Department of Information & Communication Technology.

Submitted By: Submitted

To:
Group-2 Alimul
Rajee
Team Members- Lecturer
MD.Farhan Ishrak (22309006) Dept.
of ICT
MD.Sohag Mia (22309007) Comilla
University
Israt Jahan Maria (22309009)
MD.Sumon Mia (22309010)
 Submission Date: 22October,2024
.

Topic:
• Graphics, Vector, Raster, Bitmap Display Architecture with
description.
• Principle of Animation.

ID:22309009
In multimedia communication, graphics play a crucial role in conveying
information visually. Understanding vector and raster (bitmap) graphics,
as well as their display architecture, is essential for effective multimedia
content creation. Here’s an overview tailored for multimedia
communication:
1. Vector Graphics
Detailed Description: Vector graphics are defined by mathematical
equations that describe shapes and lines. Instead of storing color
information for each pixel, vector graphics store the coordinates and
properties of shapes, which allows for infinitely scalable images.
Key Characteristics:
• Resolution Independence:
 o No matter how much you scale a vector graphic, it remains
crisp and clear because it’s recalculated on the fly.
• File Formats:
o Common formats include SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), AI
(Adobe Illustrator), PDF, and EPS. SVG, for example, is
widely used on the web because it can be manipulated with
CSS and JavaScript.
• Editability: Each element can be easily modified (e.g., colors,
shapes), allowing for dynamic content.
• Lightweight Files: Generally smaller file sizes compared to
raster images, which helps in faster loading and less bandwidth
usage.
• Advantages in Multimedia:
o Interactivity: Vector graphics can be easily animated and
manipulated, making them ideal for interactive presentations
and web applications.
o Responsive Design: Perfect for responsive web design
where elements need to adapt to different screen sizes without
quality loss.
Applications in Multimedia:
• Web Design: Logos, icons, and UI elements benefit from vector
graphics due to their scalability.
• Animations: Tools like Adobe Animate utilize vector graphics for
creating smooth animations that require scaling.
 • Print Media: Vector graphics are commonly used in print
design (e.g., posters, brochures) since they can be printed at
any size without quality degradation.
2. Raster Graphics (Bitmap)
Detailed Description: Raster graphics consist of a fixed grid of pixels,
where each pixel holds specific color information. This pixel-based
structure makes raster graphics suitable for capturing intricate details,
particularly in photographs and complex images.
Key Characteristics:
• Resolution Dependency:
o Raster images are limited by their resolution; enlarging a raster
image beyond its native resolution leads to pixelation.
• File Formats:
o Common formats include JPEG (good for photographs, with
lossy compression), PNG (supports transparency and lossless
compression), GIF (limited color palette, useful for simple
animations), and BMP (uncompressed, large file sizes).
• Color Depth:
o Refers to the number of bits used to represent the color of each
pixel. Common depths are 24-bit (16.7 million colors) and 32-
bit (includes an alpha channel for transparency).
Applications in Multimedia:
• Photography: High-resolution images are crucial for professional
photography, where detail and color accuracy matter.
• Web Content: Backgrounds, textures, and images in web pages
are typically raster graphics due to their rich detail.
 • Video and Motion Graphics: Frame-by-frame animation and
editing often use raster images, especially in visual effects and
compositing.
3. Display Architecture in Multimedia Communication
Detailed Description: The architecture for displaying graphics in
multimedia communication is crucial for delivering visual
content effectively. This involves hardware and software
components that work together to render and present graphics.
Key Components:
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):
o A specialized processor that handles rendering tasks
efficiently. It offloads graphics processing from the CPU,
enabling smoother and faster rendering of complex graphics,
especially in real-time applications like gaming and interactive
media.
• Rendering Pipeline:
o The series of steps involved in converting a 3D scene (which
can include vector graphics) into a 2D image displayed on the
screen. Key stages include:
o Vertex Processing: Calculates the positions of vertices in
3D space, applies transformations (scaling, rotation), and
projects them onto a 2D plane.
o Rasterization: Converts vector shapes into pixels by
determining which pixels are covered by the shapes.
 o Fragment Processing: Determines the color and other
attributes of each pixel, applying textures and effects (like
shading and blending).
• Display Buffer:
o A memory space where the rendered image is stored before it
is displayed. It helps manage the frame rate and ensures
smooth transitions between frames, essential for video
playback and interactive applications.
Importance in Multimedia:
• Performance: Efficient display architecture is crucial for high-
performance applications, ensuring that graphics render quickly and
smoothly, which enhances user experience.
• Quality: The rendering pipeline affects visual fidelity. Advanced
techniques (like anti-aliasing, mipmapping, and depth buffering)
improve the appearance of both vector and raster graphics on
screens.
• Compatibility: Ensures that different media types (images,
animations, videos) can be integrated seamlessly, allowing for rich
multimedia presentations.
The display architecture plays a pivotal role in how these graphics are
rendered and presented, impacting user experience and communication
effectiveness. Understanding these elements ensures the creation of
compelling multimedia content that communicates messages clearly and
effectively.

