候。现在是实现民主的诺言时候。现在是从
种族隔离的荒凉阴暗的深谷攀登种族平等的光明大道的时候，现在是向上帝所有
的儿女开放机会之门的时候，现在是把我们的国家从种族不平等的流沙中拯救出
来，置于兄弟情谊的磐石上的时候。
如果美国忽视时间的迫切性和低估黑人的决心，那么，这对美国来说，将是致命
伤。自由和平等的爽朗秋天如不到来，黑人义愤填膺的酷暑就不会过去。1963
年并不意味着斗争的结束，而是开始。有人希望，黑人只要撒撒气就会满足;如
果国家安之若素，毫无反应，这些人必会大失所望的。黑人得不到公民的基本权
利，美国就不可能有安宁或平静，正义的光明的一天不到来，叛乱的旋风就将继
续动摇这个国家的基础。
但是对于等候在正义之宫门口的心急如焚的人们，有些话我是必须说的。在争取
合法地位的过程中，我们不要采取错误的做法。我们不要为了满足对自由的渴望
而抱着敌对和仇恨之杯痛饮。我们斗争时必须永远举止得体，纪律严明。我们不
能容许我们的具有崭新内容的抗议蜕变为暴力行动。我们要不断地升华到以精神
力量对付物质力量的崇高境界中去。
现在黑人社会充满着了不起的新的战斗精神，但是不能因此而不信任所有的白
人。因为我们的许多白人兄弟已经认识到，他们的命运与我们的命运是紧密相连
的，他们今天参加游行集会就是明证。他们的自由与我们的自由是息息相关的。
我们不能单独行动。
当我们行动时，我们必须保证向前进。我们不能倒退。现在有人问热心民权运动
的人，“你们什么时候才能满足?”
只要黑人仍然遭受警察难以形容的野蛮迫害，我们就绝不会满足。
只要我们在外奔波而疲乏的身躯不能在公路旁的汽车旅馆和城里的旅馆找到住
新航道学霸学院 80
宿之所，我们就绝不会满足。
只要黑人的基本活动范围只是从少数民族聚居的小贫民区转移到大贫民区，我们
就绝不会满足。
只要我们的孩子被“仅限白人”的标语剥夺自我和尊严，我们就绝不会满足。
只要密西西比州仍然有一个黑人不能参加选举，只要纽约有一个黑人认为他投票
无济于事，我们就绝不会满足。
不!我们现在并不满足，我们将来也不满足，除非正义和公正犹如江海之波涛，
汹涌澎湃，滚滚而来。
我并非没有注意到，参加今天集会的人中，有些受尽苦难和折磨，有些刚刚走出
窄小的牢房，有些由于寻求自由，曾在居住地惨遭疯狂迫害的打击，并在警察暴
行的旋风中摇摇欲坠。你们是人为痛苦的长期受难者。坚持下去吧，要坚决相信，
忍受不应得的痛苦是一种赎罪。
让我们回到密西西比去，回到亚拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到佐治亚去，
回到路易斯安那去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去，要心中
有数，这种状况是能够也必将改变的。
我们不要陷入绝望而不可自拔。朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽
然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想，这个梦想深深扎根于美国的梦想之
中。
我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为真理
是不言而喻，人人生而平等。”
我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子
坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。
我梦想有一天，甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹，压迫成风，如同沙漠般的地方，
也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。
我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优
劣来评价他们的国度里生活。
今天，我有一个梦想。我梦想有一天，亚拉巴马州能够有所转变，尽管该州州长
现在仍然满口异议，反对联邦法令，但有朝一日，那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能与
白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手并进。
今天，我有一个梦想。
我梦想有一天，幽谷上升，高山下降;坎坷曲折之路成坦途，圣光披露，满照人
间。
这就是我们的希望。我怀着这种信念回到南方。有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望
之岭劈出一块希望之石。有了这个信念，我们将能把这个国家刺耳的争吵声，改
变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。
有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祈祷，一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护
自由;因为我们知道，终有一天，我们是会自由的。
在自由到来的那一天，上帝的所有儿女们将以新的含义高唱这支歌：“我的祖国，
美丽的自由之乡，我为您歌唱。您是父辈逝去的地方，您是最初移民的骄傲，让
自由之声响彻每个山岗。”
如果美国要成为一个伟大的国家，这个梦想必须实现!
让自由之声从新罕布什尔州的巍峨的崇山峻岭响起来!
让自由之声从纽约州的崇山峻岭响起来!
让自由之声从宾夕法尼亚州的阿勒格尼山响起来!
新航道学霸学院 81
让自由之声从科罗拉多州冰雪覆盖的落基山响起来!
让自由之声从加利福尼亚州蜿蜒的群峰响起来!
不仅如此，还要让自由之声从佐治亚州的石岭响起来!
让自由之声从田纳西州的瞭望山响起来!
让自由之声从密西西比的每一座丘陵响起来!
让自由之声从每一片山坡响起来!
当我们让自由之声响起，让自由之声从每一个大小村庄、每一个州和每一个城市
响起来时，我们将能够加速这一天的到来，那时，上帝的所有儿女，黑人和白人，
犹太教徒和非犹太教徒，耶稣教徒和天主教徒，都将手携手，合唱一首古老的黑
人灵歌：
“自由啦!自由啦!感谢全能上帝，我们终于自由啦!”

