QWE2

This article is about extratropical cyclones. For tropical cyclones, see Rapid intensification.
The Braer Storm of January 1993 explosively deepened to a

record low of 913 mbar (hPa)
GKHJVHGVSH CFYCMBXKDIHJCFHXVN BCXMKXDIJFDHXCVNB 004DSLKDSJCHFXN BMFGDCFXHVCKFHGHDEFKVLB

VMNBCDSHYDESFDVK t $125 billion in late August 2005, particularly in the city of New Orleans and its surrounding area. It is tied
with Hurricane Harvey as being the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin. Katrina was the twelfth tropical cyclone, the fifth
hurricane, and the third major hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It was also the fourth-most intense Atlantic
hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States, gauged by barometric pressure.
Katrina formed on August 23, 2005, with the merger of a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten. Early the
following day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and headed generally westward toward Florida. On August 25, two
hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach, it strengthened into a hurricane. After briefly weakening to tropical storm strength
over southern Florida, Katrina entered the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and rapidly intensified. The storm strengthened into
a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico before weakening to a high-end Category 3 hurricane at its
second landfall on August 29 over southeast Louisiana and Mississippi.
The largest loss of life in Hurricane Katrina was due to flooding caused by engineering flaws in the flood protection system,
particularly the levees around the city of New Orleans. 80% of the city, as well as large areas in neighboring parishes, were flooded
for weeks. The flooding destroyed most of New Orleans's transportation and communication facilities, leaving tens of thousands of
people who did or could not evacuate the city before landfall with little access to food, shelter, and other necessities. The disaster in
New Orleans prompted a massive national and international response effort, including federal, local, and private rescue operations
to evacuate those displaced from the city in the following weeks. After the storm, multiple investigations concluded that the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, which had designed and built the region's levees decades earlier, was responsible for the failure of the
flood-control systems. However, federal courts later ruled that the Corps could not be held financially liable due to sovereign
immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928.
The emergency response from federal, state, and local governments was widely criticized, leading to the resignation of Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown and New Orleans Police Department (NOPD)
superintendent Eddie Compass. Many other government officials faced criticism for their responses, especially New Orleans
mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco, and President George W. Bush. However, several agencies, such as
the United States Coast Guard (USCG), National Hurricane Center (NHC), and National Weather Service (NWS), were commended
for their actions, with the NHC being p
" a "maritime, cold season event".[10][12]
In early 2023 in the North Atlantic, fourteen wind events out of twenty that had reached hurricane-force, underwent bombogenesis,
the process that creates a bomb cyclone, according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).[16] NOAA said that
bombogenesis "occurs when a midlatitude cyclone rapidly intensifies, dropping at least 24 millibars over 24 hours."[16]
Formation
[edit]
Baroclinic instability has been cited as one of the principal mechanisms for the development of most explosively deepening
cyclones.[17] However, the relative roles of baroclinic and diabatic processes in explosive deepening of extratropical cyclones have
been subject to debate (citing case studies) for a long time.[18] Other factors include the relative position of a 500-hPa trough
and thickness patterns, deep tropospheric frontogenetic processes which happen both upstream and downstream of the surface
low, the influence of air–sea interaction, and latent heat release.[19]
Regions and motion
[edit]
Absorbing the remnants of a powerful tropical cyclone can trigger

explosive cyclogenesis
The four most active regions where extratropical explosive cyclogenesis occurs in the world are the Northwest Pacific, the North
Atlantic, the Southwest Pacific, the South Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific. [20]
In the Northern Hemisphere the maximum frequency of explosively deepening cyclones is found within or to the north of the
Atlantic Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio Current in the western Pacific,[10] and in the eastern Pacific. In the Southern Hemisphere it is
found with Australian east coast lows above the East Australian Current, which shows the importance of air-sea interaction in
initiating and rapidly developing extratropical cyclones.[21]
Explosively deepening cyclones south of 50°S often show equator-ward movement, in contrast with the poleward motion of most
Northern Hemisphere bombs.[19] Over the year, 45 cyclones on average in the Northern Hemisphere and 26 in the Southern
Hemisphere develop explosively, mostly in the respective hemisphere's winter time. Less seasonality has been noticed in bomb
cyclogenesis occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere.[19]
Other uses of "weather bomb"

