Waterproofing Guide

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)
Waterproofing
General Project Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763 Waterproofing and Dampproofing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .765 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
W A T E R P R O O F I N G A N D D A M P P R O O F I N G
Waterproofing Construction Details Introduction
Contents
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General Waterproofing Project Considerations

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764A 2. Notes to the Owner and Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764A
2.1 Proper Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764A 2.2 Quality Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764B 2.3 Quality Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764B 3. Pre-bid Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764B 4. Pre-job Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764B 5. Material Storage and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764C 6. Temporary Waterproofing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764D 7. Weather Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764D 7.1 Cold Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764D 7.2 Hot Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764E
7.3 Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764E 7.4 Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764E 8. Wall/Slab/Deck and Structural Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764E 9. Surface Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764F 10. Slope and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764F 11. Expansion Joints and Control Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764G 12. Curbs and Penetrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764G 13. Waterstops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764G 14. Flashings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764H 14.1 Membrane Base Flashings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764H 14.2 Sheet-metal Counterflashings and Terminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764H 15. Overburden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764I 16. Quality Assurance and Water Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764I 17. Post-installation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764J 18. Warranties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764J 19. Building Owner Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764J 20. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764K 20.1 Waterproofing Contractor Qualification Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764M 20.2 Pre-job Conference Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764Q
Contentss
763
1. Introduction
The General Project Considerations section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual provides an overview of general information concerning the design and installation of quality waterproofing assemblies. The information in this manual represents a consensus opinion of knowledgeable, practicing wa t e rproofing contractors throughout the United States. Some design criteria and application techniques may va ry according to climatic conditions, and each geographical area may employ specific area practices that are sound and time-proven for that area. NRCA does not intend to imply by any statement or exclusion that proven area practices are unsatisfactory or inappropriate. NRCA recommends a waterproofing assembly be designed only after a number of criteria have been carefully considered, including: Climate and geographic location A buildings intended use and design life expectancy Exterior and interior temperature, humidity and use conditions Code requirements Type and condition of substrate, including soil Structural system Slope and drainage Waterproofing system type including overburden Accessibility and building configuration Building movement Type and amount of insulation/protection/drainage needed Need for ventilation during installation Compatibility with adjacent building and/or system components Construction sequencing Worker safety Potential building additions Odors generated by certain system application methods Water table Construction traffic Penetrations These criteria play important roles in the ultimate success or failure of a waterproofing assembly and should be considered by a designer to determine the appropriate components of a waterproofing assembly, applicable products and specifications, and construction details to be used. In addition, a designer should be certain waterproofing material manufacturers requirements are taken into account, as well as requirements of applicable insurance, building code enforcement and/or other regulatory agencies. It is recommended to consult material manufacturers w ritten specifications during the design of a waterproofing assembly.
2. Notes to the Owner and Designer

Achieving a waterproofing system that will perform its functions satisfactorily for an anticipated service life requires proper design, quality materials and quality workmanship.
2.1 Proper Design

Knowledgeable selection of compatible building materials, quality waterproofing materials and systems that will withstand the conditions (e.g., hydrostatic) of the area where a building is located is vital to a quality waterproofing assembly design. Properly prepared specifications with accurate drawings and details are essential. Specific requirements regarding a new waterproofing systems components and installation should be carefully detailed by a designer.
General Waterproofing Considerations 764A
A designer is responsible for proper specifications and drawings. Waterproofing contractors and material manufacturers should be consulted for input during the design phase.
2.2 Quality Materials

Material selection should be based on the time-proven quality of a waterproofing assembly and its compatibility and appropriateness to the substrate rather than solely on economic considerations or length and scope of a warranty.
2.3 Quality Workmanship

NRCA suggests designers work with qualified professional waterproofing contractors. Consult them during the design phase and before specifications or contract documents are prepared. The work should be performed by skilled, trained workers familiar with the specified product. Waterproofing products by nature provide only one window of opportunity to be installed correctly. Therefore, building owners and designers should consider using the Waterproofing Contractor Qualification Statement as suggested by NRCA. A copy of this document is contained in the Appendix.
3. Pre-bid Conference
For waterproofing projects where drawings and specifications have been prepared and two or more waterproofing contractors are asked to submit sealed bids to perform specified work, NRCA recommends a pre-bid conference be conducted. A pre-bid conference can serve the following purposes: Introduce all the parties involved in the project, such as owners representative, designer and contractors key personnel. Provide a forum for a thorough review of the project documents and requirements and the owners special needs. Establish the conditions under which temporary waterproofing and/or traffic paths will be used and who will pay for them. Provide an opportunity to identify and resolve any questions, discrepancies, contradictions or errors in written specifications and drawings. Provide an opportunity to discuss best practices, as well as limitations for job-site setup, work hours, staging, storing materials, and removal of materials and debris. Identify and resolve any misconceptions in the scope of work. Identify the quality-control and inspection process. Before scheduling a pre-bid conference, a designer or building owners representative should prepare an agenda for the meeting and distribute it to all invited parties. If the identity of interested bidders cannot be determined before the pre-bid conference, such as in public bid projects, the agenda should be posted and made available to potential attendees before the conference. A pre-bid conference should be attended by all responsible parties, including the owners representative, designer, estimators and key personnel of the bidding contractors and any subcontractors. The pre-bid meeting should be scheduled to allow adequate time for bid preparation between the pre-bid meeting and the date on which sealed bids are to be submitted. Ideally, the project documents, including the drawings and specifications, should be distributed to all the bidders before the date of the pre-bid conference to allow each bidder the opportunity to review the documents. A written record or meeting minutes of the conference should be maintained by a designer along with any changes (addenda) to the contract documents and distributed to all parties in a timely manner following the meeting and well in advance of the bid deadline. In summary, a pre-bid conference, if conducted properly, can result in more accurate bidding and fewer change orders during construction, as well as a more thorough understanding of the project.
4. Pre-job Conference
Once a project has been awarded, NRCA recommends a pre-job conference be held for waterproofing projects. This conference should be attended by the owner, architect/engineer or designer, general contractor, site contractor, waterproofing contractor, consultant, inspector or quality assurance supervisor, wall/slab/deck contractor, mechanical contractor and any others whose work may interface with or affect the waterproofing project. The conference should be scheduled well in advance of any wall/slab/deck completion and before ordering materials and beginning work. If a manufacturers guarantee or warranty is specified, representatives from the primary waterproofing material manufacturer(s) should be present. A written record should be made of the proceedings from this meeting and should become a part of the job record. If a waterproofing contractor or waterproofing materials manufacturer discovers problems during inspection of a wall/slab/deck, a second pre-installation inspection attended by the affected parties
764B General Waterproofing Considerations
should be held to verify corrective measures have been taken. A designers specifications, plans, and all waterproofing and flashing details should be reviewed at the pre-job conference. Any discrepancies between the designers contract documents and manufacturers specifications should be discussed and resolved. In the event that certain discrepancies arise, the manufacturers representative should be consulted to assist in resolving the issue. Any known building code or architectural directives that conflict with these requirements should be resolved. NRCA recommends the directives listed below be followed to ensure a successful pre-job conference: Review approved submittals for the waterproofing system. Establish trade-related job schedules and appropriate trade coordination and sequencing including appropriate curing times; timely installation of any penetrations, attachments, equipment, overburden and/or protection to avoid or limit traffic on the waterproofing membrane. Establish construction schedules and work methods that will prevent damage to a waterproofing system. These may include provisions for installation of a temporary waterproofing system or temporary waterproofing surface protection devices, such as plywood. Installation of traffic paths or walkways helps protect a finished waterproofing system from foot traffic and mechanized construction equipment. And establish who will be responsible for costs to repair damage to a waterproofing system. Coordinate all appropriate walls, curbs, drains and other penetrations before installation of the waterproofing system. Where future penetrations are to be added, it is recommended to install a link seal detail or a similar detail to accommodate installation of future penetrations. Establish those areas on the job site that will be designated as access, staging, work, storage and disposal areas. Establish suitable weather conditions and working temperature parameters to which all parties should agree. Establish provisions for on-site surveillance after waterproofing system application is completed to ensure the finished waterproofing system is not damaged by other trades, and if damage does occur, proper repairs are performed in a timely manner. Establish provisions for responsibility of costs for repairs to the waterproofing system in the event that damage does occur. Establish safety regulations and safety requirements, including considerations for safety of workers. Establish quality-assurance requirements and procedures, including the level of authority to be granted to qualityassurance personnel to direct changes in the work. Establish water testing requirements and procedures, and designate a party responsible for signing off after successfully water testing the completed waterproofing membrane. Establish a time line for proper back filling. Establish the need for appropriate waterproofing personnel to be on-site when overburden is placed on waterproofing in case of damage. Establish a quality-control and inspection process and establish who is responsible for it. Establish guidelines for inspection and repair of the wall/slab/deck, including identifying the parties who are responsible for inspection and repair. Establish procedures for the submittal process. At the conclusion of the pre-job conference, the party requesting any proposed changes to the project conditions or waterproofing system should: Give written notice of the desired changes to all parties. Secure written agreement to the changes from the project designer, owner and all other parties affected by the change. A pre-job conference checklist is provided in the Appendix.
5. Material Storage and Handling

NRCA recommends the following for the storage and handling of materials: All waterproofing materials that are susceptible to retaining moisture or may be damaged by moisture should be stored in a dry location.
General Waterproofing Considerations 764C
When moisture-sensitive materials are stored outside, they should be placed on pallets or platforms that are raised off the ground. Materials sensitive to moisture should be covered with water-resistant coverings that have been properly secured. Coverings that are breathable, such as water-resistant canvas tarpaulins, are preferred. Roll materials should be stored on end to prevent rolls from becoming deformed or damaged. Single-ply sheet materials may be stored as shipped with rolls laying hori zontally or as recommended by the manu facturer. When storing waterproofing materials on a deck surface, caution should be taken not to ove rload the deck or structural assembly. Bitumen may be stored unprotected from weather on the ground. However, moisture, dirt, snow and ice should be removed from bitumen before it is heated. Lids should be secured on cans of stored material. Water-based materials such as asphalt emulsions, acrylic coatings and water-based adhesives should be protected from freezing. Solvents, adhesives, foam components and sealants should be stored at proper temperatures. Insulation materials should be stored and handled with care. When insulation is required to be dry at the point of installation, it is imperative insulation materials be protected from weather and moisture absorption. Some insulation materials are extremely light and must be weighted in storage to prevent wind damage, and some materials may need to be protected from UV radiation.
6. Temporary Waterproofing System

Frequently, building construction sequencing leads to pressure for the installation of waterproofing materials during unsuitable weather conditions or ahead of the construction schedule. This can be an issue for many types of waterproofing projects but is most likely to be an issue for waterproofing projects above habitable spaces or for those that can be used as work platforms or staging area for other trades, such as plaza deck waterproofing. As an effective means of addressing the problems caused by construction scheduling, a temporary waterproofing system installation may be necessary. A temporary waterproofing system facilitates the application of the specified waterproofing system during more suitable weather but allows other trades to complete their work before the permanent waterproofing system is installed. Thus, other trades may stay on schedule, completing their work under the protection of the temporary waterproofing, and other trade traffic is limited from potentially damaging the finished waterproofing system. If a temporary waterproofing system is to be employed, NRCA recommends the specifications clearly state a temporary waterproofing system will be required, the type and specification of tempora ry waterproofing system to be used, and whether the tempora ry waterproofing is to remain in place as part of the permanent waterproofing assembly. If it is to remain in place, the tempora ry waterproofing system must be compatible with the permanent waterproofing system.
7. Weather Considerations
The performance of a waterproofing system is dependant upon adhesion of a membrane to a suitable substrate; consequently, weather conditions play an important factor in the successful installation of a waterproofing system. A waterproofing contractor is vitally concerned with the limitations imposed on construction activity by the weather. To satisfy construction schedules and cope with the limitations imposed by weather, a designer, general contractor and waterproofing contractor should consider the following guidelines for the application of waterproofing materials during various weather conditions.
7.1 Cold Temperatures

It is recommended that waterproofing materials that have a temperature sensitivity not be applied unless correct solvent, adhesive, heat-welding or bitumen-application temperatures can be maintained. For bituminous waterproofing work, the heating and application of hot bitumen should conform to the manufacturers recommendations. If proper application temperatures cannot be maintained, waterproofing system application should cease. Hot bitumen must not be allowed to cool substantially before placing membrane reinforcing in the bitumen. Depending on the cold-weather flexibility properties of certain modified bitumen materials, prewarming and unrolling them in cold weather should be executed per manufacturers instructions. Moisture must not be allowed to condense or freeze or frost allowed to form on adhesives and solvents before bonding or welding takes place. Heat welders must be maintained at proper temperatures to provide complete, permanent welds. When installing heat-fused modified bitumen membranes in cold temperatures, equipment temperature and application rate should be adjusted to achieve thorough membrane adhesion. Concrete decks can remain excessively cold, which could have an adverse affect on the placement of the membrane and/or waterproofing system. Care must be taken to minimize material damage from the construction process during cold weather.
764D General Waterproofing Considerations
7.2 Hot Temperatures

Hot temperatures and/or conditions of high humidity also present challenges to maintaining proper application conditions for bitumens, certain solvents, adhesives and membrane-welding equipment. In hot weather, bitumen will cool more slowly, which can lead to sticking, making the membrane susceptible to physical damage from the construction process, equipment and foot traffic. Hot weather combined with construction activity can also lead to damage of certain materials. Hot weather also cures or evaporates solvents and adhesives more quickly, which can impair solvent welding, bonding and long-term adhesion. Humidity levels may also impair the welding, bonding and/or adhesion of various products. Heat welders must be properly adjusted and monitored so as not to scorch, burn or overheat materials. Concrete decks can retain an excessive amount of heat, which could have an adverse affect on the placement of the membrane and/or waterproofing system.
7.3 Wind
Wind can affect the application of waterproofing materials in many ways. Hot materials may be blown about, creating safety issues. Spray-applied liquid materials, such as adhesives and coatings, can become airborne in the wind and cause damage to surrounding property or affect the quality of the applicationmasking or overspray protection may be required. During even low winds, handling membrane sheet materials may become difficult and dangerous. Wind may affect proper application temperatures and curing of materials. Insulation boards, sheathing and other relatively large, bulky materials may become difficult and hazardous to handle. Debris may become airborne and can contaminate laps, seams and fluid-applied membranes.
7.4 Precipitation
Waterproofing materials should not be installed if water, frost, snow or ice is present on an area under construction. Materials that can be adversely affected by these elements include various wall/slab/deck materials, membranes, flashings, sealants and coatings. NRCA recommends most materials for waterproofing systems should not be installed if precipitation of any kind is occurring or is imminent unless the area is adequately protected. After moisture has been present on the substrate, it is advisable to run an adhesion test to determine whether the membrane will properly adhere to the substrate.
8. Wall/Slab/Deck and Structural Design Considerations

Along with other factors, a successful waterproofing application depends on a structurally sound wall, slab or deck. To ensure the construction of a structurally sound wall, slab or deck, provisions for the following items should be included in a buildings structural design and in the design of a wall, slab or deck: Live loads, such as snow, ice, and rain Construction loads, such as moving installation equipment, workers and materials; some construction loads, such as roller dollies used to transport single-ply materials, can exceed 600 pounds (272 kg) in quite small areas Dead loads, such as mechanical equipment, duct work, piping, or conduit such as fire sprinkler and electrical lines Dead loads, such as a waterproofing system, soil overburden, concrete toppings, pavers and water that is retained Deck strength (gauge, density, type and thickness) Expected deflection Drainage Placement of expansion joints Placement and structural support of curb and penetration members and details Attachment or securement provisions for a deck Suitability for adhesion/attachment of waterproofing membrane Suitability for water test loads A structurally sound wall, slab or deck should remain rigid so as not to deflect excessively under live loads. It should be understood that a waterproofing contractor can only inspect the surface of a wall, slab or deck to receive the waterproofing materials and cannot assume responsibility for the wall, slab or decks slope, structural integrity, method of attachment, or any other conditions beyond his control or professional expertise.
General Waterproofing Considerations
764E
Figure 1: Example of deck camber where a drain located at midspan may not p r ovide dra i n a g e.
9. Surface Inspection
Before applying waterproofing materials, it is recommended that a waterproofing contractor, with the appropriate parties, make a visual inspection of a substrate surface to verify it is clean, dry, smooth and ready for waterproofing system application. A wall, slab or deck should be brush- or broom-clean, reasonably smooth, free of voids or depressions, and adequately attached. This inspection should be attended by the waterproofing contractor, material manufacturer and all the appropriate parties, such as the general contractor, wall/slab/deck contractor, architect/engineer or designer, and owners representative. All visible defects in the wall/slab/deck should be noted, and corrections should be made before beginning waterproofing work. It is recommended that the contractor who is responsible for defects or damage to the wall/slab/deck be responsible for the repairs. NRCA recommends project specifications clearly define this responsibility.
10. Slope and Drainage