新航道学霸学院 82
Class 9. Leadership

新航道学霸学院 83
C9-1. What Is A Leader and What Is Leadership?

----Don Shapiro
There are more definitions for the terms leader and leadership than anyone could
imagine and they seem to be expanding exponentially. Where do they all come from?
Which ones can help us the most? While it’s good to see a lot of people devoted to
understanding leadership, a growing lack of clarity muddies our efforts to help our
people develop into effective leaders who can boost our results.

It seems that leadership has become everything anyone wants it to be and some are
even trying to turn it into a synonym for management. As we continue to use the term
leadership to mean more and more things, it becomes more ambiguous and loses its
power to transform both those who aspire to be leaders and those who join with
leaders to make great things happen.

During the last ten years, there has been some new and dramatic insights we’ve
learned about what types of leaders produce the best results and what leadership really
is. We’ve moved past the more traditional and academic ways of viewing leadership
because we’ve been looking more at how leadership actually connects to end results.
That’s a big change from identifying someone as a leader and describing what they do
without looking at whether their people actually made anything good happen.

New thinking and research on leadership and leaders

I’ve spent a few decades now with this old friend leadership always seeking to
understand more and remain open to new and better ways to view what makes one an

新航道学霸学院 84
effective leader. My first introduction to leadership happened in high school and my
first job out of college. Over the decades, my views have changed especially during
the last ten years.

A part of that is because I’ve had the good fortune to observe hundreds of managers
and executives which helped me pinpoint better why some outperformed others. Then
I dove into all the research being done out there on leadership, employee engagement,
strategic alignment, employee retention and more to learn what others discovered.
That inspired me to conduct my own research study.

The link between effective leaders and results is much stronger than it used to be. At
the same time, our understanding about what type of leader produces those results has
changed in many ways. We are digging much deeper as we seek to better understand
what it means to be an effective leader.

My own definitions may not be quite the same as others because each leadership
specialist contributes their own analysis and perspective. We are learning from each
other as we continue to build a better understanding of what makes one an effective
leader. With that caveat in mind, here is my latest views on what is leadership and
what type of leader produces the best results.

Leadership voluntarily influences people to take action

Leadership is about voluntary influence. That separates it from all other kinds of
influence. If people are not acting voluntarily, no leadership is occurring. In our roles
as a manager, executive and parent, we sometimes have to give orders and put our
foot down. That is a part of carrying out our responsibility in those roles but doing so
is not leadership. So everything we have to do would not be considered leadership
even though we may be an effective leader. You have to look at the amount of
voluntary influence versus more authoritative actions to evaluate if someone is a
leader.

Leadership must result in action. If there’s no action, there’s also no leadership going
on. Only when someone influences others to voluntarily act has leadership taken place.
No action, no leadership. It’s not about spouting off great sounding ideas that no one
else is willing to participate in.

Leaders influence people to join with them

This is where we really get into the guts of what type of leaders produce the best
results. That means what type of people consistently are able to voluntarily influence
other people to take action. This definition is so important that I believe we need to
explore each phrase to understand why it is that way and what it means.

Build enough trust – Leadership is about building trust. People will only voluntarily
move in the direction we want if they trust us. If you have to order people to do

新航道学霸学院 85
something, that may be required as a manager or parent but it isn’t leadership. Trust is
the currency of leadership. You have to build trust to voluntarily influence people.

