Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Investigation of pollution from moringa oil methyl ester (MOME) with

high ethanol mixes into internal combustion engines
Biswajeet Nayak a, Swarup Kumar Nayak b,⇑, Basanta Kumar Rana b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Nagaland, Chumukeidma, Dimapur, Nagaland 797103, India
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Ethanol’s significant cetane value plus total energy make it a good replacement fuel in conventional inter-
Available online xxxx nal combustion engines. A thorough examination of ethanol as that of an additive into internal combus-
tion engines is required. Throughout this experiment, pure moringa oil methyl ester is mixed with
Keywords: varying amounts of ethanol in a stationary diesel engine to examine overall pollution attributes.
Ethanol Traditional esterification has been employed to synthesize moringa oil methyl ester. The primary goal
Moringa oil of this research would be to lower the different pollutants exempted from moringa biofuel by adding
Esterification
ethanol. By adding ethanol in various amounts, the above research demonstrates a substantial decrease
Performance
Emission
throughout all pollutants correlated to moringa oil methyl ester.
Diesel engine Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Materials Innovation and Sustainable Manufacturing.

1. Introduction the impact introducing octanol to soybean biodiesel at 2 wt% and

discovered a 3% decline in Nitrogen oxides [10]. Ishida reduced
The globe is now dealing with biodiversity loss including fossil NOx by 2.2% and aerosols by 1.7% by adding 4% v/v of n-
fuel depletion. Numerous investigations have been undertaken in octanol to diesel + ethanol in internal combustion engines [11].
an effort to locate an alternative for conventional fuels. Biofuel Deep examined the impact of injecting 10–40 vol% of octanol
ignition inside a diesel engine decreases harmful pollutants [1,2]. mixed diesel into internal combustion engines and discovered
As a result, running biofuel into current conventional internal com- 0.7%, 1.4%, and 1.5% reductions in CO, NOx, and smoke opacity [12].
bustion engines would improve the environment by lowering the
amount of greenhouse gases [3]. Biofuel has various disadvantages,
including increased viscosity, poor cold flow characteristics, and 2. Objective of the present research
significant Nitrogen oxide. NOX is emitted throughout ignition, as
well as the primary process involved in NOx generation seems to According to the scientific assessment, there has been an ongo-
be the fuel, heat, as well as rapid NO synthesis [4]. Numerous ing endeavor across the globe to examine the performance as well
research have demonstrated that using biodiesel inside an engine as the emission characteristics for diesel engines powered by bio-
produces greater NOx emissions [5,6,7]. Bora discovered that fuels. There has been no research upon the performance and emis-
greater oxygen concentration in gasoline generate additional heat sion assessment of moringa oil methyl ester with high ethanol
inside the combustor during the pre-mixed stage, hence con- mixed into diesel engine. As the oil produced from Moringa is
tributes significantly to increased NOx [8]. According to Vibhanshu, affordable that has no impact on the environment, biofuel has.
one of primary contributors of rise in NOX emissions is indeed the been obtained off it in the current research. Minimal investiga-
formation of acetylene via transesterification process. To minimize tion has been conducted to investigate the influence of high etha-
the drawbacks of biofuel, higher cognitive oxidizing agents are nol blends on diesel engine’s overall performance powered by
introduced for reducing emissions [9]. McCormick investigated moringa oil methyl ester. In the current research, 5%, 10%, and
15% ethanol blended with varied moringa biodiesel-diesel mixes,
have been assessed upon a diesel engine at different loading condi-
⇑ Corresponding author. tions. As a result, an effort was undertaken to examine the diesel
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Kumar Nayak). engine’s efficiency and emission attributes when powered by mor-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.484
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Innovation and Sustainable Manufacturing.

Please cite this article as: B. Nayak, S. Kumar Nayak and B. Kumar Rana, Investigation of pollution from moringa oil methyl ester (MOME) with high ethanol
mixes into internal combustion engines, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.484
B. Nayak, S. Kumar Nayak and B. Kumar Rana Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