[edit]
The term "weather bomb" is popularly used in New Zealand to describe dramatic or destructive weather events. Rarely are the
events actual instances of explosive cyclogenesis, as the rapid deepening of low pressure areas is rare around New Zealand. [22]
[23]
This use of "bomb" may lead to confusion with the more strictly defined meteorological term. In Japan, the term bomb cyclone (爆弾
低気圧, bakudan teikiatsu) is used both academically and commonly to refer to an extratropical cyclone which meets the
meteorological "bomb" conditions.[24][25]
The term "bomb" may be somewhat controversial. When European researchers protested that it was a rather warlike term, Fred
Sanders, the coauthor of the paper which introduced the meteorological usage quipped: "So why are you using the term 'front'?" [26]
See also
[edit]
 Weather portal
 Cyclogenesis, extratropical cyclones

 Extratropical cyclone, formation
 Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic
 Superstorm
References
[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Fierce 'weather bomb' batters Britain". The Telegraph. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 December
2011. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
2. ^ "The worst storm in years?". Met Office Blog. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
3. ^ Edwards, Tim (10 December 2014). "Weather bomb: the storm phenomenon brewing over Britain". The Week. London, United
Kingdom: Dennis Publishing. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
4. ^ O'Hanlon, Larry (25 February 2013). "Look out -- 'meteorological bomb' is on the way!". NBC News. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Williams, Jack (20 May 2005). "Bomb cyclones ravage northwestern Atlantic". USA Today. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
6. ^ Feltman, Rachel (3 January 2018). "What the heck is a bomb cyclone?". Popular Science. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
7. ^ "Ryan explains Bomb Cyclogenesis". WBRZ News 2 Louisiana. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
8. ^ Freedman, Andrew (1 March 2013). "Meteorological bomb explodes over New England". Washington Post. Archived from the original on
December 24, 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
9. ^ Rodman, Kristen (23 January 2014). "What is Bombogenesis?". Accuweather. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Sanders, Frederick; Gyakum, John R (1980). "Synoptic-Dynamic Climatology of the 'Bomb'". Monthly Weather
Review. 108 (10): 1589–606. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108.1589S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:SDCOT>2.0.CO;2.
11. ^ Chelsea Harvey (November 10, 2014). "Here's What Caused The 'Bomb Cyclone' That's About To Freeze The Northern US". Business
Insider. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b "Bomb". American Meteorological Society. Glossary of Meteorology. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b "The Bomb". blog.ametsoc.org. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
14. ^ MacDonald, Bruce C; Reiter, Elmar R (1988). "Explosive Cyclogenesis over the Eastern United States". Monthly Weather
Review. 116 (8): 1568–86. Bibcode:1988MWRv..116.1568M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<1568:ECOTEU>2.0.CO;2.
15. ^ Baker, Laura (2024). Sting Jets in Extratropical Cyclones (Ph.D.). University of Reading.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b "What is bombogenesis?". US Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. n.d.
Retrieved 27 December 2023.
17. ^ Weng, H. Y.; Barcilon, A. (1987). "Favorable environments for explosive cyclogenesis in a modified two-layer Eady model". Tellus
A. 39A (3): 202–214. Bibcode:1987TellA..39..202W. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00301.x.
18. ^ Fink, Andreas H.; Pohle, Susan; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Knippertz, Peter (2012). "Diagnosing the influence of diabatic processes on the
explosive deepening of extratropical cyclones" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (7):
n/a. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.7803F. doi:10.1029/2012GL051025. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b c Lim, Eun-Pa; Simmonds, Ian (2002). "Explosive Cyclone Development in the Southern Hemisphere and a Comparison
with Northern Hemisphere Events". Monthly Weather Review. 130 (9): 2188–2209. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130.2188L. doi:10.1175/1520-
0493(2002)130<2188:ECDITS>2.0.CO;2.
20. ^

QWE2

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This article is about extratropical cyclones. For tropical cyclones, see Rapid intensification.

The Braer Storm of January 1993 explosively deepened to a

GKHJVHGVSH CFYCMBXKDIHJCFHXVN BCXMKXDIJFDHXCVNB 004DSLKDSJCHFXN BMFGDCFXHVCKFHGHDEFKVLB

" a "maritime, cold season event".[10][12]

Absorbing the remnants of a powerful tropical cyclone can trigger

Other uses of "weather bomb"

 Cyclogenesis, extratropical cyclones

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