Influence people – Leadership is about influence, not ordering, directing,

manipulating or anything else that forces someone to act. Leadership and voluntary
are married to each other.

Enthusiastically – Only when people do something because they want to are they
being influenced by a leader. If they only do it because they have to, no leadership is
happening. This difference between want to and have to is huge in our understanding
of what type of leaders produce the best results. The most effective managers and
executives are able to use voluntary influence most of the time. The more their people
are doing things because they want to, the more engaged and enthusiastic they are
which translates into better results. Great leaders use their authority to direct people
sparingly and infrequently.

Join with – Leaders walk with us and behind us. We don’t follow them, we join with
them. The concept of leaders and followers reinforces antiquated ideas about what a
leader is and does. This is why I no longer use the terms follow and follower when
talking about leaders and leadership. Those terms take us backward in time and
effectiveness. The best leaders serve the people they lead with humility. As leaders,
we join with our people to make good and great things happen.

Make great things happen – Anyone who influences people to do bad things is not a
leader. They may be a manipulator, con artist, persuasive or charismatic but they are
not a leader. I added this to the definition because I believe leadership should be
something positive we aspire to. I have never liked the idea put forth by too many
“leadership experts” that a leader can be good or bad which means Hitler, Stalin and
the head of ISIS have to be considered leaders. Not anymore! This definition excludes
them along with the head of the KKK, gangs and anyone else that influences people to
do bad things.

Trusted leaders only influence people to make good and great things happen. They
lead with integrity and character. Leadership is about building trust. People trust your
character…not your title, skills, personality or ideas.
Leadership is about who you are….your character. Your beliefs, values and attitudes
drive how you behave which determines if people trust you. When you are a trusted
leader, you are a leader twenty four hours a day no matter what you are doing because
it’s who you are. Leadership is not something you turn on when you need it and turn
off when you don’t. It’s a way of being that is with you all the time. It is this quality
that people trust in you.

新航道学霸学院 86
C9-2. 3 ways to measure your adaptability -- and how to improve it

(Natalie Fratto)
When venture investor Natalie Fratto is determining which start-up founder to
support, she doesn't just look for intelligence or charisma; she looks for adaptability.
In this insightful talk, Fratto shares three ways to measure your "adaptability
quotient" -- and shows why your ability to respond to change really matters.

I met 273 start-up founders last year. And each one was looking for money. As a tech
investor, my goal was to sort through everyone that I met and make a quick
determination about which ones had the potential to make something really big. But
what makes a great founder? This is a question I ask myself daily. Some venture
capitalists place bets based on a founder's previous background. Did they go to an Ivy
League school? Have they worked at a blue-chip company? Have they built out a big
vision before? Effectively, how smart is this person?

Other VCs asses a founder's emotional quotient, or EQ. How well will this person
build teams and build rapport across customers and clients? I have a different
methodology to assess start-up founders, though, and it's not complicated. I look for
signs of one specific trait. Not IQ, not EQ. It's adaptability: how well a person reacts
to the inevitability of change, and lots of it. That's the single most important
determinant for me. I subscribe to the belief that adaptability itself is a form of
intelligence, and our adaptability quotient, or AQ, is something that can be measured,
tested and improved.

新航道学霸学院 87
AQ isn't just useful for start-up founders, however. I think it's increasingly important
for all of us. Because the world is speeding up. We know that the rate of technological
change is accelerating, which is forcing our brains to react. Whether you're navigating
changing job conditions brought on by automation, shifting geopolitics in a more
globalized world, or simply changing family dynamics and personal relationships.
Each of us, as individuals, groups, corporations and even governments are being
forced to grapple with more change than ever before in human history.

So, how do we assess our adaptability? I use three tricks when meeting with founders.
Here's the first. Think back to your most recent job interview. What kind of questions
were you asked? Probably some variation of, "Tell me about a time when," right?
Instead, to interview for adaptability, I like to ask "what if" questions. What if your
main revenue stream were to dry up overnight? What if a heat wave prevented every
single customer from being able to visit your store? Asking "what if," instead of
asking about the past, forces the brain to simulate. To picture multiple possible
versions of the future. The strength of that vision, as well as how many distinct
scenarios someone can conjure, tells me a lot.

