GRADE 10- CHEMISTRY

L4- CARBON & ITS COMPOUNDS

The earth’s crust has only 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals (like carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, coal and petroleum) and the atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide.
The atomic number of carbon is 6 Electronic configuration is 2,4 Valency 4
Q.Carbon neither forms C4+ ion nor C4-ion but forms covalent bonds. Give reason.
Refer T.b pg.no: 59
COVALENT BONDS
A type of bond which is formed by the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms are
known as covalent bonds.
Types of covalent bonds:-
Depending upon the on the no of shared electron pairs the covalent bonds can be classified
in to

 Single covalent bond – It is formed when one pair of electrons are shared between
the two atoms.Rep by (-) Eg: H2,Cl2
 Double covalent bond -It is formed when two pair of electrons are shared between
the two atoms.Rep by (=) O2
 Triple covalent bond - It is formed when three pair of electrons are shared between
the two atoms.Rep by (≡) N2

Some covalently bonded molecules:

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Q. Versatile nature of carbon. Give Reason

OR

Carbon forms large number of compounds? Give reason

OR

Unique nature of carbon .Give reason.

Ans. Catenation: The self linking property of carbon element due to which its atoms can join one
another to form long carbon chain is called catenation.

Tetravalency: carbon has a valency of four.so it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of
carbon or atoms of some monovalent element.

Small size of carbon: This enables the nucleus to hold on to the shared pairs of electrons strongly

Characterstics of covalent compounds

 Low melting and boiling point: covalent compound consist of molecules held by weak
forces.ie,intermolecular forces are small.These can be easily overcome by heat.Thus they are
having very low melting and boiling point.
 Non conducting nature: Since the electrons are shared between atoms and no charged
particles are formed, such covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.
 Solubility: Covalent compounds are insoluble in polar compounds like water but soluble in
nonpolar solvents like benzene, toluene etc..

I. COMBUSTION
The process of burning of carbon compounds in air to produce CO2 , water, heat & light is
called combustion.

Eg.1 C+ O2 CO2 + heat + light

Eg.2 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + heat + light
Eg.3 CH3CH2OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + heat + light

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Combustion which take place in an ample (sufficient) supply of oxygen is called complete
combustion.
Combustion which take place in a limited supply of oxygen is called incomplete combustion.
Saturated hydrocarbons give blue flame because complete combustion takes place as the
percentage of carbon in saturated compounds are less ( alcohol, alkane etc)
Activity 4.3

Naphthalene and camphor burn with yellow flame while alcohol burn
with a blue flame.
Naphthalene is an unsaturated compound with multiple double bonds. It
burns in air and gives yellow smoke.
Alcohol is a saturated hydrocarbon. Alcohol burns with a blue flame
which shows complete combustion. Camphor burn with a yellow flame
because the higher percentage of carbon atom results in incomplete
combustion.

(Carbon & its compounds are used as fuels)

II. OXIDATION
Alcohols undergo oxidation in the presence of oxidising agents like alkaline potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) & acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) to form carboxylic acid.

III. ADDITION REACTION

When unsaturated hydrocarbons react with hydrogen in the presence of nickel or
palladium catalyst, they get converted to saturated hydrocarbons.
A catalyst is a substance that cause a reaction to occur or proceed at a different rate
without the reaction itself being affected.

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( Conversion of alkene to alkane)
Industrial use:
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils:

IV. SUBSTITUTION REACTION

-In which one type of atom or group of atoms takes the place of another
Chlorination of methane /alkane: Which takes place in the presence of sunlight

CH4 + Cl2 sunlight CH3Cl + HCl

CH3Cl + Cl2 sunlight CH2Cl2 + HCl

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 sunlight CHCl3 + HCl

CHCl3 + Cl2 sunlight CCl4 + HCl

ETHANOL

 Clear liquid having a pleasant smell

 Boiling point 78⁰ C
 Soluble in water in all proportions
 Used as an industrial solvent and main ingredient of alcholic beverages
Absolute alcohol: 100 % pure alcohol is called absolute alcohol

 Consumption of alcohol is not good for human health.

 It slows down the metabolic processes.
 Depresses the Central Nervous system
 Affects kidney & liver functions
DENATURED ALCOHOL (METHYLATED SPIRIT)
Alcohol is made unfit by adding poisonous substances like methanol to it. This is
called denatured alcohol
Chemical properties of Ethanol:
1. Reaction with Sodium (Test for alcohol)
Ethanol reacts with Sodium metal to give Sodium Ethoxide and Hydrogen gas

2 Na + 2 CH3CH2OH→2 CH3CH2O- Na+ +H2

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 2. Dehydration of alcohol
Heating ethanol at 443K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid results in the
dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.
Concentrated sulphuric acid can be regarded as dehydrating agent which removes
water from ethanol.

