Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 1
1. Write a Python Script to demonstrate

Variable
Executing Python from the Command Line
Editing Python Files
Reserved Words
b) Write a python program to add two numbers.
c) Write a program to demonstrate different number data types in python.
d) Write a program to perform different arithmetic operations on numbers in
python.

Source Code - Variable

x=5

y = "John"

z = 10.5

print(x)

print(y)

print(z)

Output

John

10.5

Source Code - Executing Python from the Command Line

Step 1 Go to Start Type Python Command Line

Step 2 Write print(“ Hello World!”)

Step 3 Enter

Output

Hello World!

Source Code – Editing Python Files

f= open("guru99.txt","w+")
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
for i in range(10):

f.write("This is line %d\r\n" % (i+1))

f.close()

Output

This is line 1

This is line 2

This is line 3

This is line 4

This is line 5

This is line 6

This is line 7

This is line 8

This is line 9

This is line 10

Source Code – Reserved Keywords

help("keywords")
Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more help.

False break for not

None class from or

True continue global pass

__peg_parser__ def if raise

and del import return

as elif in try

b) Write a python program to add two numbers.

#Use the + operator to add two numbers:

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
x = input("Type a number: ")
y = input("Type another number: ")

sum = int(x) + int(y)

print("The sum is: ", sum)

Output

Type a number: 12

Type another number: 3

The sum is: 15

c) Write a program to demonstrate different number data types in python.

#Text Type

#String

x = "Hello World"

#display x:

print(x)

#display the data type of x:

print(type(x))

#Numeric Types

#Int

x = 20

#display x:

print(x)

#display the data type of x:

print(type(x))

#Float

x = 20.5

#display x:
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
print(x)

#display the data type of x:

print(type(x))

#complex

x = 1j

#display x:

print(x)

#display the data type of x:

print(type(x))

Output

Hello World

<class 'str'>

20

<class 'int'>

20.5

<class 'float'>

1j

<class 'complex'>

d) Write a program to perform different arithmetic operations on numbers in python.

Python provides numerous built-in functions that are readily available to us at the Python
prompt.
Some of the functions like input() and print() are widely used for standard input and output
operations respectively
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
Source Code – To perform Arithmetic Operations

x = int(input('Enter a number x: '))

y = int(input('Enter a number y: '))

print(x + y)

print(x - y)

print(x * y)

print(x / y)

Output

Enter a number x: 10

Enter a number y: 5

15

50

2.0
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 2
a) Write a python program to print a number is positive/negative using if-else.
b) Write a python program to find largest number among three numbers.
c) Write a Python program to swap two variables
d) Python Program to print all Prime Numbers in an Interval

a) Source Code: Python Program to Check if a Number is Positive, Negative or 0 Using

if...elif...else
num = float(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:

print("Positive number")

elif num == 0:

print("Zero")

else:

print("Negative number")

Output

Enter a number: 4

Positive number

Enter a number: 0

Zero

Enter a number: -6

Negative number
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

b) Source Code: Write a python program to find largest of three numbers using the logical
operator
num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

num3 = int(input("Enter third number: "))

if (num1 > num2) and (num1 > num3):

largest = num1

elif (num2 > num1) and (num2 > num3):

largest = num2

else:

largest = num3

print("The largest number is",largest)

Output

Enter first number: 10

Enter second number: 5

Enter third number: 2

The largest number is 10

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
c) Source Code -Python program to swap two variables

# To take inputs from the user

x = input('Enter value of x: ')

y = input('Enter value of y: ')

# create a temporary variable and swap the values

temp = x

x=y

y = temp

print('The value of x after swapping: {}'.format(x))

print('The value of y after swapping: {}'.format(y))

Output

Enter value of x: 5

Enter value of y: 10

The value of x after swapping: 10

The value of y after swapping: 5

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
d) Source Code: Python program to display all the prime numbers in an interval

#lower = int(input ("Please, Enter the Lowest Range Value: "))

#upper = int(input ("Please, Enter the Upper Range Value: "))

lower = 2
upper = 15

print("Prime numbers between", lower, "and", upper, "are:")

for num in range(lower, upper + 1):

# all prime numbers are greater than 1
if num > 1:
for i in range(2, num):
if (num % i) == 0:
break
else:
print(num)
Output
Prime numbers between 2 and 15 are:
2
3
5
7
11
13
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 3

a) Write a python program to check whether the given string is palindrome or not.
b) Write a program to create, concatenate and print a string and accessing
substring from a given string.
c) Functions: Passing parameters to a Function, Variable Number of Arguments,
Scope, and Passing Functions to a Function

a) Source Code - python program to check whether the given string is palindrome or not.

def isPalindrome(s):
What is a Palindrome?
return s == s[::-1]
A palindrome is nothing but any number or a string
which remains unaltered when reversed.
# Driver code
s = "malayalam" Example: 12321
ans = isPalindrome(s) Output: Yes, a Palindrome number

if ans: Example: RACECAR

print("Yes") Output: Yes, a Palindrome string
else:
print("No")

Output
Yes
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
b) Source code - Write a program to create, concatenate and print a string and accessing
substring from a given string.