Practicing simulations is a sort of safe testing ground for improving adaptability.

Instead of testing how you take in and retain information, like an IQ test might, it tests
how you manipulate information, given a constraint, in order to achieve a specific
goal.

The second trick that I use to assess adaptability in founders is to look for signs of
unlearning. Active unlearners seek to challenge what they presume to already know,
and instead, override that data with new information. Kind of like a computer running
a disk cleanup. Take the example of Destin Sandlin, who programed his bicycle to
turn left when he steered it right and vice versa. He called this his Backwards Brain
Bike, and it took him nearly eight months just to learn how to ride it kind of, sort of
normally. The fact that Destin was able to unlearn his regular bike in favor of a new
one, though, signals something awesome about our adaptability. It's not fixed. Instead,
each of us has the capacity to improve it, through dedication and hard work.
On the last page of Gandhi's autobiography, he wrote, "I must reduce myself to zero."
At many points in his very full life, he was still seeking to return to a beginner's
mindset, to zero. To unlearn. In this way, I think it's pretty safe to say Gandhi had a
high AQ score.

The third and final trick that I use to assess a founder's adaptability is to look for
people who infuse exploration into their life and their business. There's a sort of
natural tension between exploration and exploitation. And collectively, all of us tend
to overvalue exploitation. Here's what I mean. In the year 2000, a man finagled his
way into a meeting with John Antioco, the CEO of Blockbuster, and proposed a
partnership to manage Blockbuster's fledgling online business. The CEO John
laughed him out of the room, saying, "I have millions of existing customers and

新航道学霸学院 88
thousands of successful retail stores. I really need to focus on the money."

The other man in the meeting, however, turned out to be Reed Hastings, the CEO of
Netflix. In 2018, Netflix brought in 15.8 billion dollars, while Blockbuster filed for
bankruptcy in 2010, directly 10 years after that meeting. The Blockbuster CEO was
too focused on exploiting his already successful business model, so much so that he
couldn't see around the next corner. In that way, his previous success became the
enemy of his adaptability potential.

For the founders that I work with, I frame exploration as a state of constant seeking.
To never fall too far in love with your wins but rather continue to proactively seek out
what might kill you next. When I first started exploring adaptability, the thing I found
most exciting is that we can improve it. Each of us has the capacity to become more
adaptable. But think of it like a muscle: it's got to be exercised. And don't get
discouraged if it takes a while. Remember Destin Sandlin? It took him eight months
just to learn how to ride a bike.

Over time, using the tricks that I use on founders -- asking "what if" questions,
actively unlearning and prioritizing exploration over exploitation can put you in the
driver's seat -- so that the next time something big changes, you're already prepared.
We're entering a future where IQ and EQ both matter way less than how fast you're
able to adapt. So I hope that these tools help you to raise your own AQ.

Thank you.
(Applause)

新航道学霸学院 89
C9-3. Everyday leadership (Drew Dudley)

We have all changed someone’s life -- usually without even realizing it. In this funny
talk, Drew Dudley calls on all of us to celebrate leadership as the everyday act of
improving each other’s lives.

How many of you are completely comfortable with calling yourselves a leader? I've
asked that question all across the country, and everywhere I ask it, no matter where,
there's a huge portion of the audience that won't put up their hand. And I've come to
realize that we have made leadership into something bigger than us; something
beyond us. We've made it about changing the world. We've taken this title of "leader"
and treat it as something that one day we're going to deserve. But to give it to
ourselves right now means a level of arrogance or cockiness that we're not
comfortable with. And I worry sometimes that we spend so much time celebrating
amazing things that hardly anybody can do, that we've convinced ourselves those are
the only things worth celebrating. We start to devalue the things we can do every day,
We take moments where we truly are a leader and we don't let ourselves take credit
for it, or feel good about it. I've been lucky enough over the last 10 years to work with
amazing people who've helped me redefine leadership in a way that I think has made
me happier. With my short time today, I want to share with you the one story that is
probably most responsible for that redefinition.

I went to a little school called Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick.
And on my last day there, a girl came up to me and said, "I remember the first time I
met you." And she told me a story that had happened four years earlier. She said, "On

新航道学霸学院 90
the day before I started university, I was in the hotel room with my mom and dad, and
I was so scared and so convinced that I couldn't do this, that I wasn't ready for
university, that I just burst into tears. My mom and dad were amazing. They were like,
"We know you're scared, but let's just go tomorrow, go to the first day, and if at any
point you feel as if you can't do this, that's fine; tell us, and we'll take you home. We
love you no matter what.”

