2 Ohm's Law,

lo determine resistance per cm ot agiven wire by plot\lng a graph ol potential dillerence versus current.

. \J , I ! '
Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, lead accumulator, experimental wire, plug key, connecting wires and metre scale.

Ohm's law states, "lf the physical conditions (temp. and shape etc.) of a conductor remain unchanged, the curren
In the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between its ends".
i.e., V a: i

or V = constant (R) ... (iJ

i
The constant R is called the resistance of the conductor. The value of resistance of a conductor depends upon th~
length I, the cross-sectional area A and the characteristics of the material of the wire. Relation (i) indicates that grap~
between V and i is n straight line. , l
.• '1

B K
~-~+ F-(•l--.....---CJ-VVV'I/V\NV'VV

Resistance Wire
...._____+~ ! \.=-:,__-.,.--~/V\JVV-,---+--'

Ammeter(A)

Voltmeter (V)

1. In series of given resistance wire, connect ammeter A, battery B, rheostat (Rh) and plug-key (K) (with• pluf
removed) (Fig. 2).
2. Connect a voltmeter in parnlle\ with the given resistance wire. While connecting ammeter and voltmeter, keel
in mind that their positive terminals are towards positive end of the battery and negative terminals towards the
negative end of the battery.
3. Record the least counts of ammeter and voltmeter.
 <j
Nootan Physics Lab Manual-Xll
4. Insert the plug in the key. The current begins to flow in th,
deflec6ons.
5. Using rheostat, decrease the value of current to a small value. h ¾"'O·t in the conduC,
value of potential difference V by voltmeter. Record the values In t.
~'if'

v,. ~7.
.(., ~ • in
~ i

Resistance Wire (R)

Lead Ace 8)

Plug Key (K)

Ammeter (A)

(Fig. 2. Working diagram)

6. Now, increase the value of current in the circuit in steps (using rheostat) and at every step (using rheostat), noJ
the values of i and V from the ammeter and voltmeter. In this way take 5-6 sets of observations.
7. Taking proper scale, plot the values of i on X-axis and values of potential difference Von Y-axis. The points th~
plotted are joined. The points will lie on a straight line. Fin,J the slope of the obtained line. The value of slopE
( ~) is equal to the resistance of given wire, i.e.,

V
R=-
i
8. Cut the given resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals. Make it straight and find its length by
metre s<;ale. I

v6ssERVATIONS
1. Table for V and i : l
Least count of ammeter =... A
Least count of voltmeter = ... V

Voltmeter Readings Ammeter Readings V

Resistance R = -
No. No.'i,of Value V (volts) No.of Currenti (amp.) i
~

Diris~ons Divisions L.C. Divislbns Divisions L.C. (ohm)

2. Length of the wire l =... cm

 -
Nootan Physics Lab Manual-XII I

tCUlATIO._.<i
1. For every set of observations, work out the value of~.
i

H
,. Graph between Current and Polenhal
2·8 Seale: ~ .
On X-aids, 1 Box • 0.04 amp
~!i On Y-axis 1 Box • 0 08 V .
:::--2·0 .
~
.s,_ ,.6
:::,.++- . p .
·!C: -
~
1·2 . ·~

~
t-0·8
. ''

A,4 .
I

0 0·2 1·4 u 6 t0·8 1·0 1· 2 l•t X

11

-curre nt I On ampere)
·~
(Fig, 3)
throug h origin.
2. The graph between V and i is a straight line passing
For any point P on the straight line V and i are
V = ...... volts and i = ...... amp.

The resistance R = ~ = ... ohm

i

The resistance per unit length is T = ...... ohm/cm.

r,f:.,U:.. t
1. Calculated value of ~ for all set of readings is
the same. Also, the graph between V and i is a straight line
I

passing through the origin. m.