# Python program to show string concatenation

# Defining strings
str1 = "Welcome to"
str2 = "Python Programming Lab "

# + Operator is used to strings concatenation

str3 = str1 + str2
print("The new concatenated string is " + str3) # Printing the new combined string

str4 = "abc"
# printing original string
print("The original string is : " + str4)

# Get all substrings of string

# Using list comprehension + string slicing
res = [str4[i: j] for i in range(len(str4))
for j in range(i + 1, len(str4) + 1)]

# printing result
print("All substrings of string are : " + str(res))

Output

The new concatenated string is Welcome to Python Programming Lab 😊

The original string is : abc
All substrings of string are : ['a', 'ab', 'abc', 'b', 'bc', 'c']
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
c) Functions: Passing parameters to a Function, Variable Number of Arguments, Scope,
and Passing Functions to a Function
Explanation – Python Functions

A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called. We can pass data, known as
parameters, into a function. A function can return data as a result.
Syntax of Function
deffunction_name(parameters):
"""docstring"""
statement(s)
Explanation – a. Passing parameters to a Function

Parameters or Arguments?
The terms parameter and argument can be used for the same thing: information that are
passed into a function.

Source Code: Write a python program to demonstrate how to pass parameters to a function

# Function definition is here

defprintme( str):
#"This prints a passed string into this function"
print(str)
return;
# Now you can call printme function
printme("I'm first call to user defined function!")
printme("Again second call to the same function")
Output
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
I'm first call to user defined function!
Again second call to the same function
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
Explanation – b. Variable Number of Arguments

Arguments

Information can be passed into functions as arguments.

Source Code: Write a python program to demonstrate arguments in function

print("Argument Example")
defmy_function(fname):
print(fname + " khan")
my_function("Saba")
my_function("Salman")
my_function("Zohran")

Output
Argument Example
Saba khan
Salman khan
Zohran khan

Explanation – c. Scope

Python Scope
A variable is only available from inside the region it is created. This is called scope.

Source Code –A program to illustrate the scope of a variable inside a function.

# This function has a variable with

# name same as s.
deff():
# local scope
s = "Me too."
print(s)

# Global scope
s = "I love Python"
f()
print(s)

defmy_func():
# local scope
x = 10
print("Value inside function:",x)

# Global scope
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
x = 20
my_func()
print("Value outside function:",x)

OUTPUT
Me too.
I love Python
Value inside function: 10
Value outside function: 20

Explanation d. Passing Functions to a Function

Recursion
Python also accepts function recursion, which means a defined function can call itself.
Recursion is a common mathematical and programming concept. It means that a function
calls itself. This has the benefit of meaning that you can loop through data to reach a result.

The following image shows the working of a recursive function called recurse.

Source Code –A program to illustrate the Recursion

def factorial(x):
"""This is a recursive function
to find the factorial of an integer"""

if x == 1:
return 1
else:
return (x * factorial(x-1))

num = 3
print("The factorial of", num, "is", factorial(num))

Output
The factorial of 3 is 6
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
Program 4
a) Create a list and perform the following methods
1) insert () 2) remove() 3) append() 4) len() 5) pop() 6)clear()
b) Create a dictionary and apply the following methods
1) Print the dictionary items 2) access items 3) useget () 4) change values 5) use
len()
c) Create a tuple and perform the following methods
1) Add items 2) len() 3) check for item in tuple 4)Access items

Explanation – g. List , Tuples, Sets, Dictionary

Python Collections (Arrays)

There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:
List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
Tupleis a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
Setis a collection which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
Dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate
members.

a) Source Code - Write a program to create, append, and remove lists in python.

print("Create a list")
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)

print("Add an item at a specified index")

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.insert(1, "orange")
print(thislist)

print("Get the length of a list")

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))

print("Add an item to the end of the a list")

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.append("orange")
print(thislist)

print("Remove an item")
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)

print("Remove the last item")

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.pop()
print(thislist)
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
print("Remove an item at a specified index")
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist[0]
print(thislist)

print("Empty list")
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.clear()
print(thislist)

