lesson

29
Perfect modals

Your turn
1. a) to take a peek ( g ) afraid.
b) to hide ( h ) common.
c) to steam ( a ) to look at something for a short time.
d) earthling ( f ) small enough to hold in your hand when you use it.
e) weirdo ( d ) a human (used in science fiction stories).
f) hand-held ( b ) to stay in a place where no one will see or find you.
g) scared ( c ) to cook something using the gas that water makes when you
h) ordinary heat it.
( e ) a person who behaves strangely.
2. a) Hobbes concludes the Martian may have hidden because he doesn’t see him.
b) Calvin describes the Martian as a weirdo from another planet.
c) Text 2 suggests that technological devices are getting smaller over time.
d) The pronoun “it” refers to the man’s grain-of-rice-sized computer.

Your turn
1. a) must have
b) may/might have
c) should have
d) would have
e) can’t have
2. a) could have gone
b) must have won
c) shouldn’t have eaten
d) can’t have taken
e) might have missed

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 lesson
30
Wish + simple past

Your turn
1. a) ( F ) The Ant fell into the river after stopping to drink water.
b) ( T )
c) ( F ) The Ant climbed onto the leaf, which the wind blew to the shore, and he reached dry land.
d) ( F ) The Ant wished he could do something for the Dove.
e) ( T )
f) ( F ) The Ant ran quickly and bit the hunter’s leg.
g) ( T )
h) ( T )
2. b) One good turn deserves another.
3. b) To reciprocate her kind gesture.
4. c) Kindness and generosity.

Your turn
1. a) Jackeline wishes she could swim.
b) Tom wishes he spoke French.
c) I wish I asked my mom about it.
d) Carla and I wish we stayed a little longer.
e) Hanna wishes Lucas visited her.
2. a) Mark wishes he knew how to play piano.
b) Sam and Sue wish they ate healthy food.
c) I wish I had enough free time.
d) Brandon wishes he could buy a new house right now.
e) Samantha wishes she would graduate this year.

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 lesson
31
Wish + past perfect

Your turn
1. Respostas possíveis:
a) Eu gostaria de não ter trabalhado tanto.
b) Eu gostaria de ter tido a coragem de expressar meus sentimentos.
c) Eu gostaria de ter me permitido ser mais feliz.
2. a) “Many of us crucify ourselves between two thieves - regret for the past and fear of the future.”
b) “One doesn’t recognize the really important moments in one’s life until it’s too late.”
c) “When one door closes, another opens; but we often look so long and so regretfully upon the
closed door that we do not see the one which has opened for us.”
d) “We should regret our mistakes and learn from them, but never carry them forward into the
future with us.”

( b ) Learn to appreciate things as they happen.
( c ) Recognize new opportunities even during hardship.

( d ) Learn from what you did wrong and let it go.

( a ) Don’t allow yourself to be stuck between regret and fear.

3. c) happened in the past.

Your turn
1. a) wish I had learned/learnt
b) wishes she had made
c) wish they had taken
d) wish they had not/hadn’t spent
e) wishes he had not/hadn’t thrown
2. a) I wish I had visited Italy while I was in Europe.
b) Alex wishes he had not/hadn’t been mean to his little brother.
c) Vera wishes she had talked to Ann before she left.
d) We wish we had not/hadn’t left the convention so early.
e) Leslie wishes she had not/hadn’t bought that overpriced bag.

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 lesson
32
Indirect wh- questions

Your turn
1. a) Bees have started to disappear at alarming rates.
b) There is no definite cause for why bees are dying.
c) The acronym “CCD” stands for “colony collapse disorder”.
2. a) ( F ) Approximately one-third of all honeybees in the US were eliminated.
b) ( F ) Colony collapse disorder happens when there are no adult bees in a colony.
c) ( T )
d) ( F ) The causes behind colony collapse disorder are unclear.
e) ( T )

Your turn
1. a) Can you tell me where you have planned to go during summer holidays?
b) Do you know how I can turn on this device?
c) Could you tell me what the side effects for this medication are?
d) Can you tell me when your parents will arrive?
e) Do you know why Lucas had been screaming?
2. a) Do you know what they were doing last night?
b) Could you tell me where Jessica went this morning?
c) Can you tell me why Jacob has been crying?
d) Could you tell me when the bus to Georgia will leave?
e) Do you know how long that lecture is?