2. The resistance per unit length of the given wire is •..... ohm/c

Pr: ounc ,~i so that current may not flow unnecessarily.

making connections, the plug of the key should be removed
1. While
l of time and after every observation, the plug should
2. Every time, the current should be passed for small interva
be removed otherwise the wire may get heated. that their positive terminals are toward the positive end
3. The ammeter and volcmeter should be connected such
.
of baaery and negative tenninals towards negative end of battery
ter in series with the resistance wire. •
4. The voltmeter must be connected in parallel and the amme
lower terminal and the other end to
s. To connect the rheostat in the circuit, one end should be connected to the
the sliding contact. the voltmeter should be measured.
6. The length of only that pan which is between the ends of

S~..,-''<~ OF ERRORS en two divisions. This will cause error in the result.
1. Sometimes the pointer of ammeter or the voltmeter lies betwe
this its resistance will increase slightly.
2. Due to flow of current, the wire may be heated up. Due to
 •

AIM
To determine the resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence determine the specific resistance of its material.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Meter bridge, Leclanche cell, resistance box, plug key, galvanometer, experimental wire and connecting wires.
 Nootan Physics Lab Manual-XII
P((INClf'LF.
The working of meter bridge
is based upon the principle of Wh
.......
..
In the bal~ced condition of the eatstone's bridge. -; \,
bridge :. (
I p
·- = -
Q s
R ••

tt
•
The resistanc~~ Pand Q are in riti A
~ of two parts of length l and 190
AC (divided by the jockey in bal - l of the wire
anced condition), i.e.,
-
P l
-=--
s Q 100 - l
The value of R is known and thu
s S is determined by
Rl
----
100 - l S
I• • -•• ,ltI
or 1
0

S = R( l0~ -1 ) ... (i)

If the length of the experiment
al wire is Land the radius is r,th
en
s = pJ :..
1tT2
where P is the specific ~esistance
of the material of the wire. Fro
m these
2
S • 1tr
p= --
L
Formulae (i) and (ii) are used
to determine Sand p.
•) DIAGRAM

Shunt Resistance wire

s
i)

p
14-----
t ;:- --- --- wl k-- -(i oo -t)
--- .R
-- -- -- -- -- 1+ '- J
~•J --- -~. :-- 1
Leclanche cell
Key I<

PROCEDURE
1. Make connections of the me
ter bridge as given in Fig. 2. The
to be determined is connected wire S whose resistance and spe
in the right gap between the 't cific resistance
box is connected in left gap. shaped strip and the straight stri
p. A res·
2. Check the correctness of
the connections. For this, app
the resist~ce box. Take the joc ly a resistance (say 2 or 3 ohm
key first near end A and then ) in the circuit
galvanometer ate observed in near end C of the wire. If the def
opposite directions in two cases, lections ill
3. Introduce proper resistance then the connections are correc
R from the res ce box in the circuit. Slide the t.
position where the galvanomete jockey on the wire and
r indicata (Tbe value of resistance R is so
position in the galvanometer is selected that th
obtaine iddlll the wire between 40 cm
and 60 cm.)
 nual-Xll 1'
Nootan Physics Lab Mo of e dis1:ince
:ke y on the sc: 1k Dc tcm1ine the value of I (1h
tion of jo.
i~tlnc-e R:1nJ th~ J'l.)Si
L. ~-" 't L~e, slu e,~ rc~ c-nJ .-\).
.,_..._i~ (') l:i t fo ~ the s of observations for
from the rcs ist an~ box, take 4 or 5 set
,R ... )
t ,-:tlues of R. (s.Jy R1, R: 3
,
S. ~- ~--~,ns .!ittercn
gauge respectively. The
1
It~ ) !1, '=• '3• •••). d the r3d ius r by meter scale and screw ,
l ,,ire :m
ti- ;x~r:ni~e the kl\
,.~h L of e~ m cn t3 lnr dir cc tillns at e,·el)' point.
nN in rwo perpend icu
n-!:us sh,·mlJ t-e dt'termi
I ◄
I

1. nhlc fur de
terminatio n of unknown resistan
---,.-----r-
- - - - - -R-{appllt'd from
- - - - - - -
ce S :
r -
_ 1(cm)
- -
s .. R ( - ' - = a
Ll'ngth (I) In Null
-, I
- - : - ) - (o-hm ) ,
100 10 0- 1
' (

\'alue or ) Posltlon(cm)
S.So. ~n cc bo x) (o hm

l.
l.

....

tal wire (L) = ... cm.