NRCA recommends all horizontal waterproofing systems over habitable spaces be designed and built to provide positive drainage. For horizontal waterproofing systems over habitable spaces, NRCA recommends that a drainage layer be installed to facilitate the movement of water. For vertical waterproofing systems, NRCA recommends the use of a drainage layer tied to a drainage system (installed by others) at the base of the waterproofing system to relieve hydrostatic pressure. Because every waterproofing project has its own set of drainage criteria, the designer is responsible for including proper drainage provisions in the waterproofing system design. For horizontal waterproofing systems over habitable spaces, a designer should specify a minimum 18:12 (0.6-degree) slope or greater and should make provisions in the design for complete positive drainage. To achieve the necessary slope throughout the entire surface area, a designer should consider the following: Structural framing for the deck Deck type and its characteristics Overburden/topping material Type of membrane specified Penetration locations Varying deck deflections Building and deck layout Flashing termination heights Certain decks, such as precast concrete decks or long-span prestressed concrete decks, may incorporate camber in anticipation of future loading conditions. The camber must be considered in the design of the slope and drainage system. Depending on the structural design of a deck or slab system and placement of drains, the camber may assist or restrict drainage. See Figure 1. This example illustrates that the computations for slope should be determined by the deflections expected in each particular slab/deck. NRCA recommends that a designer consult the local building code of jurisdiction regarding the required slope, primary drainage and secondary (overflow) drainage for each project. Building codes dictate the number of drains, size of drain pipes and plumbing accessories, and the need for secondary drainage systems. Design information for drainage is found in the plumbing section of the applicable building code.
764F General Waterproofing Considerations
Primary drains and overflows are typically installed at the same level as the waterproofing membranes surface. For all waterproofing systems, it is recommended that a protection course be installed between the waterproofing membrane and any overburden. The drainage course may also act as a protection course. For horizontal waterproofing systems, the drainage course is suggested to promote the movement of water under topping slabs, wearing course, etc. to promote the movement of water to relieve hydrostatic pressure. See the Waterproofing Construction Details section of this manual for specific waterproofing details.
11. Expansion Joints and Control Joints

Expansion joints and control joints are used to minimize the effects of stresses and movements of a buildings components and prevent these stresses from splitting, buckling/ridging or damaging a waterproofing system. Expansion joints in a waterproofing assembly, which includes a waterproofing membrane and wall/slab/deck, should be placed in the same location as the buildings structural expansion joints. Each of a buildings components has varying coefficients of expansion, and each is subjected to varying temperature changes and resultant thermal movement. In the design and placement of waterproofing expansion and control joints, it is recommended a designer consider: Thermal movement characteristics of a building Structural supports and wall/slab/deck Waterproofing system Climatic conditions Proper detailing
12. Curbs and Penetrations

NRCA recommends curbs and penetrations be flashed into the waterproofing membrane. The designer should properly detail penetrations for drains, piping, conduit, equipment supports, and other projections or penetrations. Where future penetrations are to be added, it is recommended to install a link seal detail or a similar detail to accommodate installation of future penetrations. The maximum amount of space (for horizontal and vertical applications) should be provided between pipes, walls and curbs to facilitate proper installation of waterproofing materials. NRCA recommends a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between pipes, a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between pipes and curbs or walls, and a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between curbs and curbs or walls. Waterproofing systems have different installation methods that may require different spacings, and certain project conditions may not allow these recommended clearances. However, adequate space (i.e., clearance) is required for a mechanic to properly install the required flashings at penetrations. NRCA recommends penetrations through a waterproofing system not be located so they restrict the flow of water. Pipe clusters are not recommended because of the difficulty to properly flash them to a waterproofing membrane. All curbs, wood blocking, penetrations, drains and drain leaders should be firmly anchored and in place before installation of a waterproofing system. All openings for penetrations should be cut through the deck and the opening filled with compatible material before installation of a waterproofing membrane. Vibrations from surface-mounted mechanical equipment should be isolated from a wa t e rp roofing membrane and flashings. It is recommended that condensate water from mechanical equipment not be discharged onto an elastomeric traffic coatings surface. The installation of drainage piping is encouraged to direct equipment discharge water directly to drains. Heavy loads, such as large mechanical units, should not be wheeled or rolled over a completed waterproofing membrane because they may cause damage to the waterproofing assembly. Protection boards should be installed if work is required over a completed waterproofing membrane before installation of a topping slab. After the work is completed, the temporary protection should be removed and any damage repaired and water tested. Where topping slabs or other paver systems are not used, use of a traffic bearing waterproofing membrane is recommended. See the Waterproofing Construction Details section of this manual for specific waterproofing details.
13. Waterstops
Waterstops are devices installed at the intersection of cold joints in concrete walls and slabs, walls and footings, or at vertical joints in concrete work. Waterstops are a secondary means of protection against water infiltration. Waterstops are typically fabricated from a variety of materials such as bentonite and treated rubber and are installed before placement of concrete. There are waterstops available that use tubes and injectable foam and are used as secondary systems. These are used where leaks would be critical and are anticipated.
General Waterproofing Considerations 764G
The surface on which a waterstop is installed should be relatively smooth and free from sharp edges. The designer should indicate the location of the waterstops within the cold joint and which party is responsible for installation of waterstops. Placement is criticalwaterstops should not be placed too closely to the edge of concrete walls. Waterstops require a minimum 2 inches (50 mm) of concrete cover. The swelling of a waterstop can damage the concrete. See the Waterproofing Construction Details section of this manual for installation details.
14. Flashings
The most vulnerable part of a waterproofing system for water entry is the point at which horizontal and vertical surfaces intersect, including penetrations. Designers should carefully design all flashing details. Flashings and membranes are subject to differential horizontal-to-vertical movement and can separate from their substrate, tear, and can become a source for water entry into the waterproofing system and/or building interior. This can cause wrinkling and buckling, delamination and loss of adhesion. NRCA recommends designers develop flashing details that can accommodate movement at horizontal-to-vertical conditions at walls, slabs and decks. This condition may occur where walls, slabs and decks are not attached to each other or fixed-in-place. There are two types of flashings for waterproofing: membrane base flashings and sheet-metal counterflashings.
14.1 Membrane Base Flashings

Membrane base flashings are generally composed of strips of compatible membrane materials used to flash horizontal-to-vertical intersections and/or transitions. NRCA recommends the height of a base flashing be a minimum of 4 inches (100 mm) above the surface of the topping material. Where no topping materials are used (e.g., surface-applied traffic-bearing waterproofing systems), NRCA recommends the height of the base flashing be a minimum of 4 inches (100 mm). Membrane base flashings should be adhered to the substrate to prevent displacement and/or slippage. Depending on the type of waterproofing system, termination of the system may vary. Some systems require securing or fastening by termination bars or other appropriate mechanical fastening devices approved by the membrane manufacturer. When phasing is required, other parties, such as the general contractor, should be responsible for protection of the exposed waterproofing system or leading edge before completion of the flashing system. The installation of fillets at membrane base flashings to accommodate horizontal-to-vertical plane change is consistent with good wa t e rproofing practice when using bituminous wa t e rp roofing membranes. Most thermoset and thermoplastic wa t e rproofing systems are capable of accommodating 90-degree angle changes and do not require the use of fillets.
14.2 Sheet-metal Counterflashings and Terminations

When the waterproofing base flashings are subject to UV exposure, sheet-metal counterflashings should be installed to cover the top edge and overlap the upper portion of membrane base flashings. In lieu of sheet-metal counterflashings, some other means of protecting the membrane flashing from UV exposure and physical damage is needed. However, some waterproofing systems do not require counterflashing to protect them from UV exposure. Sheet-metal counterflashings also provide a means of mechanical termination for waterproofing flashings. However, some waterproofing systems are self flashing and do not require mechanical terminations or counterflashings. Sheet-metal counterflashings should be installed into or on the wall above the base flashing. NRCA suggests the design of counterflashings consist of separate reglet and counterflashing pieces, allowing installation of the sheet-metal counterflashing after the membrane base flashing is complete. Projects where single-piece counterflashings have been installed will require removal and replacement of the metal flashing during future maintenance operations. When precast walls are used, a designer should carefully consider the flashing provisions required to properly interface the waterproofing to the precast wall units. Cast-in raggles or reglets frequently used for this purpose are difficult to align. When they are not horizontally aligned, they hinder the proper installation of sheet-metal reglets and counterflashing components. For this reason, the use of cast-in raggles or reglets is not recommended. Also, where counterflashings span vertical panel-to-panel joints, the interfaces of counterflashings and panels with sealants are difficult to waterproof. In these situations, consideration should be given to camber, and the independent thermal movement of the walls, waterproofing membrane and flashings. Because metals have thermal expansion and contraction characteristics that differ from most waterproofing membranes, it is advisable to isolate metal flashings from the waterproofing membrane and flashing when possible.
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Figure 2: S u r face-mounted reglet with remova ble counterflashing
15. Overburden
Consideration should be given to the selection of the overburden and the components above a waterproofing membrane. Protection board, insulation, drainage layers and overburden are installed on top of a wa t e rproofing membrane. The selection of the overburden is a significant part of an overall waterproofing system. For concrete overburden, steel rebars, wire mesh, etc. should not come in direct contact with a wa t e rproofing membrane as damage to the membrane can occur during placement and screeding operations. The overburden should not be above the top edge of waterproofing flashing terminations unless it is a soil topping. The components above a waterproofing membrane should all be compatible and be compatible with the waterproofing membrane. Accessory items, such as electrical conduits, irrigation lines, piping, etc. should not be attached to a waterproofing system.
16. Quality Assurance and Water Tests

Continuous visual inspection during waterproofing system application provides a complete and meaningful means of examining workmanship practices. If part-time inspections are performed, the inspections should occur at the beginning and end of significant phases and when other construction trades work may affect the performance of the waterproofing system. The quality-assurance representatives responsibilities should be clearly defined to ensure complete understanding of expectations of materials to be installed, installation methods and definition of deficiencies with appropriately defined corrective actions. The representative should, in a timely manner, provide a contractor with copies of all reports prepared for an owner and should orally inform the contractors field personnel of locations of items requiring corrective action. Quality assurance by the owner should continue after completion of the waterproofing installation until all overburden work is completed. Before installation of overburden, a water test is conducted to evaluate whether a waterproofing system (but not a dampproofing system) is leak-free under hydrostatic (e.g., standing water) and/or non-hydrostatic conditions (e.g., flowing water). A water test is conducted in one of two ways. A water test is conducted by temporarily plugging or otherwise closing any deck drains and erecting temporary dams where required to retain water on the surface of the waterproofing material, then flooding the surface to a maximum depth of 2 inches (50 mm) at the high point and retaining the water for a minimum of 24 hours or as required by the manufacturer. A water test is conducted by applying continuously flowing water over the waterproofing membranes surface for a minimum of 24 hours or as required by the manufacturer without closing drains or erecting dams. Selecting the correct water test depends on the structural capacity of the deck/substrate and the slope of the deck/waterproofing system. However, job-site conditions may dictate the methodology of each projects water test. Decks without significant slope (e.g., a plaza deck) can be water tested using a flood test or a flowing water test.
General Waterproofing Considerations 764I
Decks with significant slope (e.g., a parking garage ramp) can be water tested using a flowing water test. Determining the structural capacity of the deck is the responsibility of the designer. Care must be taken so the weight of water retained does not exceed the load-carrying capacity of the structural deck, and the height of the water does not exceed the height of the lowest flashing. The water should be allowed to remain on the waterproofing membrane for a minimum 24 hours for the flood test or for the flowing water test or as required by the manufacturer, after which the areas beneath the membrane should be inspected for leaks. If leaks are detected, the test should be stopped, repairs made to the membrane and the area retested. The protection course should be installed over the tested area after successfully completing the water test unless a protection course is an integral part of the waterproofing system. The water test documents the performance of the waterproofing membrane before placement of overburden or topping material. This information and a sample water test verification form are located in the Appendix.
17. Post-installation Considerations

After a waterproofing system has been installed, the waterproofing contractor and the general contractor should advise the appropriate parties of their the need to provide surveillance and protection of the waterproofing system until the protection course, overburden and topping slab are installed; or until the backfill is installed and compacted; or during the remainder of the construction period if a topping slab is not used or if a traffic-bearing membrane is used. Accessory items, such as electrical conduits, irrigation lines, piping, etc. should not be attached to a waterproofing system. Damage to a waterproofing system caused by other trades is a major source of subsequent waterproofing problems. Construction traffic, staging, other trades work, debris and contaminants should be kept off a finished waterproofing system. Damage can be difficult to discover, and leaks or points of water entry into the waterproofing system can remain undetected for an extended period of time, which can lead to further problems, such as structural degradation. Where construction damage is anticipated, the use of a temporary waterproofing system should be considered before a project begins.
18. Warranties
The length of a waterproofing system warranty should not be primary in the selection of a waterproofing product or waterproofing system because the warranty does not necessarily provide assurance of satisfactory waterproofing system performance. The selection of a waterproofing system for a particular project should be based upon the products qualities and suitability for the prospective construction project. A long-term warranty may be of little value to a consumer if the waterproofing system does not perform satisfactorily and the owner is plagued by leaks. Conversely, if a waterproofing system is well-designed, well-constructed and well-manufactured, the expense of purchasing a warranty may not be necessary. Warranty documents often contain restrictive provisions that significantly limit the warrantors liability and consumers remedies in the event that problems develop. The warranty document may also contain other restrictions and limitations, such as a preclusion against assignment or transfer of the warranty, exclusion of damages resulting from a defective waterproofing system and inclusion of monetary limitations. It is NRCAs position that the removal of overburden, protective toppings, equipment, etc., that are not strictly part of the waterproofing system are the responsibility of others. A waterproofing contractor and waterproofing material supplier are not responsible for removing any overburden of any kind installed by others placed over the waterproofing membrane, including slabs, pavers, equipment, machinery, etc. It is recommended to consult the respective manufacturers for warranty clarification.
19. Building Owner Recommendations

Building owners should file all job records, drawings, specifications and the water test verification form for future reference. They should record maintenance procedures as they occur. The following statements should be included in an owners maintenance program: Bag and remove debris from the waterproofed area because debris left in areas around drains may be swept toward drains and may clog drains. Notify the waterproofing contractor immediately upon discovery of a waterproofing leak. Note conditions resulting in leakage. Note whether the leak starts immediately after rain begins, stops shortly after rain stops or continues to leak until the waterproofing is dry. All associated facts enable the diagnosis and repair of waterproofing problems to proceed more rapidly.
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Do not allow the installation of new penetrations through a completed waterproofing system without consulting with the waterproofing contractor and membrane manufacturer (if the waterproofing system is under a manufacturers warranty) about the methods and details for these installations. When future penetrations are added, penetrations should be installed in the previously installed link seal detail or similar detail.
20. Appendix 20.1 Waterproofing Contractor Qualification Form 20.2 Pre-job Conference Checklist
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WATERPROOFING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATION STATEMENT

(Note: This document is presented in the format of AIA Document A-305) The undersigned certifies under oath the truth and correctness of all statements and of all answers to questions made hereinafter. Submitted To: ________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Company: __________________________________________________________________________________ Address: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Submitted By: ________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Company: __________________________________________________________________________________ Address: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Telephone: ( ) ________________________________Fax: ( ) ____________________________________ Principal Office: ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
I. ABOUT YOUR COMPANY

1.0 What is your form of business organization? ___C-Corporation _____S-Corporation _____ LLC _____Partnership _____Sole Proprietorship 1.1 Please answer the following depending on your companys business organization: Corporation Date of incorporation: __________________________ State of incorporation: __________________________ Presidents name and years of waterproofing industry experience: __________________________________ Vice presidents name and years of waterproofing experience: __________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Partnership/proprietorship Date of organization: __________________________ States(s) of organization: ______________________ Names and addresses of all partners (state whether general or limited partnership) and years of waterproofing experience: ______________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________
Secretarys name and years of waterproofing industry experience: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Treasurers name and years of waterproofing industry experience: ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
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1.2 If other than a corporation, sole proprietorship or partnership, describe the type of company and name the principals. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.3 How many years has your company been in business as a waterproofing contractor? ____________________
1.4 How many years has your company been in business under its present name? __________________________ 1.5 Under what other or former names has your company operated? ____________________________________
1.6 Please list any trade association membership(s) that your company holds, along with the number of years the membership(s) has been held. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.7 List states and categories in which your company is legally qualified to do business. Indicate registration or license numbers, if applicable. List states in which partnership or tradename is filed. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ State ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Category __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Registration/license # __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ State of partnership/ trade name __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
II. ABOUT YOUR WORK

