International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.

1, February, 2010
1793-8163
175



Abstract The use of active power filters is widely accepted
and implemented as a solution to the power quality problems in
utility, industry and commercial applications. In this paper,
three of the three-phase shunt active filtering algorithms in
time-domain have been compared for a non-linear load. The
non-linear load chosen here is a soft-start for a three-phase
induction motor. The comparison of the simulation results
show the effectiveness of both the algorithms although the time
domain current detection modified algorithm is more complex
in terms of its implementation aspects.

Index Terms Power quality, Shunt active power filter,
Three-phase shunt active filtering algorithms, Performance
comparison.
I. INTRODUCTION
The need for effective control and efficient use of electric
power has resulted in massive proliferation of power
semiconductor processors / converters in almost all areas of
electric power such as in utility, industry, and commercial
applications. This has resulted in serious power quality
problems, since most of these non-linear converters
contribute to harmonic injection into the power system, poor
power factor, unbalance, reactive power burden, etc. all
leading to low system efficiency. The vulnerability of
equipments in automated processing industry to poor power
quality leads to heavy losses. This resulted in the
enforcement of stringent harmonic standards like IEEE 519
and IEC 61000-3.
Among the various options available to improve power
quality, the use of active power filters is widely accepted and
implemented as a more flexible and dynamic means of power
conditioning [1-2]. These shunt active power filters and
series active power filters are basically pulse width
modulated (PWM) current source inverters (CSI) and voltage
source inverters (VSI), respectively. The drawbacks of the
conventional passive filters such as huge size, problems
associated with resonance, dependency on source impedance
and fixed compensation. The hybrid filters combine passive
and reactive filters reducing the effective cost.
The active power filter is expected to generate the
appropriate compensating voltage / current signals that

Manuscript received June 13, 2009.
Charles. S, Lecturer, Department .of Electrical Engineering, Sri Shakthi
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatnore-641014, India. Phone:
9659478930::email: [email protected].
G. Bhuvaneswari, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute Tehnology, NewDelhi-110016, India. email:
[email protected]
cancel the harmonic and reactive power components in the
voltage / currents from the mains. The reference
compensation signals are generated by making use of a
control algorithm. The

Instantaneous PQ theory by Akagi [3] and the synchronous
detection method [4] are two of the most widely used control
algorithms for three-phase shunt active power filters. There
have been several published papers on various time-domain
based shunt active filtering algorithms [5, 6]. In [7], a
modification of Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT)
in conjunction with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) has
been proposed to extract the reference compensation currents.
In all the above mentioned algorithms, the computation steps
and the circuits involved remain complex. In this context, the
authors had proposed a new, simple, three-phase, shunt
active power filter algorithm [10]. In this paper, the proposed
algorithm which is known as Icos algorithm is compared
with the Time-Domain Current Detection (TDCD) algorithm
[8], Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRF) [9]
especially for an AC voltage controller feeding an induction
motor while the motor is being started. The simulation
results have been presented for both the algorithms to
compare the effectiveness and simplicity of one over the
other.



Figure1 Three-phase system feeding a non-linear load
II. TIME DOMAIN CURRENT DETECTION ALGORITHM
In this section, the TDCD algorithm for shunt active filter
has been described. The working of this algorithm is as
follows: Let the three-phase non-linear load connected to the
system draw harmonic rich unbalanced currents from the
three-phase source as shown in Fig.1. The three-phase load
Comparison of Three Phase Shunt Active Power
Filter Algorithms
Charles.S, Member, IACSIT, G. Bhuvaneswari, Senior Member, IEEE.
International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, 2010
1793-8163
176
currents are first sensed and the algorithm first detects only
the positive sequence current component. As the sequence
currents only involve the power frequency component, the
harmonic components are eliminated automatically. From
this positive sequence current, the real and reactive
components are separated out. The real component of the
positive sequence current is designated as the reference
source current. The difference between the reference source
current and the actual load current is computed as the
reference compensation current which is to be supplied by the
active filter. This ensures that the source currents become
balanced and also purely sinusoidal unity power factor
currents. The Block diagram of Time Domain Current
Detection algorithm is shown in Fig 2.

