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    ‎⁨عرض تقديمي (6)⁩

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    ‎⁨عرض تقديمي (6)⁩

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    0 views13 pages

    ‎⁨عرض تقديمي (6)⁩

    Uploaded by

    maa7654

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    GENE CLASSES

    MUTATION
    INVOLVED IN
    CARCINOGENESIS

    Meshary Rawaf 202221005


    Mahdi Alkhalaf 202221017
    Objectives

    1:Four classes of normal regulatory genes.


    2:The main classes of gene in carcinogenesis
    3:The three types of cancer genes.
    Introduction
    Cancer is a complex disease caused by a series
    of mutations that transform normal cells into
    cancer cells.
    The Four Classes of
    Normal Regulatory Genes
    1:Proto-oncogenes
    2:Tumor suppressor genes
    3:DNA repair genes
    4:apoptosis
    Oncogenes are genes
    that, when mutated,
    have the potential to
    cause normal cells to
    become cancerous.

    Proto-oncogenes are
    normal genes that
    can become
    oncogenes due to
    mutations or
    increased expression
    2. II Tumor suppressor genes: These genes regulate cell
    growth and promote cell death. Mutations that inactivate
    them can lead to unchecked cell proliferation and cancer.
    3:DNA repair genes: Responsible for fixing DNA damage, mutations in these
    genes can result in genetic instability and increased cancer risk.
    1. Initiation: It begins with genetic mutations in normal
    cells, often triggered by carcinogens like chemicals,
    radiation, or viruses. These mutations can activate
    oncogenes (genes that promote cell growth) or
    deactivate tumor suppressor genes (genes that
    inhibit cell growth), setting the stage for abnormal
    cell behavior.

    2. Promotion: In this stage, the initiated cells undergo


    further proliferation due to exposure to promoting
    agents. These agents encourage the expansion of
    the initiated cell population, leading to the formation
    of pre-cancerous lesions or tumors.

    3. Progression: The progression stage involves the


    development of malignant characteristics in the cells.
    This includes traits such as invasiveness (the ability
    to invade nearby tissues) and metastatic potential
    (the ability to spread to distant organs). Additional
    genetic mutations and alterations in the tumor
    microenvironment contribute to the progression of
    cancer.
    The Three Categories of Cancer Genes

    1:OncogenesThese pivotal genes propel rampant cell


    growth and division, functioning as accelerators in
    cancer development. Mutations within them ignite
    cell growth pathways, driving the uncontrolled
    proliferation seen in cancer cells.
    2. Tumor Suppressor GenesEssential guardians against
    cancer, these genes apply the brakes on cell growth
    and division. When mutated, they lose their ability to
    suppress tumor formation, opening the floodgates for
    unbridled cellular proliferation.
    3. DNA Repair GenesThe custodians of genomic integrity,
    these genes mend errors arising during DNA
    replication. Mutations within them disrupt this repair
    process, resulting in heightened DNA damage
    accumulation. Such genetic chaos paves the path for
    the acquisition of further mutations, fostering the
    progression towards cancerous states.
    Summary
    Cancer dynamics are governed by four key
    gene classes: proto-oncogenes, tumor
    suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and
    cell cycle control genes.

    Carcinogenesis unfolds in three stages:


    initiation, promotion, and progression.

    The main types of cancer genes are


    oncogenes (stimulate cell growth), tumor
    suppressor genes (inhibit abnormal
    growth), and DNA repair genes (maintain
    genomic stability).
    A 10-year-old boy, the second child of a consanguineous marriage, presents with extreme
    sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), conjunctivitis, and pigmentary changes on his
    head, face, neck, and hands. At age 8, he developed squamous cell carcinoma on the left
    nasolabial fold, which was surgically removed. Fortunately, he does not have any
    developmental or neurological disorders. He is currently alive and well, with no signs of
    cancer recurrence or metastasis.
    1. What is the likely diagnosis for the boy's condition?
    . - A. Vitiligo
    - B. Albinism
    - C. Xeroderma Pigmentosum
    - D. Melanoma

    2. What is a significant risk factor for the boy's condition?


    - A. Exposure to secondhand smoke
    - B. Consanguineous marriage
    - C. High-altitude living
    - D. A diet high in processed foods

    3. What type of cancer did the boy develop at age 8?


    - A. Basal cell carcinoma
    - B. Melanoma
    - C. Squamous cell carcinoma
    - D. Leukemia
    Reference

    1. “The Biology of Cancer” by Robert Weinberg

    2. “Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology” edited by


    Vincent T. DeVita Jr. et al.

    3. “Molecular Biology of Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets, and


    Therapeutics” by Lauren Pecorino
    THANK YOU
    FOR
    LISTENING

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