2. Len__\!th of experimen uge = ... cm
3.. Table for radius of
experimental wire : Least count of screw ga
e=± ... cm
Zero error of screw gaug

ing
Cr cu lar Scale Read Mean Corrected
Total Diameter D
Reading Observed r= -
Main Sa le No .o f Ma rk Reading D 2
a+ b Diameter
s. Dil'Ktionof Reading a Coinddlng b= px LC .
(cm) cm cm
~·o. Me ~r em en t (a n) with Base (cm)
Line (p)

L tt
t

2.

l. tt
t

t. . r· : . ; ,, .
wire is calculated usi
ng the formula •
ce of the given
The resistan
S = R( 10 ~ - ohm I)
10 0- 11 ) = ••• ohm
Si = R1 ( 11
f.or first set of observa
tions,

Similarly, s2 = ... = ... ohm

tions,
f.or second set of obser\'a s3 = ... = ... ohm
tions,
f.or tblrd set of observa
 \

U N~ Fhrsic.s Lab Mmms,\-Xll

tan
• R'l' fuutth Stt of Llh.~n~nons, s~ .......,ohm
'l 1'>r fifth Stt of O~"tn~uons, Ss " ... ... . ohm
Mts.n s, II~st...+.;;sl._+_ + s~
S3 _ __ + s$
_ l:: ,., 0h
0)
s
•"'c ttsist~nct of the mntcrinl of the wire
lb t~ is
l
S •ru-
P:. L :: ,.. ohm-cm

cc:-in L1S!ON
1 The resisunct of gi\'tn wire S= ... ohm
nnd the specific resistnnce of the ma
terial is ... olun-crn.
p"rr.MITIONS
1. The ends of connecting wires must be
denned by sand paper.
2• While making connections> the
circuit of Wheatstone's bridge must be
3• Plug k-ey must be use kept in mind.
d for the circuit. The plug should be
4• Shu_n~ should be us inserted only during the observatio~.
ed with galvanometer in the initial sta
posiuon. ge and should be removed while locati
ng the
s. The value of resistance R applied from the res 11111
obtained between 40 cm- 60 cm length istance bo x in the circu it mu st be such that the null
on the wire (to minimise the end corre
6. The jockey should not be in conti ction). ,
nuous contact of the wire because thi
7. The radius of the wire should be s may change the diameter of wile.
change the result. deter mi ne with great care because an error in this
measurement may ,
a. Toe length of experimental wire which is betw
calculations. een the connecting screws should be
measured and
9. The unused plugs in the resistan
ce box must remain tight.
10. Current should not be passed
for long time through the experimen
its resistance will change). tal wire (otherwise the wire will heat up
SOURCES OF ERRORS
.
1. Toe diameter of meter.bridge
wire may not be uniform throughout
2. Due to flow of current for som its length. .
e time, the wire may be heated and its
~esista _may chllangeibl•whereas
3. The resistance of copper stn•ps
fixed on the ends of the bridge wire is considnce
ered neg I e,
some finite resistance.
4. If the end of meter bridge wire th cal or the edge of the jockeY and~
do es no t coinc\de with mo ~~
scale)a then the observed gthe :fA~ and BC will be different frolD
(the position which is read on the
values.
 EXPERIMENT No. 3
AIM
using meter bridge.
lo verily the laws ot series and parallel combinations of resistances

APPARATUS REQUIRED
ce b,ox, Leclanche cell, plug key, two resistance wires and connecting wires
Meter bridge, galvanometer, resistan

PRINCIPLE
and R are connected in series, then their equivalent resistance is given by •
If two resistances R1 2
R=R1 +R2
and if the resistances are connected in parallel, then
1 1 1
- = - + -
R R1 R 2

R. = R1R2
or
R1 + R2
of the two wires are determined separately and also often combining them in series J
The values of resistances
parallel.
I 11 ~ooi-n rhY slos 1,1\l Manua\-Xll
,.,
f<l1 calcul11t1ons.OrrtSl~tnnct I1
ymrtt'r bridge, the formul
100 - I
a used is
R ■ R' • I
~r npp\led from reslstnnc
wht'rt R' Is thr rrsistnncc c box and I is length
of bridge wire (from
of gal\'snomet~.
one end) in th
e~
Ci"C'UIT DIAGRA
51 M
,d
lll B

,t
L
D

rs
lFlg, 1)
PROCEDURE
/
1. Complete the cir /
cuit of the meter
shown in Experiment bridge (as
No. 2). Resls\anC8 Box Shunt
2. Determine the va Resistance 'Nim
lues of resistances
the given wires sepa R1 , R2 of
rately by performin R1 Ra, Ra
experiments as explai g the
ned in Experiment
3. Now connect the w No. 2.
ires in series and the
wire in gap as show composite
n in Fig. 2. Determ
resistance R' of ine the r e -r -- --
Expmment 2. this composite wire by repeating ;p ~ -- -- ,: -, ~
" '-
~ -- -- -- _ _ ,. j
-- -- t- -- :- -- --
-- -- -- -+ •l i1 1 4 -- C t/ J
.& ), -- -1 1
4. Next connect th t- _ -- -- -.
.( (p ,) -. _
e wires in parallel Leclanche Cell .. .. ., ..
the composite wire in and connect Jockey K
the
the resistance (.R") of gap (Fig. 3). Determine (Fig. 2)
this composite wire
as in Experiment .No.
2.
Shunt Resistance wires
Resistance box
R1
, R• R, R1
R1+R2

