7.15.

2024
词性
句子：
时态语态
简单句+ 复合句

实词：
名词
代词（人称代词， 指示代词； that/this/ these /those/ it /one
动词： 谓语动词； 非谓语动词（to do sth, doing ; done)
形容词：定语， 表语； 补充
副词（adv)
数词

虚词： 介词，冠词，
连词（并列连词 ： and, or, but , so ; 从属连词：that/which;whether, 5W+1H

句子成分： 主 谓 宾 定，状，补；系表（其中修饰语： 定语+ 状语）

they are talking happily in the room at the moment.
we are young students.

动词：
实义动词（action verbs: )
we enjoy beautiful things
系动词：描述主语性质特征状态
1 be (am/is /are) 是
2 感官动词： look, sound, taste, feel, smell... your voice sounds charming.
3 状态：保持不变：keep （quiet), stay, remain, continue/ hold(tight)
变化：fall(asleep/silent), become, turn, go green (变得环保）
go wrong, go hard/bad/moldy

情态动词：can/could/ be able to do
should/had better do /ought to do
must/ have to / need do
will /would
may /might
情态动词+动词原形：Everybody can buy takeaway food. (can buy)
助动词+分词：These plans were abandoned because of financial problems. (were
abandoned)

my favorite figure in ancient times is Confucius, a great thinker and writer.

My friend, Tom，is very intelligent.

句子种类：
陈述句： I am a boy.
疑问句： 一般疑问：Yes/No questions (Yes/ No)
特殊疑问：5wh(what, who when, where, why,+ 1h (how)
选择疑问：Do you prefer to live in a house or in a flat?
反义疑问：he is a boy, isn’t he?

I prefer A to B；is my preference;

祈使句： Don't be upset!
感叹句： what terrible weather ( it is)!
what +a/an +adj + N ! what a big day!
what smart students you are!
How I Hate exams！
how beautiful you are！
How +adj/adv + 主语+谓语动词
how grateful i am to him!

句子主干结构：
主系表 ：Li Ping and Wang Lin are my friends.
主谓：The accident happened outside our school.
主谓宾：I acknowledge the truth of his statement.
主谓双宾：They forgave him his crimes.
主谓宾宾补：Most people considered him innocent.

1. 主+谓：
He runs very quickly/ alone along the river bank
2. 主+谓+ 宾语。
he runs a company
he considers the time.
he consider doing community service.
He likes to play basketball.
he considers that it is time to take a break.

3. 主系表：
You are a big talent.
You are musical.
she looks tired.
my suggestion is to get more money.
my suggestion is that we should get more money. (表从)

4. 主+谓语动+宾语+ 宾；(sb 放在句末+介词 to/for

she gave me a book(she gave a book to me ）
playing games brings me happiness. (brings happiness to me)
my parents bought me chocolate bars.
 =(my parents boughts chocolate bars for me)
she makes me a cake.

5. 主+谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补
she makes me happy。
she makes me a better person.

名词所有格： ‘s;
...of ...(用于无生命的名词）
汽车和飞机的尾气导致空气污染(air pollution)。
the emission of/from cars and planes has caused air pollution.
cars’ and planes’ emission has caused air pollution

（主+谓宾宾） 电脑科技可以给人们相互交流的机会。

computer technology can give people chances to communicate (with each

other)

电脑对人交流技能的影响随着年龄变化。（主谓）
the effects that computers have on people ‘s communication skills change with
age.
the effects of computers on people's communication skills alter/change as they
mature(v 成长=
as they grow up.
have /exert effects on sb/sth

(主+系+表) 长时间工作（work long hours） 已经成为一种惯例在公司里。

working long hours has become a common practice in the company.
.... has become common / has been a norm in the company

6. 她给我们展示里很多 她的艺术作品。 （主谓宾宾）

she gives/shows us many of her works of art.

pieces of art
works of art 艺术作品

5. (主+不及物动词) 学费(tuition fee)一直在上涨。

tuition fees

when i came here, you hadn’t come yet.

Before i met you guys, i had been teaching English here.

50 years later, we will be living on other planets.
I hope that you will have passed you ielts test by the end of this year.
 7.16.2024 语法 2

is weighing ------ weighs

at the moment ----- am staying

will have done

My sister has been practicing her English since last summer .