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 lesson
33
Indirect yes/no questions

Your turn
1. a) The boy expects to find a book about 1 000 things to do while everyone is busy.
b) He can’t have the book he is looking for because someone else has checked it out.
c) According to the attendant’s response, she can’t help because she doesn’t have the time.
d) The fact the attendant is reading 1 000 ways to look busy so no one makes you do things to avoid
helping the boy makes the comic strip funny.
2. a) ( F ) Dan Schwent has rated Nancy: a Comic Collection as four out of five stars.
b) ( T )
c) ( T )
d) ( F ) Dan got hooked on Nancy strips after seeing people retweeting them.
e) ( F ) Olivia Jaimes’ intention was to modernize Nancy and make her jerky again.
f) ( T )
g) ( F ) The writer claims Nancy won’t make you forget all about Calvin and Hobbes.
h) ( T )

Your turn
1. a) Could you tell me whether the bus is late?
b) Do you know if tickets sales will start next week?
c) Can you tell me whether Sue and Mike were studying last night?
d) Could you tell me if the new assistant has started working?
e) Do you know whether we must turn in our papers?
2. a) Could you tell me if they know the way to the library?
b) Do you know whether the patients had been waiting long?
c) Can you tell me if Andrea has apologized to Sam?
d) Could you tell me whether we may start the meeting a little early?
e) Do you know if Mr. Brooks called the office this morning?

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 lesson
34
Future perfect simple

Your turn
1. a) Mel Stevens fell in love with music thanks to her father who is a bass player.
b) In two years she will have recorded her second album Miss Stevens.
c) In ten years she will have bought her own apartment.
d) She uses the adjectives: creative, courageous, generous, loyal and stubborn to describe herself.
e) She wants to be remembered as a respectful musician.
2. Respostas possíveis:

Fact file
Name: Felipe da Silva.
Date of birth: March 13, 2006.
Place of birth: São Carlos, São Paulo.
My favorite singers are: Bruno Mars, Drake and The Weeknd.
In two years’ time: I will have decided on my major for university.
In ten years’ time: I will have bought my own house.
Five words that best describe
Smart, dedicated, brave, trustworthy and kind.
me:
A song I’ve been listening to: “Blinding Lights” by The Weeknd.
I’d like to be remembered as: an environmentalist and innovator.

Your turn
1. a) will have finished
b) will have written
c) will have gotten (American English)/will have got (British English)
d) will have arrived
e) will have been
2. a) Will Louise have seen that movie in time for the presentation?
b) Carlos will not/won’t have returned from his business trip by Friday.
c) Timothy and I will have visited Barcelona and Madrid by this time next month.
d) Will Johana have bought a house in ten years’ time?
e) Marcy will not/won’t have begun to sing professionally in one year.

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 lesson
35
Future perfect continuous

Your turn
1. a) ( F ) The reporter and Klaus Obermeyer had an appointment at 1 o’clock.
b) ( T )
c) ( F ) At the time of the appointment Klaus was missing because he had gone skiing.
d) ( T )
e) ( T )
f) ( T )
2. a) Klaus Obermeyer started working with skiing after the war, when he moved to the US and got
a job as a ski-school instructor in Aspen.
b) Aside from skiing, Mr. Obermeyer keeps healthy by working out in exercise machines and
practicing Aikido, a Japanese martial art.
3. Resposta possível:
Quando eu tiver 103 anos de idade, eu estarei esquiando por cem anos.

Your turn
1. a) will have been walking
b) will have been living
c) will have been working
d) will have been dating
e) will have been rehearsing
2. Respostas possíveis:
a) Next year, Peter will have been teaching for 13 years.
b) By this time next week, Sally will have been practicing medicine for a decade.
c) In August, Andrea and Carlos will have been studying here for 2 years.
d) By seven o’clock, Allison will have been driving for 14 hours straight.
e) By six o’clock, Chandler will have been running for 2 hours.

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 lesson
36
Vocabulary: art (III) – Painting and sculpture

Your turn
1. a) Andy Warhol became famous all over the world for being a major pioneer of the pop art
movement (of the 1960s).
b) What was eccentric about Warhol’s paintings was that they depicted ordinary things (such as
comic strips, canned soup, and soft drinks).
c) (According to the artist himself) Campbell Soup Company was upset about the painting (and
wanted to do something about it).
2. alternativa A
A biography.
3. alternativa C
Pop art.
4. alternativa C
No futuro, todos serão mundialmente famosos por 15 minutos.