inga oleifera-ethanol–diesel blends in various proportions with of O2 with moringa oil methyl ester, CO substantially lower in con-
respect to diesel. trast to conventional fuel throughout all workloads. The CO emis-
sion from moringa oil methyl ester decreases as the
3. Materials and methods ethanol content increases. By adding ethanol to moringa methyl
ester at 5%, 10%, and 15% v/v, CO emissions are decreased by
3.1. Physio-chemical properties of test fuel 5.2%, 6.3% and 7.1%, respectively, owing to faster combustion.
The oxygen molecules present in ethanol increase oxygen concen-
Moringa tree is a member of the Moringaceae family. This is a tration throughout ignition [15–17]. At higher loads, CO emissions
fastest growing, drought resistant tree found in the subcontinent for D100, M05E05-D90; M10E10-D90 and M15E15-D80 are 4.5 g/
region. It reaches a height of 40 feet and grows rapidly. As such kWh, 4.2 g/kWh, 3.85 g/kWh and 3.54 g/kWh correspondingly.
result, there exists an abundance of moringa oil supply, that might
be viewed as a possible contender as renewable fuels. Furthermore, 4.2. Hydrocarbon
commoditizing the utilization of moringa oils like a renewable fuel
would enhance the national as well as regional farming activities. Fig. 4 depicts the variation throughout unburned hydro carbon
Table 1 shows the lipids contents of moringa oil. under loads with moringa oil methyl ester and conventional fuel.
Because of the extra oxygen inside the gasoline, HC emissions via
3.2. Ethanol as additive moringa biodiesel fuel significantly lesser compared to those from
petroleum diesel [18–19]. The HC emissions from mahua oil bio-
Ethanol is indeed a long - chain unsaturated alcohol produced diesel decreases as the octanol concentration increases. By adding
through esters biosynthesis. A regional source provided reagent octanol to moringa biodiesel fuel at 5%, 10% and 15% v/v, HC emis-
grade ethanol with a concentration of 988.8%. The ethanoic acid sions are decreased by 4.7%, 5.2% and 5.9%, respectively, due to
as well as aqueous content of ethanol were 0.008% & 0.3%, improved engine performance as well as complete burning of the
respectively. fuel [20–22]. At higher loads, HC emissions for D100, M05E05-
D90; M10E10-D90 and M15E15-D80 are 0.4 g/kWh, 0.36 g/kWh,
3.3. Preparation of moringa oil methyl ester 0.34 g/kWh and 0.31 g/kWh correspondingly.

The esterification reaction method converts moringa oil into 4.3. Oxides of nitrogen
moringa biodiesel fuel. Ethanol to moringa oil has a mole fraction
of 5:1. Throughout this work, NaOH is utilised like a catalysis in a Fig. 5 depicts the variation in NOX emissions with relation to
1 wt% comprising oil plus ethanol. Over 60 min, the complete mix- loads for moringa oil methyl ester and conventional fuel. Because
ture is warmed to 70 degrees Centigrade. This top surface is 100% increased oxygen concentration accelerates the burning rate and
moringa oil methyl ester whereas the bottom layer comprises glyc- boosts the temperature, NOX emissions are increased in moringa
erine. Table 2 summarizes the parameters of moringa oil methyl oil methyl ester and ethanol blends in contrast to conventional
ester that have been computed using ASTM standards. fuel [23,24]. The ethanol component of moringa methyl ester in-
creases NOX emissions. By adding ethanol to moringa oil methyl
3.4. Experimental setup and experimentation ester at 5%, 10% and 15% v/v, NOX emissions are increases by
3.1%, 4.8% and 5.3%, respectively. This seems to be owing to the
In this investigation, an Kirloskar TV1, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, ver- higher combustion flame temperature caused by the addition of
tical water cooled, direct injection diesel engine was being ethanol, which produces a maximum in-cylinder flame tempera-
employed. Fig. 1 depicts the configuration of the arrangement ture throughout ignition thereby causing increase in NOx emission
used. Table 3 shows the performance details of test engine used [20,22,24]. At higher loads, NOx emissions for D100, M05E05-D90;
in current research. The engine speed was kept at 1500 rpm M10E10-D90 and M15E15-D80 are 13.39 ppm, 13.76 ppm,
throughout the experiment. Table 4 displays the technical specifi- 14.49 ppm, and 15.51 ppm correspondingly.
cations of the instruments used in this investigation. The approach
described by Nayak et al., [14] was used to evaluate uncertainties
4.4. Smoke density
across all emissions. Fig. 2 showcase the instruments used to mea-
sure the greenhouse gases and smoke opacity. Table 5 briefly elab-
Fig. 6 depicts the variation in smoke opacity under loads for
orated the complete specification of AVL 444 gas analyzer and AVL
pure diesel, M05E05-D90, M10E10-D80 and M15E15-D70 respec-
437C smoke meter.
tively. Because of the natural O2 concentration in moringa oil
methyl ester and ethanol blends, smoke opacity significantly lower
4. Results and discussion than the corresponding conventional fuel throughout all work-
loads. The amount of smoke opacity produced by moringa bio-
4.1. Carbon monoxide fuel decreases as the ethanol level increases. Smoke opacity are
lowered by adding ethanol additive to moringa methyl ester at
Fig. 3 depicts the variation in emissions of carbon monoxide 5%, 10% and 15% v/v, smoke opacity are decreased by 1.89%,
with loads across all fuel blends. Because of the significant supply 2.23% and 2.94%, respectively. Abundant O2 content in ethanol -
boost oxygen levels throughout burning thus slow down the soot
Table 1
production [25,26]. At higher loads, smoke opacity for D100,
Free fatty acid composition of Moringa oil [13]. M05E05-D90; M10E10-D90 and M15E15-D70 are found to be
1.53 HSU, 1.24 HSU, 1.09 HSU and 0.94 HSU correspondingly.
S.No Fatty acid profile Composition details
1. Palmitic acid 5.44%
2. Oleic acid 79.50% 5. Conclusions
3. Stearic acid 6.00%
4. Palmitic acid 6.40% The results obtained are presented after infusing ethanol in pro-
5. Margaric acid 0.66%
portions of 5%, 10% and 15% v/v into moringa oil methyl ester.
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B. Nayak, S. Kumar Nayak and B. Kumar Rana Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Physio-chemical characteristics of moringa oil methyl ester as per ASTM D6751 standards.