Figure2 Block diagram of Time Domain Current Detection algorithm
III. SYNCHRONOUS REFERENCE FRAME D-Q-0 BASED
COMPENSATION
Synchronous Reference Frame (D-Q-O) having measured
three-phase load currents in a-b-c orientation, transformed to d-q-o
by park equation:

0
2 4
cos cos cos
3 3
2 4
2 / 3 sin sin sin
3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
d la
q lb
lc
i i
i i
i
i
t t
u u u
t t
u u u
( | | | |

| | (
\ . \ .
(
(
(
(
( | | | | (
=
( | | (
(
\ . \ .
(
(
(


(
(


Reference frame rotates synchronous with fundamental
currents. Therefore, time variant currents with fundamental
frequencies would be constant after transformation.
However,
harmonics with different speeds remain time variant in
this frame. Thus, currents would be separate simultaneously
to DC and AC parts.
AC part of d axis and whole current in q axis are used for
harmonics elimination and VAR compensation. Zero current
is produced due to a three-phase voltage imbalance or
waveform distortions which have not been considered in this
paper. Finally, compensated currents are determined by
adverse park application on d and q axis to be injected to the
network after tracing and reconstruction.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF I.COS ALGORITHM
Any control scheme for the shunt active filter ensures that
the current drawn from the mains is purely sinusoidal and in
phase with the mains voltage i.e. at unity power factor
supplying only the active part of the required load current. In
the I.cos| algorithm, the desired mains current is hence
assumed to be the product of the magnitude of the real
component of fundamental load current (I.cos|) and a unity
sinusoidal wave in phase with the mains voltage.
The magnitude I.cos| is deduced as the magnitude of the
fundamental component of the active part of the load current
where I is the amplitude of the fundamental component of
load current and cos| is the displacement power factor of
the load. The three-phase mains voltages are used as
templates to generate unit amplitude sine waves in phase
with mains voltages. A multiplier is used to derive the
desired mains current as the product of the magnitude I.cos|
and the unit amplitude sinusoidal wave in phase with the
mains voltage. The reference compensation currents for the
shunt active filter are thereafter computed as the difference
between the actual load currents and the desired mains
currents for the three phases. The schematic diagram of the
I.cos| control algorithm is shown in Fig.3.
The voltage fluctuations at the DC bus capacitor of the
filter are used to calculate the extra power loss in the inverter
and the interface transformer. The corresponding current
amplitude is calculated and added to the active component of
the fundamental load current in each phase i.e. to the I.cos|
component. This ensures that the losses in the active filter are
being taken care of by the three-phase source and the DC bus
of the active filter becomes a self-supporting one. Under
balanced voltage condition, the unit sine wave voltage
templates are directly generated from the respective phase
voltages using non- inverting amplifier circuits with suitable
gains. Under unbalanced voltage condition also the unit sine
wave voltage templates are directly generated from the
respective phase voltages using non-inverting amplifier
circuits with suitable gains. Here, the only difference is that
the gains of the non-inverting amplifier circuits are to be
suitably changed depending on the unbalance in the phase
voltages. In case of distorted mains voltages, the fundamental
components of the mains voltages are extracted using second
order low pass filters tuned to fundamental frequency and
used as the templates.

International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, 2010
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177


Figure3 Block diagram of the I.cos| control circuit.
V. SIMULATION OF SHUNT ACTIVE FILTERING ALGORITHMS
This section describes the simulation models created for
TDCD algorithm, Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF)
theory and I.cos| algorithm in SIMULINK/MATLAB
environment.
A. Simulation of TDCD Algorithm
The simulation model for the TDCD algorithm is shown in
Fig.4. As described earlier in Section II, the sequence
currents are detected from the load currents using sequence
analyzer lock existing in the Simpowersystems toolbox of
MATLAB.