Your turn

1. a) ( e ) additive sculpture
Chernov Victor/Shutterstock

b) ( d ) relief sculpture
Miroslav Lukic/Shutterstock

c) ( a ) in the round sculpture

Shutterstock
Manuel Ascanio/

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 d) ( b ) subtractive sculpture

Kite_rin/Shutterstock
e) ( c ) mobile sculpture

Gireesh R Pai/Shutterstock

2. Respostas possíveis:

a) landscape: is a painting showing the outdoors; it usually depicts the countryside or land.
is something not realistic; its subjects are not recognizable. The paintings
b) abstract:
usually have lines, shapes and colors.
c) self-portrait: is a painting an artist makes of himself/herself.
d) portrait: is a painting that shows the image of a person.

Brush up on your reading

1. alternativa C
O comentário que exemplifica o engajamento proposto no item 4 é: “Eu me inscrevi no progra-
ma de Jovens Embaixadores para mostrar o que tem de bom em meu país e conhecer outras
formas de ser”.
No texto: “Spread your own culture around the world and learn about other cultures”.
2. alternativa A
Na citação a intenção da autora é evidenciar as razões pelas quais ela escreve.
No texto: “Why am I compelled to write? Because the writing saves me from this complacency
I fear […]. By writing I put order in the world, give it a handle so I can grasp it”.

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 Answers to additional activities

1. Perfect modal Use

a) should have Used to say that something was a good idea, but you didn’t do it.
b) must have Used to express conclusions about the past.
c) can’t have Used to conclude that something was impossible in the past.
d) shouldn’t have Used to say something was not a good idea, but you did it.
e) may/might have Used to express what was possible in the past.
Used to say that we had the opportunity to do something, but we
f) could have
didn’t.
Used to express that something happened (or didn’t happen) in the past as
g) would have
a result of something else.

2. a) I must have left my badge in my other purse.

b) Laura can’t have told Jon that they haven’t spoken.
c) Bill should have gone to bed early because now he is exhausted.
d) Ann might have asked Marie about the money and that is why she got angry.
e) He would have been promoted, but he failed the last assignments.
f) Stacy may have visited her in-laws. I am not really sure.
g) Carlo shouldn’t have said anything! It wasn’t his place to do so.
h) Andrea could have been a super model if she had gone to Europe for work.
3. Respostas possíveis:
a) Eu deveria ter ligado para minha mãe ontem.
b) Lizzie não pode ter quebrado o vaso. Ela não estava no escritório.
c) Chris deve ter dormido. Ela parou de responder.
d) Nós podemos ter perdido nosso voo.
e) Eles não deveriam ter se comportado daquela maneira.
4. a) ( F ) A typewriter is a machine that produces letters when the user strikes a key.
b) ( T )
c) ( F ) Typewriters were regularly used from the late 1800s to the late 1900s.
d) ( T )
e) ( F ) The earliest patent in the US for a typewriter was issued in 1829.

5. a) Heidi and Jonas wish they could travel around the world.
b) Pamela wishes she was recognized as a famous singer.
c) Andrea and Luigi wish they met before.
d) Rachel wishes she had more time to relax on the weekend.
e) Luisa and Timothy wish they could speak fluent Japanese.

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 f) I wish I was able to afford that new cell phone.
g) Mary wishes she knew how to dance properly.
h) I wish I spoke French more fluently.
6. Respostas possíveis:
a) Tom wishes he saw that movie.
b) Elizabeth and Maggie wish they were better friends.
c) Paulo and Mario wish they went to the beach.
d) Susannah and I wish we spoke to each other every day.
e) Lance wishes he became rich.
f) Gary and Kim wish they cooked instead of going out to eat.
g) Rocco wishes he were able to exercise more often.
h) Linda and Carol wish they didn’t disagree so much.
7. Respostas possíveis:
a) I wish I didn’t have so much homework.
b) I wish I was old enough to have a pet.
c) I wish I didn’t have to wake up early tomorrow.
d) I wish I had my own TV.
e) I wish I were good at speaking in public.

8. a) Number of species: more than 12,000.

