Phylum Mollusca (Snail)

FACULTY OF EARTH SCIENCE
NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCE PROGRAM
ENE 2233 INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY

LAB 3 : PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (SNAIL)
MUHAMAD NIZAM BIN E21A0761

ISMAIL
MUHAMAD FIKRI BIN E21A0519

MOHD KORI
NURAFIQAH AMIRAH BINTI E21A0782
NAME & MATRIC NO. ISMAIL
NURHIDAYAH MAISARAH E21A0786

BINTI ZULFIKAR
AISHA SHAHIRAH BINTI E21A0740
AZLI
LECTURER NAME DR. KAMARUL ARIFFIN BIN KAMBALI @ HAMBALI

DATE OF SUBMISSION 18 DECEMBER 2022
ENE 2233 INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 18 DECEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION 1-3
2. OBJECTIVES 3
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4
4. RESULTS 5-10
5. DISCUSSION 11-18
6. CONCLUSION 19
7. REFERENCES 20-25
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The class snails, slugs, oysters, clams, squid, and cuttlefish are examples of mollusca.
Most molluscs are found in the ocean. Mollusks can be found in both freshwater and terrestrial
environments. Despite having soft bodies, the majority of them have calcium carbonate-based
hard protective shells. Slugs, cuttlefish, and cuttlefish have inner shells with less protection.
Gastropods, which include snails, are a group of animals that live in freshwater, saltwater, and on
land. On the tentacles, shell, mouth, and legs, they feature a pair of eyes. They are heterosexual
beings. Land snails consume algae, fungus, and plants.
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the
members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs
are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional
species. The proportion of undescribed species is very high. Many taxa remain poorly studied.
Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine
organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. They are highly
diverse, not just in size and anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and habitat. The phylum
is typically divided into 7 or 8 taxonomic classes, of which two are entirely extinct. Cephalopod
molluscs, such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses, are among the most neurologically advanced
of all invertebrates and either the giant squid or the colossal squid is the largest known
invertebrate species. The gastropods (snails and slugs) are by far the most numerous molluscs
and account for 80% of the total classified species. The three most universal features defining
modern molluscs are a mantle with a significant cavity used for breathing and excretion, the
presence of a radula (except for bivalves), and the structure of the nervous system. Other than
these common elements, molluscs express great morphological diversity, so many textbooks
base their descriptions on a "hypothetical ancestral mollusc" (see image below). This has a single,
"limpet-like" shell on top, which is made of proteins and chitin reinforced with calcium
carbonate, and is secreted by a mantle covering the whole upper surface. The underside of the
animal consists of a single muscular "foot". Although molluscs are coelomates, the coelom tends
to be small. The main body cavity is a hemocoel through which blood circulates; as such, their
circulatory systems are mainly open. The "generalized" mollusc's feeding system consists of a
rasping "tongue", the radula, and a complex digestive system in which exuded mucus and
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microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called cilia play various important roles. The generalized
mollusc has two paired nerve cords, or three in bivalves. The brain, in species that have one,
encircles the esophagus. Most molluscs have eyes, and all have sensors to detect chemicals,
vibrations, and touch. The simplest type of molluscan reproductive system relies on external
fertilization, but more complex variations occur. Nearly all produce eggs, from which may
emerge trochophore larvae, more complex veliger larvae, or miniature adults. The coelomic
cavity is reduced. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion.
Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves in the
Cambrian period, 541 – 485.4 million years ago. However, the evolutionary history of both
molluscs' emergence from the ancestral Lophotrochozoa and of their diversification into the
well-known living and fossil forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists.
Molluscs have been and still are an important food source for anatomically modern humans.
Toxins that can accumulate in certain molluscs under specific conditions create a risk of food
poisoning, and many jurisdictions have regulations to reduce this risk. Molluscs have, for
centuries, also been the source of important luxury goods, notably pearls, mother of pearl, Tyrian
purple dye, and sea silk. Their shells have also been used as money in some preindustrial
societies. A handful of mollusc species are sometimes considered hazards or pests for human
activities. The bite of the blue-ringed octopus is often fatal, and that of Octopus apollyon causes
inflammation that can last over a month. Stings from a few species of large tropical cone shells
can also kill, but their sophisticated, though easily produced, venoms have become important
tools in neurological research. Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis, or snail
fever) is transmitted to humans by water snail hosts, and affects about 200 million people. Snails
and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests, and accidental or deliberate introduction of some
snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some ecosystems.
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The snail life cycle varies between species, with some requiring sexual reproduction and
others reproducing through self-fertilization. In those where sexual reproduction is necessary,
two adult snails--both of whom usually have both male and female reproductive organs--will
mate and both will produce fertilized eggs. The eggs are deposited into the soil and will remain