My sister has practiced her English since last summer .
Tom hurt his hand , but it’s OK now.

What time is the train getting to London?

事物按照客观规定时间表(scheduled timetable 发生位移（reach/get to/arrive/，开

始结束, 时态用一般现在；
What time does the train get to London?
What does this word here mean?
I had to sit down . I had had a shock.(have a shock)
The company has bought some land , then it sold it.
has bought ====had bought
sold---- will sell.

i find/consider/think /believe science very interesting and amazing.

2（主+谓宾宾补） 现代科技让富人积累财富（accumulate wealth）更加容易

modern technology allows /enables the wealthy to make money more easily.

the +adj 一类人； （rich /wealthy )

make sb/sth +adj
make sb do sth
modern technology makes the wealthy earn money more easily.

 modern technology has made it easier for wealthy people to accumulate

wealth.

it is difficult for me to learn English grammar.

(it 形式主语， 真正主语是 to do sth
it is important to work hard.
 1. 送贵重的礼物是中国的习惯。
It is a habit in China to send expensive gifts.
It is traditional in China to send expensive gifts.
it is common for Chinese to give valuable gifts

it is +adj/n (for sb) + to do sth

it is nice for you to help me.
it is nice of you to help me.(of sb 说某人性格品质）

it is essential for many people to follow the ( fashion) trend

很多人觉得自己有必要赶时尚。
many people think (that) it is essential to follow the trend.
主语+谓语动词+ 宾语从句
many people consider/think it essential to follow the trend.
主语+谓语动词+ 形式宾语 it+ adj (宾补）+to do 真正宾语。
sb find/consider/believe/think + it + adj + to do sth
sth/sb + make +it +adj + to do.

it is hard for us to protect the language diversity in the next decades

we consider it challenging to protect the language diversity in the next years.

免费上大学使得(make)家境不好的学生有同等的上学机会。
getting into the university for free makes it equal for poor students to have
chances to receive education.

free college education makes it possible for student in poverty/ in

disadvantaged areas to have equal access to education

have access to sth 有获得...的机会；

disadvantaged (adj)处于劣势地位/群体= deprived

you will make it possible to be a millionaire for yourself by hard work.

定语：
后置修饰
he is a emotional boy。
there are many free resources online available to us
he is the only one alive
he is a pretty boy with long hair.(介词短语）
the boy wearing in back is the tallest.
 the passing plane is noisy

非谓语动词做名词的后置定语
to do （目的， 未做
doing （主动，进行
done （被动， 完成）
结合 there be +N.
竞争这份工作的人有很多。
there are many people to compete for the job.
there is only one job competed by people.
there are many friends visiting me at home.

正在唱歌的那个人是我的朋友。
the person singing is my friend.
the person (who is) singing is my friend.

被老师表杨的人是我的朋友。
the student praised by the teacher is my friend.

接下来要做的这道菜是我的最爱。
the dish to be made next is my favorite.
= the dish which will be made next is my favorite.

the ability to speak English is essential.

1. The man from Mars.(介词短语--后置修饰

2. 当今社会的长期稳定 security 和发展

the long-term security and development of modern society should depend on

every individual.

3. the chairman /president to take office next month remains unknown.

the president who will take office next month remains unknown
4. the girlfriend like an angel
5. the emissions produced by cars should be limited.
6. the chances/ opportunities to study abroad.
7. the programs popular with high school students
the programs prevailing in /among senior high school students

prevail in/among (v) 流行/盛行

prestigious universities 威望的

8. the old and children left in the village should be taken care of.
the old and the young left in rural areas
remaining money is not enough.

定语从句：

名词+ 关系词+从句（定语从句，对前面名词进行 adj）

defining
关系词：
关系代词： 人： who, whom
物： which
人+物： that, whose (+n）

I have a friend whose English level is advanced /proficient 精通的，熟练的

他跟我们谈论在学校遇到的人和事物。
he talks with us about the people and things that he experienced at school.
he is the person who/that helped me.
he is the person i helped.
生产的食物很多被浪费了。
the food (that/which）we produced is wasted a lot.
关系副词(+ 完整句子） ： where, when, why
i miss the days when we stayed together.