2.1 What kind of waterproofing work does your company perform? Check all that apply.
Below Grade Plaza Deck Green Roofs Traffic Coatings Injection Repair
2.2 Does your company perform all waterproofing work in house?
_____yes
_____no
If no, please explain. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.3 What is your company policy concerning on-site supervision of work and internal quality control procedures? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.4 Has your company ever failed to complete work awarded to it? _____yes _____no
If yes, please explain. __________________________________________________________________________ 2.4.1 Within the past five years, has any officer or partner of your company ever been an officer or partner of any other company when it failed to complete a waterproofing contract? _____yes _____no
If yes, explain when, where and why. ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.5 Have you or your company ever filed for bankruptcy? _____yes _____no
If yes, please explain. __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
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2.6 What is your companys experience modification rate (EMR) for workers compensation insurance during the past three years? EMRlast year: ______________________________ __________________________ __________________________ State: ______________________________________ State: ______________________________________ State: ______________________________________ EMRprevious year: EMRprevious year:
2.7 Does your company handle projects involving the removal of asbestos-containing waterproofing materials? _____yes _____no Installation? _____yes _____yes _____no ____no
2.8 Is your company currently involved in litigation?
If yes, please explain. __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Do you subcontract any work listed above? _____yes _____no If yes, please explain. __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
III. ABOUT YOUR REFERENCES

3.0 Please list trade references. __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.1 Please list bank references. __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Please provide the names of your bonding company along with the name and address of your agent. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.3 Please list manufacturers with which your firm has licensed applicator agreements. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.0 Dated in _________________________ this________________ day of__________________ 20_______ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Name of organization) ____________________________________________ (by) ____________________________________________ (Title)
5.0 _______________________ being duly sworn deposes and says that he/she is the __________________ of ____________________________ and that answers to the foregoing questions and all statements therein contained are true and correct. 5.1 Subscribed and sworn before me this ___________________ day of________________________ 20______ NOTARY PUBLIC: _________________________________ My commission expires: _______________________
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (Please duplicate this form as necessary) Please provide information about waterproofing projects that your company has in progress as follows: Name of project: ______________________________________________________________________________ Owner: ______________________________________________________________________________________ Architect (if applicable): ________________________________________________________________________ Contract amount: ______________________________________________________________________________ Percent completed: ____________________________________________________________________________ Scheduled completion date: ______________________________________________________________________ Please provide copies of your certificates of insurance. Please provide any other information you would like to include about the waterproofing experience of key company individuals, including field superintendents. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Please provide any other information you would like to include about your company and your work. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Pre-job Conference Checklist

NRCA recommends the directives listed below be followed to ensure a successful pre-job conference:
Review approved submittals for the waterproofing system. Establish trade-related job schedules and appropriate trade coordination and sequencing, including appropriate curing times; timely installation of any penetrations, attachments, equipment, overburden and/or protection to avoid or limit traffic on the waterproofing membrane. Establish construction schedules and work methods that will prevent damage to a waterproofing system. These may include provisions for installation of a temporary waterproofing system or temporary waterproofing surface protection devices, such as plywood. Installation of traffic paths or walkways helps protect a finished waterproofing system from foot traffic and mechanized construction equipment. And establish who will be responsible for costs to repair damage to a waterproofing system. Coordinate all appropriate walls, curbs, drains and other penetrations before installation of the waterproofing system. Where future penetrations are to be added, it is recommended to install a link seal detail or a similar detail to accommodate installation of future penetrations. Establish those areas on the job site that will be designated as access, staging, work, storage and disposal areas. Establish suitable weather conditions and working temperature criteria to which all parties should agree. Establish provisions for on-site surveillance after waterproofing system application is completed to ensure the finished waterproofing system is not damaged by other trades, and if damage does occur, proper repairs are performed in a timely manner. Establish provisions for responsibility of costs for repairs to the membrane waterproofing system in the event that damage does occur. Establish safety regulations and safety requirements, including considerations for safety of workers. Establish quality-assurance requirements and procedures, including the level of authority to be granted to qualityassurance personnel to direct changes in the work. Establish water testing requirements and procedures, and designate a person responsible for signing off after successfully watertesting the completed waterproofing membrane. Establish a time line for proper back filling. Establish the need for appropriate waterproofing personnel to be on-site when overburden is placed on waterproofing in case of damage. Establish a quality-control and inspection process and establish who is responsible for it. For waterproofing projects, establish guidelines for inspection and repair of the wall/slab/deck, including identifying the parties who are responsible for inspection and repair. Establish procedures for the submittal process.
At the conclusion of the pre-job conference, the party requesting any proposed changes to the project conditions or waterproofing system should:
Give written notice of the desired changes to all parties. Secure written agreement to the changes from the project designer, owner and all other parties affected by the change.
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Waterproofing and Dampproofing Guidelines

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769 2. Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771 2.1 Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771 2.2 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .772 2.2.1 Geocomposites (Drainage mat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .772 2.2.2 Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .773 2.3 Design Guidelines and Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774 2.3.1 Slabs in a Hydrostatic Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774 2.3.2 Walls Below Grade/Vertical Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774 2.3.2.1 Positive (Exterior) Side Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774 2.3.2.2 Concrete Walls Inaccessible From the Exterior (Blind-side Application) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775 2.3.3 Slabs At or Above Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775 2.3.3.1 Between-slab Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775 2.3.3.2 Traffic-bearing Waterproofing Membranes (Surface-applied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776 2.3.4 Planters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776 2.3.5 Fountains, Pools, Tanks and Water Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777 2.4 Suggested List of Waterproofing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777 2.4.1 Slab Below Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777 2.4.2 Walls Below Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777 2.4.2.1 Positive (Exterior) Side Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777 2.4.2.2 Negative (Interior) Side Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778 2.4.3 Slabs At or Above Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778 2.4.3.1 Between-slab Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778 2.4.3.2 Traffic-bearing Waterproofing Membranes (Surface-applied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778 2.4.4 Planters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778 2.4.5 Fountains, Pools, Ponds, Lagoons and Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 2.5 Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 2.5.1 Masonry Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 2.5.2 Concrete Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780
Contents 765
2.5.3 Shotcrete Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 2.5.4 Plywood Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 2.5.5 Soil/Compacted Earth or Drainage Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781 2.6 Waterproofing Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781 2.6.1 Asphalt Built-up Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781 2.6.1.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .782 2.6.2 Coal-tar Built-up Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .782 2.6.2.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783 2.6.3 Hot-fluid-applied Polymer-modified Asphalt Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783 2.6.3.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783 2.6.4 APP and SBS Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .784 2.6.4.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785 2.6.5 Self-adhering Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785 2.6.5.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785 2.6.6 Butyl Rubber Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786 2.6.6.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786 2.6.7 EPDM Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 2.6.7.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 2.6.8 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788 2.6.8.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788 2.6.9 One- and Two-component Fluid-applied Elastomeric Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788 2.6.9.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789 2.6.10 Bentonite Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789 2.6.10.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789 2.6.11 Crystalline Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .790 2.6.11.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .790 2.6.12 Cementitious Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .791 2.6.12.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .791 2.6.13 Elastomeric Traffic Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792 2.6.13.1 Elastomeric Pedestrian Traffic Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792 2.6.13.2 Elastomeric Vehicular Traffic Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792
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2.6.13.3 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792 2.7 Waterproofing System Accessory Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
2.7.1 Protection Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793 2.7.1.1 Polystyrene Protection Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793 2.7.1.2 Extruded Polystyrene Composite Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 2.7.1.3 Premolded Asphaltic Membrane Protection Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 2.7.2 Prefabricated Drainage Products (Geocomposites) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 2.7.3 Waterstops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 2.8 Waterproofing Repair and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 2.8.1 Crystalline Waterproofing Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 2.8.1.1 Preparation and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 2.8.2 Polyurethane Chemical Grout Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 2.8.3 Acrylamide Gel Chemical Grout Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 3. Dampproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 3.1 Design Guidelines and Performance Requirements for Dampproofing of Below-grade Walls . . . . . . .795 3.2 Dampproofing Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796 3.2.1 Solvent-based Dampproofing Mastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796 3.2.1.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796 3.2.2 Bituminous-emulsion Dampproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796 3.2.2.1 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 4. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 4.1 Water Test Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 4.2 Water Test Verification Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Waterproofing and Dampproofing Guidelines section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual is written to provide in-depth technical information concerning the design and installation of quality waterproofing and belowgrade dampproofing systems. Waterproofing and dampproofing practices vary considerably in different parts of North America because of the variety of conditions that exist and the various materials that are available for use. Many times, waterproofing and dampproofing systems are essentially customized, meaning they are designed for specific structures and applied on job sites. Adherence to the practices outlined in this manual is an option of each contracting firm. Area practices and the time-proven methods employed by individual firms are frequently given priority over these recommended general procedures. The NRCA Waterproofing Manual defines waterproofing and dampproofing as follows: Waterproofing: treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic conditions Dampproofing: treatment of a surface to resist the passage of moisture in the absence of hydrostatic conditions A waterproofing assembly consists of a substrate and a membrane and may incorporate a protection/drainage/insulation layer. Horizontal waterproofing assemblies often incorporate a topping or wearing surface for additional protection and/or aesthetic reasons. Waterproofing systems can be divided into two primary categories: positive side and negative side, which are defined as follows: Positive (exterior) side waterproofing systems: a category of waterproofing systems where the waterproofing membrane/layer is installed between its substrate and the source or supply of water. Negative (interior) side waterproofing systems: a category of waterproofing systems where the substrate is between the waterproofing system and the source of water. The types of waterproofing systems discussed in The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual are: Asphalt Built-up Membrane Coal-tar Built-up Membrane Hot-fluid-applied Polymer-modified Asphalt Membrane APP and SBS Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane Self-adhering Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane Butyl Rubber Membrane EPDM Membrane Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane One- and Two-component, Fluid-applied Elastomeric Materials Bentonite Waterproofing Crystalline Waterproofing Cementitious Waterproofing Elastomeric Traffic Coatings The information contained in this manual is intended to deal primarily with new construction. However, there is a section that discusses repair-type waterproofing products and replacement waterproofing situations. Because of the wide variety of waterproofing and dampproofing products, this manual cannot address all the different methods and practices for designing and installing all the products available to designers, contractors and building owners. In this manual, the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) presents a consensus of opinions from knowledgeable, practicing waterproofing contractors throughout the United States as to the practices and procedures for good waterproofing. Where this manual provides specific suggestions or recommendations, it should be noted these may be a more conservative approach than may be commonly provided by individual product manufacturers, designers or contractors. The waterproofing design and application procedures included in this manual generally are recognized to be sound and time-proven and apply throughout the United States.
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The recommendations contained in the Waterproofing and Dampproofing section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual should not be construed as the only methods for designing and installing waterproofing systems. Some design criteria and application techniques vary according to climatic conditions, and some geographic areas employ area practices that are sound and time-proven. NRCA does not mean to imply by any statement or exclusion that timetested and proven area practices are unsatisfactory or inappropriate. Users of this manual are encouraged to contact NRCA or NRCA members in their geographical areas for specific advice concerning area practices and current technical information. The Wa t e rproofing and Dampproofing section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual is composed of the following sections: Introduction. This is the introductory section to the Waterproofing section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual and contains general information applicable to all waterproofing systems. Waterproofing. This section contains information regarding waterproofing design guidelines, substrates, products, accessory materials and repair materials. Dampproofing. This section contains information regarding dampproofing design guidelines and products as they relate to below-grade foundation walls. Appendix. This section contains the water test verification form. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual. NRCA suggests the Waterproofing and Dampproofing section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual be used in the design of waterproofing systems only after a number of criteria have been carefully considered, including: Climate and geographic location A buildings intended use and design life expectancy Exterior and interior temperature, humidity and use conditions Code requirements Type and condition of substrate, including soil Structural system Slope and drainage Waterproofing system type including overburden Accessibility and building configuration Building movement Type and amount of insulation/protection/drainage needed Need for ventilation during installation Compatibility with adjacent building and/or system components Construction sequencing Worker safety Potential building additions Odors generated by certain system application methods Water table Construction traffic Penetrations These criteria play important roles in the ultimate success or failure of every waterproofing assembly and must be considered by a designer to determine the appropriate components of a waterproofing assembly, applicable products and specifications, and construction details to be used. In addition, the designer should be certain waterproofing product manufacturers requirements are taken into account, as well as requirements of applicable insurance, building code enforcement and/or other regulatory agencies. It is recommended to consult material manufacturers w ritten specifications during the design of a waterproofing assembly.
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2. WATERPROOFING 2.1 Waterproofing

Wa t e rp roofing is defined as the treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure. Water exerts a pressure of 62.4 pounds per square foot per foot (1,000 kg per square meter per meter) of depth because water weighs 62.4 pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) (1,000 kg per square meter per meter). See Table 1: Weights of Different Heights of Water. Therefore, water lying against a barrier exerts a steadily increasing pressure as the depth of the water increases. The wa t e rp roofing treatment must keep the water from penetrating into the building interior.
Water
Depth, inches (mm) 1 (25.4) 2 (50.8) 3 (76.2) 4 (101.6) 5 (127.0) 6 (152.4) 7 (177.8) 8 (203.2) 9 (228.6) 10 (254.0) 11 (279.4) 12 (304.8) Waterproofing is used to: Waterproof floors and walls below grade of buildings, tunnels and similar structures from the passage of ground water Waterproof horizontal decks over habitable spaces Waterproof wet spaces, such as kitchens, showers and mechanical equipment rooms from other areas of buildings Protect bridge decks against deterioration from deicing salts and help minimize the negative effects of moisture intrusion into the structural elements and topping materials Contain water or other fluids within items such as pools, planters, fountains, lagoons, irrigation trenches and dams An understanding of the different loads and stresses placed upon the waterproofing material is important to the proper design of a structure. The following are some of the performance attributes required of waterproofing systems: A waterproofing membrane should perform completely trouble- and maintenance-free for an extended period of time. It is usually quite difficult, if not impossible, to excavate around the foundation walls or remove a reinforced concrete floor slab to repair or replace the waterproofing material. A waterproofing membrane should perform successfully in a wet environment. A waterproofing membrane should resist environmental contaminants, such as acids or alkalies, and other contaminants. For example, soil chemistry varies from location to location and sometimes from foot to foot of excavated depth. The material must be compatible with the soil and substrate to which it is applied. Some waterproofing materials are intolerant of certain soil salts, and others are affected by oils or other materials that could be spilled onto floors in mechanical equipment rooms. A waterproofing membrane must remain in place and intact until the protective wearing course can be applied or backfill installed. However, the greatest threat to waterproofing often comes from other construction trades such as backfill placement where rocks and construction debris and other sharp objects may be dumped against the waterproofing material. Even though horizontal surfaces are usually covered with a protection course, other trades often
Weight, pounds/foot2 (kg/meter2) 5.2 (83.3) 10.4 (166.7) 15.6 (250.0) 20.8 (333.3) 26.0 (416.7) 31.2 (500.0) 36.4 (583.3) 41.6 (666.7) 46.8 (750.0) 52.0 (833.3) 57.2 (916.7) 62.4 (1000)
Table 1: Weights of different heights of wa t e r
use the waterproofed surface as a staging area or for access to adjacent work areas. This is critical for waterproofing because the waterproofing membrane is not readily accessible for repair. A waterproofing membrane should accommodate anticipated structural movement in the substrate to which it has been applied. Below-grade concrete and masonry structures may experience settlement and/or shrinkage as the substrate materials cure. Horizontal plaza decks experience thermal movement and load deflection. These characteristics make it necessary for the waterproofing material to be able to bridge small cracks and expand and contract to some degree without rupture or failure. Waterproofing materials are generally concealed and often placed into a protected environment. Therefore, materials used for waterproofing may not perform successfully if used for roofing applications. The following are conditions favorable to waterproofing membranes (compared to roof membranes): Waterproofing membranes are subjected to limited thermal stress. Below-grade waterproofing materials are usually kept at near constant temperatures because of their contact with earth back-fill on the exterior and proximity to relatively constant interior temperatures. Waterproofing membranes are not exposed to direct ultraviolet radiation because they are buried in the ground, covered with a plaza deck surface or used inside a building. Sunlight and other environmental exposures cannot affect them once the building is completed. Waterproofing membranes are directly adhered to structural substrates. Structural decks and walls are typically dimensionally stable. When the materials are fully adhered to the substrates, water penetrating the waterproofing system cannot freely move laterally. Therefore, leaks tend to appear close to the point of moisture penetration. However, loose-laid membranes are acceptable for below-grade matt-slab conditions over compacted fill where there is upward hydrostatic pressure. Waterproofing membranes are protected from physical abuse. After installation, waterproofing materials are usually covered with a protection course and/or drainage course and backfill or with a permanent protection slab.
2.2 Drainage
A drainage system is a system of perimeter and/or underslab drains used to relieve the hydrostatic pressure in the earth surrounding a below-grade structure. Clearly, the most effective way to waterproof walls and floors is to remove the water from the soil before it reaches the wall or floor. Each of the waterproofing materials described in this manual is designed to resist hydrostatic pressure to varying degrees. However, the waterproof integrity of any building can be greatly improved if the hydrostatic pressure against the waterproofing material can be reduced or eliminated entirely. In below-grade structures, the determination of whether a drainage system can be used depends upon the quantity of water that must be handled and how it is to be handled or resisted. When gravity can be used to direct water from around the building foundation into a storm sewer, greater amounts of water can be handled than when pumping must be used to lower the water table. Operating the pumps can be costly if there is a great amount of water to handle, and there is always the threat of problems if the pumps fail. If it is determined a drainage system cannot be economically employed, the foundation floor slab must be designed with sufficient concrete mass and reinforcement to resist the uplift pressures of the anticipated water table, and the construction has to be carefully waterproofed, which can be an expensive construction process. If a drainage system can be employed, the slab on grade can be designed with only surface load considerations, thereby greatly reducing construction costs. The decision to use a drainage system depends on a careful analysis of soil borings and water-table level readings and should be made with the input of an ex p e rienced soils or geotechnical engineer. A site with coarse, perm e a ble soil that freely permits water percolation combined with a water-table level that is above the top of the foundation floor slab is probably an unlikely candidate for a drainage system, part i c u l a rl if the water table must be lowered by pumping for cony s t ruction to begin. Conversely, a site with a dense clay soil resistant to water percolation could be an excellent candidate for a drainage system even if the water-table level is considerably higher than the foundation floor slab.
2.2.1 Geocomposites (Drainage mat)