Output
Create a list
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
Add an item at a specified index
['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'cherry']
Get the length of a list
3
Add an item to the end of the a list
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']
Remove an item
['apple', 'cherry']
Remove the last item
['apple', 'banana']
Remove an item at a specified index
['banana', 'cherry']
Empty list
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
b) Source Code - Creating Python Dictionary, accesing items , use get() method , change
values & Len()
print("1.Create and print a dictionary:")
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict)

print("2. Accessing Items:”)

# Get the value of the "model" key:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = thisdict["model"]

print("3. Using get() Method:")

#There is also a method called get() that will give you the same result:
print("Get the value of the model key:")

x = thisdict.get("model")

print("4. Change values:")

#Change the "year" to 2022:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict["year"] = 2022

print("5.Print the number of items in the dictionary:")

print(len(thisdict))

print("empty dictionary")
mydict = {}
Output
1.Create and print a dictionary:
{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
2. Accessing Items:
3. Using get() Method:
Get the value of the model key:
4. Change values:
5.Print the number of items in the dictionary:
3
empty dictionary
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
c) Source Code - Write a program to Create a tuple and perform the following
methods Add items, check for item in tuple, Access items & use len()

print("1. Create a tuple")

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple)

print(“2.Add Items”)
#Convert the tuple into a list, add "orange", and convert it back into a tuple:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(thistuple)
y.append("orange")
thistuple = tuple(y)
print(thistuple)
print("3.Check if a tuple item exists")
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
if "apple" in thistuple:
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits tuple")

print("4.Access tuple items")

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple[1])

print("Loop through a tuple")

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
for x in thistuple:
print(x)
print("5.Get the length of a tuple ")
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(len(thistuple))

Output
1. Create a tuple
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
2.Add Items
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')
3.Check if a tuple item exists
Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits tuple
4.Access tuple items
banana
Loop through a tuple
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
apple
banana
cherry
5.Get the length
3
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 5

a. Write a Python Script to demonstrate OOP Concepts

Classes
File Organization
Special Methods
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Special Characters
Regular Expressions
b. Write a python Program to call data member and function using classes and
objects

Explanation – Classes

Python Classes and Objects

Python Classes/Objects
Python is an object oriented programming language. Almost everything in Python is an
object, with its properties and methods.
A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for creating objects.

Source Code – Write a python program to demonstrate class

#Create a class named Person, use the __init__() function to assign values for name and age:

#Note: The __init__() function is called automatically every time the class is being used to
create a new object.

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

p1 = Person("Saad", 36)

print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)

OUTPUT
Saad
36
 Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
Explanation – File Organization

Python File Open

File handling is an important part of any web application.

Python has several functions for creating, reading, updating, and deleting files.

File Handling
The key function for working with files in Python is the open() function.
The open() function takes two parameters; filename, and mode.
There are four different methods (modes) for opening a file:
"r" - Read - Default value. Opens a file for reading, error if the file does not exist
"a" - Append - Opens a file for appending, creates the file if it does not exist
"w" - Write - Opens a file for writing, creates the file if it does not exist
"x" - Create - Creates the specified file, returns an error if the file exists
In addition, you can specify if the file should be handled as binary or text mode
"t" - Text - Default value. Text mode
"b" - Binary - Binary mode (e.g. images)

All methods of file object are given below:

file.close() Closes the file.

next(file) Returns the next line from the file each time it is called.

file.read([size]) Reads at a specified number of bytes from the file.

file.readline() Reads one entire line from the file.

file.readlines() Reads until EOF and returns a list containing the lines.

file.seek(offset, from) Sets the file's current position.

file.tell() Returns the file's current position

file.write(str) Writes a string to the file. There is no return value.

Source Code – write a python program to demonstrate Python File I/O

#Create a new file
f = open("itworkshop.txt", "w")
f = open("abc.txt", "w")
#Write to an Existing File
#Open the file "demofile2.txt" and append content to the file:
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
f = open("itworkshop.txt", "a")
f.write("Now the file has more content!")
f.close()

#open and read the file after the appending:

f = open("itworkshop.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

# Close file
f = open("itworkshop.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())
f.close()
#Check if file exists, then delete it:
import os
if os.path.exists("abcd.txt"):
os.remove("abc.txt")
else:
print("The file does not exist")
#Delete file
import os
os.remove("abc.txt")
OUTPUT

Now the file has more content!

Now the file has more content!
The file does not exist

Explanation – Special Methods

Python - Magic Methods

Magic methods in Python are the special methods which add "magic" to your class. Magic
methods are not meant to be invoked directly by you, but the invocation happens internally
from the class on a certain action. For example, when you add two numbers using the +
operator, internally, the __add__ () method will be called.
Built-in classes in Python define many magic methods. Use the dir() function to see the
number of magic methods inherited by a class.