Properties tested M05E05-D90 M10E10-D80 M15E15-D70 Ethanol Diesel ASTM D6751

Density @ 30 °C (gm/cc) 0.826 0.842 0.866 0.818 0.804 D4052
Heating Value (MJ/kg) 40.14 39.63 38.72 36.52 42.88 D240
Cetane Number 52 52 51 40 46 D976
Flash Point (°C) 90 98 130 80 50 D93
Fire Point (°C) 102 107 151 94 62 D93
Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/sec) 3.41 3.96 4.10 7.13 2.4 D445

Fig. 1. Layout sketch of the experimental test-rig.

Table 3 Table 5
Test Engine Specification. Specification of AVL 444 gas analyzer and AVL 437C smoke meter.

Engine specification details Parameters Measurement (AVL 444) Resolution

Engine make and model Kirloskar Make & Model TV1 CO (0–15% vol.) 0.01% vol.
No. of strokes and cylinder 04 & 01 HC (0–10000 ppm vol.) 1 ppm / 10 ppm
Rated power @ speed 5.02 kW@1500 rpm CO2 (0–20% vol.) 0.1% vol.
Stroke  Bore 110 mm  87.5 mm NOx (0–6000 ppm vol.) 1 ppm vol.
Compression ratio 17.5:1 O2 (0–25% vol.) 0.01% vol.
Injector opening pressure 200 bar Specification of AVL 437C smoke meter Specification Details
Injection timing 21°bTDC Measuring range 0–100 HSU
No. of nozzle holes 03 (0.2 mm) Smoke temperature 250 °C
Ambient temperature 0–50 °C
Humidity 90%@50 °C
Principle Light absorption
Table 4
Technical specifications of the instruments used in this investigation.

Measuring quantity Measuring Range Accuracy Uncertainties (%)

 The amount of ethanol throughout the blending reduces carbon
Carbon monoxide 0–15% vol. ± 0.02% ± 0.5 monoxide emissions. While contrasted with conventional diesel
Oxides of nitrogen 0–5000 ppm ± 10.0 ppm ± 0.4 fuel i.e. D100, moringa oil methyl ester-ethanol–diesel blends
Hydrocarbon 0–20000 ppm ± 10.0 ppm ± 0.2
Smoke opacity – ± 0.01% ± 1.0
i.e. M05E05-D90; M10E10-D80 and M15E15-D70 reduced total
carbon monoxide emissions by 5.2%, 6.3% and 7.1%, respectively
at peak loading condition of 5.03 kW

Fig. 2. Photo of the AVL 444 di-gas analyzer and AVL 437C smoke meter.

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B. Nayak, S. Kumar Nayak and B. Kumar Rana Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

5
4.5

Carbon monoxide (g/kW-h)

4
3.5
3
2.5
2 D100
1.5 M05E05-D90
1 M10E10-D80
0.5 M15E15-D70
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 3. Variation in emissions of carbon monoxide with loads across all fuel blends.

0.6

0.5
Hydrocarbon (g/kW-h)

0.4

0.3
D100
0.2
M05E05-D90
0.1 M10E10-D80
M15E15-D70
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 4. Variation in emissions of hydrocarbon with loads across all fuel blends.

18
16
Oxides of nitrogen (ppm)

14
12
10
8
D100
6
M05E05-D90
4
M10E10-D80
2
M15E15-D70
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 5. Variation in emissions of oxides of nitrogen with loads across all fuel blends.

 The amount of ethanol throughout the blending reduces  The amount of ethanol throughout the blending reduces oxides
unburnt hydrocarbon emissions. While contrasted with con- of nitrogen emissions. While contrasted with conventional die-
ventional diesel fuel i.e. D100, moringa oil methyl ester- sel fuel i.e. D100, moringa oil methyl ester-ethanol–diesel
ethanol–diesel blends i.e. M05E05-D90; M10E10-D80 and blends i.e. M05E05-D90; M10E10-D80 and M15E15-D70 leads
M15E15-D70 reduced total unburnt hydrocarbon emissions to an increment in total oxides of nitrogen emissions by
by 4.7%, 5.2% and 5.9%, respectively at peak loads of 5.02 kW, 3.55%, 8.21% and 15.83%, respectively at peak loading condition
due to improved engine performance as well as complete burn- of 5.03 kW
ing of the fuel.

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B. Nayak, S. Kumar Nayak and B. Kumar Rana Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

1.8
1.6
1.4

Smoke opacity (HSU)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6 D100
M05E05-D90
0.4
M10E10-D80
0.2
M15E15-D70
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Brake power (kW)

Fig. 6. Variation in emissions of smoke density with loads across all fuel blends.

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