Hydrostatic pressure can be relieved from perimeter walls below grade by using a coarse aggregate backfill or a prefabricated drainage product known as a geocomposite. This system channels ground water traveling toward the building down to a perimeter drainage system located below the bottom of the foundation floor slab. The drain system may be installed either at the exterior or interior perimeter of the foundation walls or both, depending on the specific type of drainage system being used. When aggregate is used to relieve hydrostatic pressure against wall
surfaces, a separate protection course must be placed against the waterproofing membrane to protect the membrane from damage during aggregate placement. Loose aggregate should not be placed directly against the waterproofing membrane. Alternatively, geocomposites relieve hydrostatic pressure and some also serve as protection for the waterproofing membrane during backfill operations.
2.2.2 Drains
Consideration should also be given to relieving water pressure from the surface of horizontal suspended structural slabs, such as a plaza deck slab. When water that permeates its way through upper layers down to the membrane surface can drain freely to deck drains, the horizontal waterproofing membrane will perform better. This horizontal movement of water can be achieved by placing a suitable insulation board specially designed with drainage channels or grooves on its underside, a protection course, and a layer of aggregate or a geocomposite directly above the waterproofing membrane surface. Deck drains that have the ability to receive water at the top surface of the overburden (e.g., concrete slab, pavers) and at the membrane level are called bi-level drains or multi-level drains. NRCA recommends the use of bi-level drains where drainage occurs at two levels. Bi-level drains typically consist of a drain bowl and clamping ring with weep holes at the membrane level and a flat-topped strainer with perforated vertical sides. The clamping ring and vertical portion of the strainer may be one piece with a removable top. The weep holes and/or perforations allow for drainage of moisture that permeates the overburden and reaches the membrane level.
2.3 Design Guidelines and Performance Requirements

This section identifies certain conditions that can be expected on various building surfaces and locations that should be considered when reviewing the physical properties of various waterproofing materials. Section 2.4, Suggested List of Waterproofing Materials, identifies those materials that could be considered for use at each location. However, this information is only provided as a guide. The final decision rests with the waterproofing system designer, taking into account the various performance requirements for the particular surface and location and the materials that might meet those requirements. When considering material selection, a designer needs to consider how the horizontal and vertical waterproofing tie together. This is a critical location to the success of the overall waterproofing system for the building and/or project. Various building surfaces requiring wa t e rproofing exert different loads and stresses on waterproofing materials depending on their locations in the stru c t u r e. As an example, the physical properties of a waterproofing material for an exposed parking deck subject to thermal stresses, dynamic loads, and deflection, would be considera bly different from those for a concrete slab on grade, where the temperature and other loads are constant. It is, therefore, necessary to anticipate loads and stresses that can occur on the buildings surface and then select a material that is best suited for the project. Some waterproofing materials may function well in certain building areas and perfo rm poorly in others. As a general rule, waterproofing materials should be fully adhered or bonded directly to the substrate. Adhered materials are more desirable than those that are loose-laid over the substrate because they reduce the possibility of lateral water migration between the waterproofing material and substrate. If a problem occurs in the waterproofing material, it is essential the problem be confined to a localized area to expedite repairs and reduce repair costs. Although there may be relatively dry periods depending on where the material is employed and the level of ground water, waterproofing is usually in continuous contact with ground water or is retaining water, such as in a planter or pool. Water infiltrating through a breach in a loose-laid waterproofing membrane can easily migrate away from the point of penetration and leak into the structure a considerable distance from the breach. This makes locating and repairing the leak extremely difficult, time-consuming and costly. Because waterproofing materials are usually covered by subsequent construction or are buried underground, the ability to identify problem locations is important. Because of this, loose-laid waterproofing membrane materials are often too risky for a typical construction project. However, looselaid materials may be an appropriate choice when the waterproofing is installed against the earth as would be the case in the construction of work slabs, pools, ponds, lagoons and reservoirs. The maximum amount of space (for horizontal and vertical applications) should be provided between pipes, walls and curbs to facilitate proper installation of waterproofing materials. NRCA recommends a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between pipes, a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between pipes and curbs or walls, and a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between curbs and curbs or walls. Waterproofing systems have different installation methods that may require different spacings, and certain project conditions may not allow these recommended clearances. However, adequate space (i.e., clearance) is required for a mechanic to properly install the required flashings these locations. NRCA recommends waterproofing flashings terminate 4 inches (100 mm) minimum above a waterproofing membrane if there is no topping material and 4 inches (100 mm) above the top of the finished wearing surface or elevation and be protected by counterflashing.
2.3.1 Slabs in a Hydrostatic Condition

Slabs below grade and slabs on grade are typically constructed of reinforced, cast-in-place concrete. These slabs must be structurally designed to resist the loads imposed from above (e.g., live loads) and from below (e.g., upward hydrostatic pressure). NRCA recommends all interior building slabs below grade in a hydrostatic condition receive some form of waterproofing treatment. However, slabs on grade where there is little hydrostatic pressure or little ground water may not require an extensive waterproofing treatment but may only require dampproofing or a vapor retarder. The designer should make a thorough analysis of ground-water levels and soil percolation rates surrounding the site before deciding on the use of dampproofing in lieu of waterproofing. Waterproofing generally can be applied to either side of slabs below grade or slabs on grade. Waterproofing materials used in this location usually do not need to possess the same crack-bridging or elongation capabilities as would materials used to waterproof suspended slabs that are subject to thermal and load deflection. The following is a list of characteristics that waterproofing materials for slabs in a hydrostatic condition should possess. The material should: Be compatible with adjoining waterproofing systems (e.g., at the interface of horizontal and vertical waterproofing systems) Function in a constantly wet environment Resist the contaminants (e.g., chemicals and minerals) found in the soil surrounding the site Be compatible with the surface to which it is installed; this may include work slabs, compacted soil and compacted gravel/drainage rock Resist abuse from other trades working over the material after it is installed and properly protectedprotection courses generally will be required to isolate the waterproofing membrane from this traffic; even when a separate protection course is installed, a material possessing different physical strength properties will withstand construction abuse differently Withstand hydrostatic pressure
2.3.2 Walls Below Grade/Vertical Surfaces

Walls below grade can be constructed of reinforced cast-in-place concrete, shotcrete, prestressed concrete panels, masonry or preservative-treated wood. Foundation walls, whether of concrete or masonry (e.g., block), must be structurally designed to resist the lateral loads imposed upon them by earthen backfill and hydrostatic pressure. A geocomposite may be employed to reduce lateral earth and hydrostatic pressures. NRCA recommends building foundation walls below grade surrounding habitable spaces receive some form of waterproofing and drainage treatment. Foundations that are under high hydrostatic pressure should also have a drainage system, such as a perforated drain pipe set in an aggregate bed. A thorough analysis of ground-water levels and soil percolation rates surrounding a site should be made before selecting the waterproofing system. Waterproofing can be applied to either the positive (exterior) or negative (interior) side of below-grade cast-in-place concrete foundation walls. At times, however, these foundations may not be accessible from the earth side because of the placement of the wall against sheeting or shoring. Waterproofing should only be applied to the exterior (earth side) of precast concrete or masonry (e.g., block) foundations. 2.3.2.1 Positive (Exterior) Side Waterproofing For proper waterproofing installation, an adequate working space not less than that allowed by local governing or regulatory bodies is needed between the exterior face of the foundation wall and the surrounding earth. The excavation must be kept free of water. For best results, the waterproofing should be installed in lifts, typically 6 feet to 8 feet (1.8 m to 2.4 m) high, as backfill is placed and compacted. Refer to local Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for specifics regarding work practices for excavation. The following is a list of properties that waterproofing materials should possess when applied to the exterior side of foundation walls. The material should: Achieve adhesion to the wall; this is essential to achieve a watertight structure Function in an environment that can range from damp to wet Resist the contaminants (e.g., chemicals and minerals) found in the surrounding soil
Accommodate minor shrinkage and movement (e.g., expansion/contraction and/or deflection) anticipated in the design of the foundation wall Hold its position on the wall surface and resist exposure to environmental elements until the protection/drainage course and backfill has been placedthe backfilling operation should take place as soon as possible after the waterproofing system installation is complete; the waterproofing materials must therefore resist short-term exposure to high and low temperatures, sunlight and precipitation Withstand backfill and compaction operations 2.3.2.2 Concrete Walls Inaccessible From the Exterior (Blind-side Application) Where there is an inadequate workspace between a foundation wall and the surrounding earth, the best method of installing waterproofing is as follows: Waterproofing is installed against the sheeting or shoring before the placement of the concrete foundation walls. This waterproofing material needs the same properties as if it had been applied from the exterior side, and it must remain in place during installation of steel reinforcement, concrete forms and the concrete itself. A less preferred method of waterproofing a wall is as follows: A crystalline/cementitious waterproofing system is applied to the interior side of the foundation wall after it is placed. However, if floors intersect the foundation wall, exterior side waterproofing is recommended or grouts will need to be applied at the floor lines on the interior. Crystalline waterproofing is appropriate for rehabilitation of existing structures. However, NRCA recommends waterproofing systems should be installed on the positive (exterior) side. Positive (exterior) side waterproofing systems are best suited to prevent moisture intrusion. Crystalline waterproofing is typically a negative (interior) side waterproofing system. It typically is not used as a primary waterproofing system but can be under certain job conditions, such as a water treatment facility. It can be used as a secondary waterproofing system. In addition, crystalline waterproofing is typically appropriate as a maintenance effort to control leakage. The following is a list of properties that waterproofing materials should possess when applied to the interior side of reinforced concrete foundation walls. The material should: Function in a wet to damp environment Be compatible with the substrate (i.e., concrete) Withstand hydrostatic pressure forces at the negative (interior) side Provide an aesthetic finish if it is exposed to view
2.3.3 Slabs At or Above Grade

Suspended structural decks may be constructed of reinforced cast-in-place concrete, prestressed concrete panels or wood. These deck types are generally designed to accommodate pedestrian or vehicle traffic and often contain planters, fountains and other types of construction. The sandwich-style construction created usually consists of a structural deck, waterproofing membrane layer, insulation or protection course, drainage course (optional) and traffic-beari g finish course. n The suspended structural deck should be sloped to drain with an adequate number and type of dual-level drains. The number, sizing, type (i.e., dual level with weep holes) and placement of drains should be in accordance with the governing plumbing or building code. The following is a list of properties waterproofing materials for slabs at or above grade should possess. The material should: Achieve full adhesion to the deck; this is an attribute essential for achieving a watertight structure. Adhesion prevents lateral migration of water between the underside of the waterproofing membrane and top of the deck if the membrane is damaged. If the membrane is not adhered, water from a leak can migrate to other areas of the deck. Function in a wet environment. Even with slope provided for drainage, water flow will be restricted by a protection course or insulation, and some localized ponding will occur at deck irregularities. Accommodate minor shrinkage and movement (e.g., expansion/contraction and/or deflection) anticipated in the design of the slab. 2.3.3.1 Between-slab Membranes With these assemblies, a separate traffic-bearing finish course of some type (e.g., pedestals and pavers, concrete
slab) is installed over the completed waterproofing membrane. This same type of assembly would be employed in planters and under landscaped areas (other than green roof systems). Because the waterproofing membrane will be inaccessible, NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. The fo l l ow is a list of properties waterproofing materials should possess when used with a between-slab membrane: ing The material should achieve full adhesion to the deck; this is an attribute essential for achieving a watertight structure. Adhesion prevents lateral migration of water between the underside of the waterproofing membrane and top of the deck, if the membrane is damaged. If the membrane is not adhered, water from a leak can migrate to other areas of the deck. The material should function in a wet environment. Even with slope provided for drainage, water flow will be restricted by a protection course or insulation, and some localized ponding will occur at deck irregularities. The material should accommodate minor shrinkage and movement (e.g., expansion/contraction and/or deflection) anticipated in the design of the slab. The protection/drainage course must resist damage before and during application of the final traffic-bearing course/landscaping. 2.3.3.2 Traffic-bearing Waterproofing Membranes (Surface-applied) With these assemblies, traffic-bearing waterproofing membranes are usually applied in liquid form directly to reinforced, cast-in-place concrete, prestressed concrete panels or plywood deck surfaces. Because these membranes provide an aesthetic, traffic-resistant finish, there is no need for a separate traffic-bearing course. This reduces the dead load on the structural deck. Being exposed to traffic, these materials do require maintenance to restore worn and weathered areas. The following is a list of properties that traffic-bearing wa t e rp roofing membranes should possess. The membrane should: Achieve adhesion to the deck; loose, peeling or blistering areas compromise the skid-resistance and appearance of the membrane, as well as its waterproofing performance. Resist abrasion from traffic over the surface. Resist the contaminants (e.g., chemicals and materials) it will be exposed to in service; for example, in a parking garage, the traffic-bearing waterproofing membrane must resist items such as grease, oil, gasoline, road salt and automotive chemicals. Be skid-resistant, even when it is wet; these membranes are usually installed in pedestrian or vehicle-traffic areas. Accommodate minor shrinkage cracking, expansion and contraction, deflection and other movement anticipated in the substrate design. Be repairable and maintainable to preserve its waterproofing and skid-resistant functions.
2.3.4 Planters
Planters are structures made from masonry, concrete or wood. Waterproofing for planters is usually applied between the masonry, concrete or wood structure and the planting material and liquid being contained. Waterproofing of planters should include sloping the base of the planter and incorporating a drainage layer to promote drainage, and it is recommended to substantially adhere the membrane to the substrate. The following characteristics should be considered when selecting waterproofing materials for these structures. The materials must be: Safe for use in direct contact with planting materials (e.g., soil, fertilizer) intended to support plant life Be able to resist root penetration Resistant to and unaffected by the solid materials and liquid water it is containing and function under constant submersion and potentially high levels of hydrostatic pressure Able to resist the combined effects of exposure to sunlight, weather and intermittent wetting when exposed above the planting materials surface Compatible with and able to conform to the surfaces to which it is installed, including rough concrete walls,
masonry and work slabs In addition, NRCA recommends the installation of planter drains with drainage ports so they can be properly maintained. Drains should include strainers and/or drainage fabric to prevent planting materials from clogging the drain and/or drain lines.
2.3.5 Fountains, Pools, Tanks and Water Features

There are many kinds of structures built to contain liquids. These include structures for storing potable water and structures for holding sewage or chemicals. Some of these structures are earthen and others are made from concrete and other materials. Waterproofing for these structures is usually applied between the earthwork or surface of the structure and the liquid being contained. The following characteristics should be considered when selecting waterproofing materials for these structures. The materials must be: Safe for use in direct contact with liquids intended for human or animal consumption if intended for potable water containment. Resistant to and unaffected by the liquid it is containing and function under constant submersion and high levels of hydrostatic pressure Able to resist the combined effects of exposure to sunlight, weather and intermittent wetting when exposed above the contained liquids surface Compatible with and able to conform to the surfaces to which it is installed, including rough concrete walls, work slabs and compacted earth
2.4 Suggested List of Waterproofing Materials 2.4.1 Slabs Below Grade

The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use beneath slabs below grade where an appropriate substrate (e.g., a 4-inch- [100-mm-] thick, reinforced concrete slab) is in place before installation of the waterproofing membrane: Asphalt or coal-tar built-up membranes Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Butyl or EPDM (thermoset) membranes PVC (thermoplastic) membrane Fluid-applied elastomeric materials Bentonite (confinement of the material is critical) Pre-applied (before installation of the wearing slab) sheet membrane The following wa t e rp roofing materials are appropriate for use beneath slabs below grade where an appropriate substrate (e.g., compacted earth, nonreinforced concrete slab) is in place before installation of the wa t e rp roofing membrane: Bentonite (confinement of the material is critical) Pre-applied (before installation of the wearing slab) sheet membrane The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use on the interior side of slabs below grade: Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing
2.4.2 Walls Below Grade