Page 6/7 -exercise 4 （判断定语）

P10/11 定语从句： 关系代词+关系副词。

7.17.2024 语法 3

1. 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because

they suffer from musculoskeletal（骨骼的） complaints.

alternative (adj/n 替换的； n 选择

therapist 理疗师

complaint 抱怨； n 疾病（heart condition

Children engrossed in a make-believe world , fox cubs play-fighting or kittens

teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun . (C4T2P3)

be engrossed in sth 沉浸在...中； （engross v 使..沉浸在）

tease (v) 撕咬；

 For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear

open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains.
 (C4T1P2)
vision is obviously more useful to species .... than to those
inhabit (v) 栖息

If properly applied ,
the new knowledge generated by the Human Genome Project may
free humanity from the terrible scourge of diverse
diseases.
( C2T4P3)
generate (v) 生产；造成（produce)
free (v)使自由；free sb from sth
apply knowledge into practice

 Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress,

half of the world’s population still suffers, with water services inferior to
those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. (C7-T1P2)
despite =in spite of 尽管；

with technology developing so fast≥

feel superior to sth
inferior to sth 不如。 。
。； 次等的

Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool
has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in
athletics- and greater rewards to tempt athletes -it is more likely that
individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic
performance can be identified early. (C4-T4P1)

composition 组合；

individuals can be identified early。

possess (v) 带有；
complement (n) 填补；补充；
athletic 运动的；

Looking at a picture actively prevents children younger than

nine from creating a mental image, and can make it difficult for older children。

One of London Zoo’s recent advertisements caused me some

irritation (愤怒, so patently did it distort reality.
get irritated 被...激怒；= get angry/get annoyed

The criticism and publicity given to this problem since the 1960s
seems to have greatly improved the situation . (C2-T2P2)
定语从句：
关系代词：+
who, whom, which , that, whose

there is a pencil whose owner is me.

we cut the bread with the knife which/that is very sharp.

They could not get the job. They wanted the job.
they could not get the job which they wanted.
they could not get the job which appealed to /attracted them.
they, who wanted to make money, could not get the job.

The person is my good friend. I spoke to the person just now.

The person is my good friend who i spoke to just now

I spoke to the person just now who/that is my good friend.

The person whom /who/that I spoke to( ) just now is my good friends.
whom ---引导定从，从句中只做宾语
who---既可做宾也可以做主语；

They rushed over to help the man. His car had broken down._
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down._

介词+ which / whom

The person whom I spoke to( ) just now is my good friend.
the person to/of whom i spoke just now is my good friend.
there are many neighbors ____who_ we are not familiar to.. .
there are many neighbors __to whom___ we are not familiar .
be familiar to sb
be familiar with sth 对...很了解...

we all need a friend _with__whom we share secrets

we can make friends with people _with__ whom we have a lot in common
we can make friends with individuals who have the same interests with us.
we can make friends with individuals who we have the same interests with.
like-minded (adj)志同道合的

关系副词： time/occasion) when，

(place, ---抽象地点： where
 point,
situation,
business,
case,
surroundings
environment,
scene

reason) why

I miss the woods _where__ we spent our childhood together.

I miss the woods __which/that/-_ we often visited together.
I miss the days when worked together.

One of the major reasons why… is that….

some people move to the countryside where air is clean. / where there is no
pollution
we need a clean environment where we can live comfortably.
we need a clean environment in which we can live comfortably.

非限制性从，provide additional and unnecessary information,

专有名词，独一无二的事物；
I am from China, which has a long history and vast land

I like people who like me .

I like people, who like me.
I am really into coffee, which means I enjoy drinking coffee.

我们计划在星期天早上去人民公园野餐， 那里空气清新， 风景美丽。

We are going to have a picnic on Sunday morning in the Renming Park， where
air is fresh and scenery is attractive.

7.18.2024 语法 4
most of chocolate contains caffeine, which is kind of substance that can
improve focus/ concentration.

注意⚠ that/ why 不引导非限制定从

the problem (that)we face is tricky.