Principles Of Animation:
Animation is defined as a series of images rapidly changing to create an
illusion of movement. We replace the previous image with a new image
which is a little bit shifted. Animation Industry is having a huge market
nowadays. To make an efficacious animation there are some principles to
be followed.

There are 12 major principles for an effective and easy to

communicate animation.

1. Squash and Stretch:

This principle works over the physical properties that are expected
to change in any process. Ensuring proper squash and stretch
makes our animation more convincing.
For Example: When we drop a ball from height, there is a change in its
physical property. When the ball touches the surface, it bends slightly
which should be depicted in animation properly.
2. Anticipation:
Anticipation works on action. Animation has broadly divided into
3 phases:

• Preparation phase
• Movement phase
• Finish
3.Arcs:
In Reality, humans and animals move in arcs. Introducing the concept
of arcs will increase the realism. This principle of animation helps us
to implement the realism through projectile motion also.
For Example, The movement of the hand of bowler comes under
projectile motion while doing bowling.
4.Slowin-Slowout:
While performing animation, one should always keep in mind that in
reality object takes time to accelerate and slow down. To make our
animation look realistic, we should always focus on its slow in and slow
out proportion.
For Example, It takes time for a vehicle to accelerate when it is started
and similarly when it stops it takes time.
5.Appeal:
Animation should be appealing to the audience and must be easy to
understand. The syntax or font style used should be easily understood and
appealing to the audience. Lack of symmetry and complicated design of
character should be avoided.
6.Timing:
Velocity with which object is moving effects animation a lot. The speed
should be handled with care in case of animation.
For Example, An fast-moving object can show an energetic person while
a slow-moving object can symbolize a lethargic person. The number of
frames used in a slowly moving object is less as compared to the fast-
moving object.
7.3D Effect:
By giving 3D effects we can make our animation more convincing and
effective. In 3D Effect, we convert our object in a 3-dimensional plane
i.e., X-Y-Z plane which improves the realism of the object.
For Example, a square can give a 2D effect but cube can give a 3D effect
which appears more realistic.
8.Exaggeration:
Exaggeration deals with the physical features and emotions. In Animation,
we represent emotions and feeling in exaggerated form to make it more
realistic. If there is more than one element in a scene then it is necessary
to make a balance between various exaggerated elements to avoid
conflicts.
9.Stagging:
Stagging is defined as the presentation of the primary idea, mood or
action. It should always be in presentable and easy to manner. The purpose
of defining principle is to avoid unnecessary details and focus on
important features only. The primary idea should always be clear and
unambiguous.
10.Secondary Action:
Secondary actions are more important than primary action as they
represent the animation as a whole. Secondary actions support the
primary or main idea.
For Example, A person drinking a hot tea, then his facial expressions,
movement of hands, etc comes under the secondary actions.
11.Follow Through:
It refers to the action which continues to move even after the completion
of action. This type of action helps in the generation of more idealistic
animations.
For Example: Even after throwing a ball, the movement of hands
continues.
12.Overlap:
It deals with the nature in which before ending the first action, the second
action starts.
For Example: Consider a situation when we are drinking Tea from the
right hand and holding a sandwich in the left hand. While drinking a tea,
our left-hand start showing movement towards the mouth which shows
the interference of the second action before the end of the first action.
 Topic:
• Image Formats Used in Multimedia