2.4.2.1 Positive (Exterior) Side Waterproofing The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use as positive (exterior) side waterproofing for walls below grade:
Asphalt or coal-tar built-up membranes Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Butyl or EPDM (thermoset) membranes PVC (thermoplastic) membrane Fluid-applied elastomeric materials Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing Bentonite (confinement of the material is critical) Pre-applied (before installation of the wall) sheet membrane 2.4.2.2 Negative (Interior) Side Waterproofing The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use as negative (interior) side waterproofing for walls below grade: Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing
2.4.3 Slabs At or Above Grade

2.4.3.1 Between-slab Membranes The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use as between-slab membrane waterproofing for slabs at or above grade: Asphalt or coal-tar built-up membranes Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Self-adhered polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Butyl or EPDM (thermoset) membranes PVC (thermoplastic) membrane Fluid-applied elastomeric materials 2.4.3.2 Traffic-bearing Waterproofing Membranes (Surface-applied) The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use as traffic-bearing waterproofing membranes for slabs at or above grade: Traffic-bearing, fluid-applied, elastomeric materials
2.4.4 Planters
The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use as waterproofing membranes for planters: Asphalt built-up membranes Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Self-adhering, polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Butyl or EPDM (thermoset) membranes PVC (thermoplastic) membrane
Fluid-applied elastomeric materials Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing
2.4.5 Fountains, Pools, Ponds, Lagoons and Reservoirs

The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use as waterproofing membranes for fountains, pools, ponds, lagoons and reservoirs with concrete, masonry or wood substrates: Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane Butyl or EPDM (thermoset) membranes PVC (thermoplastic) membrane Fluid-applied elastomeric materials Bentonite Cementitious waterproofing Crystalline waterproofing Pre-applied (before the installation of the structure) sheet membrane The following waterproofing materials are appropriate for use as waterproofing membranes for fountains, pools, ponds, lagoons and reservoirs with earthen substrates: Bentonite Butyl or EPDM (thermoset) membranes PVC (thermoplastic) membrane NRCA does not consider polyethylene sheets to be waterproofing membranes. Polyethylene sheets should only be used as vapor retarders.
2.5 Substrates
Most waterproofing materials are bonded or applied to surfaces that are installed by other trades. It is essential to the performance of the waterproofing material these substrates be structurally sound; free from excessive cracks, holes and projections; and relatively smooth without sharp edges. Certain concrete curing compounds and finishes may affect or interfere with the performance of the waterproofing material. The use of oils, waxes and other surface contaminants, including noncompatible form-board release agents, should be avoided or the contaminants must be removed before waterproofing. The use of certain release agents can prohibit the adhesion of waterproofing products. The waterproofing contractor should visually inspect the substrate surfaces before the application of waterproofing materials and report any deficiencies so they may be corrected by the responsible trade. Waterproofing substrates provide the structural support for the waterproofing materials, as well as dead and live loads, depending on the structural element being waterproofed. Waterproofing substrates should be dimensionally stable, appropriately fire-resistant (to the degree required for a given building type), provide appropriate attachment capability for the waterproofing membrane, appropriately accommodate building movement and deflection, and may provide the proper slope for drainage. The most common types of waterproofing substrates are: Masonry Concrete Shotcrete Plywood Otherscementitious boards, gypsum boards, lagging, soil/earth Masonry waterproofing substrates include brick and block walls. Concrete waterproofing substrates include
poured-in-place concrete, precast concrete and shotcrete. Lightweight insulating concrete is not an acceptable substrate for a waterproofing system. Substrates composed of wood include marine-grade plywood and pressure-preservative treated wood planks; however, the use of OSB as a substrate for waterproofing membranes is not recommended. NRCA is concerned about dimensional stability caused by the effects of moisture. The following are recommended surface-preparation procedures acceptable for most waterproofing materials. Other procedures may be recommended or required by the waterproofing material manufacturer.
2.5.1 Masonry Substrates

Holes, joints and voids in masonry substrates should be pointed flush with the surface. The masonry surface should be smooth and free from projections. Penetrations through the masonry surface should be grouted tightly. Irregular existing masonry surfaces that will be waterproofed with a membrane should receive an approximate 12-inch- (13-mm-) thick parging finished to a smooth steel trowel surface. Block filler may be used in lieu of parging where conditions warrant. Split-face block is very difficult to waterproof. Spray-applied coatings/sealers are not generally appropriate to fill the voids of split-faced block.
2.5.2 Concrete Substrates

Concrete substrates should be properly cured and the surface should be dry before installing wa t e rp roofing materi a l s. The concrete surface should be finished and cured according to the wa t e rproofing manufacturers recommendations. H ydration must occur in concrete substrates to the degree the surfaces become dry enough to accommodate application of wa t e rproofing systems. If a suitable surface cannot be obtained within a reasonable time period, direct membrane adhesion should be postponed. An adhesion test is recommended to determine appropriate membrane adhesion. Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or must be removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. Honeycombs, tie-wire holes and other voids in the concrete substrate must be cut out and filled with a nonshrinking concrete patching compound. Concrete fins or other projections should be removed to provide a smooth surface. Horizontal concrete slabs should be free from gouges, voids, depressions, ridges and concrete droppings and should be sloped to drains. ASTM D5295, Standard Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing System, provides additional recommendations regarding the preparation of concrete deck surfaces before the installation of waterproofing. ASTM D5295 suggests tests are performed to evaluate the surface condition of concrete before installation of waterproofing membranes. NRCA does not recommend the use of the surface dryness test referenced in D5295, which is D4263, Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet Method, to determine whether concrete is dry enough for application of a waterproofing membrane. In general terms, the test method consists of taping an 18 inch x 18 inch (460 mm x 460 mm) polyethylene sheet to the concrete surface and observing whether moisture collects on the underside of the polyethylene sheet. NRCA does not feel this is an appropriate test method for determining concrete deck dryness for the installation of waterproofing membranes. NRCA suggests performing a peel test by applying a small test patch of the waterproofing membrane, allowing it to cure and then attempting to peel the membrane from the concrete substrate to determine adhesion. Performing a peel test provides for a determination of how moisture content, dust, oil, laitance and curing compounds affect adhesion. There is no standardized peel test method, so this must be coordinated with the waterproofing contractor, manufacturer and owner. Alternately, the waterproofing manufacturer should provide an appropriate test method to determine dryness of the concrete deck or an appropriate test to determine adhesion.
2.5.3. Shotcrete Substrates

Shotcrete is defined by the American Concrete Institute as mortar or concrete that is pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. Shotcrete can also be projected onto a cage of reinforcing bars in conjunction with pre-applied waterproofing systems. Because of the unique process for the application of shotcrete, NRCA recommends designers consult the specific waterproofing material manufacturer for the specific requirements for its product use in conjunction with shotcrete applications.
2.5.4 Plywood Substrates

The grade of plywood used is critical to the performance of the waterproofing. NRCA suggests the use of marinegrade plywood as a substrate for below-grade waterproofing applications. M a ri n e - grade plywood is made entirely of Douglas-fir or Western Larch. The grade of all plies of veneer is B or better. B - grade veneer may have knots but no knotholes. A-grade veneer has no knots or knotholes. Both A and B grade may contain wood or synthetic patches. Panels are sanded on both faces or Medium Density Ove rl ay (MDO) or High
Density Ove rl ay (HDO). The maximum core-gap size permitted is 18 inch (3 mm). Its exposure durability rating is EXTERIOR and the glue used is a fully waterproof stru c t u ral adhesive. It is considered a premium panel grade for use in situations where these chara c t e ri tics are required. Marine-grade plywood is not treated with any chemicals to enhance s its resistance to decay. If decay is a concern, it should be pressure-preservative treated to an appropriate standard. The surface of wood substrates must be smooth, and holes, open joints and gaps between boards or panels should be plugged or covered. Knotholes are not acceptable for surface-applied waterproofing purposes. Plywood panel edges should bear on joists or blocking to reduce deflection from traffic. Joints should be spaced according to the plywood manufacturers recommendations. The thickness and deflection characteristics of wood substrates are important design considerations. Wood decks should be sloped for drainage. Fasteners used for attaching wood must be corrosion-resistant-type or resin-coated; ribbed or ring-shanked nails; or screws countersunk to prevent their backing out and puncturing the waterproofing membrane.
2.5.5 Soil/Compacted Earth or Drainage Rock

Compacted earth or drainage rock used as a substrate for waterproofing membranes should be smooth; free of sharp projections, voids, contours, ridges, etc., and 85 percent to 90 percent compacted. Where the surface of the substrate is not appropriate for direct installation (e.g., drainage rock), installation of a protection board is recommended to act as a suitable surface for the waterproofing membrane.
2.6 Waterproofing Products 2.6.1 Asphalt Built-up Membrane

Asphalt built-up waterproofing membranes are composed of alternating layers of asphalt reinforcing ply sheets. The most common type of reinforcing ply sheet is an asphalt-impregnated glass fiber matt. The number of plies of membrane depends on the hydrostatic pressure head that needs to be resisted. The relationship between hydrostatic pressure and the minimum number of plies recommended is as follows: Hydrostatic Pressure Head, Feet of Water Number of Plies 1 foot-10 feet (300 mm-3 m) 3 11 feet-25 feet (3.4 m-7.6 m) 4 26 feet-50 feet (7.9 m-15.2 m) 5
Asphalt built-up waterproofing membranes are used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. Asphalt built-up waterproofing membranes generally should not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 32 F (0 C). If application at lower surface temperatures is necessary because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-temperature application recommendations. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. The completed membrane should not be exposed to prolonged periods of sunlight before covering or backfilling to prevent slipping and softening of the bitumen. Asphalt built-up membrane waterproofing components should conform to the following recognized standards: Asphalt Asphalt Asphalt Primer Asphalt-impregnated Glass-fiber Mat Bitumen-saturated Cotton Fabric Treated Glass-fiber Fabric ASTM D312, Type I, II or III ASTM D449, Type I, II or III ASTM D41 ASTM D2178, Type IV or VI ASTM D173 ASTM D1668
The asphalt used in waterproofing applications (ASTM D449) differs from asphalt used in roofing (ASTM D312) in that waterproofing asphalt has lower softening-point and flash-point temperatures and therefore somewhat different physical properties. However, ASTM D312 asphalt can be used for waterproofing applications.
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2.6.1.1 Installation Form release agents and concrete curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive asphalt built-up membrane waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids and sharp projections. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately; Primer and an additional ply of reinforcing felt or fabric should be applied with hot asphalt before the application of the primary membrane system. Prime the surface with asphalt primer as recommended by the manu facturer of the waterproofing materi a l s. Reinforce all inside and outside corners with two 12-inch- (300-mm-) wide plies of reinforcing material centered on the corner. Apply the specified number of plies of reinforcing felt using hot asphalt in a continuous, firmly bonding film with sufficient pressure to assure good adhesion. For horizontal applications, consideration should be given to using the phased method of application, which is installing one-half of the total number of plies shingle fashion in one direction then installing the remaining plies shingle fashion in a direction across the underlying plies. For vertical applications, o rient the reinforcing felt vertically in wo rk a ble height lifts, fastening the reinforcing felt at the top of each course. Flash all penetrations with two additional plies of reinforcing material. Use the base flashing material as recommended by the membrane manufacturer at the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being installed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours.
2.6.2 Coal-tar Built-up Membrane

Coal-tar built-up waterproofing membranes are composed of alternating layers of coal tar and reinforcing ply sheets. The number of plies of membrane depends on the hydrostatic pressure head that needs to be resisted. The relationship between hydrostatic pressure and the minimum number of plies recommended is as follows: Hydrostatic Pressure Head, Feet of Water Number of plies 1 foot-10 feet (300 mm-3 m) 3 11 feet-25 feet (3.4 m-7.6 m) 4 26 feet-50 fee (7.9 m-15.2 m) 5
Coal-tar built-up waterproofing membranes are used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. Coal-tar built-up waterproofing membranes should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 32 F (0 C). If application at lower surface temperatures is necessary because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-temperature application recommendations. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. The completed membrane should not be exposed to prolonged periods of sunlight before covering or backfilling to prevent slipping and softening of the bitumen. Coal-tar built-up membrane waterproofing components should conform to the following recognized standards: Coal Tar Coal-tar Primer Coal-tar Saturated Organic Felt Asphalt-impregnated Glass-fiber Mat ASTM D450, Type II ASTM D43 ASTM D227 ASTM D2178, Type IV Coal-tar-impregnated Glass-fiber Mat Bitumen-saturated Cotton Fabric Treated Glass-fiber Fabric ASTM D4990 ASTM D173 ASTM D1668
Coal tar used in waterproofing applications (ASTM D450, Type II) differs from coal tar used in roofing (ASTM D450, Type I) in that waterproofing coal tar has lower softening-point and flash-point temperatures and therefore somewhat
different physical properties. 2.6.2.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive coal-tar built-up membrane waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids and sharp projections. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately. Primer and an additional ply of reinforcing felt or fabric should be applied in hot coal tar before the application of the primary membrane system. Prime the surface with coal-tar primer as recommended by the manufacturer of the waterproofing materials. Reinforce all inside and outside corners with two 12-inch- (300-mm-) wide plies of reinforcing material centered on the corner. Apply the specified number of plies of reinforcing felt using the phased method of application. Apply the coal tar in a continuous, firmly bonding film and with sufficient pressure to assure good adhesion. For horizontal applications, consideration should be given to installing one-half of the total number of plies shingle fashion in one direction then installing the remaining plies shingle fashion in a direction across the underlying plies. For vertical applications, orient the reinforcing material vertically in workable height lifts, fastening the reinforcing at the top of each course. Flash all penetrations with two additional plies of reinforcing material. Use the base flashing material as recommended by the membrane manufacturer at the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being installed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours.
2.6.3 Hot-fluid-applied Polymer-modified Asphalt Membrane

Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt consists of refined asphalt, synthetic rubbers and extenders. The material is typically supplied in 50-pound (23-kg) cakes wrapped in polyethylene film, shipped in containers that weigh 400 pounds to 600 pounds (181 kg to 272 kg). The cakes are melted in a double jacketed oil bath or hot-air jacketed kettle and applied as a liquid that quickly cools to form a solid membrane material. Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane waterproofing is used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. These systems may include a fabric reinforcement layer. Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane waterproofing should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 32 F (0 C). If application at lower surface temperatures is necessary because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-temperature application recommendations. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. Hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane waterproofing cannot be left exposed to prolonged periods of sunlight and must be covered to protect it from ultraviolet light. There are no current ASTM material standards for hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt waterproofing materials. Manufacturers generally provide specific physical property data according to ASTM test methods. 2.6.3.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt membrane waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids, cracks, sharp projections, oil and grease. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately with an additional ply of reinforced membrane before the application of the primary membrane system. Prime the surface with asphalt primer as recommended by the manufacturer of the waterproofing materials. ReinWaterproofing and Dampproofing Guidelines 783
force inside and outside corners, cracks and construction joints with a 6-inch- (150-mm-) wide piece of reinforcing sheet embedded in hot-fluid-applied polymer-modified asphalt. Flash larger cracks, expansion joints and similar details according to the manufacturers recommendations. Apply the hot polymer-modified asphalt as a continuous coating to the required thickness. Some systems require the use of an embedded reinforcing fabric. At the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces and penetrations, use the base flashing material as recommended by the membrane manufacturer. Exposed vertical surfaces need additional protection when other finish materials are not used. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being performed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours. For additional information, refer to ASTM D6622, Standard Guide for Application of Fully Adhered Hot-Applied Reinforced Waterproofing Systems.
2.6.4 APP and SBS Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane

Polymer-modified bitumen sheet membranes are composed of polymer-modified asphalt and one or several layers of reinforcing material. The polymer modifier extends the low-temperature flexibility and improves the high-temperature properties of the membrane sheet. Polymer-modified bitumen sheet waterproofing membranes are used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. Polymer-modified bitumen sheet membranes may be installed by one of three techniques depending on the composition of the modifier used. APP-modified sheets are either heat-fused or installed in cold adhesive. Heat-fused means to be installed by heating the underside of the sheet with a propane torch or other heating device, melting the polymer-modified bitumen on the bottom side and adhering the sheet in the molten material. SBS-modified sheets are either heat-fused or installed in hot asphalt or cold adhesive. Most polymer-modified bitumen sheet waterproofing membranes should not be installed when the substrate surface temperature is below 40 F (4 C). If application at lower surface temperatures is necessary because of project conditions, consult the membrane manufacturer for minimum temperature limitations and specific cold-temperature application recommendations. Heat-fused membranes may be applied at lower temperatures. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet membrane waterproofing components should conform to the following recognized standards: Asphalt Primer Asphalt Asphalt-impregnated Glass-fiber Mat Asphalt-impregnated and Coated Glass-fiber Base Sheet Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using a Combination of Polyester and Glass-fiber Reinforcements Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Glass-fiber Reinforcements Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Polyester Reinforcements Reinforced Bituminous Flashing Sheets for Roofing and Waterproofing ASTM D41 ASTM D312, Type III or IV ASTM D2178, Type IV or VI ASTM D4601, Type II ASTM D6162 ASTM D6163 ASTM D6164 ASTM D6221
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Atactic Polypropylene (APP) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Polyester Reinforcements Atactic Polypropylene (APP) Modified Bituminous Sheet Using a Combination of Polyester and Glass-fiber Reinforcements 2.6.4.1 Installation
ASTM D6222 ASTM D6223
Fo rm-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the wa t e rproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible tra d e.The substrate must be stru c t u rally sound. Surfaces to receive polymer-modified bitumen waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids, cracks and sharp projections. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately with an additional layer of reinforcement before the application of the pri m a ry membrane system. Prime the surface with primer as recommended by the manufacturer of the waterproofing materials. Reinforce inside and outside corners, cracks and construction joints with a 6-inch- (150-mm-) wide piece of reinforcing sheet. Expansion joints and similar details should be installed according to the manufacturers recommendations. Use the base flashing material as recommend by the membrane manufacturer at the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces and penetrations. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before to permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being performed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours. For additional information, refer to ASTM D6769 Standard Guide for Application of Fully Adhered, Cold-Applied, Prefabricated Reinforced Modified Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Systems.
2.6.5 Self-adhering Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane

Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet membranes are composed of polymer-modified asphalt and fillers and have a sticky adhesive layer that is exposed by the removal of a protective sheet. Sheets are normally 60 mils (1.5 mm) thick. The polymer modifier extends the low-temperature flexibility and improves the high-temperature properties of the membrane sheet. Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet waterproofing membranes are used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet membranes are installed by removal of the protective sheet, exposing the adhesive layer and adhering them to a substrate. Polymer-modified bitumen sheets that are self-adhering do not require the use of either heat or a separate adhesive. Self-adhered-polymer modified sheet waterproofing membranes are not intended for applications in which they will be permanently exposed to sunlight. Most self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet waterproofing membranes should not be installed when the substrate surface temperature is below 40 F (4 C). If application at lower substrate temperatures is necessary because of project conditions, consult the membrane manufacturer for minimum temperature limitations and specific cold-temperature application recommendations. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. There are no ASTM material standards currently for self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen waterproofing membranes. 2.6.5.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; r e asonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids, cracks and sharp projections. C ra cks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately with an additional layer of reinforcement before the application of the primary membrane system. Installation of fillets or cant strips are required by some manufacturers at the base of some vertical flashings.
Prime the surface with primer/conditioner as recommended by the manufacturer of the waterproofing materials. Reinforce inside and outside corners, cracks and construction joints with a 6-inch (150-mm) wide piece of reinforcing sheet. Expansion joints and similar details should be installed according to the manufacturers recommendations. Use the base flashing material as recommend by the membrane manufacturer at the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces and penetrations. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being installed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours. For additional information, refer to ASTM D6135, Standard Practice for Application of Self-Adhering Modified Bituminous Waterproofing.
2.6.6
Butyl Rubber Membrane
Butyl rubber waterproofing membranes consist of factory-fabricated sheets of reinforced butyl rubber. Sheets are normally 60 mils, 90 mils or 120 mils (1.5 mm, 2.3 mm or 3.0 mm) thick. Butyl rubber waterproofing membranes are used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. Butyl rubber waterproofing membranes should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 40 F (4 C). If installation is necessary at lower surface temperatures because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-weather application recommendations. EPDM membrane waterproofing should be adhered to the substrate, not mechanically attached or loose-laid. Butyl rubber membranes should only be used in conjunction with adhesives and tapes recommended by the membrane manufacturer. Butyl rubber sheets cannot be used in contact with certain acids, oils, grease and solvents. Contact the membrane manufacturer for specific details concerning these contaminants. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. Vulcanized-rubber (butyl) sheet material should conform to the following recognized standard: Vulcanized-rubber Sheets (Butyl) 2.6.6.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive butyl rubber waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids, cracks, sharp projections, oil and grease. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately with an additional layer of membrane before the application of the primary membrane system. Lay the membrane on the substrate or a flat surface and allow it to relax for a minimum of 30 minutes before use. Clean membrane surfaces to be bonded of any loose dust, dirt and release agents as recommended by the manufa cturer. Position the membrane on the substrate without stretching in a manner that minimizes voids, wrinkles and entrapped air. Clean ove rlapping areas between sheets, and join the sheets with recommended adhesives and tapes. Flash the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces and all penetrations with the base flashing material recommended by the membrane manufacturer. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing
ASTM D6134, Type II
surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being installed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours. For additional information, refer to ASTM D5843, Standard Guide for Application of Fully Adhered Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used in Waterproofing.
2.6.7 EPDM Membrane

EPDM waterproofing membranes consist of factory-fabricated sheets of ethylene propylene diene monomer. Sheets are normally 45 mils to 60 mils (1.1 mm to 1.5 mm) thick, with special thicknesses of 90 mils to 120 mils (2.3 mm to 3 mm) available. It is recommended to use a minimum 60-mil- (1.5-mm-) thick membrane for waterproofing. EPDM membrane waterproofing should be adhered to the substrate, not mechanically attached or loose-laid. Vulcanizedrubber sheet membranes, otherwise known as EPDM membranes, are used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. EPDM waterproofing membranes should not be used in contact with bituminous cements and mastics. EPDM membrane sheets cannot be used in contact with certain acids, oils, grease and solvents. Contact the membrane manufacturer for specific details concerning these contaminants. EPDM waterproofing membranes should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 40 F (4 C). If installation is necessary at lower surface temperatures because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-weather application recommendations. EPDM membranes should only be used in conjunction with adhesives and tapes recommended by the membrane manufacturer. EPDM sheets cannot be used in contact with certain acids, oils, grease and solvents. Contact the membrane manufacturer for specific details concerning these contaminants. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. Vulcanized-rubber (EPDM) sheet material should conform to the following recognized standard: Vulcanized-rubber Sheets (EPDM) 2.6.7.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive EPDM membrane waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids, cracks and sharp projections. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be reinforced separately with an additional layer of membrane 6-inch (150-mm) minimum width before the application of the primary membrane system. Lay the membrane on the substrate or a flat surface and allow it to relax for a minimum of one-half hour before use. Clean membrane surfaces to be bonded of any dust, dirt and release agents as recommended by the manufacturer. Expansion joints and similar details should be installed according to the manufacturers recommendations. Use the base flashing material as recommend by the membrane manufacturer at the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces and penetrations. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being installed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours. For additional information, refer to ASTM D5843, Standard Guide for Application of Fully Adhered Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used in Waterproofing. ASTM D6134, Type I
2.6.8 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane

PVC waterproofing membranes consist of factory-fabricated sheets of reinforced polyvinyl chloride. Sheets are a
minimum 60 mils (1.5 mm) thick. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waterproofing membranes are used to resist water penetration on those areas of structures that are exposed to hydrostatic pressure. PVC membrane waterproofing should be adhered to the substrate, not mechanically attached or loose-laid. PVC wa t e rp roofing membranes should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 40 F (4 C). If installation at lower surface temperatures is necessary because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-weather application recommendations. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. The completed membrane should not be exposed to prolonged periods of sunlight before cove ring or backfilling to prevent slipping. PVC materials are not compatible with polystyrene insulation products and certain bitumen-based products, such as coal tar. Consult the manufacturer of the PVC membrane to ve rify compatibility with other substrates. There are currently no ASTM material standards for PVC sheet waterproofing membranes. 2.6.8.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive PVC membrane waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of dust, dirt, voids, cracks and sharp projections. Lay the membrane on the substrate or a flat surface and allow it to relax for a minimum of 30 minutes before use. Clean membrane surfaces to be bonded of any dust, dirt and release agents as recommended by the manufacturer. Expansion joints and similar details should be installed according to the manufacturers recommendations. Use the base flashing material as recommend by the membrane manufacturer at the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces and penetrations. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being installed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours.
2.6.9 One- and Two-component Fluid-applied Elastomeric Membrane

Fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membranes consist of high solids content polyurethane elastomers in liquid form. Some products are made solely of polyurethane, and others are modified with coal tar or asphalt. There are different grades of product for horizontal, vertical and special applications. One- and two-component fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membranes are used to resist water penetration on walls below grade; between slabs on horizontal surfaces, plaza decks, and terraces; and in planter boxes, tunnels and water features. The material cures to form a monolithic waterproof membrane. Single-component elastomers eliminate the need for mixing products at the job site. Two-component materials require job-site mixing but cure faster in cooler weather and under higher humidity conditions than one-component materials. Fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membranes should not be used on exposed surfaces unless the product is UV-resistant or a compatible UV-protective coating is used. These materials cannot be applied to damp or contaminated surfaces. Two-component materials require proper mixing at the job site and have limited pot life after mixing. Fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membranes should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 40 F (4 C). If installation at lower substrate temperatures is necessary because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-weather application recommendations. Installation should not proceed when moisture is present. Fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membranes should conform to the following recognized standards: High-solids Elastomeric Membrane ASTM C836 ASTM C957 Neoprene and Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene ASTM D3468
2.6.9.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of holes, voids, cracks and sharp projections. Concrete surfaces should be finished with a lightsteel trowel followed by a fine-hair broom. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately as recommended by the material manufacturer before the application of the primary membrane system. Concrete surfaces should be properly cured. The elapsed time between placement of concrete and installation of the waterproofing material will be as recommended by the material manufacturer. Masonry block surfaces should be parged or filled as recommended by the manufacturer. Suspended slabs to be waterproofed must be vented from underneath so moisture can be dissipated. Horizontal surfaces should be sloped for drainage. When required by the manufacturer, prime the substrate with a primer approved by the manufacturer, and allow it to dry. Apply the product by spray, roller, trowel or squeegee, using a grade of product consistent with the method of application. It is strongly recommended a reinforcement mat be embedded into a separate coat of liquid membrane over shrinkage or stress cracks. Apply the waterproofing system over the entire surface at the specified thickness. Reinforcement is typically required at the junction of horizontal and vertical surfaces and penetrations. The use of sealant, fabric sheet flashing, metal or additional membrane may be required as these locations. Consult the membrane manufacturer for specific detailing procedures. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water-tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. The definition and criteria for performing a water test and a suggested form for documenting a water test are included in Section 4, Appendix. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being installed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours.
2.6.10 Bentonite Waterproofing

Bentonite is a naturally occurring high-swelling montmorillonite clay that is mined, processed and packaged in several forms for use as a waterproofing medium. Bentonite waterproofing is only used for below-grade applications. It is used on the exterior side of the structure being waterproofed and must be contained in place by compacted backfill or concrete fill. It is one of the few products capable of being blind-side applied by attaching it to lagging before structural concrete placement. Bentonite waterproofing should not be used for above-grade applications or in horizontal applications where it can flex or be subject to thermal stress. Bentonite requires initial exposure to moisture to properly hydrate and function properly but cannot be exposed to standing or moving water or precipitation. The material must be able to retain a minimum moisture content, meaning that is must not dry out. Bentonite requires a solid, void-free surface and confinement with 85 percent modified Proctor density compacted backfill, concrete or shotcrete. Shotcrete applications will require additional considerations because of its unique application process. It is recommended application of shotcrete be performed by a certified shotcrete applicator. Consult the waterproofing manufacturer for specific requirements. When not properly confined on both sides, moving water will remove and displace the bentonite. Soils containing acids, alkalies or brines should be checked for compatibility before bentonite use. It is recommended to take soil samples so a compatible and proper type of bentonite is used. There are currently no ASTM material standards for bentonite waterproofing. 2.6.10.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Foundation walls must be broom clean and free of voids and sharp projections. All voids, cracks and joints must be filled, parged or sealed according to manufacturers recommendations. Under-slab surfaces should be level, compacted and free from standing water. Lagging should be continuous and even. Voids or irregular surfaces in the lagging should be filled or made smooth with compatible materials before applying the bentonite.
Bentonite installation should occur immediately before placing concrete, compacted backfill or other confinement to minimize premature hydration and damage. Mechanically fasten the bentonite waterproofing system to foundation walls or to lagging. For under-slab locations, loosely place a bentonite system directly on the compacted ground, either butted or slightly overlapped as per manufacturers recommendations. Bentonite materials may be fastened to each other to limit their movement before and during concrete placement. Bentonite products are self-sealing. However, flashing installation at the intersection of vertical and horizontal surfaces and all penetrations should be performed with the flashing material recommended by the manufacturer. At construction joints, penetrations, inside and outside corners, a reinforcing layer of bentonite waterproofing or other specific product recommended by the manufacturer should be installed. Flash or seal working expansion joints with materials specifically designed for the purpose as recommended by the manufacturer. Cover the bentonite with a polyethylene sheet as a temporary protection from precipitation, if it is anticipated. Remove this film from the bentonite before compacted fill or concrete placement. Cover the bentonite with a protection course as recommended by the manufacturer for backfill protection. Install properly compacted backfill within 48 hours after completion of the waterproofing membrane. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. Bentonite waterproofing systems cannot be water tested.
2.6.11 Crystalline Waterproofing

NRCA recommends waterproofing systems should be installed on the positive (exterior) side. Positive (exterior) side waterproofing systems are best suited to prevent moisture intrusion. Crystalline waterproofing is typically a negative (interior) side waterproofing system. It typically is not used as a primary waterproofing system but can be under certain job conditions. It can be used as a secondary waterproofing system. In addition, crystalline waterproofing is typically appropriate as a maintenance effort to control leakage. Crystalline waterproofing is a compound of cement, quartz sand or silica sand and other active chemicals that are mixed and packaged for use in a dry powder form. The compound is mixed with water and applied to the concrete surface where it penetrates into the concrete pores. The crystalline compound chemically reacts with the concrete and fills the concrete pores, rendering them more resistant to water penetration. Crystalline waterproofing is used on concrete surfaces both above and below grade. It may be applied to either the exterior or interior side of the structure being waterproofed. Because moisture is required for activation of the material, it may be applied to damp or uncured concrete. Crystalline waterproofing should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 40 F (4 C). If installation is necessary at lower surface temperatures because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-weather application recommendations. Crystalline waterproofing must be applied to a sound concrete substrate. Honeycombs and large cracks must be routed and patched with mortar before application of the crystalline materi a l s. Crystalline waterproofing should not be applied to suspended structural deck s, any deck with expected movement, or any deck subject to expansion and contraction. There are currently no ASTM material standards for crystalline waterproofing. 2.6.11.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. Concrete must be structurally sound and concrete surfaces must be clean and free of dirt, latence, oils, curing agents and foreign materials. Structural defects, honeycombs, form ties, cracks, etc. must be routed to sound concrete and grouted according to manufacturers requirements. The surface should be roughened by etching, sandblasting or mechanical means, therefore exposing open concrete pores to the crystalline application. If the concrete is cured, the surface must be dampened according to manufacturers recommendations. Crystalline waterproofing compounds should be mixed with water according to manufacturers instructions and applied using a stiff masonry brush or broom. The slurry coating should be worked well into the pores and irregularities of the concrete. Follow the manufacturers recommendations when applying and curing these products. Crystalline waterproofing is self-flashing. However, additional detailing is typically required at penetrations. Refer to the manufacturers recommendations for specifics about detailing.
Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual. Crystalline waterproofing does not typically require a protection course. However, temporary protection is recommended to protect crystalline waterproofing from damage, freezing temperatures, rain, and premature drying from wind and sunlight during the curing period. Negative (interior) side waterproofing systems are generally not suitable for watertesting.
2.6.12 Cementitious Waterproofing