 只用 that 不用其他关系词：
1. 名词既有人也有物
 He spoke of the persons and things (that) he had seen abroad.
2. 先行词是 something, anything, all, nothing 等不定代词，表示物，用 that
3. 当修饰的名词被序数词，形容词最高级，all, the very, the only, the just 修饰;
you are the only person that i trust.
You are the most courageous person that I have ever seen.
This is the best film that I have ever seen.

as 引导的定从：
限定：名词前有 the same, such, so 修饰时；
I have the same phone as you have.
we only discuss such questions as we both face.
as 引导非限制定从，
as the saying goes, “ practice makes perfect”!

as we can see from charts,

as is shown in the charts,

As is known to us all, exams give students a criterion/standard that they can

use to evaluate /assess themselves
As is known to us all, exams give students a standard through which they can
evaluate themselves.

criteria --标准/

provide sb with sth / provide sth for sb ;

定语从句
将政府的资金用于污染清理工作， 可以创造一个舒适的环境。
To use the government money in cleaning up pollution can create a better
environment.
use the government money to reduce pollution，which can create a comfortable
environment.
the government money can be used in cleaning-up pollution work, which can
create more comfortable living surroundings.

有些广告鼓励消费者买一些自己不需要的东西， 应该对其加强管制。
some advertisements encourage consumers to buy things they don’t need ,
which should be strictly controlled/managed /supervised.

we should manage the ads that tempt people into buying something
unnecessary. (tempt /trick sb into doing sth 引诱某人做某事）
lower the possibility of getting diseases

这就是如今的文员（clerical workers） 经常有问题的原因。

this is why clerical workers always have problems.---表语从句
this is the reason why there are some problems among workers
the reason why workers always have problems is like this.

the reason why students are absent from class remains unknown.

许多员工愿意在那些可以获得晋升机会的公司里工作。
many staff would like to work in the company which gives them chances for job
promotion
/possesses more opportunities to get promoted.

many staff would like to work in the company where they can find more
opportunities for job promotion.

This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the
potential to be particularly serious for children experiencing auditory function
deficit.

定从句==adj.
名词性从句：=N
主语 从句
宾语 从句
表语 从句
同位语 从句

引导词：
+完整句子：
 that , whether /if
i want to see if you could shut up.=== if 引导宾从句
 疑问副词： when, where, why, how
+ 不完整句子：
疑问代词： what, who， whom, which , whose..
I don’t know which shoes I should buy.
语序： 陈述语序。

陈述句：the earth is round. 改写：

That the earth is round is known to us all. （that 引导的主语从句）
it is known to us all that the earth is round .
it is believed /said /thought /estimated that....
it is not surprising that ....
it is noticeable that....
everyone knows that the earth is round.（宾从）
our view is that the earth is round. (表从）
We agree with the idea that the earth is round.(同位语从句， 对前面抽象名词如
news, problems, idea, dream...truth， fact,对其进行内容的解释说明）

I have a dream that we can make the world better.

we know the truth that he is the most intelligent guy.

【It 置句首作形式主语，将主语从句放句末的用法更常见】
It is obvious that he doesn’t understand English.
It is a fact that the earth is round.
It is not my idea that English is difficult.

常见的 it 做形式主语的类型：
① It is + 过去分词（done) + that 从句：
It is reported that... 据报道
It is believed that...人们相信
It is generally thought that...人们普遍认为
It should be noted that...应当注意
It has been found that...现在已经发现
类似动词有：say, expect, know, estimate, forecast。

② It is +形容词+that 从句：
It is clear that... 显然...
It is likely that... 很可能
It is fortunate that ... 幸运的是

③ It is +名词短语+that 从句：a pity, a shame, an hour, a good idea, no wonder...

It is a pity that... ·····可惜的是.
It is good news that... ·····真是太好了
It is no wonder that... ·····难怪
It is common knowledge that... ····是常识

其他：It must be admitted that 必须承认的....

It goes without saying that 不用说....

第二种： Does he enjoy games?

+引导词 whether。。（or not， 表示要不要， 是否，好不好；

I don’t care whether he enjoys games or not.(宾从）
whether he enjoys the games is none of my business. (主从）
my doubt is whether he enjoys the games.(表从）
I am uncertain whether he enjoys the games. (宾从
I have a doubt whether he enjoys the games.
there is no doubt that

he asked me if /whether i could help him.

第三种： what sports does she like doing ?

what sports she likes doing

I don’t know what sports she likes doing.(宾语）

i have no idea what sports she likes doing(同位语从）
what sports she likes doing remains unknown.