ID:22309006

‘
Image Formats Used in Multimedia:
Image formats are different types of file types used for saving pictures,
graphics, and photos. Choosing the right image format is important
because it affects how your images look, load, and perform on websites,
social media, or in print. Common formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF, and
SVG, each with its own strengths. JPEGs are popular for photos because
they balance quality and file size. PNGs are great for images that need
clear backgrounds, and SVGs are best for designs that need to stay sharp
at any size. Knowing which format to use can help make your images look
their best and fit your needs perfectly.
TIFF(.tif, .tiff):
Tagged Image File Format this format store image data without losing any
data. It does not perform any compression on images, and a high-quality
image is obtained but the size of the image is also large, which is good for
printing, and professional printing.
JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg):
Joint Photographic Experts Group is a loss-prone (lossy) format in which
data is lost to reduce the size of the image. Due to compression, some data
is lost but that loss is very less. It is a very common format and is good
for digital cameras, nonprofessional prints, E-Mail, PowerPoint, etc.,
making it ideal for web use.
GIF (.gif):
GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are used for we web graphics.
They can be animated and are limited to only 256 colors, which can allow
for transparency. GIF files are typically small in size and are portable.
PNG (.png):
PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless image format. It
was designed to replace gif format as gif supported 256 colors unlike PNG
which support 16 million colors.
WebP:
Basically Google created WebP to replace JPEG as the standard format
for images on the web by shrinking image files to expedite the loading of
online pages. Also WebP employs a RIFF-based container which is based
on the intra-frame coding of VP8.
HEIF (High Efficiency Image File Format):
A High Efficiency Image File Format or HEIF is an image container
format which was standardized by MPEG on the basis of the ISO base
media file format to solve some problems. The HEIF standard specifies
the storage of HEVC intra-coded images and HEVC-coded image
sequences that make use of inter-picture prediction, even though HEIF
can be used with any image compression method as per requirement.
AVIF (AV1 Image File Format):
In order to benefit from contemporary compression algorithms and an
entirely royalty-free image format, the video consortium Alliance for
Open Media (AO Media), which created the video format Av1,
standardized the AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) to process the needful
technology. It employs the AVIF-coded picture format and also suggests
utilizing the HEIF container.
Bitmap (.bmp):
Bit Map Image file is developed by Microsoft for windows. It is same as
TIFF due to lossless, no compression property. Due to BMP being a
proprietary format, it is generally recommended to use TIFF files.
EPS (.eps):
Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector file type. EPS files can
be opened in applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDRAW.
RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2):
These Files are unprocessed and created by a camera or scanner. Many
digital SLR cameras can shoot in RAW, whether it be a .raw, .cr2, or .nef.
These images are the equivalent of a digital negative, meaning that they
hold a lot of image information. These images need to be processed in an
editor such as Adobe Photoshop or Lightroom. It saves metadata and is
used for photography.
Topic:
MPEG, features of MPEG, Describe MPEG encoding and decoding
techniques with proper example and diagram.
ID:22309010
MPEG:
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) a family of ISO/ITU standards
for compressing digital video. Pronounced "em-peg," it is the universal
standard for digital terrestrial, cable and satellite TV, DVDs and digital
video recorders (DVRs).
MPEG uses lossy compression within each frame similar to JPEG, which
means pixels from the original images are permanently discarded. It also
uses interframe coding, which further compresses the data by encoding
only the differences between periodic frames. MPEG performs the actual
compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) method.
Features of MPEG
1. Interoperability: – This standard is not specific to one platform but it is
designed for all platforms.
2. Scalibility: – Mpeg allows for flexibility in the way bit streams are
coded. Decoding a particular bit stream and the resolution of the content
can be optimized to the networking enviourment and display device.
3. Profiles: – Mpeg offers different technology profiles for different
applications. In this way service providers need not use the entire set of
technologies, but only the subset that suits their applications.
MPEG Encoding Techniques:

Fig:The block diagram of the MPEG encoder.

MPEG uses several techniques to compress video and audio data:
a. Motion Compensation
• This technique predicts motion between frames. Instead of storing
every frame in full, MPEG stores the difference (or residual)
between frames, significantly reducing data.
• Example: If a person in a video moves from left to right, only the
changes in position need to be recorded, not the entire frame.
b. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
• DCT transforms spatial data into frequency data, allowing for
quantization, which reduces the precision of less important
frequencies.
 • Example: In a frame, most visual information is concentrated in a
few low-frequency components, so high-frequency data can be
discarded.
c. Quantization
• After DCT, the data is quantized to reduce the number of bits needed
to represent the transformed data.
• Example: A value of 0.5 might be quantized to 1 or 0, thus reducing
the amount of data.
d. Entropy Coding
• This involves techniques like Huffman coding or Run-Length
Encoding (RLE) to further compress the quantized values.
• Example: Instead of storing repeated values, they are stored as a
count (e.g., 8 repeated zeros could be stored as "8x0"