Source Code – To illustrate Magic methods in python

dir(int)

OUTPUT
['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__bool__', '__ceil__', '__class__']

Source Code - # Python program to demonstrate __new__() , __init__(). methods

# don't forget the object specified as base

class A(object):
def __new__(cls):
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
print("Creating instance")
return super(A, cls).__new__(cls)

def __init__(self):
print("Init is called")

A()

OUTPUT

Creating instance
Init is called

Explanation – Python Inheritance

Python Inheritance
Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all the methods and properties from
another class.
Parent class is the class being inherited from, also called base class.
Child class is the class that inherits from another class, also called derived class.

Use the super() Function

Python also has a super() function that will make the child class inherit all the methods and
properties from its parent:

Source Code – Write a python program to demonstrate the concept of Inheritance in

python.
#Inheritance Concept using the Quadrilateral
class quadriLateral:
def __init__(self, a, b, c, d):
self.side1=a
self.side2=b
self.side3=c
self.side4=d

def perimeter(self):
p=self.side1 + self.side2 + self.side3 + self.side4
print("perimeter=",p)

q1=quadriLateral(7,5,6,4)
q1.perimeter()

class rectangle(quadriLateral):
def __init__(self, a, b):
super().__init__(a, b, a, b)
r1=rectangle(10, 20)
r1.perimeter()

OUTPUT:
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
perimeter= 22
perimeter= 60

Explanation – Python Polymorphism

Polymorphism means the ability to take various forms. In Python, Polymorphism allows us to
define methods in the child class with the same name as defined in their parent class.
As we know, a child class inherits all the methods from the parent class. However, you will
encounter situations where the method inherited from the parent class doesn't quite fit into the
child class. In such cases, we will have to re-implement method in the child class. This
process is known as Method Overriding.

Source Code – Write a python program to demonstrate polymorphism using method

overriding

#The following program demonstrates method overriding in action:

class A:
def explore(self):
print("explore() method from class A")

class B(A):
def explore(self):
print("explore() method from class B")

b_obj =B()
a_obj =A()
b_obj.explore()
a_obj.explore()

OUTPUT
explore() method from class B
explore() method from class A

Explanation – Python PythonRegEx

Regular expressions (RegEx), and use Python's re module to work with RegEx (with the help
of examples).
A Regular Expression (RegEx) is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern. For
example,
^a...s$
The above code defines a RegEx pattern. The pattern is: any five letter string starting
with a and ending with s.
A pattern defined using RegEx can be used to match against a string.
Expression String Matched?
^a...s$ abs No match
alias Match
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
abyss Match
Alias No match
An abacus No match

Source Code - Python has a module named re to work with RegEx. Here's an example:
import re

pattern = '^a...s$'
test_string = 'abyss'
result = re.match(pattern, test_string)

if result:
print("Search successful.")
else:
print("Search unsuccessful.")

OUTPUT
Search successful.
Here, we used re.match() function to search pattern within the test_string. The method
returns a match object if the search is successful. If not, it returns None.

Python RegEx
Python has a module named re to work with regular expressions. To use it, we need to import
the module.
import re
The module defines several functions and constants to work with RegEx.

Character class
A "character class", or a "character set", is a set of characters put in square brackets. The
regex engine matches only one out of several characters in the character class or character set.
We place the characters we want to match between square brackets. If we want to match any
vowel, we use the character set [aeiou].
Source Code - Program to match vowels using RegEx. (re.findall())
import re
s = 'mother of all battles'
result = re.findall(r'[aeiou]', s)
print result

Output
['o', 'e', 'o', 'a', 'a', 'e']

\
Quantifiers in Python
A quantifier has the form {m,n} where m and n are the minimum and maximum times the
expression to which the quantifier applies must match. We can use quantifiers to specify the
number of occurrences to match.
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Source Code - # Program to demonstrate Quantifiers in python

import re
matcher=re.finditer("a","abaabaaab")
for match in matcher:
print(match.start(),"......",match.group())

Output

Dot metacharacter

The dot (.) metacharacter stands for any single character in the text.

Source Code - # Program to demonstrate dot metacharacter in python

import re

words = ('seven', 'even', 'prevent', 'revenge', 'maven',

'eleven', 'amen', 'event')

pattern = re.compile(r'.even')

for word in words:

if re.match(pattern, word):
print(f'The {word} matches')

Output
The seven matches
The revenge matches

re.findall()
The re.findall() method returns a list of strings containing all matches.