there for about four weeks before hatching. The larvae have a shell at birth, but must quickly
consume calcium to make the shell grow hard. The snail will continue to mature and in most
species doesn't reach sexual maturity for a couple of years.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
2.1 To recognise a snail's exterior morphology.
2.2 To identify the external morphology of different snail shell types.
2.3 To ascertain whether a snail reacts to light or shade.
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3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
❖ Snail
❖ Shells of snail
❖ A4 papers (white)
❖ 2B pencil
❖ 1 piece of transparency film
❖ Black construction paper
❖ Permanent marker pen
❖ Spring water
❖ Flashlight
Methods
For morphology of snails, the snail experiment was observed in the laboratory of the
Faculty of Earth Science. Snails' external morphology was also examined and labeled in the
diagram. The morphology has been drawn from both the ventral and lateral perspectives.
The shells of two snails were observed based on the external morphology of two types of
shells. In the diagram, the observation was drawn and labeled. The contrasts between the shells
were highlighted in the discussion.
For the experiment in response to light and shade, a line was drawn across the center of a
transparency film with a permanent marker and a ruler. The marked side has been laid down. The
snails were placed on the line with their bodies oriented along the line. Spring water was
delicately misted on the transparency film. The transparency film was then rolled into a tube 4 to
5 cm in diameter and secured with a rubber band. The black construction paper was rolled
swiftly over one half of the tube and once again fastened it with a rubber band. The tube was
then positioned beneath the lights. For 10 minutes, the snail's behavior was recorded at 1-minute
intervals. The movement's direction was recorded. The snail which moved toward the bright side
was clearly stated as "+" and the snail which moved toward the dark side was stated as "-". The
experiment was repeated with two snails.
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4.0 RESULTS
Picture 1: Land Snail
Picture 2: External Morphology of Land Snail
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Picture 3: Ventral of Land Snail
Picture 4: Lateral of Land Snail
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Picture 5 : External Morphology of Land Snail Shell
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Picture 6: Giant African Snail
Picture 7: Structure of Giant African Snail
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Picture 8: Ventral View of Giant African Snail
Picture 9: Lateral View of Giant African Snail
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Picture 10: External Morphology of Giant African Snail’s Shell
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5.0 DISCUSSION
Based on the result, there were many morphologies on the land snail namely whorl, shell,
pneumostome, mantle, head, eyes, upper tentacles, lowered tentacle, mouth, and foot. All those
structures had their own functions. According to Janssen Ari (2007), whorls are the single,
complete 360° revolution or turn in the spiral growth of a mollusc shell. A spiral configuration of
the shell is found in numerous gastropods, but it is also found in shelled cephalopods including
Nautilus, Spirula and the large extinct subclass of cephalopods known as the ammonites. The
function of the whorl which is the body whorl is the largest whorl on the shell, the last to be
grown by the snail. It houses the aperture. The shoulder is the part of the body whorl that extends
furthest out from the center (or axis) of the shell and is often (but not always) located just above
the aperture. single, complete 360° revolution or turn in the spiral growth of a mollusc shell. A
spiral configuration of the shell is found in numerous gastropods, but it is also found in shelled
cephalopods including Nautilus, Spirula and the large extinct subclass of cephalopods known as
the ammonites.
Next, according to Buranyi (2015), the gastropod shell has a part of the body of a
gastropod or snail, one kind of mollusk. The gastropod shell is an external skeleton or
exoskeleton, which serves not only for land snails, in some freshwater snails and in intertidal
marine snails. The function of the shell is an essential protection against the sun, predators and
against drying out and it protects also supports the soft body inside. If threatened by an enemy, a
snail can pull itself into the hard shell and stay there until the danger passes. Pretty useful to
carry your own fortress around! The shell is made of a mineral called calcium carbonate. As the
snail grows, its shell also gets bigger to make room for its body. Thirdly, according to Richard
(2006), the pneumostome or breathing pore is a respiratory opening of the external body anatomy
of an air-breathing land slug or land snail. It is a part of the respiratory system of gastropods. It is
an opening in the right side of the mantle of a stylommatophora snail or slug. Air enters through
the pneumostome into the animal's single lung, the air-filled mantle cavity.[1] Inside the mantle
cavity the animal has a highly vascularized area of tissue that functions as a lung. The
pneumostome is often much easier to see in slugs than in snails, because of the absence of a shell
which can often block the view of this area. In a land slug, when the pneumostome is wide open,
it is usually very clearly visible on the right side of the animal. However, the position of the
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pneumostome is often not at all easy to discern when this orifice is completely closed. The
pneumostome opens and closes in a cyclical manner. The frequency of pneumostome closing and
opening is typically less than 0.5 closures per minute in fully hydrated slugs and snails. The rate
of closures per minute increases the more dehydrated the slug is. The function of pneumostome
which are the pneumostome or breathing pore, is an opening in the mantle of the animal that
supports gas exchange, by serving as the entrance to the animal’s lung.