p
,,,_ __ ., ~ -- C,
----1
1 -- (I O O -i 1J1-
- ~~
L -- -- -- -: + :c -❖·'----
-
tl ::
Leelanche cell Jockey K
(Flg, 3)
>
~
o-~·~ ~
l. ~h rt-sN R.:

Z!Dll- j.. 1DD-~ ~b iRI II ... J

IB,.=ai (Jiia } I
tmiit '1 <--I
' I
'l I

·'
J

~aec is2im L.Bt

wp(a lall}
~---~-
Rat r-a f"~ e,.
(cnl -
11l?J -~
(cm)
•2=~
,
l.N-' 2
~ -- 1-v ae• 11;
I {aala)

l.
~~

I
-
• a:,a,i r al. CJWIP {»S)P
l. 1z:?ie !Zr nssa, -
- - ....,-..w ,i :Je!:TP"fictr::101tlih8
l!m..:
"t

f.; __;;i. afYa e• tBAD-T .{ala ) Jli2D 'hhle olR

I -~= UfJ- T
=~ ,
I
,r •
e,. (~ f . . . .)
~J
I J

l
1.
l.
l.
,-4 _.m- ,. ~ _ _
• • a', e or- ou 1,.c.,w;,cl"? ~~-~_,,,. ,..,_:; ::1111zuccaz:a11 :
~ l:z::ie n- ress ~
0,.
~-~
--r.-: U,J
~-
_____________
- - -4-.

.Ilea v.dae al IL
Rei s!~· ·- Left: I l~lll lflll ftfir ' lMJ- l'
~(af w) I RI WP~r {alms)
(ca)
J
'
L
2.
.1.
I

.-
--

_J
 ~-•~ lab Manual-Xll

~LL l•--- ~::-: ::=~ ~r7r .~--- ----r ----- -...._

- F;speli.me ntal Value of Cal
Combintd Resisbnce (R'} cu1ated Value of Combined
~. {ohm} Resistance (ohm}
l
Difference ( h
5en'S ... 0 bi)
~
\\\lhin apmmental limits, ~e experimental and calculated values agree ---- ...
~--1-,in.,nm s of ttSistanctS are 1t-erified. • Thus the laws of .
~-
senesand
Plf(.AU"OONS
1. ~ em of amnecting wires m~ ~ cleaned by sand paper.
1. While making amnections, the cu:ont of Wheatstone's brid
3- P\ug key must be u.5ed for the circuit The plug should be . ge must be kept in mind.
• ff"ll"'""" •
4. Shunt should be med with l)CU•cwometer mthe initial stage inserted only d •
and h ul unng the observations.
position s o d be removed whil l
s. ibe value of resistance R applied • from the rPci~ e~~theexact
.. ce bo .
obtained between 40 an - 60 cm length on the Wire (to m·x m
_,&.J\.QU
. .
the cir ·
C\Ut must be such that th .
6. The jockey should not be in continuous contact of th . mbeuruse the end correction). e null poin
• • . e wue cause this .
7. 1'he radius of the wue should be dete~e With great be may change the diameter of lAn•
..l.-.no the result. care cause an error in this nue.
UICU-l.o~ • •
s. The length of expemnental wue which is between th measureme nt may gre
.
• e connectmg scr h
calculations. • ews s ould be measured and used
9. The unused plugs in the resistance box must remain tight.
10. Current should not be passed for long time through the experim tal . ( th .
its resistance will change). en wrre O el'WlSe the wire will heat up

L The diameter of meter bridge wire may not be uniform throughout its length.
2.. Due to flow of airrent for some time, the wire may be heated and its resistance may change.
3. Toe resistance of copper strips fixed on the ends of the bridge wire is considered negligible, whereas that ha
some finite resistance.
4 If the end of meter bridge wire does not coincide with zero on th~ scale or the edge of the jockey and its poin
• (the position which 15 read on the scale), then the observed length of AC and BC will be different from the a
values.
 Galv anom eter

determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and to find its figure of merit.