Source Code - # Program to extract numbers from a string using RegEx. (re.findall())

#Example 1: re.findall()
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

# Program to extract numbers from a string

import re

string = 'hello 12 hi 89. Howdy 34'

pattern = '\d+'

result = re.findall(pattern, string)

print(result)

OUTPUT

['12', '89', '34']

If the pattern is not found, re.findall() returns an empty list.

re.split()
The re.split method splits the string where there is a match and returns a list of strings where
the splits have occurred.

Source Code - # Program to split a string using RegEx. (re.split())

#Example 2: re.split()

import re

string = 'Twelve:12 Eighty nine:89.'

pattern = '\d+'

result = re.split(pattern, string)

print(result)

# Output: ['Twelve:', ' Eighty nine:', '.']

OUTPUT

['Twelve:', ' Eighty nine:', '.']

If the pattern is not found, re.split() returns a list containing the original string.

Source Code - # Program to Program to remove all whitespaces using RegEx. (re.sub())

#Example 3: re.sub()

# Program to remove all whitespaces

import re

# multiline string
string = 'abc 12\
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
de 23 \n f45 6'

# matches all whitespace characters

pattern = '\s+'

# empty string
replace = ''

new_string = re.sub(pattern, replace, string)

print(new_string)

# Output: abc12de23f456
OUTPUT
abc12de23f456
If the pattern is not found, re.sub() returns the original string.

re.search()
The re.search() method takes two arguments: a pattern and a string. The method looks for the
first location where the RegEx pattern produces a match with the string.
If the search is successful, re.search() returns a match object; if not, it returns None.
match = re.search(pattern, str)

Source Code - # Program to Program to demonstrate re.search()

#Example 5: re.search()

import re
string = "Python is fun"
# check if 'Python' is at the beginning
match = re.search('\APython', string)

if match:
print("pattern found inside the string")
else:
print("pattern not found")

# Output: pattern found inside the string

OUTPUT

pattern found inside the string

b) Write a python Program to call data member and function using classes and objects
#Insert a function that prints a greeting, and execute it on the p1 object:

#The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and is used to access
variables that belongs to the class.
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def myfunc(self):
print("Hello my name is " + self.name)

p1 = Person("Alam", 36)
p1.myfunc()
print(p1.age)
OUTPUT

Hello my name is Alam

36
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program6
a) Write a program to double a given number and add two numbers using lambda()
b) Write a program for filter () to filter only even numbers from a given list.
c) Write a Python Program to Make a Simple Calculator

Explanation – Python Lambda

A lambda function is a small anonymous function. A lambda function can take any number of
arguments, but can only have one expression.

Syntax
lambda arguments :expression
The expression is executed and the result is returned:
Example
Add 10 to argument a, and return the result:
x = lambda a: a + 10
print(x(5))

Output
15

a) Source Code – Write a program to show the use of lambda functions

#Use lambda functions when an anonymous function is required for a short period of
time.
double = lambda x: x * 2

print(double(5))

#Lambda functions can take any number of arguments:Addition argument a with

argument b and return the result:

x = lambda a, b : a + b
print(x(5, 6))

OUTPUT
10
11
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

b) Source Code – Write a program to filter out only the even items from a list using
Lamda function
my_list = [1, 5, 4, 6, 8, 11, 3, 12]
new_list = list(filter(lambda x: (x%2 == 0) , my_list))
print(new_list)

Output

[4, 6, 8, 12]

c)Source Code – Write a Program to make a simple calculator using functions

# This function adds two numbers

def add(x, y):
return x + y

# This function subtracts two numbers

def subtract(x, y):
return x - y

# This function multiplies two numbers

def multiply(x, y):
return x * y

# This function divides two numbers

def divide(x, y):
return x / y

print("Select operation.")
print("1.Add")
print("2.Subtract")
print("3.Multiply")
print("4.Divide")

while True:
# Take input from the user
choice = input("Enter choice(1/2/3/4): ")

# Check if choice is one of the four options

if choice in ('1', '2', '3', '4'):
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))

if choice == '1':
print(num1, "+", num2, "=", add(num1, num2))

elif choice == '2':

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
print(num1, "-", num2, "=", subtract(num1, num2))

elif choice == '3':

print(num1, "*", num2, "=", multiply(num1, num2))

elif choice == '4':

print(num1, "/", num2, "=", divide(num1, num2))
break

else:
print("Invalid Input")

Output

Select operation.
1.Add
2.Subtract
3.Multiply
4.Divide
Enter choice(1/2/3/4): 1
Enter first number: 6
Enter second number: 9
6.0 + 9.0 = 15.0
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 7

a) Demonstrate a python code to print try, except and finally block statements
b) Write a python program to open and write “hello world” into a file and check
the access permissions to that file?
c) Python program to sort the elements of an array in ascending order and
Descending order