NRCA recommends waterproofing systems should be installed on the positive (exterior) side of the structure. Positive (exterior) side waterproofing systems are best suited to prevent moisture intrusion. Cementitious waterproofing is typically a negative (interior) side waterproofing system. It typically is not used as a primary waterproofing system but can be under certain job conditions. It can be used as a secondary waterproofing system. In addition, cementitious waterproofing is typically appropriate as a maintenance effort to control leakage. Cementitious waterproofing consists of heavy cement-based compounds and various additives that are mixed and packaged for use in a dry powder form. The compound is mixed with water and liquid bonding agents to a workable concrete-like consistency. Cementitious waterproofing is used on concrete and masonry surfaces above and below grade. It may be applied to either the exterior or interior side of the structure being waterproofed. Some cementitious waterproofing products are suitable for pools and reservoirs. Cementitious waterproofing is available in a variety of textures and colors, making it useful as an aesthetic concrete finish. Cementitious waterproofing should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 40 F (4 C). If installation is necessary at lower surface temperatures because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-weather application recommendations. Cementitious waterproofing must be applied to a sound concrete or masonry substrate. Cementitious waterproofing should not be applied to suspended structural decks, any deck with expected movement, or any deck subject to expansion or contraction. There are currently no ASTM material standards for cementitious waterproofing. 2.6.12.1 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. Concrete must be structurally sound and concrete or masonry surfaces must be clean and free of dirt, latence, oils, curing agents and foreign materials. Structural defects, unsound concrete, honeycombs, form ties, cracks, etc., must be routed to sound concrete and grouted according to manufacturers requirements. The surface should be roughened by etching, sandblasting or mechanical means to a medium sandpaper finish for proper adhesion. Active leaks should be plugged with a waterproof plug material recommended by the manufacturer. If the concrete is cured, the surface must be dampened according to the manufacturers recommendations. Cementitious wa t e rproofing compounds should be mixed with a water or liquid bonding agent according to manufa cturers instructions to the consistency desired. Apply the cementitious waterproofing compound only to damp and cool concrete or masonry surfaces. Follow the manu facturers recommendations when applying and curing these products. Apply cementitious waterproofing material by troweling or brushing the material onto the concrete surface to the desired thickness. Large areas may be covered by using plaster spraying or shotcrete equipment. Pores, fissures and irregularities should be filled with material. Depending on the product and hydrostatic pressure head being resisted, apply one or two coats of material in thickness ranging from 116 inch to 18 inch (1.6 mm to 3 mm) per coat. If a second coat is desired, apply it while the first coat is still wet but after it has achieved an initial set. Protect the cementitious waterproofing from damage, freezing temperatures, rain, and premature drying from wind and sunlight during the curing period. Seal expansion joints, moving cracks and penetrations before applying the cementitious waterproofing with sealants or elastomeric materials. Create a cove or fillet of cementitious waterproofing compound at inside corners and vertical to horizontal intersections before coating the rest of the surface. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Waterproofing Manual.
Cementitious waterproofing does not typically require a protection course. However, temporary protection is recommended to protect cementitious waterproofing from damage, freezing temperatures, rain, and premature drying from wind and sunlight during the curing period. Negative (interior) side waterproofing systems are generally not suitable for watertesting.
2.6.13 Elastomeric Traffic Coating

Elastomeric traffic coatings are applied in multiple coats. In most instances, a primer is required. The base coat, or primary waterproofing coat, is typically a one- or two-part, self-leveling elastomeric product. The top coat is usually a one- or two-part modified elastomer that provides additional chemical and ultraviolet resistance to the coating system. Aggregate (e.g., sand, crushed walnut shells or metal oxide) is typically broadcast into this coat to provide a skid-resistant surface. Finish coatings are available in a variety of colors. Elastomeric traffic coatings provide a waterproof, skid-resistant surface for parking decks, traffic decks, plazas, balconies, terraces and mechanical equipment rooms, as well as other concrete surfaces. Elastomeric traffic coatings can be applied over concrete, wood or metal substrates. Elastomeric traffic coatings should generally not be installed when substrate surface temperatures are below 40 F (4 C). If installation is necessary at lower surface temperatures because of project conditions, consult the manufacturer for specific cold-weather application recommendations. 2.6.13.1 Elastomeric Pedestrian Traffic Coatings Elastomeric pedestrian traffic coatings are applied in two or more coats. The first coat, or base coat, is usually a oneor two-part material depending on the system selected. The base coat is applied and allowed to cure overnight. The wear coat is usually a one- or two-part material. If it is a two-part material, it is supplied in premeasured containers. The wear coat is available in a variety of colors. If a non-skid surface is desired for a pedestrian traffic coating, the aggregate (e.g., sand, crushed walnut shells or metal oxide) is typically installed in the top coat of the system. It is critical that manufacturers recommendations for mixing and proportioning of materials are followed. Elastomeric pedestrian traffic coatings should not be used where subject to vehicle traffic, and should not be installed over spalled or contaminated concrete surfaces. Elastomeric pedestrian traffic coatings should not be used in existing split-slab or slab-on-grade constructions because of the possibility of moisture entrapment that causes blistering of the coating. Because it is a traffic-bearing surface and is subject to wear, it must be periodically recoated. 2.6.13.2 Elastomeric Vehicular Traffic Coatings Typical vehicular traffic coating applications use three or more coats: a base coat, an intermediate coat with aggr e g a t e and a top coat. Additional protection can be achieved by application of an additional intermediate coat with aggr e g a t e. Elastomeric vehicle traffic coatings should not be installed over spalled or contaminated concrete surfaces and should not be used in existing split slab or slab-on-grade constructions because of the possibility of moisture entrapment that causes blistering of the coating. Because it is a traffic-bearing surface and is subject to wear, it must be periodically recoated, especially at ramps and other high-traffic areas. Elastomeric traffic coatings should conform to the following recognized standard: Elastomeric Coating 2.6.13.3 Installation Form-release agents and concrete-curing compounds must be compatible with the waterproofing materials being used or removed from the concrete surface by the responsible trade. The substrate must be structurally sound. Surfaces to receive fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately cured and dry; reasonably smooth; and free of holes, voids, cracks and sharp projections. Concrete surfaces should be finished with a lightsteel trowel followed by a fine-hair broom. Cracks 116 inch (1.6 mm) or wider should be addressed separately as recommended by the material manufacturer before the application of the primary membrane system. Concrete surfaces should be properly cured. The elapsed time between placement of concrete and installation of the waterproofing material will be as recommended by the material manufacturer. Resin curing should not be used because it interferes with adhesion. Suspended slabs to be waterproofed must be vented from underneath so moisture can be dissipated. Horizontal surfaces should be sloped for drainage. Concrete substrates should be acid-etched or shot-blasted and primed before the application of the waterproofing material. Plywood substrates must be structurally sound and type AC with the Type A side on the surface to be waterproofed. Attach plywood to its supports with screws, not nails. The underside of a plywood substrate must be adequately
ASTM C957
ventilated. Surfaces to receive fluid-applied elastomeric waterproofing must be broom-clean; adequately dry; reasonably smooth; and free of holes, voids, cracks and sharp projections. Joints and cracks should be filled with elastomeric sealant and/or fabric reinforced before application of elastomeric traffic coating according to manufacturers recommendations. OSB is not recommended as a substrate for elastomeric traffic coating. Plywood substrates may not be suitable for vehicular traffic. Apply the base waterproofing coat to the prepared substrate. The amount of material required will vary depending on the product and the texture of the surface. Allow the coating to cure at least 24 hours but retain a tacky surface. If the base coating over-cures, refer to the manufacturers recommendations. For vehicular traffic systems, apply the wear-coat material to traffic lanes, ramps and turn areas, and broadcast aggregate into the wet coating and evenly distri bute it. If recommended by the manufacturer, backroll the aggregate to ensure even distri bution. Allow the coating to cure ove rnight and clean loose aggregate before the application of the top coat. Apply the finish and color coat to the entire waterproofed surface. Allow the materials to properly cure before allowing traffic on the materials. The wearing surface should cure a minimum of 72 hours or as recommended by the material manufacturer. Examine the surface before any traffic is allowed onto the deck, as drying times vary with humidity and temperature. Penetrations, expansion joints and drains can be flashed with sealant, fabric reinforcement or sheet neoprene. Form a cant with sealant at the junction of vertical and horizontal surfaces. Apply the base and wear coats over the joint or cant and up the vertical surface to a clean, straight line. Fabric reinforcement is often used to reinforce critical flashing areas. Cure the wearing surface for at least 24 hours or as recommended by the material manufacturer before traffic is allowed over it. Construction details applicable to waterproofing systems are provided in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual. Because of the unique nature of surface-applied elastomeric traffic coatings, they may or may not be water tested.
2.7 Waterproofing System Accessory Materials

The following materials may be required to complement the installation of waterproofing materials.
2.7.1 Protection Courses

Protection courses are used to protect waterproofing membranes from damage during backfill operations and installation of finished surfaces by other trades. Protection courses are generally installed on vertical surfaces immediately following the installation of the waterproofing material and are held in place with adhesive or stick clips. Protection courses on horizontal surfaces over suspended structural decks are placed immediately following successful water testing unless the protection course is an integral part of the waterproofing system. Integrated protection courses/materials are typically sheet products (roll goods). The protection course may be set loose on horizontal surfaces or spot-adhered to prevent displacement. Protection courses should never be mechanically fastened on horizontal surfaces. Adhesives must be compatible with the protection course and waterproofing materials. Protection courses may include integral filter fabrics, or filter fabrics may be used independently above or below insulation. If a geocomposite drain mat is not used, filter fabric should be installed. The waterproofing material itself may be an appropriate adhesive on vertical surfaces. Backfill should be placed as soon as possible but no more than 24 hours following placement of the protection course to minimize the chance of it falling away from the substrate. The following are the more common types of materials used as protection courses: Polystyrene protection board Extruded polystyrene composite panels Premolded asphaltic membrane protection board Some types of drainage boards Asphaltic-based protection sheet (roll goods) 2.7.1.1 Polystyrene Protection Board Polystyrene insulation is available in various densities and thicknesses depending on the amount of protection and insulation performance characteristics desired. There are two types of polystyrene insulation available for use as a protection course:
Expanded polystyrene insulation is available in densities from 1 pound to 3 pounds per cubic foot (16 kg/m3 to 48 kg/m3) and in thicknesses from 2 inch (13 mm) to 24 inches (600 mm). Extruded polystyrene insulation is available in thicknesses from 14 inch to 3 inches (6 mm to 75 mm). It is recommended to use extruded polystyrene insulation with 25 psi minimum compressive strength. 2.7.1.2 Extruded Polystyrene Composite Panels Extruded polystyrene sandwich panels are constructed of polystyrene insulation with plastic cap sheets on both sides. Boards are available 4 feet (1.2 m) wide x 50 feet (15 m) long in various thicknesses, fanfolded into bundles. Because of its low compressive resistance, this product should not be used on hori zontal deck surfaces in heavy traffic areas. 2.7.1.3 Premolded Asphaltic Membrane Protection Boards Premolded membrane protection boards are composed of various reinforcements held together with bituminous products. The boards are available in thicknesses of 18 inch to 14 inch (3 mm to 6 mm) and are usually 4 feet (1.2 m) x 8 feet (2.4 m) in size.
2.7.2 Prefabricated Drainage Products (Geocomposites)

The following are the most common types of geocomposites: Drainage mat Insulating drainage panels Drainage mat consists of waffle-like plastic core material that is factory-laminated with a specific filter fabric. Drainage mats are used on vertical foundation walls to drain groundwater into an exterior or interior drainage system. They are used in horizontal applications to permit water to flow into deck drains or off the edge of the horizontal surface below grade. These products enhance the performance of the waterproofing material by relieving hydrostatic pressure from the material surface. Some drainage mats protect the waterproofing material from damage during backfill operations or may offer additional insulation to the structure being waterproofed. Geotextile filter fabrics are used with these products to prevent soil fines from clogging the drainage mat and restricting drainage. Designers specifying drainage mat should select material with appropriate compressive strength for the waterproofing system. The flow rate of the drainage mat should be appropriate for the expected quantities of water and the runoff should be collected and removed by some type of drainage system. Typically, the drainage system is not installed by the waterproofing contractor. Insulating drainage panels consist of high-density, moisture-resistant insulation boards with grooved drainage channels on one face that are covered with a geotextile. Panels provide protection for waterproofing, thermal insulation and drainage for groundwater. Panels are held in place with adhesives or stick clips.
2.7.3 Waterstops
Waterstops are devices installed at the intersection of cold joints in concrete walls and slabs, walls and footings or at vertical joints in concrete work. Waterstops are a secondary means of protection against water infiltration. Waterstops are typically fabricated from a variety of materials such as bentonite and treated rubber and are installed before placement of concrete. There are waterstops available that use tubes and injectable foam. These are used where leaks would be critical and are anticipated. The surface on which a waterstop is installed should be relatively smooth and free from sharp edges. The designer should indicate the location of the waterstops within the cold joint and the party who is responsible for installation of waterstops. Placement is criticalwaterstops should not be placed too closely to the edge of concrete walls. Waterstops require a minimum 2 inches (50 mm) of concrete cover. The swelling of a waterstop can damage the concrete. See the Waterproofing Construction Details section of this manual for installation details.
2.8 Waterproofing Repair and Maintenance

Floor slabs and walls against earth below grade are most often inaccessible from the exterior side to affect waterproofing repairs if they become necessary. In most cases, it is too impractical and disruptive to remove sidewalks and/or streets to excavate along the exterior of a structure to expose the leaking waterproofing system for repair. The same can hold true for leaking plaza decks where sidewalks or planters may have to be removed to expose a leaking membrane for repair. It is, therefore, necessary for procedures to be developed for the correction of leaking exterior walls and floors from the negative side, or interior, of the structure. Elastomeric vehicle traffic coatings are subject to wear and must be periodically recoated, especially at ramps and
other high-traffic areas.
2.8.1 Crystalline Waterproofing Repairs

Crystalline waterproofing is appropriate for rehabilitation of existing structures. However, NRCA recommends waterproofing systems should be installed on the positive (exterior) side. Crystalline waterproofing is typically a negative (interior) side waterproofing system and is appropriate as a maintenance effort to control leakage. Crystalline waterproofing is used on concrete surfaces above and below grade. It may be applied to either the exterior or interior side of the structure being repaired. For additional information regarding crystalline waterproofing systems, refer to Section 2.6.11. 2.8.1.1 Preparation and Installation Concrete must be structurally sound and concrete surfaces must be clean and free of dirt, latence, oils, curing agents and foreign materials. Structural defects, honeycombs, form ties, cracks, etc., must be routed to sound concrete and grouted according to manufacturers requirements. The surface should be roughened by etching, sandblasting or mechanical means, therefore exposing open concrete pores to the crystalline repair application. The surface of cured concrete must be dampened according to manufacturers recommendations. Crystalline waterproofing compound should be mixed with water and applied using a stiff masonry brush or broom. The slurry coating should be worked well into the pores and irregularities of the concrete. Follow the manufacturers recommendations when applying and curing these products.
2.8.2 Polyurethane Chemical Grout Injection

Polyurethane chemical grout injection employs specialized equipment and materials required to seal leaking cracks and voids in concrete structures with a flexible material capable of accommodating some additional movement. The process involves intersecting cracks or voids in concrete structures halfway through the mass by drilling holes into the defect(s) at an angle. A liquid polyurethane grout is injected under high pressure to force the material into the structures void. Water leaking through the void serves as a catalyst for the flexible grout, causing it to expand in volume, sealing the void. This is one of the few processes that can be used to seal leaks through plaza decks from the underside. There are several manufacturers of the material and equipment to accomplish this process. Some manufacturers have different operating instructions and procedures, making it difficult to establish a standard specification for the injection of polyurethane chemical grouts. NRCA recommends the installation specifications of the manufacturer selected be carefully followed and a contractor experienced in the use of the materials, methods and equipment perform necessary repairs. Installation uses a drilling process. It is recommended to make sure the proper depth for the drilling process is determined and there are no items in the wall that can be damaged (e.g., electrical conduit).
2.8.3 Acrylamide Gel Chemical Grout Injection