galvanometer, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a-accumulator, two resistance boxes, two one-way keys, connecting wires,
aper.

en a high resistance R is _connected in series with galvanometer of resistance G, the current through the
ometer is given by (key K2 is kept open and K1 is closed)
Ig = -E- ... (")
1
R+·G
here E =emf of the accumulator
R =resistance (high value) from the resistance box
d G =galvanometer resistance
8 is the deflection 1n galvanometer, then
lg= Ke ... (ii)
here K is figure of merit.
om Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
E = K0 ... (lll)
R+G
9
er inserting key K2 and adjusting the resistance of shunt S so that galvanometer shows half deflection i.e., 2 .

en current through galvanometer,

, = Ke ... (iv)
1
g 2

ce, G and S are parallel, the effective resistance R' is given by

1 1 1
- =-+-
R' G S

R' = GS •
G+S

tal resistance of the circuit =R+ GS . If current I is drawn from the battery, then
G+S
E
I= GS
R+--
G+S
 IJ
Noc 42
Re~ t through the galvanometer is given by
The curren 1g E S K8
1,· = GS X 05 2=
R+-
G+S
ES
or - - - - - =K8
-
R(G + S) + GS 2

_ _2ES
___ = K8
com or R(G + S) + GS
PRI Comparing Eqs. (iii) and (v),
E
- = - - 2ES
---
R+G R(G + S) + GS

On solving, G=~
R-S
figure of Merit : It is defined as the current, which produces a deflect
ion of one SCale
Thus,
I
K = J..
8

or K-(
R+G 8
E )1
C1r<cu1 r 01/\CP J\M

S01

I ~
R ai
0::

(Fig. 1)

Pt<<.;c.1: 1..11_rnr~
1. Draw the circuit diagram, as shown in Fig. 1.
2. Taking out plugs from the keys, complete the connections.
3. Introduce a high resistance in the circuit through the resistance box Rand then
Adjust the value of R to get almost full scale deflection in the galvan ome~
bric 4. Record the value of resistance R and deflection 8. .
5. Now, insert the key K2 also. Adjust the ~ c e S from.resistance box
previous deflection) in the galvanometer.
6. Record the deflection and the value of S.
7. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 by changing the value of resistance R (from R-8.
ti (}i:,".\E..RVA1 IONS
1. Least count of voltme ter= ......... volt
2. Zero error in voltmeter = ......... volt
 Noot an Physics Lab Manual
44
C1rtCUIT DIAGRAM
· shown m
• ammeter 1s · 2.
· the Fig.
The circuit diagram for conversion of galvanometer mto
-,--------
I 5
---, I

I Resistance I
w. I
r----+ --'--.. ..t a i----+----,
I
L---------A
Converted Ammeter
Constant A
Ammeter
r----- -,
I I
I I
---U Jt--- -1,.- -~·- ~ Rh
'l )< I
I
I
Battery L---'
Rheostat
(Fig. 2)

PROCEDURE
note the number of divisions (n) on ei1
1. For the given galvanometer (of given resistance and figure of merit),
side of zero mark.
this number of divisions by the figure of m
~- •Calculate the curren t lg for full scale deflection by multiplying
using
lg=nK
3. Determine the value of shunt to be connec ted in parallel of the galvanometer by the relation.
I
S = G • g ohm.
I-lg
uniform cross-section using screw gauge.
4. Determine the diame ter of the wire (to be used as shunt) having
a
S. Calculate the length l of the wire required for shunt by the formul
ru)2
l=S·-
4p
of standard values.
in which the .value of specific resistance p is taken from the table
slightly more than the calculated value. Lea11
6. The length of the resistance wire (to be used as shunt) is taken
on the ends is left for connecting to the bind
some length.on the ends, the exact length l is marked. The length
ter of required range is obtained.
screws. Thus, wire is connected with galvanometer and the amme
range I in series to converted ammeter. Ad~
7. To verify the conversion, connect a standard ammeter of same
standard ammeter (I') and conve rted amnu
the current in the circuit using the rheostat and take readings of
(i.e., the galvanometer I).

OBSERVATIONS
1. Resistance of galvanometer (G) = ... ohm.
2.. Figure of merit of galvanometer K =.... ampere/division.
3. No. of divisions on one side of zero mark of galvanometer n
= ...
4. Current for full scale deflection in galvanometer Cig) =nK ... ampere.
5. Range of converted amme ter i =... ampere. •
I
6. Required shunt resistance S = g x G = ... ohm.
I -lg .

