11chemistry - Organic chemistry-Notes&VL
11chemistry - Organic chemistry-Notes&VL
11chemistry - Organic chemistry-Notes&VL
Chemistry
Organic Chemistry-Notes VL
1. Study of chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives is called organic
chemistry
Lewis structure:
In this representation bond between
atoms are represented by pairs of dots
or lines and lone pairs on atoms are
represented by a pair of dots
Or
(b) Aromatic Compounds: These compounds have a cyclic system containing at least
one benzene ring. Aromatic compounds have delocalised - electron system
C1 Meth- C7 Hept
C2 Eth- C8 Oct
C3 Prop- C9 Non
C4 But- C10 Dec
C5 Pent- C11 Undec
C6 Hex- C12 Dodec
Rule 1.
Longest chain rule : The chain containing the principal functional group,
secondary functional group and multiple bonds as many as possible is the
longest possible chain.
In the absence of functional group, secondary group and multiple bonds,
the chain containing the maximum number of C-atoms will be the longest
possible chain e.g.,
Choose
Rule 2.
Lowest number rule: Numbering is done in such a way so that:
(1) branching if present gets the lowest number.
(2) the sum of numbers of side chain is lowest.
(3) principal functional group gets the lowest number.
Rule 3.
Naming the prefixes and suffixes: Prefix represents the substituent and suffix is used
for principal functional group.
Primary prefixes are cyclo, bicyclo, di, tri, tetra etc.
Refer NCERT BOOK for other rules and examples
Refer NCERT BOOK Table 12.4 for prefix and suffix of functional groups.
(a) Structural isomerism: Compounds having same molecular formula, but different
structures i.e. arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms within molecules are called
structural isomers and phenomenon is called structural isomerism
(b) Stereoisomerism. The isomers which have the same structural formula but have
different relative arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in space are called
stereo isomers and the phenomenon is called stereo isomerism.
11. Substrate: In an organic reaction, reactant which supplies carbon to the new
bond
12. Attacking reagent: In an organic reaction, chemical substance that attacks the
organic molecule (substrate) and leads to the formation of product
CH +
< 1o 2o <3o The alkyl group attached to positively charged
Carbocation: 3
carbon atom tends to release electron towards
Group of carbon due to +I inductive effect i.e., electron
atoms which releasing. As a result, it decreases the +ve charge
contain on the carbon atom but itself becomes somewhat
positively positive. As a result, the positive charge on the
charged carbon atom gets dispersed. The dispersal of charge
carbon having results into stability. Therefore, more the number of
only six alkyl groups, the greater will be the dispersal of
electrons charge and therefore, more stable will be the
(sextet of carbocation.
electrons)
Note: Triphenyl carbocation (Ph3C+) is most stable
because of resonance stabilization among three
phenyl groups
Nucleophile: Species that is electron Negatively charged: X− , OH−, CN−, RCOO− etc.
rich and looks for electron deficient
sites, i.e., nucleus loving or nucleus
seeking (Nu) i.e. a nucleophile brings
an electron pair with it Neutral:
17 Inductive Effect: The process of electron displacement along the chain of carbon
atoms due to the presence of a polar covalent bond at one end of the chain is called
inductive effect (or I-effect). It is a permanent effect.
NOTE: Inductive effect decreases on moving way from the atoms involved in the
initial polar bond and becomes negligible from the fourth atom onwards
For comparing the relative effects, hydrogen is taken as standard and the atoms or
groups can be classified into two categories:
(i) Atoms or groups of atoms having electron-attracting more than hydrogen are
referred to as having -I (electron withdrawing or attracting) effect.
Example: -NO2>-CN >-COOH>-COOR>-F>-Cl>-Br>-I>-OH>-OCH3>-C6H5>H
Example:
18. Electromeric Effect: It is a temporary effect which takes place between two
atoms joined by a multiple bond, i.e., a double or a triple bond. This occurs at the
requirements of the attacking reagent and involves instantaneous transfer of a
shared pair of electrons of the multiple bonds to one of the linked atoms.
Example:
(ii) When the - electrons of the multiple bond are transferred to that atom to
which the attacking reagent does not get attached, it is called-E (negative
electromeric) effect.
Example:
Since there is no bond between the -carbon atom and one of the hydrogen atoms,
the hyperconjugation is also called no-bond resonance. Although a free proton has
been shown in the above structures, it is still bound quite firmly to the -cloud and
hence is not free to move.
II)Addition Reactions: When an atom or group of atoms are added to a substrate molecule,
which is unsaturated, it is known as addition reaction. In this reaction there is a net gain of
atoms in the product molecule.
III)Elimination Reactions: When atoms or group of atoms are removed from a molecule
resulting in the formation of multiple linkage in that molecule, it is known as elimination reaction.
The loss of atoms or group of atoms may occur from the same atom or different atoms
in the molecule.
(3) The names of side chains and the substituents are then prefixed to the name of
parent alkane and position of substituents is indicated by appropriate numbers.
The numbers are separated from the prefixes by hyphens (–).
(5) We write di, tri, tetra, penta for two, three, four, five identical substituents and so
on. The numbers (locants) are separated by commas. Note that di, tri, tetra,
penta, hexa etc do not determine the alphabetical order of the substituents.
(6) (a) If two substituents are found in equivalent positions, the lower number (locant)
is given to the one that comes first in alphabetical order.
(c) Composite or complex groups are represented by prefixing bis for 2, tris for
3, tetrakis for 4, pentakis for 5 identical composite groups and so on, and
entire group is enclosed in parentheses (brackets).
(d) Name of a substituted substituent is considered to begin with the first letter of
its complete name.
(b) When two or more similar multiple bonds are present, suffix ‘a’ to the
root word.
Buta-1, 3-diene Hexa-1, 3, 5-triene
(c) When double and triple bonds are present on the same position from
the ends in an organic compound, then double bond is preferred for
naming and the compound is named as alkenyne.
(d) When double and triple bonds are present on different positions, lowest
sum rule will be followed and the compound is named as alkenyne.
Functional groups: The groups which determine the properties and functions
of an organic compound are known as functional groups.
When a functional group is present, a secondary suffix for functional group
is added by replacing ending ‘e’ of the parent name if the name of functional groups
starts from vowels y i.e., a, e, i, o, u and y.
.
• In cyclic compound, the word ‘cyclo’ is prefixed and lowest sum rule is applied
for prefixing the side chains/substituents.
Cyclopropane Cyclobutene
Cyclopentanone 3-Chloro-1, 1-dimethylcyclohexane
When the benzene ring is further substituted, then the name of the substituted
phenyl group is enclosed in parentheses for example:
2-(3-Bromophenyl) ethan-1-ol 3-(4-Bromophenyl) propanal
Refer following video links-
https://youtu.be/RPPvqCnNgCM
https://youtu.be/O8wKk6wkcEs
https://youtu.be/tg0X3LF1aY8
https://youtu.be/AkEVieerklE