Acrylamide gel chemical grout injection employs specialized equipment and materials. Unlike the polyurethane chemical grout injection process, which is designed to seal cracks and voids in the concrete structure, the acrylamide gr o u t gel is designed to create a dense, water-impermeable mass in the earth opposite a leaking crack or void. Installation generally involves drilling a hole completely through the wall or floor in the proximity of a leak, followed by the pumping of large quantities of the gel into the earth until the leak into the building is stopped. In the absence of moisture, the gel can shrink, allowing water to again penetrate the structure. For this reason, this process works best for walls or floors against earth. It is not as satisfactory in plaza decks where drying is possible or pumping the gel under pressure could lift sidewalks or roadbeds over plaza areas. Several manufacturers produce the material and equipment for the gel-injection process and each has subtle differences that defy a standard specification. NRCA recommends the manufacturers installation specifications be carefully followed and a contractor experienced in the use of these materials and equipment perform the necessary repairs.
3. DAMPPROOFING 3.1 Design Guidelines and Performance Requirements for Dampproofing of Below-grade Walls
Dampproofing is defined as the treatment of a surface to resist the passage of moisture in the absence of hydrostatic pressure. Dampproofing materials need only resist the capillary action of moisture
as it attempts to pass into or through a structure. Dampproofing methods are generally employed above grade or below grade in the absence of groundwater to reduce dampness within the structure. For this reason, many of the design factors that are critical to the performance of a waterproofing system are not as critical to the successful performance of a dampproofing system. Dampproofing methods should not be used for horizontal slabs on grade or foundation walls when these structures will be subject to hydrostatic pressure. Dampproofing methods also should not be used on suspended structural decks over habitable space or on planters, pools or other water-containment structures. Instead, waterproofing materials should be used in these locations. Over aggregate fill, vapor retarder materials are often used for dampproofing floor slabs on grade that are not subject to hydrostatic pressure. In this type of application, aggregate fill is first placed on the earth. Polyethylene or premolded membrane sheets are laid over the aggregate fill, and the concrete slab is poured over the vapor retarder sheets. The vapor retarder reduces the moisture from the ground from penetrating into the floor slab. NRCA does not consider polyethylene sheets to be waterproofing membranes. For concrete and masonry foundations, solvent-based bituminous mastic and bituminous emulsion are often used. The dampproofing material is generally sprayed, brushed or applied by trowel directly to the concrete wall surfaces. Masonry walls may be prepared with a minimum 12-inch- (13-mm-) thick parging. Masonry load-bearing and cavity walls above grade are common locations where dampproofing materials are used. Above-grade masonry construction of this type may need to be protected from rain and prolonged water exposure. Such moisture penetration can threaten interior finishes. Dampproofing applied to the exterior of walls above grade is usually transparent or is a material that can provide an attractive finish. Transparent dampproofing materials usually consist of silicones, acrylics or polymeric resins that penetrate the surface of the masonry and seal its pores to reduce water absorption, leaving the color and texture of the wall unchanged. Opaque acrylic or cementitious dampproofing coatings are used on masonry walls and are available in a variety of colors.
3.2 Dampproofing Products 3.2.1 Solvent-based Dampproofing Mastics

Solvent-based dampproofing mastic is composed of asphalt compounds containing various amounts of fiber reinforcement depending on whether the material is to be installed by spray, brush or trowel. Solvent-based dampproofing mastic is used to reduce water or moisture infiltration on foundation walls below grade where no hydrostatic pressure exists or on the interior side of masonry walls above grade. Solvent-based dampproofing mastic should not be installed when ambient conditions are below 40 F (4 C). Solvent-based dampproofing mastic should conform to one of the following recognized standards: Dampproofing mastic ASTM D4479, Type I (for brushing or spraying application) ASTM D4586, Type I (for trowel application)
3.2.1.1 Installation Surfaces to receive solvent-based dampproofing mastic must be fully cured; broom-clean; adequately dry; and free of oil, form release agents, curing compounds, grease and loose materials. Apply solvent-based mastic by spray, brush or trowel using a grade of product consistent with the method of application. Trowel applications should consist of one coat approximately 14 inch (6 mm) thick. Spray or brush applications should consist of two coats approximately 116 inch (1.6 mm) thick each, allowing material to dry between coats. When a protection course is desired for below-grade applications, cover the dampproofing coating with a protection board as recommended by the membrane manufacturer. Allow dampproofing to cure at least 24 hours to prevent displacement before applying protection board.
3.2.2 Bituminous-emulsion Dampproofing

Bituminous-emulsion dampproofing materials are composed of water-soluble asphalt compounds containing various amounts of fiber reinforcement, depending on whether the material is to be installed by spray, brush or trowel. Unreinforced emulsions are also available. Bituminous-emulsion dampproofing materials are used to reduce water or moisture infiltration on foundation walls below grade where drainage systems have been employed and on the interior side of masonry walls above grade. Bituminous-emulsion dampproofing materials should not be stored or installed when ambient conditions are below
40 F (4 C). The completed application must be protected from water and from freezing until it is fully cured. Bituminous-emulsion dampproofing materials should conform to one of the following recognized standards: Fibered, Bituminous Emulsion Nonfibrated Bituminous Emulsion ASTM D1227, Type I* or II, Class 1 ASTM D1187, Type I or II ASTM D1227, Type III, Class 1 ASTM D1187, Type I or II
*The materials defined by this specification may contain asbestos fibers. 3.2.2.1 Installation Surfaces to receive bituminous-emulsion dampproofing must be free of oil, form release agents, curing compounds, grease and loose materials. Dry surfaces may need to be dampened before applying the emulsion. Apply bituminous emulsion by spray, brush or trowel using a grade of product consistent with the method of application. Trowel applications should consist of one coat approximately 18 inch (3 mm) thick. Spray or brush applications should consist of two coats approximately 116 inch (1.6 mm) thick each, allowing material to dry between coats. Some applications may employ a layer of reinforcing. When a protection course is desired for below-grade applications, cover the dampproofing coating with a protection board as recommended by the membrane manufacturer. Allow dampproofing to cure at least 24 hours to prevent displacement before applying protection board. Protect application from rain and water until fully cured.
4. APPENDIX 4.1 Water Test Procedure

NRCA strongly recommends horizontal waterproofing membranes be water tested to prove their integrity before permitting subsequent construction. It is recommended to have the results of the water test witnessed and confirmed in writing in case a problem arises after job completion. After the waterproofing test has been successfully completed, cover the membrane with a protection course, insulation and/or drainage course. Avoid all unnecessary traffic on the completed system before installation of the wearing surface or backfill. Install the wearing surface or backfill within 24 hours to 72 hours after completion of the waterproofing system. If surfaces are exposed to the sunlight or the waterproofing is being performed during extremely hot weather, installation of the protection course and backfilling should occur within 24 hours. Before installation of overburden, a water test is conducted to evaluate whether a waterproofing system (but not a dampproofing system) is leak-free under hydrostatic (e.g., standing water) and/or nonhydrostatic conditions (e.g., flowing water). A water test is conducted in one of two ways. A water test is conducted by temporarily plugging or otherwise closing any deck drains and erecting temporary dams where required to retain water on the surface of the waterproofing material, then flooding the surface to a maximum depth of 2 inches (50 mm) at the high point and retaining the water for a minimum of 24 hours or as required by the manufacturer. A water test is conducted by applying continuously flowing water over the waterproofing membranes surface for a minimum of 24 hours or as required by the manufacturer without closing drains or erecting dams. Selecting the correct water test depends on the structural capacity of the deck/substrate and the slope of the deck/waterproofing system. However, job-site conditions may dictate the methodology of each projects water test. Decks without significant slope (e.g., a plaza deck) can be water tested using a flood test or flowing water test. Decks with significant slope (e.g., a parking garage ramp) can be water tested using a flowing water test. Determining the structural capacity of the deck is the responsibility of the designer. Care must be taken so the weight of water retained does not exceed the load-carrying capacity of the structural deck and the height of the water does not exceed the height of the lowest flashing. The water should be allowed to remain on the waterproofing membrane for a minimum 24 hours for the flood test or for the flowing water test or as required by the manufacturer after which the areas beneath the membrane should be inspected for leaks. If leaks are detected, the test should be stopped, repairs made to the membrane and the area retested. The protection course should be installed over the tested area after successfully completing the water test unless a protection course is an integral part of the waterproofing system. The water test documents the performance of the waterproofing membrane before placement of overburden or topping material.
4.2 Water Test Verification Form

Name of Project: Project Address: ______________________________________________________________________________ City, State, ZIP: ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Test Location: ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Date: Test Began: __________________________(Date) ________________________(Time) Test Ended: __________________________(Date) ________________________(Time) Test Duration: __________________________________________ Test Conditions: Minimum Height of Water: ____________inches Maximum Height of Water: ____________Inches Remarks: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
Test Results: No Leakage

Describe Location: __________________________________________________________
Leakage Detected
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Retest Necessary Witnesses: The following individuals representing the indicated companies witnessed either a portion of or all the above described water flood test and attest that the representations made here are true and accurate: Name: Representing: Signature:
____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
800

The Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual has been written to provide technical information concerning the design and installation of construction details for quality waterproofing systems. This introduction is intended to supplement the special notes on the individual construction details. Waterproofing practices vary considerably in different parts of North America because of the variety of conditions that exist and the various materials that are available for use. Many times, waterproofing systems are essentially customized, meaning they are designed for specific substrates and structures and applied on job sites. Adherence to the practices outlined in this manual is an option of each contracting firm. Area practices and the time-proven methods employed by individual firms are frequently given priority over these recommended general procedures. The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual defines waterproofing as follows: Waterproofing: treatment of a surface or structure to prevent the passage of water under hydrostatic conditions A waterproofing assembly consists of a substrate and a membrane and may incorporate a drainage/protection layer. Horizontal waterproofing assemblies often incorporate a topping for additional protection and/or aesthetic reasons. Waterproofing systems can be divided into two primary categories: positive side and negative side, which are defined as follows: Positive (exterior) side waterproofing systems: a category of waterproofing systems where the waterproofing membrane/layer is installed between its substrate and the source or supply of water. Negative (interior) side waterproofing systems: a category of waterproofing systems where the substrate is between the waterproofing system and the source of water. The waterproofing construction details provided in The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual provide design and installation information for: Asphalt Built-up Membrane Coal-tar Built-up Membrane Hot-fluid-applied Polymer-modified Asphalt Membrane APP- and SBS-polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane Self-adhering Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheet Membrane Butyl Rubber Membrane EPDM Membrane Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane One- and Two-component, Fluid-applied Elastomeric Materials Bentonite Waterproofing Crystalline Waterproofing Cementitious Waterproofing Elastomeric Traffic Coatings The information contained in this manual is intended to deal primarily with new construction and replacement waterproofing situations. Because of the wide variety of waterproofing products, this manual cannot address all the different methods and practices for designing and installing all the products available to designers, contractors and building owners. In this manual, the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) attempts to present a consensus of opinions from knowledgeable, practicing waterproofing contractors throughout the United States as to the practices and procedures for good waterproofing. Where this manual provides specific suggestions or recommendations, it should be noted these may be a more conservative approach than may be commonly provided by individual product manufacturers, waterproofing designers or waterproofing contractors. The waterproofing design and application procedures included in this manual are recognized to be sound and time-proven and apply throughout the United States.
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The recommendations contained in the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual should not be construed as the only methods for designing and installing waterproofing systems. Some design criteria and application techniques may vary according to climatic conditions, and some geographical area employ area practices that are sound and time-proven. NRCA does not mean to imply by any statement or exclusion that time-tested and proven area practices are unsatisfactory or inappropriate. Users of this manual are encouraged to contact NRCA members in the geographical areas for specific advice concerning area practices and current technical information. The Waterproofing Construction Details section is based on sheet membrane waterproofing systems. Detail specifics may need to be altered with other waterproofing system types. NRCA suggests the Waterproofing Construction Details section of The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual be used in the design of waterproofing systems only after a number of cri t e ria have been carefully considered, including: Climate and geographic location A buildings intended use and design life expectancy Exterior and interior temperature, humidity and use conditions Code requirements Type and condition of substrate, including soil Structural system Slope and drainage Waterproofing system type including overburden Accessibility and building configuration Building movement Type and amount of insulation/protection/drainage needed Need for ventilation during installation Compatibility with adjacent building and/or system components Construction sequencing Worker safety Potential building additions Odors generated by certain system application methods Water table Construction traffic Penetrations These criteria play important roles in the ultimate success or failure of every waterproofing assembly and must be considered by a designer to determine the appropriate components of a waterproofing assembly, applicable products and specifications, and construction details to be used. In addition, a designer should be certain waterproofing product manu facturers requirements are taken into account, as well as requirements of applicable insurance, building code enforcement and/or other regulatory agencies. It is recommended to consult material manufacturers w ritten specifications during the design of a waterproofing assembly. Specific to a waterproofing systems construction details, NRCA recommends designers consider the following.
Waterstops
Typically, waterstops are installed by a concrete contractor and are not the responsibility of the waterproofing contractor. In some cases, waterstops may be installed by the waterproofing contractor if the project conditions and schedule allow it. Waterstops require a minimum of 2 inches (50 mm) of concrete cover.
Drainage Systems
For below-grade walls, drainage systems (e.g., perforated pipe set in aggregate bed) should be located at the low
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points of a waterproofing system, which typically is adjacent to the bottom of the foundation wall, below any critical intersection of waterproofing systems and connected to a drainage field. NRCAs details do not have a separate layer shown for filter fabric. The assumption is drainage layers are manufactured to have filter fabric included on the top surface and are often called geotextiles. Some assemblies, such as those with loose soil, require the use of a separate filter fabric.
Insulation
Insulation used in horizontal applications with any type of overburden should have adequate compressive strength to support the expected loads. When insulation is used in vertical applications, the compressive strength is less critical, but the compressive strength should be capable of supporting the expected loads.
Termination Heights
NRCA recommends waterproofing flashings terminate 4 inches (100 mm) above the top of the concrete wearing surface and be protected by counterflashing. However, in some cases where aesthetics are critical or damage is imminent, waterproofing membranes can be terminated at or just below the top of the concrete wearing surface with or without counterflashing and will perform.
Penetrations and Curbs

The maximum amount of space (for horizontal and vertical applications) should be provided between pipes, walls and curbs to facilitate proper installation of waterproofing materials. NRCA recommends a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between pipes, a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between pipes and curbs or walls, and a minimum 12 inches (300 mm) of clearance between curbs and curbs or walls. Waterproofing systems have different installation methods that may require different spacings, and certain project conditions may not allow these recommended clearances. However, adequate space (i.e., clearance) is required for a mechanic to properly install the required flashings at these locations. NRCA does not recommend a waterproofing system be used as direct support for HVAC units or other types of equipment. HVAC units and equipment should be supported on curbs and flashed appropriately.
Expansion Joints
NRCA recommends expansion joints be elevated above the level of the membrane and drainage paths flow away from expansion joints. Elevated expansion joints can be installed where the thickness of the overburden is not critical, for example an elevated paver system or soil overburden. The thickness of soil can generally be reduced at the expansion joint, and there is typically adequate room under a paver system. Wood blocking used in elevated expansion joints is recommended to be preservative-treated. Where an elevated expansion joint cannot be used, a low-profile expansion joint can be installed. A low-profile expansion joint is elevated to a reduced amount by eliminating the thickness of wood blocking. Drainage paths should be designed so water does not flow over an expansion joint. When drainage paths must occur over an expansion joint, a level-surface expansion joint should be used so drainage is not prohibited. NRCA does not recommend the use of level-surface expansion joints unless all attempts at redirecting drainage paths have been exhausted or are not feasible. NRCAs details are limited to a 1-inch- (25-mm-) wide maximum expansion joint.
Waterproofing Construction Detail Presumptions

The majority of the waterproofing details are drawn in section or isometric because the selected view is more understandable and informative. Where both a section and isometric drawing are needed to provide the necessary information, both views are provided. Structural members depicted in the Waterproofing Construction Details are for context only. NRCA is not attempting to depict properly sized or structurally sound structural members. These details are considered a guide; manufacturers recommendations must be followed. For concrete wearing slabs at the intersection of a wearing slab and walls and curbs, a compressible strip with sealant and backer rod is recommended.
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Other components
Components may be provided or installed by other trades that are integrated into waterproofing systems and can be critical to the waterproof integrity of completed waterproofing systems. These components include: Metal counterflashings Flashings, drains and penetrations Drain heads, clamps and strainers Through-wall flashings Skylight components and flashings Seismic joints and related components Wood blocking and attachments Pipes or conduits and their supports Permanent safety anchors and guardrails Curbs Planters Overburden/topping materials Note: The Waterproofing Construction Details are depicted on pages 1454-1505.
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The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

Waterproofing Construction Details Introduction

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The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

General Waterproofing Project Considerations

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The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

2. Notes to the Owner and Designer

2.1 Proper Design

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

2.2 Quality Materials

2.3 Quality Workmanship

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

5. Material Storage and Handling

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

6. Temporary Waterproofing System

7.1 Cold Temperatures

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

7.2 Hot Temperatures

8. Wall/Slab/Deck and Structural Design Considerations

General Waterproofing Considerations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

10. Slope and Drainage

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

11. Expansion Joints and Control Joints

12. Curbs and Penetrations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

14.1 Membrane Base Flashings

14.2 Sheet-metal Counterflashings and Terminations

General Waterproofing Considerations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

Figure 2: S u r face-mounted reglet with remova ble counterflashing

16. Quality Assurance and Water Tests

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

17. Post-installation Considerations

19. Building Owner Recommendations

General Waterproofing Considerations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

General Waterproofing Considerations

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The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

WATERPROOFING CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATION STATEMENT

I. ABOUT YOUR COMPANY

General Waterproofing Considerations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

II. ABOUT YOUR WORK

2.2 Does your company perform all waterproofing work in house?

If yes, please explain. __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________

General Waterproofing Considerations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

2.8 Is your company currently involved in litigation?

III. ABOUT YOUR REFERENCES

General Waterproofing Considerations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

General Waterproofing Considerations

The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

Pre-job Conference Checklist

General Waterproofing Considerations

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The NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing ManualFifth Edition (2006 Update)

If yes, please explain. __________________