Forth, according to Vamsi Krishna, Anand Prakash, Pulkit Jain and Saurabh Saxena
(2012), the Mantle is a soft, fleshy outer covering, formed from the body of brachiopods and
mollusks, sometimes strengthened by calcified plates made of barnacles. The mantle secretes the
shell in species that possess shells like brachiopods and mollusks. The mantle in brachiopods has
a dorsal and ventral lobe. It is covered with small nipple-like projections. These nipple-like
projections are called papillae and they penetrate the shell. The mantles in the mollusks have the
left and right lobe. It is joined at the edge to form siphons, which directs the flow and drainage of
water out of the mantle. The mantle is the dorsal body part. The flaps are the protruding mantle
out of the mollusk's body. The function of the mantle which is to cover and protect the internal
organs. The mantle cavity is located within the mantle, in the body of the mollusk. It holds water
and acts as a respiratory organ. The mantle also acts as a means of communication. The bright
colors of the mantle attract the species. In addition, the mantle cavity in molluscs also consists of
gills. Gills are found in the mantle of freshwater molluscs. In addition, the mantle cavity helps
the mollusk filter food particles and can also protect the egg until it is fully mature. In addition,
the gastropod mantle helps in movement. Bivalvia's legs are too soft and therefore cannot move.
They use the mantle cavity for digging purposes. In some molluscs, the mantle acts as a brood
chamber.
Next, according to Liw San (2012), a snail’s head has one or two pairs of retractable
tentacles: upper tentacles and lower tentacles. The pair of upper tentacles are long and stick into
the air. At the tips of each tentacle is a rounded shape, which is the snail’s eye. They are called
eye spots. The function of the head of a land snail is that there are tactile organs, the so called
tentacles. While most terrestrial snails have four tentacles, which they can withdraw (that is a
recognising character of terrestrial pulmonate snails (Stylommatophora), other terrestrial snails,
as well as most water snails only possess two tentacles, which they cannot withdraw.
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In addition, according to Powar C.B. (1969), in anatomy, an eyestalk (sometimes spelled eye
stalk and also known as an ommatophore) is a protrusion that extends an eye away from the body,
giving the eye a better field of view. It is a common feature in nature and frequently appears in
fiction. The function of the head which is on top of stalks and, incredibly, they use the sense of
touch near their eyes to help them navigate. While human eyes are typically 24mm in diameter,
snail eyes are no more than 1-2 mm in diameter and also land snails are the most famous and
have the classic eyes on top of stalks that many are familiar with. They can move their stalks
around to see things better and use their eyes to navigate their surroundings and look for food.
According to Marla Coppolino (2015), the snail’s head features two sets of tentacles:
upper (posterior) and lower (anterior). The function of upper tentacles are longer and have eyes
at their tips, in most land snails, as well as olfactory neurons for smell/taste. No one knows how
well snails can see, but they definitely respond to light and are able to see where they are going
as they move along, and their eyes do have a retina, lens, and optic nerve, just like our eyes. The
function of the lower tentacles are short and are used for smelling and tasting to help the snail
find food and also avoid areas that could be potentially dangerous. Next, according to Son
Adnorson (2012), the mouth of a snail is at the bottom of its head, just below the tentacles. The
mouth is located in the bottom part of the head. Unlike humans and other animals that have jaws
to chew their food, inside the snail’s mouth there are rows of microscopic teeth called the radula.
Instead of chewing, the snail is practically scraping his food. The small scraps of food then
continue to the digestive tract. The radula is a structure in the mouth of the snails. Last but not
least, according to D.Boltovskoy (1974), the function of the foot are basically the bottom part of
the snail's body. The snail is using his muscular foot to create small wave motions of
contractions and expansions in order to move around.
In addition, we can saw the ventral and lateral view for land snail where on the ventral
side we can see from the front surface which is the clear face of the snail and the hidden shell,
while the lateral surface can be seen from the side surface which means we can clearly see the
surface of the snail which is from the abdomen to the shell.
Next, based on the result, we have morphologies of shell for land snail which are protoconch,
suture, axis, spire, apex, outer lip, aperture, palatal wall (palatalis), parietal wall (parietalis),
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columellar wall (columellaris), width, umbilicus. The first function structure will be discussed
which are protoconch. According to Louise (2000), a protoconch (meaning first or earliest or
original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the
initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called
"nucleus". The protoconch may sometimes consist of several whorls, but when this is the case,
the whorls show no growth lines. Besides that, according to Kuroiwa, M; Chihara K; Higashi S
(1994), sutures are found in the skeletons or exoskeletons of a wide range of animals, in both
invertebrates and vertebrates. Sutures are found in animals with hard parts from the Cambrian
period to the present day. Sutures were and are formed by several different methods, and they
exist between hard parts that are made from several different materials. The function of the
suture which are allow the bones to move during the birth process. They act like an expansion
joint. This allows the bone to enlarge evenly as the brain grows and the skull expands.
In addition, according to Hershler R. & Ponder W. F.(1998), the central axis is an