二．将括号里的句子变成相应名词性从句：
1. _______ is unimportant to me. (Does she come?)
2. _______ remains uncertain. (Shall we have the match?)
whether we shall have...
3. I wonder______. (Should we wait for him?)
4. No one knows exactly ______. (Is there life on other planets?)

4. I am interested in the question ______. (Will people live on the moon

someday?)
...whether people will live on ....

6. My question is _____. (Do we have enough time to go to the movie?)

7.______ was interesting. (What was he talking about?)
8. Please tell me ______.(Where do you live?)
9. The little boy wants to know_____. (Why is the water of the sea salty?)
Why the water of the sea is salty

10. ______ will be forever etched(铭记) in our memories. (What happened on the
morning of September 11?)
11. There is a popular saying _____. (Family instability causes social instability.)
that Family instability causes social instability
12. No one knew _____ (Would interests rates rise?)
13. Children often ask ______. (How do bears survive winter?)
14. No one knows for sure _____. ( Will the gains be greater than the losses?)

7.19.2024 语法 5
1. when we go abroad has not been decided yet.
2. whether high school graduates should spend a year traveling has aroused a
heated/hot/fierce discussion/ debate.
it has triggered a heated discussion whether high school .... a year traveling.

3. whether advertising is harmful is controversial.

it is a controversial issue whether advertisements have a negative impact on..

4. the best way to travel varies from person to person.

what is the best way to travel is dependent on every individual.

I think / claim/ suggest / argue that students can cultivate imagination by

reading novels (宾从）
through sth / via sth
by doing sth

I hold the view that。 。。

i hold the belief that....students can foster their imagination by reading novels.

It goes without saying that modern technology has improved people’s quality of
life./ living standards.

综合练习；
1. actually, because of mechanization the number of some jobs has declined.
it is a fact that some jobs have been made redundant because of
mechanization.

2. it is true that nowadays an increasing number of people / individuals tend to

go green and reduce the energy consumption.

3. Prison sentence will harm teenagers because criminal records will have an
impact on their career. 【主句+because 原因状从】

Prison sentence will be detrimental to teenagers due to the fact that criminal
records will have an adverse impact on their career.(同位语从句）
why Prison sentence will be detrimental to teenagers is that criminal records
will cast a shadow on their career.

4. I believe that fast food ads have a direct correlation with obesity .(宾从
I hold the view that ...（同位语从句）
I am convinced that there is a direct relationship between fast food ads and
obesity.（宾从）
5. I wonder whether you are available.
it is convenient for you?

6. some people claim that severe /harsh punishment can deter crime.( 犯罪活
动）
commit a crime

the things that you did have made a big difference to me

what you did has had a big influence on my life.

what makes me admire you is that you always have a sense of cooperation
teamwork spirit.

What i admires you most is your great teamwork spirit.

practicing as much as possible is where the secret is/ lies/ exists.

home is where the heart is...

I think we should make full use of the internet so that we can arm ourselves
with much more knowledge.
equip sb with sth
take advantage of
= utilize

例题 1: Some people believe that children can learn effectively by watching TV

and should be encouraged to watch TV both at home and at school. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?

翻译提示:
由于能够提供生动视觉信息，引起学生兴趣，电视被视为一种有效的学习方法。
因此，一些人因为孩子应该被鼓励看电视。尽管很多电视节目有教育意义，在我
看来，增加看电视时间对孩子的学习并不能产生很好影响。

infor mative
ther efor e, / thus, / Hence,
题目改写: Watching TV has been recognized as an effective method of learning due
to the fact that audio-visual information can attract students’ attention and engage
their interest. Thus some hold the view that children should be encouraged to watch
TV. Although many TV programs have educational value, I personally disagree that
increasing the amount of television viewing can yield academic benefits for children.

其中, due to the fact that... 和 Thus some hold the view that ...引导的都是同位语从
句; I personally disagree that ...引导的是宾语从句

In spite of many TV programs with educational value or meaning

increasing the children’s time on watching TV can exert /has a positive
influence on children academic results.

不要缩写： can‘t, isn’t doesn’t

例 题 2: Many people are moving from rural areas to big cities. Why has this
happened? To what extent do you think it is a good trend?