She says, "So I went the next day. I was in line for registration, and I looked around
and just knew I couldn't do it; I wasn't ready. I knew I had to quit. I made that decision
and as soon as I made it, an incredible feeling of peace came over me. I turned to my
mom and dad to tell them we needed to go home, and at that moment, you came out
of the student union building wearing the stupidest hat I've ever seen in my life."

"It was awesome. And you had a big sign promoting Shinerama," -- which is Students
Fighting Cystic Fibrosis, a charity I've worked with for years -- "And you had a
bucketful of lollipops. You were handing the lollipops out to people in line, and
talking about Shinerama. All of the sudden, you got to me, and you just stopped. And
you stared. It was creepy."

This girl knows what I'm talking about.

"Then you looked at the guy next to me, smiled, reached into your bucket, pulled out
a lollipop, held it out to him and said, 'You need to give a lollipop to the beautiful
woman next to you.'" She said, "I've never seen anyone get more embarrassed faster
in my life. He turned beet red, he wouldn't even look at me. He just kind of held the
lollipop out like this."

"I felt so bad for this dude that I took the lollipop. As soon as I did, you got this
incredibly severe look on your face, looked at my mom and dad and said, 'Look at
that! Look at that! First day away from home, and already she's taking candy from a
stranger?'"

She said, "Everybody lost it. Twenty feet in every direction, everyone started to howl.
I know this is cheesy, and I don't know why I'm telling you this, but in that moment
when everyone was laughing, I knew I shouldn't quit. I knew I was where I was
supposed to be; I knew I was home. And I haven't spoken to you once in the four
years since that day. But I heard that you were leaving, and I had to come and tell you
you've been an incredibly important person in my life. I'm going to miss you. Good
luck." And she walks away, and I'm flattened. She gets six feet away, turns around,
smiles and goes, "You should probably know this, too: I'm still dating that guy, four
years later." A year and a half after I moved to Toronto, I got an invitation to their
wedding.

Here's the kicker: I don't remember that. I have no recollection of that moment. I've

新航道学霸学院 91
searched my memory banks, because that is funny and I should remember doing it
and I don't. That was such an eye-opening, transformative moment for me, to think
that maybe the biggest impact I'd ever had on anyone's life, a moment that had a
woman walk up to a stranger four years later and say, "You've been an important
person in my life," was a moment that I didn't even remember.
How many of you guys have a lollipop moment, a moment where someone said or did
something that you feel fundamentally made your life better? All right. How many of
you have told that person they did it? See, why not? We celebrate birthdays, where all
you have to do is not die for 365 days --

Yet we let people who have made our lives better walk around without knowing it.
Every single one of you has been the catalyst for a lollipop moment. You've made
someone's life better by something you said or did. If you think you haven't, think of
all the hands that didn't go up when I asked. You're just one of the people who hasn't
been told.

It's scary to think of ourselves as that powerful, frightening to think we can matter that
much to other people. As long as we make leadership something bigger than us, as
long as we keep leadership beyond us and make it about changing the world, we give
ourselves an excuse not to expect it every day, from ourselves and from each other.
Marianne Williamson said, "Our greatest fear is not that we are inadequate. [It] is that
we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light and not our darkness that frightens
us." My call to action today is that we need to get over our fear of how extraordinarily
powerful we can be in each other's lives. We need to get over it so we can move
beyond it, and our little brothers and sisters and one day our kids -- or our kids right
now -- can watch and start to value the impact we can have on each other's lives, more
than money and power and titles and influence. We need to redefine leadership as
being about lollipop moments -- how many of them we create, how many we
acknowledge, how many of them we pay forward and how many we say thank you for.
Because we've made leadership about changing the world, and there is no world.
There's only six billion understandings of it.

And if you change one person's understanding of it, understanding of what they're
capable of, understanding of how much people care about them, understanding of how
powerful an agent for change they can be in this world, you've changed the whole
thing. And if we can understand leadership like that, I think if we can redefine
leadership like that, I think we can change everything. And it's a simple idea, but I
don't think it's a small one. I want to thank you so much for letting me share it with
you today.

新航道学霸学院 92