Amount of weight an ant can
b) 20 times its own body weight.
lift:
Number of babies per queen
c) millions of babies.
ant:
d) How do ants hear: by feeling vibrations in the ground through their feet.
e) What happens when ants fight: they fight to the death.

9. a) Louis wishes he hadn’t left the band.

b) Carla and Jill wish they had gone shopping this morning.
c) Emma wishes she had finished the book report on time.
d) Santana and Finn wish they had had a chance to perform.
e) Denis wishes he had told me the truth.
f) Jake and I wish we had spent more time at the beach.
g) They wish they had corrected that mistake.
h) I wish I had practiced my presentation.
10. a) wish – had made
b) wishes – had gone
c) wish – had saved
d) wish – had been
e) wishes – had watched

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 f) wish – had spoken
g) wishes – had arrived
h) wishes – had read
11. Respostas possíveis:
a) I wish I had had more vacation days.
b) Sarah wishes she had gone home earlier.
c) Ed and Mirna wish they had seen the movie premiere.
d) Phil wishes he had met Vitor at the party.
e) Clara and Ana wish they had bought that apartment.
12. a) The phrase originated in about 1970.
b) Before anyone wrote them down, slang terms circulated at street level for many years.
c) Words and phrases can be easily dated nowadays because of internet logs.
d) The first citation of “My bad” can be found in print in C. Wielgus and A. Wolff’s, “Back-in-your-face
Guide to Pick-up Basketball”.
13. a) Where does Maria live? ( c ) Could you tell me when Martha will arrive?
( e ) Can you tell me how I can get in touch
b) How long had they studied here?
with him?
c) When will Martha arrive? ( g ) Can you tell me where Hanna ran off to?
( b ) Do you know how long they had studied
d) What time did the bus leave? here?
e) How can I get in touch with him? ( f ) Could you tell me why Jake has gone
upstairs?
f) Why has Jake gone upstairs? ( d ) Do you know what time the bus left?
( h ) Could you tell me what the teacher was
g) Where did Hanna run off to? saying?
h) What was the teacher saying? ( a ) Can you tell me where Maria lives?

14. a) Do you know what Paul was doing last night around eight?
b) Can you tell me where they had shopped before coming here?
c) Could you tell me why Jess has left us so much work to do?
d) Do you know when the lecture on astrology starts?
e) Can you tell me how they are going to get to Alabama?
f) Could you tell me when the power went out last night?
g) Can you tell me where your niece takes piano lessons?
h) Do you know why the street sign says that?
15. a) Do you know how long a person can survive without sleeping?
b) Can you tell me where Paul bought that guitar?
c) Could you tell me how long Ann is going to take to get here?
d) Do you know why Lucy has been upset?
e) Can you tell me when the movie premiered in theaters?
f) Could you tell me how long the presentation will be?
g) Do you know why enrollments have been canceled?
h) Can you tell me how I can get to the subway station?

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 16. a) Animal: honey bee.
b) Maximum length of flight: six miles.
c) Maximum speed: 15 miles per hour.
d) Miles per pound of honey: 90,000.
Amount of honey needed to fly
e) one ounce.
around the globe:
f) Composition of honey: 80% sugars and 20% water.

17. a) Do you know whether the train is coming?

b) Can you tell me if I am late to the party?
c) Could you tell me whether the 3 p.m. bus has left?
d) Do you know whether there is going to be an extension to the deadline?
e) Can you tell me whether we should take our shoes off before coming inside?
f) Could you tell me if we have a test on Monday?
g) Do you know whether Ms. Brown corrected our work?
h) Can you tell me if Ana lives near here?
18. a) Can you tell me whether the girls were studying last night?
b) Do you know if they had bought their mom a present?
c) Could you tell me whether someone has left a wallet here?
d) Can you tell me if Thomas enjoys piano recitals?
e) Do you know whether Cass is dating anyone?
f) Could you tell me if I received any calls today?
g) Can you tell me whether Pete has been cleaning the house?
h) Do you know if Clara had been traveling for a long time?
19. Respostas possíveis:
a) Can you tell me if/whether our school opened yesterday?
b) Do you know if/whether the team is playing right now?
c) Could you tell me if/whether the teacher has already started our class?
d) Can you tell me if/whether I should wait for her?
e) Do you know if/whether the subway station is near here?
20. a) The text describes Nancy as...    ( c ) encourages Sluggo to better himself.
b) Sluggo Smith is described as... ( d ) in Three Rocks, Tennessee, a suburb of Nashville.
c) In the comics, Nancy... ( f ) after running away from the orphanage.
d) Nancy’s house is... ( a ) a 7-year-old girl who is normal and a little naughty.
e) Sluggo is taken care of... ( g ) are both deceased.
f) Sluggo ends up in Three Rocks... ( h ) at 720 Drabb Street in an abandoned house.
g) Sadly, Sluggo’s parents... ( e ) by truck driver “uncles” Les and More.
h) Sluggo lives... ( b ) a ragged and 7-year-old boy who is lazy and loves
to nap.