Explanation – Exception Handling

When an error occurs, or exception as we call it, Python will normally stop and generate an

These exceptions can be handled using the try statement:

Example
The try block will generate an exception, because x is not defined:
Syntax

try:
print(x)
except:
print("An exception occurred")
Since the try block raises an error, the except block will be executed.
Output
An exception occurred

a) Source Code - Demonstrate a python code to print try, except and finally block
statements

#The finally block gets executed no matter if the try block raises any errors or not:

try:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.remove("orange")
except:
print("Something went wrong")
finally:
print("The 'try except' is finished")
print(thislist)

Output
Something went wrong
The 'try except' is finished
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
b) Source Code - Write a python program to open and write “hello world” into a file and
check the access permissions to that file?

#Create a new file

f = open("PPLab.txt", "w")
#Write to an Existing File
#Open the file “PPLab.txt", and append content to the file:
f = open("PPLab.txt", "a")
f.write("Hello World ! the file has more content!")
f.close()

#open and read the file after the appending:

f = open("PPLab.txt", "r")
print(f.read())
f = open("PPLab.txt", "r")
#stores all the data of the file into the variable content
content = f.read(4)
# prints the type of the data stored in the file
print(type(content))
#prints the content of the file
print(content)

# Close file
f = open("PPLab.txt ", "r")
print(f.readline())
f.close()
#x: it creates a new file with the specified name. It causes an error a file exists with the same
name.
f1 = open("PPLab.txt","x")
print(f1)
if f1:
print("File created successfully")

Output

Hello World ! the file has more content!

<class 'str'>
Hell
Hello World ! the file has more content!
Traceback (most recent call last):
FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'PPLab.txt'
 Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
c) Source Code -Python program to sort the elements of an array in ascending order and
Descending order
#Initialize array
arr = [5, 2, 8, 7, 1]

temp = 0;

#Displaying elements of original array

print("Elements of original array: ")

for i in range(0, len(arr)):

print(arr[i],end = "")

#Sort the array in ascending order

for i in range(0, len(arr)):

for j in range(i+1, len(arr)):

if(arr[i] > arr[j]):

temp = arr[i]

arr[i] = arr[j]

arr[j] = temp

print()

#Displaying elements of the array after sorting

print("Elements of array sorted in ascending order: ")

for i in range(0, len(arr)):

print(arr[i])

print("________________******************_________________")

#Sort the array in descending order

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
for i in range(0, len(arr)):

for j in range(i+1, len(arr)):

if(arr[i] < arr[j]):

temp = arr[i]

arr[i] = arr[j]

arr[j] = temp

print()

#Displaying elements of array after sorting

print("Elements of array sorted in descending order: ")

for i in range(0, len(arr)):

print(arr[i])

Output

Elements of original array:

52871

Elements of array sorted in ascending order:

8________________******************_________________

Elements of array sorted in descending order:

1
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
Program 8
a) Write a python program to open a file and check what are the access permissions
acquired by that file using os module.
b) Write a program to perform basic operations on random module.

Explanation - OS Module Working

Creating the new directory

The mkdir() method is used to create the directories in the current working directory. The
syntax to create the new directory is given below.

Syntax

mkdir(directory name)

The getcwd() method

This method returns the current working directory.

Syntax

os.getcwd()

Changing the current working directory

The chdir() method is used to change the current working directory to a specified directory.

The syntax to use the chdir() method is given below.

Syntax

chdir("new-directory")

Removing the directory

Deleting directory

The rmdir() method is used to delete the specified directory.

Syntax

os.rmdir("directory_name")

Note: You can only remove empty folders.

Rename File

The syntax to use the rename () method is given below.

Syntax

rename(current-name, new-name)
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
Remove the specified file

The os module provides the remove () method which is used to remove the specified file.

Syntax

remove(file-name)

a) Source Code – Demonstrating Python OS module

import os
os.getcwd()

import os
os.chdir('C:/Users/admin/Documents')
print(os.getcwd())
import os
#creating a new directory with the name new
os.mkdir(“New Folder”)

os.rename("abc.txt","demofile.txt")
print("The above code renamed current abc.txt to demofile.txt")
import os
os.remove("demofile.txt")
print(“the file has been removed”)
os.rmdir(“New Folder”)
print(“the folder has been deleted”)

Output
C:\Users\admin\Documents
The above code renamed current abc.txt to demofile.txt
the file has been removed”)
 Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

b) Source Code - Write a program to perform basic operations on random module.

Explanation – Generate Random Numbers within a Defined Range

The random.randrange() function selects an item randomly from the given range defined by
the start, the stop, and the step parameters. By default, the start is set to 0. Likewise, the step
is set to 1 by default.