imaginary axis along the length of a shell, around which, in a coiled shell, the whorls spiral. The
central axis passes through the columella, the central pillar of the shell. Next, another structure
function which are spire are a part of the coiled shell of molluscs. According to Cook, L. M.;
Jaffar, W. N. (1984), the spire consists of all of the whorls except for the body whorl. Each spire
whorl represents a rotation of 360°. A spire is part of the shell of a snail, a gastropod mollusc, a
gastropod shell, and also the whorls of the shell in ammonites, which are fossil shelled
cephalopods. Besides that, according to Tom Eastick (2008), the word "apex" is most often used
to mean the tip of the spire of the shell of a gastropod. The apex is the first-formed, and therefore
the oldest, part of the shell. To be more precise, the apex would usually be where the tip of the
embryonic shell or protoconch is situated, if that is still present in the adult shell (often it is lost
or eroded away).
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Next, according to George Washington Tryon, (1882), the outer lip is usually thin and
sharp in immature shells, and in some adults (e.g. the land snails Helicella and Bulimulus).
However, in some other land snails and in many marine species the outer lip is thickened (also
called callused), or reflected (turned outwards). In some other marine species it is curled inwards
(inflected), as in the cowries such as Cypraea. It can also be expanded, as in Strombus; it can
have finger-like processes (digitate) or it can be fringed with spines (foliated), as in Murex. The
lip is called emarginate when it is incised or slit, as in Pleurotomaria. It is described as effuse
when the basal or anterior extremity is slightly produced, depressed or reflected, as in Thiara.
When the lip is bent into an "s" curve it is called sinuous, as is the case in the sigmoidal margin
of Janthina exigua. In addition, according to Ken Hotopp (1980), function of the aperture are the
opening of a snail shell from which the snail's soft body emerges, sometimes called the "mouth.".
According to Pilsbry H. A. & Cooke C. M. (1918-1920), the palatal wall are outer free wall of
the final whorl of the shell. Next, according to Jimmy Wales (2001), a parietal callus is a feature
of the shell anatomy of some groups of snails, gastropods. It is a thickened calcareous deposit
which may be present on the parietal wall of the aperture of the adult shell. The parietal wall is
the margin of the aperture and part of the wall of the body whorl that is closest to the columella.
The callus is often smooth and glossy, but can also be decorated with raised ribs or wrinkles.
According to George Washington Tryon (1882), the surface of the columella is called
the columellar wall. The columellar callus is a smooth, calcareous thickening, secreted by the
mantle, extending over the columellar area. The columellar lip, the visible part of the columella,
is the lower part of the inner lip and is situated near the axis of coiling. Next, according to
Michael G. Hadfield (2017), width is the greatest width of the shell perpendicular to the shell
axis, and height is the greatest distance between the apex and the base of the aperture parallel to
the shell axis. Last but not least, according to Fretter, V.; Graham, A (1962), the umbilicus of a
shell is the axially aligned, hollow cone-shaped space within the whorls of a coiled mollusc shell.
The term umbilicus is often used in descriptions of gastropod shells it is a feature present on the
ventral (or under) side of many (but not all) snail shells, including some species of sea snails,
land snails, and freshwater snails. The function of umbilicus which are the depression at the base
of a snail shell, leading into the interior space of the columella. The spire may be open; perforate,
very tiny; or closed, covered by shell material.
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Taxonomy of land snails are a polyphyletic group comprising at least ten independent
evolutionary transitions to terrestrial life (the last common ancestor of all gastropods was
marine). The majority of land snails are pulmonates that have a lung and breathe air. Most of the
non-pulmonate land snails belong to lineages in the Caenogastropoda, and tend to have a gill and
an operculum. The largest clade of land snails is the Cyclophoroidea, with more than 7,000
species. Many of these operculate land snails live in habitats or microhabitats that are sometimes
(or often) damp or wet, such as in moss. Land snails have a strong muscular foot; they use mucus