MPEG Decoding Techniques:

 Fig:The block diagram of the MPEG decoder.
Decoding is the reverse process of encoding, where compressed data is
reconstructed into a viewable format. The key steps include:
a. Entropy Decoding
• The encoded data is first decoded using entropy coding
techniques to retrieve the quantized values.
b. Inverse Quantization
• The quantized values are transformed back to their original
frequency domain values.
c. Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT)
• The frequency data is transformed back into spatial data using IDCT.
d. Motion Compensation
• The decoder uses motion vectors to reconstruct the frames based on
the differences stored during encoding.
Example
Encoding Process:
1. Input Frame: A video frame is analyzed.
2. Motion Estimation: Detects motion between the current and
previous frame.
3. DCT: Converts the frame into frequency components.
4. Quantization: Reduces data size by simplifying less important
frequencies.
5. Entropy Coding: Compresses the quantized data into a binary
format.
Decoding Process:
1. Input Compressed Data: Receives the binary data.
2. Entropy Decoding: Converts the binary back to quantized values.
3. Inverse Quantization: Restores the quantized values to frequency
components.
4. IDCT: Converts frequency components back to spatial frame.
5. Motion Compensation: Reconstructs the final frame.

Topic:
Discrete Fourier Transform in Multimedia Communication:
ID:22309007
Discrete Fourier Transform in Multimedia
Communication:
Definition of DFT: The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a
mathematical technique used in signal processing to transform a sequence
of complex numbers from the time domain into the frequency domain.
The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) plays a crucial role in multimedia
communication, particularly in the encoding, compression, transmission,
and analysis of audio, image, and video signals. Here’s how DFT is
applied in these various aspects:
1. Audio Compression and Processing
Transform Coding:
 • The DFT is used in transform coding, where an audio signal is
transformed from the time domain to the frequency domain. The
frequency components can then be quantized and encoded more
efficiently.
• Example: MP3 and AAC compression algorithms use a modified
form of the DFT (like MDCT - Modified Discrete Cosine
Transform) to reduce the amount of data required to represent the
audio signal.
Noise Reduction and Equalization:
• Audio signals can be filtered in the frequency domain to remove
unwanted noise or to emphasize certain frequencies. This is
achieved by applying a DFT to the signal, manipulating the
frequency components, and then applying an inverse DFT to convert
the signal back to the time domain.
2. Image Processing and Compression
Frequency Domain Filtering:
• Images can be transformed into the frequency domain using the DFT
to apply filters that are difficult to implement in the spatial domain.
For example, low-pass filters can be used to smooth images, and
high-pass filters can be used to enhance edges.
Image Compression:
• The DFT is used in image compression algorithms to transform
image data into the frequency domain. This allows for the removal
of less significant frequency components, thereby reducing the
amount of data needed to store the image.
• Example: JPEG compression uses the Discrete Cosine Transform
(DCT), which is closely related to the DFT, to transform blocks of
 the image into the frequency domain. The transformed blocks are
then quantized and encoded.

3. Video Compression
Transform Coding in Video:
• Similar to image compression, video compression algorithms use
the DFT to transform frames of video data into the frequency
domain. This allows for more efficient encoding by exploiting
redundancies in the frequency components.
• Example: Video codes like H.264 and H.265 use the DCT and other
transform methods to compress video data by reducing temporal and
spatial redundancies.
4. Transmission and Modulation
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):
• OFDM is a digital modulation technique used in many modern
communication systems, such as Wi-Fi, LTE, and digital television.
It uses the DFT to modulate and demodulate data onto multiple
carrier frequencies. This makes the communication system more
robust to interference and multi path propagation.
Channel Estimation and Equalization:
• In wireless communication, the DFT is used to estimate the
characteristics of the transmission channel. This information can
then be used to equalize the signal, compensating for distortion and
improving the quality of the received signal.
5. Multimedia Synchronization and Analysis
Synchronization:
 • DFT is used in the synchronization of multimedia signals. For
example, in audio-video synchronization, the frequency
components of the audio and video signals can be analyzed to ensure
they are in sync.
Feature Extraction:
• In multimedia content analysis, the DFT is used to extract features
from audio and video signals. These features can be used for tasks
such as speech recognition, music genre classification, and video
content analysis.