Source Code
import random
num = random.randrange(1, 10)
print( num )
num = random.randrange(1, 10, 2)
print( num )
num = random.randrange(0, 101, 10)
print( num )

Output:

4
9
20

Explanation –Select Random Elements

The random.choice() function selects an item from a non-empty series at random. An

IndexError is thrown when the parameter is an empty series.

Source Code
import random
random_s = random.choice('Random Module') #a string
print( random_s )
random_l = random.choice([23, 54, 765, 23, 45, 45]) #a list
print( random_l )
random_s = random.choice((12, 64, 23, 54, 34)) #a set
print( random_s )

Output:

M
765
54
 Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
Explanation –Shuffle Elements Randomly

A general sequence, like integers or floating-point series, can be a group of things like a List /
Set. The random module contains methods that we can use to add randomization to the series.

The random.shuffle() function shuffles the entries in a list at random.

Code

a_list = [34, 23, 65, 86, 23, 43]

random.shuffle( a_list )
print( a_list )
random.shuffle( a_list )
print( a_list )

Output

[23, 43, 86, 65, 34, 23]

[65, 23, 86, 23, 34, 43]

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 9
a) Write a python program to practice some basic library modules
NumPy
SciPy

a)Explanation –NumPy Module

Addition

The add() function sums the content of two arrays, and return the results in a new array.

Subtraction

The subtract() function subtracts the values from one array with the values from another array, and
return the results in a new array.

Multiplication

The multiply() function multiplies the values from one array with the values from another array, and
return the results in a new array.

Division

The divide() function divides the values from one array with the values from another array, and
return the results in a new array.

Power

The power() function rises the values from the first array to the power of the values of the second
array, and return the results in a new array.

Source Code – Write python program to demonstrate the basic functionality of NumPy
Module

print("\n*********Addition*********")

import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15])

arr2 = np.array([20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25])

newarr = np.add(arr1, arr2)

print(newarr)

print("\n*********Subtraction*********")
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])

arr2 = np.array([20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25])

newarr = np.subtract(arr1, arr2)

print(newarr)

print("\n*********Multiplication*********")

import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])

arr2 = np.array([20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25])

newarr = np.multiply(arr1, arr2)

print(newarr)

print("\n*********Division*********")

import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])

arr2 = np.array([3, 5, 10, 8, 2, 33])

newarr = np.divide(arr1, arr2)

print(newarr)

print("\n*********Power*********")

import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
arr2 = np.array([3, 5, 6, 8, 2, 33])

newarr = np.power(arr1, arr2)

print(newarr)

Output

*********Addition*********

[30 32 34 36 38 40]

*********Subtraction*********

[-10 -1 8 17 26 35]

*********Multiplication*********

[ 200 420 660 920 1200 1500]

*********Division*********

[ 3.33333333 4. 3. 5. 25. 1.81818182]

*********Power*********

[ 1000 3200000 729000000 6553600000000 2500 0]

Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
b) Explanation of –SciPy Module

Constants in SciPy

As SciPy is more focused on scientific implementations, it provides many built-in scientific

constants.

These constants can be helpful when you are working with Data Science.

PI is an example of a scientific constant.

Constant Units

A list of all units under the constants module can be seen using the dir() function.

Source Code – Write python program to demonstrate the basic functionality of SciPy
Module

print("*****Constants in SciPy********")

from scipy import constants

print(constants.pi)

print("*****Constant Units*********")

from scipy import constants

print(dir(constants))

#Time:

from scipy import constants

print(constants.minute) #60.0

print(constants.hour) #3600.0

print(constants.day) #86400.0

print(constants.week) #604800.0

print(constants.year) #31536000.0
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
print(constants.Julian_year) #31557600.0

Output

*****Constants in SciPy********

3.141592653589793

*****Constant Units*********

['Avogadro', 'Boltzmann', 'Btu', 'Btu_IT', 'Btu_th', 'ConstantWarning', 'G', 'Julian_year', 'N_A',

'Planck', 'R', 'Rydberg', 'Stefan_Boltzmann', 'Wien', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__',
'__doc__',

Measurement of Time in seconds:

60.0

3600.0

86400.0

604800.0

31536000.0

31557600.0
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program10
Introduction to basic concept of GUI Programming and Develop desktop based
application with python basic Tkinter() Module.