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 21. a) By this time next week, I will have finished all my tasks.
b) Tom will have sold his truck by the end of the month.
c) Jackie won’t have cleaned the house by midday.
d) The police will have caught the robbers by the end of the investigation.
e) By Christmas, they will have become fluent in English.
f) By November, Ms. Cannon will have taught us for over one year.
g) Alice and Jacob will have spent five years in Rome next month.
h) We will have danced a couple of songs by the end of the party.
22. a) Will he have slept comfortably in his new mattress?
b) Sandra will not have written the report by tomorrow.
c) Jon and Kim will have traveled around Europe by next year.
d) Will we have fulfilled our mission once we finish the project?
e) The mechanic will not have repaired my car by next week.
f) I will have cooked dinner by the time you get home.
g) Will they have sent the documents by tomorrow?
h) Carly will not have left the house by nightfall.
23. a) will have fallen
b) will have picked up
c) will have waited
d) will have done
e) will have left
f) will have received
g) will have arrested
h) will have managed
24. a) ( F ) Billie Eilish enjoys breaking rules and records.
b) ( T )
c) ( T )
d) ( F ) Billie feels like she doesn’t belong in red carpets and award shows.
e) ( T )
25. a) Sasha will have been dancing for hours once the party ends.
b) Leah and Rocco will have been going to that same restaurant for three years.
c) Kate will have been inviting Lucas to the lecture for a year next month.
d) By September, Bill and Suzanna will have been living in the US for ten years.
e) Sara will have been working for the company for six months on the 1st of July.
f) By this time next year, I will have been teaching for over a decade.
g) In August, my daughter will have been practicing piano for five years.
h) By this time next month, Hanna will have been traveling for one semester.
26. a) will have been playing
b) will have been looking for
c) will have been studying
d) will have been writing

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 e) will have been recording
f) will have been performing
g) will have been cooking
h) will have been shopping
27. a) By this time next month, I will have been traveling around Europe for two months.
b) Will they have been waiting for over two days?
c) The kids will not/won’t have been practicing for long before the recital.
d) Tamara will have been living with her grandma for six months by this time next week.
e) Will Sandro have been applying for jobs for over two years next month?
f) By this time next week, the teacher will not/won’t have been grading exams for over five days.
g) Alessandra and I will have been sharing a car for four months next weekend.
h) Will Edward have been swimming for one hour and a half by the time class ends?
28. a) Aspen was named... ( d ) located in the state of Colorado, US.
b) The city’s climate is humid continental... ( e ) frequently average above freezing.
c) There is a big difference between... ( f ) frosts are relatively rare.
d) The city of Aspen is... ( b ) because of its high altitude.
e) Winter days in Aspen are... ( a ) after the trees that grow around the city.
f) During the summer... ( c ) daytime and nighttime temperatures.

29. a) ( d ) landscape
SIAATH/Shutterstock

b) ( c ) self-portrait
Everett Collection/Shutterstock

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 c) ( a ) portrait

Lucia Fox/Shutterstock
d) ( b ) abstract

Everett Collection/Shutterstock

Subtractive sculpture is a technique in which material

30. a) Subtractive sculpture:
is removed from something in order to create shape.
Relief sculpture is any work in which the images project
b) Relief sculpture:
from a flat background.
Mobile sculptures normally have components that are
c) Mobile sculpture:
suspended in the air and move with the wind.
Additive sculptures are created by adding material;
d) Additive sculpture: these sculptures can be made with any type of
materials.
In the round sculptures are 3-D and have no fixed
e) In the round sculpture: background. They are finished in all sides and stand
alone.

31. a) landscape
b) Leonardo da Vinci
c) abstract
d) in the round sculpture
e) Additive sculptures

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