题目可改写:
That now many people are choosing to migrate to cities has become an obvious trend.
They believe that they can find employment and lead a better life. This is why this
(worrying) trend has happened. From my point of view, I disagree with the idea that
the movement of the rural population to urban areas is a positive change.

其中,
That now many people are choosing to migrate to cities... That 引导的是主语从句,
They believe that... 是动词 believe 宾语从句
This is why this (worrying) trend has happened. why 引导的是表语从句
I disagree with the idea that... 引导的是 idea 的同位语从句

immigrate
emigrate

否定词放在句首， 部分倒装（疑问语序）---- be /助动词/情态动词提到主语前；

No sooner ...than;
scarcely ...when
我一到家雨就停了。
no sooner had I ARRIVED home than it stopped raining.

We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started
complaining.

直到自身的健康被威胁， 人类才会意识到自己对环境的伤害
people will not realize their damage to the environment until their health is
threatened.
---Not until their health is threatened __Will__ people realize their damage to
the environment.

1. 时间状从：
2. 地点状语：
人们应该在濒危物种能得到良好照料的地方保护它们。
people should protect endangered animals where there can get good care.
(where 地点状语）
people should protect endangered animals in the places where there can get
good care. （where 定语

3. 原因状从：
+句子： because/ since/ as /for (主观）
特殊： given that, considering that, now that/ in that, seeing that...
+ 名词/短语： because of， due to , thanks to , as a result of(由于）
 due to the fact that....

4. 目的状从（为了） ： so that， in order that， in case (以防）， lest(以免）

for fear that,
for the purpose that,
I come here for the purpose that I can improve my English level.
to the end that...
in the hope that....
我认为应该鼓励老人住养老院(nursing house), 这样才能受到专业的照顾.
I think senior citizens should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that
they can be taken care of professionally。

5. 结果状语从句（如此...以致于....)
so that,
so…+adj/adv.. that;
such...+n... that; such that,
to the degree that,
to the extent that, to such a degree that,

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.

He was so frightened that he dropped his mobile phone and escaped away
immediately.
he got such a fright that he dropped his mobile phone and escaped away
immediately.
so +adj /adv 放在句首；
so frightened was he that

6. 条件状语从句： 如果， 只要；

if, unless( 除非）, as/so long as, only if,
providing/provided that, 如果
supposing that, in case that, on condition that
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
provided that there are not sufficient natural resources, we won’t exist.

 zero conditional(零条件句）
if you freeze water, it can become solid(固体的）.
 first conditional(对 future 推测，假设） ： 主将从现；
if there are many robots to replace humans to do some jobs, many people will
lose their employment, which might causes some chaos/issues in society.

虚拟语气（if) / only if ；
second conditional: to say something different from what is happening now
if I were you, i would shut up!
if it were me , i would study harder.

if there were no the internet, our life would become more boring and
inconvenient.

if the internet did not exist, our life would be boring.

： if +did/were, 主句： would/could...+did (主过，从过）

If i could drive, i would give you a ride.

third conditional: (对过去发生事实相反假设）

to say something different from what happened in the past.
要是我在多努力一点，我可以获取更高的分数。

if I had studied harder, i would have got higher scores.

(If+ had done, would/could/ might have done)

if my parents hadn’t got married, i would not have been born.

If I hadn’t met you, i wouldn’t have gone through so bad experiences.

情态动词+ have done 表虚拟；

would have done (本可以做，但没发生）
should have done 本应该做，但没有；
need have done, 本需要做，但没有； (needn’t have done)
could have done, 本能够做，但没有；

你本应发告诉我你的困难，这样我本可以帮助你。
You should have told me your difficulties, so I could have helped you out.

must + have done, ---表过去的 100% 肯定推测；

you must have stayed up late last night.
mustn't ----禁止；
you can’t /couldn’t have finished your homework last night.

without air, we couldn’t live.(对现状/客观事实）

5. 如果没有你的指导， 我不会取得这么大的进步 。(without/ but for 虚拟语气）

without your guidance, i wouldn’t have made so much progress.
If it weren't for my teacher's guidance, I would have struggled to understand
the subject.
6. 再给我一次机会，我不会让父母失望的。 （Given one more chance 虚拟）
IF i were given one more chance, i wouldn’t let my parents down.

