Oncogenesis Topic by Laraib Fiaz

WELCOME TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
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GROUP 5:
PRESENTATION TOPIC:
FACTOR AFFECTING GROWTH AND
ONCHOGENESIS
PRESENTED TO : MAM FATIMA FAZAL
Group members:
 Laraib Fiaz 4014
 Eman Rashid 4015
 Saman Waseem 4016
 Urooj 4017
 Noor ul ain 4018 2

ONCOGENESIS
Presented by: Laraib Fiaz
Rollno: 4014
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Oncogenesis:
 Derived from Latin word “onco”- means Tumor and “genesis”- formation\
beginning.
 Also called carcinogenesis or tumorigenesis whereby normal cells are transformed

into cancer cells.
 Study of cancer- called as oncology.
 Cell or group of cells begin to abnormally grow and divide in an unchecked way.
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Abnormal, unregulated and uncontrolled growth of cells – result is lumps or mass of cells called
cancer.
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Classification of Tumor:
A tumor is an abnormal lump or growth of cells that may resemble swelling.
Tumor have two basic types:
 Benign Tumors: Noncancerous

 Malignant Tumors: Cancerous
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Benign Tumors: Noncancerous Malignant Tumors: Cancerous
Cells tend not to spread Cells can spread
Most grow slowly Grow rapidly
Non invasive Invasive
Capsulated Non capsulated
Cells have normal shape Abnormal shape
May not require treatment if not May require aggressive treatment,

health-threatening including surgery, radiation,
chemotherapy, and immunotherapy
medications
Example: Fibroids in the uterus or lipomas Example: breast cancer

are examples of benign tumors.
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Proto-oncogene
 A proto-oncogene is a normal gene found in the cell.
 A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or
increased expression.
 Mutated version of a proto-oncogene is called an oncogene.
 Acquiring an activating mutation, a proto-oncogene becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an
oncogene.
Function of proto-oncogene:
 stimulating cell division
 promoting the differentiation
 regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis).

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 involved in signal transduction.
A proto-oncogene can’t cause cancer unless a mutation occurs in the gene that turns it into
an oncogene.
 There are at least three different types of gain-of-function mutations that can cause a
proto-oncogene to become an oncogene:
 Point mutation: This mutation alters, inserts, or deletes only one or a few nucleotides in
a gene sequence, in effect activating the proto-oncogene.
 Gene amplification: This mutation leads to extra copies of the gene.
 Chromosomal translocation: This is when the gene is relocated to a new chromosomal

site that leads to higher expression.
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Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
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 An oncogene is a gene that when mutated or expressed at abnormally-high levels contributes
to converting a normal cell into a cancer cell.
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Classification:
There are several systems for classifying oncogenes that produce abnormal onco-proteins which in
result cause cancer.
Category Examples Cancers Gene functions
Growth factor, or glioblastomas, fibro- induces cell

mitogens sarcomas, proliferation
C-sis osteosarcomas, breast
carcinomas.
Transcription myc gene Pancreatic cancer, regulate transcription
factors breast cancer. of genes that induce
cell proliferation.
Regulatory GTPases Ras protein adenocarcinomas of involved in signaling

the pancreas and a major pathway
colon, thyroid leading to cell
tumors. proliferation.
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Tumor suppressor gene:
 Tumor suppressor genes are normal gene that slow down cell division, repair DNA
mistake, or tell the cells what is right time for apoptosis.
 A tumor suppressor gene is like the brake pedal on a car. It normally keeps the cell from
dividing too quickly.
 When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, it results in a loss or reduction in its function.
 Tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are inactivated (turned off).
 Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) can be grouped into the following categories:
a. Caretaker gene
b. Gatekeeper genes
c. landscaper genes. 16
 Caretaker Gene:
Caretaker genes are involved in the maintenance of the genome stability and include
genes implicated in DNA repair.
Example:
BRCA1/BRCA2 genes function more as caretakers.
 Gatekeeper Genes:
Gatekeeper genes inhibit cell growth or induce apoptosis.
Example:
Rb, APC, and p53 function as gatekeepers.
 Landscaper Gene:
landscaper genes regulate growth by contributing to the surrounding environment, when
mutated can cause an environment that promotes unregulated proliferation.
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p53 gene:
 p53, also known as TP53 or tumor protein is a gene that codes for a protein that regulates
the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppression.
 The human p53 gene is located on the seventeenth chromosome (17p13.1).
 The p53 protein is the product of p53 gene.
 P represent –protein and 53- weight of the protein, 53 kDa.
 Guardian of the genome", referring to its role in conserving stability by preventing genome
mutation.
Function of p53 gene:
 Regulation of Cell cycle

 DNA repair
 Apoptosis
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References:
 Adamson, E. D. Oncogenes in development. Development 99, 449–471 (1987).

 Druker, B. J. Perspectives on the development of a molecularly targeted agent.
Cancer Cell 1, 31–36 (2002).
 Thomas, R. K., et al. High-throughput oncogene mutation profiling in human
cancer. Nature Genetics 39, 347–351 (2007).
 Strachan T, Read AP. (1999). Human Molecular Genetics 2. Ch. 18, Cancer
Genetics.
 Rous, P. Transmissible avian neoplasm (Sarcoma of the common fowl). Journal
of Experimental Medicine 12, 696–705 (1910)
 Isobe M, Emanuel BS, Givol D, Oren M, Croce CM (1986). "Localization of gene
for human p53 tumour antigen to band 17p13". Nature. 320 (6057): 84–5.
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ANY
QUESTION….?
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WELCOME TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

 Laraib Fiaz 4014

 Eman Rashid 4015

 Saman Waseem 4016

 Noor ul ain 4018 2

 Also called carcinogenesis or tumorigenesis whereby normal cells are transformed

 Study of cancer- called as oncology.

A tumor is an abnormal lump or growth of cells that may resemble swelling.

Tumor have two basic types:

 Benign Tumors: Noncancerous

Cells tend not to spread Cells can spread

Most grow slowly Grow rapidly

Non invasive Invasive

Capsulated Non capsulated

Cells have normal shape Abnormal shape

May not require treatment if not May require aggressive treatment,

Example: Fibroids in the uterus or lipomas Example: breast cancer

 A proto-oncogene is a normal gene found in the cell.

 A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or

 Mutated version of a proto-oncogene is called an oncogene.

 Acquiring an activating mutation, a proto-oncogene becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an

 stimulating cell division

 promoting the differentiation

 regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis).

 Gene amplification: This mutation leads to extra copies of the gene.

 Chromosomal translocation: This is when the gene is relocated to a new chromosomal

Category Examples Cancers Gene functions

Growth factor, or glioblastomas, fibro- induces cell

Regulatory GTPases Ras protein adenocarcinomas of involved in signaling

mistake, or tell the cells what is right time for apoptosis.

dividing too quickly.

 Tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are inactivated (turned off).

the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppression.

 The human p53 gene is located on the seventeenth chromosome (17p13.1).

 The p53 protein is the product of p53 gene.

 P represent –protein and 53- weight of the protein, 53 kDa.

 Regulation of Cell cycle

 Adamson, E. D. Oncogenes in development. Development 99, 449–471 (1987).

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