CH3 – CH2OH con.H2SO4 CH2 = CH2 + H2O

( How will you convert alcohol to alkene?

or ethanol to ethene ?)

ETHANOIC ACID ( ACETIC ACID)

or CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid is commonly known as acetic acid
5 – 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called Vinegar. Vinegar is used as food
preservative

The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 16.850C [290K] & hence it often freezes during
winter season in cold climate and thus it is called glacial acetic acid also.

Reactions of Ethanoic Acid

1. Esterification Reaction:

Esters are formed most commonly after the reaction of an acid and alcohol. Esters
have sweet fragrance and are used in making of perfumes and used as flavoring agent.
When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of an acid as a catalyst, it
gives ethyl acetate (ester).

This is called Esterification or Esterification Reaction.

2. Saponification:

On the other hand when ester is treated with sodium hydroxide, it gives alcohol and sodium
salt of carboxylic acid. This reaction is called saponification as it is used in manufacturing of
soap.

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 3. Reaction of Ethanoic acid with a base

When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, which is a base, it gives sodium acetate
and water.

4. Reaction of Ethanoic Acid with Carbonates and Hydrogen carbonates

Ethanoic acid gives respective acetate, carbon dioxide and water.

When Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, it gives sodium acetate, water and carbon
dioxide.

When Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate, it gives sodium acetate, water
and carbon dioxide.

An organic compound A of molecular formula C2H6O on oxidation with dil. Alkaline KMnO4
solution gives an acid B with same number of carbon atoms. Name the compound A & B and
write the chemical equations involved in the reaction.

Compound A – Ethanol

Compound B – Ethanoic acid

C2H6O alkaline KMnO C2H4O 2

4

CH3-CH2- OH alkaline KMnO4 CH3COOH

SOAPS
Soap is sodium or potassium salt of long chains of carboxylic acids.
Eg: sodium stearate ( chemical formula: C17H35COO- Na+)

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sodium palmitate ( chemical formula: C15H31COO- Na+)
sodium oleate ( chemical formula: C17H33COO- Na+)
Representation of soap molecule
Soap molecule has a tadpole structure with long hydrocarbon
chain and short ionic head. The hydrocarbon part is
hydrophobic, insoluble in water , but soluble in oil. The ionic
part is hydrophilic, soluble in water, but insoluble in oil.
Cleansing action of soap
When dirty clothes are put in water, dirt is attracted to the hydrocarbon part and becomes
soluble in it. In water, the soap molecule is uniquely oriented which helps to keep the
hydrocarbon part outside water. When clusters of molecules are formed, then the hydrophilic
tail comes at the interior of the cluster and the ionic end comes at the of the cluster and this
formation is called micelle. Colloid will not come together to precipitate because of ion ion
repulsion.(it remains a suspension) . Thus the dirt suspended in the micelles is also rinsed
away.
These micelles remain as colloidal solutions. Therefore the dirt from the cloth is easily
washed away. The soap solution appears cloudy as it forms a colloid and scatters light.

Micelle: The spherical arrangement of soap molecules around the dirt in such a way that the
hydrophobic part is towards the dirt and the ionic end towards water.
DETERGENTS
 Detergents are generally sodium salts of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts with
chloride or bromide ions etc.. that are used to clean clothes in hard water.
 Hard water is water containing calcium and magnesium salt in the form of hydrogen
carbonates/chlorides/sulphates. Soap does not form lather with these salts making it
difficult to clean the clothes.
 Soap cannot be used with hard water as soap will react with salt present in it forming
a sticky scum which interferes with the cleaning process.
 Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling
 The charged ends of detergent do not form scum or precipitates with calcium and
magnesium ions present in hard water. Therefore they remain effective in cleaning
dirt in hard water as compared to soap.

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HARD WATER
Temporary hardness Permanent hardness
 Contains bicarbonate of Ca/Mg  Contains sulphates /chlorides of Ca /Mg
 Removal- by boiling  Removal- by adding washing soda

Soap Detergent
1 Are sodium/potassium salt of long Are ammonium/sulphate salt of long
chain carboxylic acid chain carboxylic acid
2 Made from vegetable /animal fat Made from petroleum
3 Biodegradable Non biodegradable
4. No pollution Causes water pollution
5. Weak cleansing power Strong cleansing power
6. Can’t be used with hard water Can be used with hard water
7 Forms scum with hard water Do not form scum with hard water

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