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CHEM NOTE fn

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vardhanharsh9430
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© © All Rights Reserved
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INDEX

 INTRODUCTION
 TYPE OF ISOMERISM
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one
compounds have the same chemical formula but
different chemical structures. Chemical compounds that
have identical chemical formula but differ in
properties and the arrangement of atoms in the
molecule are called isomers. Therefore, the
compounds that exhibit isomerism are known as isomers.
The word “isomer” is derived from the Greek words
“isos” and “meros”, which mean “equal parts”. This
term was coined by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius
in the year 1830.

Types

There are two primary types of isomerism, which can


be further categorized into different subtypes.
These primary types are Structural Isomerism
and Stereoisomerism. The classification of different
types of isomers is illustrated below.
Structural Isomerism
Structural Isomerism
Structural isomerism is commonly referred to as
constitutional isomerism. The functional groups and
the atoms in the molecules of these isomers are
linked in different ways. Different structural
isomers are assigned different IUPAC names since
they may or may not contain the same
functional group. The different types of structural
isomerism are discussed below.

 Chain Isomerism
 Position Isomerism
 Functional Isomerism
 Metamerism
 Tautomerism
 Ring Chain isomerism
1. Chain Isomerism:
It is also known as skeletal isomerism. The
components of these isomers display differently
branched structures. Commonly, chain isomers differ
in the branching of carbon. An example of chain
isomerism can be observed
in the compound C5H12, as illustrated below.
2. Position Isomerism
The positions of the functional groups or substituent
atoms are different in position isomers. Typically, this
isomerism involves the attachment of the functional
groups to different carbon atoms in the carbon
chain. An example of this type of isomerism can be
observed in the compounds
 having the formula C3H7Cl.
3. Functional Isomerism
It is also known as functional group isomerism. As
the name suggests, it refers to the compounds
that have the same chemical formula but
different functional groups attached to them. An
example of functional isomerism can be
observed in the compound C3H6O.
4. Metamerism
This type of isomerism arises due to the presence
of different alkyl chains on each side of the
functional group. It is a rare type of isomerism and is
generally limited to molecules that contain a
divalent atom (such as sulfur or oxygen), surrounded
by alkyl groups. Example: C4H10O can be represented
as : ethoxyethane (C2H5OC2H5) and methoxy-propane
(CH3OC3H7)
5. Tautomerism
Tautomerism is a dynamic equilibrium between
two compounds with same molecular formula. A
tautomer of a compound refers to the isomer of the
compound which only differs in the position of
protons and electrons. Typically, the tautomers of a
compound exist together in equilibrium and easily
interchange. It occurs via an intramolecular proton
transfer.
The most common form of tautomerism is keto-enol
tautomerism.
A carbonyl compound containing at least one α-
hydrogen atom is converted to an enol by the
transfer of an α-hydrogen onto the oxygen atom.
For example,
6. Ring Chain Isomerism
 Compounds having the same molecular formula but
possessing open chain and cyclic structures are called
ring chain isomers and the phenomenon is called ring-
chain isomerism.
 For example propene and cyclopropane are ring chain
isomers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Byjus.com
 NCERT BOOK
 Google.com
 Youtube.com

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