Source Code – Write python program to demonstrate the basic functionality of SciPy
# Import Module
from tkinter import *

# create root window

root = Tk()

# root window title and dimension

root.title("Welcome to Python Programming Lab 😊")
# Set geometry(widthxheight)
root.geometry('350x200')

# adding menu bar in root window

# new item in menu bar labelled as 'New'
# adding more items in the menu bar
menu = Menu(root)
item = Menu(menu)
item.add_command(label='New')
menu.add_cascade(label='File', menu=item)
root.config(menu=menu)

# adding a label to the root window

lbl = Label(root, text = "Are you a Student?")
lbl.grid()

# adding Entry Field

txt = Entry(root, width=10)
txt.grid(column =1, row =0)

# function to display user text when

# button is clicked
def clicked():

res = "You wrote" + txt.get()

lbl.configure(text = res)

# button widget with red color text inside

btn = Button(root, text = "Click me" ,
fg = "red", command=clicked)
# Set Button Grid
btn.grid(column=2, row=0)

# Execute Tkinter
root.mainloop()
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Output
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 11
Write a python program to create a package (college),subpackage
(alldept),modules(it,cse) and create admin function to module.

#All depertment code....

import it_module1 as it
import cse_module2 as cse

print("From all depertment")

print(it.it_student1)

print(cse.cse_student1)

#College Package
import alldept_subpackage as alldept
print("From Collage")
print(alldept.it.it_student1)

print(alldept.cse.cse_student1)

# cse depertment all code goes here

cse_student1={
"name":"Md Saad",
"rollno":501,
"department":"CSE",
"percent":94.2
}

cse_student2={
"name":"Rahul",
"rollno":502,
"department":"CSE",
"percent":83
}

# It depertment all code goes here

it_student1={
"name":"Md Saad",
"rollno":501,
"department":"IT",
"percent":90.9
}

it_student2={
"name":"Rahul",
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
"rollno":502,
"department":"IT",
"percent":85.5
}

#Admin Code

import sys
sys.path.insert(0, '../python/collage') #setting packages path

import collage_package as collage

print("From collage")

print(collage.alldept.it.it_student1)
print(collage.alldept.cse.cse_student1)

Output
From all depertment
{'name': 'Md Saad', 'rollno': 501, 'department': 'IT', 'percent': 90.9}
{'name': 'Md Saad', 'rollno': 501, 'department': 'CSE', 'percent': 94.2}
From Collage
{'name': 'Md Saad', 'rollno': 501, 'department': 'IT', 'percent': 90.9}
{'name': 'Md Saad', 'rollno': 501, 'department': 'CSE', 'percent': 94.2}
From collage
{'name': 'Md Saad', 'rollno': 501, 'department': 'IT', 'percent': 90.9}
{'name': 'Md Saad', 'rollno': 501, 'department': 'CSE', 'percent': 94.2}
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)

Program 12
Write a python program to create a package (Engg), sub
package( years),modules (sem) andcreate staff and student function to
module.

#Sem Code goes here

sem1_techers = {
"techer1" : {
"name" : "Moksud Alam Mallik",
"year" : 2011
},
"techer2" : {
"name" : "Kalimulla Alam",
"year" : 2017
},
"techer3" : {
"name" : "Md nur ",
"year" : 2015
}
}

sem1_student = {
"student1" : {
"name" : "Nijamuddin Ahammed",
"year" : 2022
},
"student2" : {
"name" : "Abdul Rahman",
"year" : 2022
},
"student3" : {
"name" : "Minhaj",
"year" : 2022
}
}

#Year Code goes here

import sem

print("All Sem")

print(sem.sem1_techers)
print(sem.sem1_student)
Python Programming Lab Manual (U21CM3L1)
#Engineering code goes here

import sys
sys.path.insert(0, './engineering') #setting packages path
#import engineering.years as engg

import years

print("From Enginggring")
print(years.sem.sem1_techers)
print(years.sem.sem1_student)

Output
All Sem
{'techer1': {'name': 'Moksud Alam Mallik', 'year': 2011}, 'techer2': {'name': 'Kalimulla Alam',
'year': 2017}, 'techer3': {'name': 'Md nur ', 'year': 2015}}
{'student1': {'name': 'Nijamuddin Ahammed', 'year': 2022}, 'student2': {'name': 'Abdul
Rahman', 'year': 2022}, 'student3': {'name': 'Minhaj', 'year': 2022}}
From Enginggring
{'techer1': {'name': 'Moksud Alam Mallik', 'year': 2011}, 'techer2': {'name': 'Kalimulla Alam',
'year': 2017}, 'techer3': {'name': 'Md nur ', 'year': 2015}}
{'student1': {'name': 'Nijamuddin Ahammed', 'year': 2022}, 'student2': {'name': 'Abdul
Rahman', 'year': 2022}, 'student3': {'name': 'Minhaj', 'year': 2022}}