如果太阳明天从西边出，我会帮你的。
If the sun were to rise in the west, i would help you.
if the sun should rise in the west, i would help you
省略 if, should the sun rise in the west, i would help you.

如果没有挫折，我们的人生就不会充满精彩的故事。（without/but
without setbacks, our life wouldn’t be so colorful.

注意，if 虚拟语气，省略 if 部分倒装从句。

If I hadn’t met you, i wouldn’t have gone through so bad experiences.

had i not met you, i wouldn’t have gone through...

7 让步状语从句：
+ 句子， although, though, even though/if, while, whereas
特殊： as ； no matter +wh/h(疑问词）； wh+ever;
although he is a child, he knows everything.
用 as, Child as he is, he knows everything.
simple as it may sounds, the meaning behind the question is worth our
attention.
whatever you do, you should work hard .
no matter what you do, you should work hard.
we shouldn't satisfy _whatever___ children want.

whether 。。。or not,

whether you succeed or fail, we will support you.

despite / in spite of + 名词/名词短语；

despite the fact that...

8 比较状语；
As, than, so/ as...as
The more…, the more…; just as…, so…;
A is to B what / as C is to D;
A is not so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine.

more ...than; as。。。as

倍数比较：
倍数+（three times) more than+比较对象；
倍数+ as +adj/adv 原级+ as + 比较对象；
倍数+ the size/weight/height of +比较对象；
room A is three times the size of room b.
there is a storage room the size of 10 soccer fields

double/triple
threefold ...

the more.... the more...

the more hard-working you are, the luckier you will be.
the more prepared you are, the more confident and less stressed you will feel.

9. 方式状语；彷佛；好像 as, as if/though, how ; the way

She behaved as if she were the boss.

When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

【段落浅试】
Crop-growing skyscrapers 摩天大楼 （最后一段） （C7T）
Vertical farming is an attempt to address(解决） the undoubted problems that
we face in producing enough food for a growing population. At the moment,
though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it
would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy.
While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future,
most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the
space available on urban rooftops.

语法高分句型
1.条件句型句型：If it weren't for..., I would...
例 句 ： If it weren't for my teacher's guidance, I would have struggled to
understand the subject.
If it weren't for the rainy weather, I would have gone hiking this
weekend.
2.主语从句（it 形式主语）‍句型：It is widely acknowledged that...
例句：It is widely acknowledged that regular exercise contributes to overall
health and well-being.
It is widely acknowledged that climate change is a pressing global
issue that requires immediate action.
3.主语从句句型：What I find particularly interesting is...
例 句 ： What I find particularly interesting is the way different cultures
celebrate the New Year.
What I find particularly interesting is how children can learn new
languages so quickly.
4. 让步句型：句型：Although..., I believe...
例 句 ： Although studying abroad can be challenging, I believe it provides
invaluable life experiences.
Although fast food is convenient, I believe cooking at home is healthier and
more satisfying.
5.复杂名词短语句型：The proliferation of...
例句： The proliferation of smartphones has changed the way we interact with
the world.
The proliferation of online courses has made education more accessible
to people worldwide.

雅思口语 Part 3 ——终极解决方案

6.条件句型（假设）句型：Supposing that..., we might...

例 句 ： Supposing that we adopt more environmentally friendly practices, we

might be able to reverse some of the damage done to our planet.
Supposing that we increase funding for public transportation, we might reduce
traffic congestion and pollution.
7.宾语从句句型：One cannot deny that...
例句： One cannot deny that technological advancements have significantly
improved our quality of life.
One cannot deny that education is a powerful tool for social and economic
mobility.
8.定语从句‍句型：The reason why... is that...
例句：The reason why many people prefer living in cities is that there are more
job opportunities and amenities.
The reason why students often feel stressed is that they have to manage
multiple responsibilities and deadlines.
9.让步句型（高级）句型：Despite the fact that..., it is important to...
例句：Despite the fact that social media can be distracting, it is important to
recognize its potential for connecting people globally.
Despite the fact that renewable energy sources can be expensive to
develop, it is important to invest in them for a sustainable future.
10.条件句型（假设过去）句型：If I had known..., I would have...
例句： If I had known about the traffic jam, I would have taken a different
route to work.
If I had known how difficult the exam would be, I would have studied
much harder.