7. Table for diameter (D) of wire :

Least count of screw gauge =... cm
Zero error of screw gauge =± ... cm
 7
1- on Physics Lab M an ua l-X ll
I N oo .- -
m f f ba tte ry = ... ... ... vo lt
d fig ur e of m er it :
• · O
3. e. om et er an
re si st an ce of ga lv an
4 _'Iable for D ef l ct l
D ef le ct io n 8
Value of e on e/2
~ - RS E
G= K=
I Sh un ts
s. Resistance
R (o hm ) O bs er ve d C or r1 ct ed (o hm ) O bs er ve ~
1•
Corre t:ted
' (o hm )
R -s
--
(~ +G )
(a m p/ di v. )

--
I

... ... ' ... ... I

1. ...
v)
... ... ...
z. .... ... ... ... ... '

3. I
... ... ... ...
4. m
-
-
lu e of re si st an ce of ga lv an om et er G = ... ... ... oh I
M ea n va
n va lu e of fig ur e of m er it K = ... ... .. ~ am p/ div.
M ea
I-
-· #
.·
.. ,

RE SU LT
nc e of gi ve n ga lv an om et er = ... ... ... oh m
Th e re sis ta div.
e of m er it of gi ve n ga lv an om et er = ... ... ... am p/
Th e fig ur

PR EC AU TI ON S
be tig ht an d cl ea n.
1. Th e co nn ec tio ns m us t
st an ce bo xe s tig ht . r w he n ke y K 2 is op en (a ...
2. Keep th e pl ug s of re si im um an d an ev en nu m be
ct io n in th e ga lv an om et er sh ou ld be ne ar ly m ax
3. Th e de fle
K 1 is cl os ed ). s
 ExPERil\tEN'I ' No. 7
AJH
To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into the ammeter of desired range and II

kPARATUS REQUIRED
·' Given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit), ammeter, plug key, battery, rheostat.
iii-ES, a const.antan or manganin wire, screw gauge, metre scale.

To convert a galvanometer into ammeter, a low resistance is connected in parallel

low resistance is called shunt). Let the resistance of galvanometer is G and the
required for its full deflection is lg- If the range of ammeter obtained (after
_....._·u,g shunt) is I and the resistance of shunt is S, then for potential difference
A andB, I
-
11 • G = (I - 11) • S

S=G-~
1-11

. s. ro'"2 rrD2
The length of shunt \\-ire l = - - = S • - -
p 4p

t-t-b.ere r is the radius and Dis the diameter of shunt wire. p is the specific resistance of the mat
 --7

0
Physics Lab Manual-XII 117
Adjust the height of screen such that the invened image of flame is formed on the screen.
Find out the approximate position of centr~ of curvature using relation r = 2f.
Displace the candle upright towards the pole of the mirror so that it lies between the focus 'F and centre of
, curvature 'C' of the mirror. · • •
1 Move the screen so that the image becomes sharp and note the position of uprights. Since the candle
(object)
; lies between C and F, therefore, a real invened and magnified image is formed beyond C (Fig. 2).
Repeat the experiment for two more different positions of the candle flame and observe the position, nature and
size (by pasting the graph paper on the screen). Record your observation as shown in table below.

,. :' -:-· ..
,-. 1 , -
-..... ·,-::.:
. . . ,..

,, nature and size of images formed _by a concave mirror :

Position of Nature of Image
Image Magnified or Diminished
Object _ • Real or Virtual Erect or Inverted
At Infinity At F Real Inverted Point image or highly diminished
Beyond C Between F and C Real Inverted Diminished
AtC AtC Real Inverted Same size
Between F and C BeyondC Real Inverted Magnified
AtF At infinity Real Inverted Magnified but blurred
~

Within F (Between Behind the mirroc Virtual Erect Highly magnified

FandPl
 .l\CTJ CITY 8
lain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.

ex lenses of different focal lengths, screen, optical bench with two uprights and meter scale.

n two lenses of focal lengths Ji and h are placed is contact, then focal length F of equivalent lens formed is
•
1 1 1
-=-+-
F F1 F2

irstly find the approximate focal length Ji of one of the lenses by making a sharp image of some distant object
n screen.
epeat the same process for the other lenses to find there approximate focal lengths.
r · N o9 ta n Physics
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