to enable them to crawl over rough surfaces and to keep their soft bodies from drying out. Like
other mollusks, land snails have a mantle, and they have one or two pairs of tentacles on their
head. Their internal anatomy includes a radula and a primitive brain. In terms of reproduction,
many caenogastropoda land snails (diplomatinis) are dioecious, but pulmonate land snails are
hermaphrodites (they have a full set of organs of both sexes) and most lay clutches of eggs in the
soil. Tiny snails hatch out of the egg with a small shell in place, and the shell grows spirally as
the soft parts gradually increase in size. Most land snails have shells that are right-handed in their
coiling. The description of land snail which are Land snails range greatly in size. The largest
living species is the Giant African Snail or Ghana Tiger Snail (Achatina achatina; Family
Achatinidae), which can measure up to 30 cm. The largest land snails of non-tropical Eurasia are
endemic Caucasian snails Helix buchi and Helix goderdziana from the south-eastern Black Sea
area in Georgia and Turkey; diameter of the shell of the latter may exceed 6 cm.
Based on the result, we have giant african snail with the structure which are spiral shell,
breathing pore, eye, mouth, tentacle, and foot. According to Janssen, Ari (2007), the function of a
spiral shell which are can be visualized as consisting of a long conical tube, the growth of which
is coiled into an overall helical or planispiral shape, for reasons of both strength and compactness.
Next, according to Richard (2006), breathing pore is a respiratory opening of the external body
anatomy of an air-breathing land slug or land snail. It is a part of the respiratory system of
gastropods. According to Son Man (1992), most land snails have eyes on the ends of their two
upper long tentacles. The head has one to two pairs of tentacles which have the eyes at the tips.
These tentacles can regrow if severely damaged and if a snail’s eye is cut off, the antennae can
regrow a new eye when the antennae grows. Snails don’t have a clear vision, but can detect
changes in big and light objects. If you place a finger in front of the snail’s eyes, it can sense it
and will instantly retract or draw back its eye into the tentacle to protect itself.
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In addition, we can saw the ventral and lateral view for giant african snail where on the
ventral side we can see from the front surface which is the clear face of the snail and the hidden
shell, while the lateral surface can be seen from the side surface which means we can clearly see
the surface of the snail which is from the abdomen to the shell.
Next, structure of the giant african shell which are whorls, apex, suture, lip, aperture,
parietal callus, columella, columella truncation, and body whorl. According to Janssen, Ari
(2007), a whorl is a single, complete 360° revolution or turn in the spiral growth of a mollusc
shell. A spiral configuration of the shell is found in numerous gastropods, but it is also found in
shelled cephalopods including Nautilus, Spirula and the large extinct subclass of cephalopods
known as the ammonites. In addition, according to GA Goodfriend (1986), the function of apex
which are the top end of a shell's columella, opposite the umbilicus and furthest from the
aperture. The function of suture which are the seam at which sequential whorls of a shell meet.
Next, the function of the lip which are free margin of the peristome (synonym: peritreme) or
aperture (the opening) of the gastropod shell.
Besides that, according to GA Goodfriend (1986), function of the aperture which are
opening of a snail shell from which the snail's soft body emerges, sometimes called the "mouth."
Next, the function of parietal callus which are a thickened calcareous deposit which may be
present on the parietal wall of the aperture of the adult shell. The function of columella which are
toward or referring to the central axis of a shell. Last but not least, the function of body whorl
which are part of the morphology of the shell in those gastropod mollusks that possess a coiled
shell.
Taxonomy of giant african snail which are Kingdom (Animalia), Phylum (Mollusca),
Class (Gastropoda), Subclass (Heterobranchia), Order (Stylommatophora), Suborder
(Achatinina), Superfamily (Achatinoidea), Family (Achatinidae), Genus (Lissachatina) Species
(L. fulica). The description of giant african snail which are The adult snail is around 7 cm (2.8 in)
in diameter and 20 cm (7.9 in) or more in length, making it one of the largest of all extant land
snails. The shell has a conical shape, being about twice as long as it is broad. Either clockwise
(dextral) or counter-clockwise (sinistral) directions can be observed in the coiling of the shell,
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although the dextral cone is the more common. Shell colouration is highly variable, and
dependent on diet. Typically, brown is the predominant colour and the shell is banded.
Differences of the two shells which are suture, parietal callus, columelia truncation, and
body whorls. This was because, there are different functions in each of them that cause different
reactions from each other. Another difference that can be seen is in terms of shape. This was
because, the land snail has a spiral logarithmic shape while the giant African snail has a cone
shape. Both shells have their own advantages that can provide a positive response to the snail.
Next, In addition, the land snail has a small and light shell while the giant African snail has a
large and heavy shell.
Last but not least, we have tested the movement of both snails by using a flashlight and it
turns out that the land snail has a good and active movement which are that at the beginning of
the first minute the movement is quite slow, in the third minute it is moderately fast, in the fifth
minute it is very fast, in the seventh minute less speed and the last is in the ninth minute which is
medium speed. When compared to the giant African snail, it can be said that the snail is not
active at all, in other words, there is no movement. This is because, we consider that the snail has
a suitable time to be active such as night but not daytime. The movement of the land snail is very
good when compared to the giant african snail because its small body position and thin and light
shell have made the snail move easily compared to the giant African snail which are difficult to
move due to having a large and heavy shell.
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6.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the first objective of this experiment is to identify the external morphology
of a snail had been successfully identified through the structures found on the snail. In addition,
the second objective is to determine the external morphology of various types of snail shell
successfully where we can see the diversity of the types of shells on the snails during the
experiment. The third objective of this experiment is to determine the response of the snail to
light or shade had been successfully implemented. Based on our observations it was found that
snails will react to light. The light emitted to the snail causes the snail to move away from the
bright light.
Next, phylum mollusca is the second phylum in the animal kingdom and the largest
marine phylum. These animals are categorized as animals that have a soft or smooth body and
have a hard shell. The main characteristics of the habitat is the presence of the radula, the
structure of the nervous system and cavities for respiration and excretion. The classification of
this phylum is Gastropoda. Gastropoda known as stomach foot. This species is asymmetrical and
usually has a coiled shell. On the part their heads have mouth, eyes, and tentacles.
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22

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FACULTY OF EARTH SCIENCE

NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCE PROGRAM

ENE 2233 INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY

MUHAMAD NIZAM BIN E21A0761

MUHAMAD FIKRI BIN E21A0519

NURHIDAYAH MAISARAH E21A0786

LECTURER NAME DR. KAMARUL ARIFFIN BIN KAMBALI @ HAMBALI

NO. CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4

2.1 To recognise a snail's exterior morphology.

2.2 To identify the external morphology of different snail shell types.

2.3 To ascertain whether a snail reacts to light or shade.

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Picture 1: Land Snail

Picture 2: External Morphology of Land Snail

Picture 3: Ventral of Land Snail

Picture 4: Lateral of Land Snail

Picture 5 : External Morphology of Land Snail Shell

Picture 6: Giant African Snail

Picture 7: Structure of Giant African Snail

Picture 8: Ventral View of Giant African Snail

Picture 9: Lateral View of Giant African Snail

Picture 10: External Morphology of Giant African Snail’s Shell

In addition, according to Hershler R. & Ponder W. F.(1998), the central axis is an

Richard (2006), Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine”,

Rebecca M. Price, Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, Columella (Gastropod), Retrieved by

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