Figure4 Simulation Model for TDCD algorithm
Then, the power factor angle is deduced by determining
the phase-shift between positive sequence voltages and
currents. Using sine and cosine blocks and the power factor
angle, the real and reactive components of the positive
sequence currents are separated out. The difference between
the real component of the positive sequence current and the
load current yields the reference compensation current to be
supplied by the shunt active filter.
B. Simulation of SRF Theory
As described earlier in Section III, the three phase load
currents in a-b-c orientation, transformed to d-q-o by park
equation. D axis current (i
L
d) is filtered out and applied to
inverse transformation to remove DC component and to
determine harmonic contents. Q axis current (i
L
q) is applied
to inverse transformation to compensate reactive power. 0
axis current (i
L
0) must be used when the voltages are
distorted or unbalanced and sinusoidal current are desired.
The DC side voltage of APF should be controlled and kept at a
constant value to maintain the normal operation of the inverter.
The simulation model for the SRF theory is shown in Fig.5

Figure5 Simulation Model for SRF Theory
C. Simulation of Icos Algorithm
The block diagram of the control circuit given in Fig.3
explains how the control circuit generates the reference
compensation currents for the I.cos algorithm. The I.cos|
value is deduced as the magnitude of the fundamental
component of the active part of the load current. This is
extracted using Fourier blocks tuned to the fundamental
frequency. The voltage fluctuations at the DC bus capacitor
of the filter are used to calculate the extra power loss in the
inverter and the interface transformer. The corresponding
current amplitude is calculated using a suitably tuned PID
controller and added to t active component of the
fundamental load current in each phase to a ensure self
Support DC bus

Figure6 Simulation model of I cos Algorithm
for the active filter. Since an AC voltage controller load with
a large delay angle is considered here, the displacement
power factor cos| becomes small and hence the magnitude
I.cos| will be much less than the fundamental current
magnitude I.
The three-phase mains voltages are used as templates to
generate unit amplitude sine waves in phase with mains
voltages. A multiplier is used to derive at the desired mains
current as the product of the magnitude of real component of
fundamental load current (I.cos|) and the unit amplitude
sinusoidal wave in phase with the mains voltage. The
reference compensation currents for the shunt active filter are
thereafter computed as the difference between the actual load
currents and the desired mains currents for the three phases.
Fig. 6 depicts the simulation diagram I.cos| algorithm.
International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, 2010
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VI. COMPARISON OF SIMULATION RESULTS
The analysis of the three-phase system given in Fig.1 has
been done in SIMULINK/ MATLAB environment. The
system has a 3-phase AC source of 415 V at 50 Hz feeding a
3-phase induction motor of 22 kW rating through an AC
voltage controller
The A phase source voltage and three phase load currents
are shown in Fig.7 for the AC voltage controller feeding an
induction motor. The three phase voltages and source
currents after compensation are shown in Fig.8, 9 and10
respectively for the TDCD algorithm, SRF theory and the
Icos controller.

Figure7 A Phase source voltage and three-phase load currents at a firing angle
of 115 of the AC Voltage controller

Figure8 Three phase source voltages and currents after compensation in
TDCD algorithm

Figure9 Three phase source voltages and currents after compensation in SRF
Theory


Figure10 Three phase source voltages and currents after compensation in Icos
algorithm
The mains currents in the three phases after compensation
are expected to be purely sinusoidal and in phase with the
mains voltages. The results obtained for all the three phases
for both the above-mentioned control algorithms show that
the shunt compensation has been achieved fairly well in both
cases. The FFT analysis (Figs. 11,12 and 13) of the source
currents before and after compensation in the two cases show
that the harmonics decrease drastically from about 54% to
less than 5% after compensation in all the cases.
Table1 lists the %THD of the mains current before and
after shunt compensation based on the three control schemes.

International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, 2010
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Figure11 THD in A phase load current



Fig.12 THD in source current after compensation using TDCD algorithm

Fig.12 THD in source current after compensation using SRF Theory

Although TDCD algorithm and SRF theory yields better
results in terms of THD of compensated source current, the
complexities involved in the implementation of this
algorithm discourages the use of this in real-time. In
comparison, the I.cos controller is much simpler to
implement in hardware.

Figure12 THD in source current after compensation using Icos Algorithm

METHOD USED

%THD

Before any shunt compensation

54%

Modified IRPT algorithm

1.8%

Synchronous Reference Frame
Theory

0.86%

I cos Algorithm

4.5%
TABLEI. 1: % THD IN THE SOURCE CURRENTS AFTER COMPENSATION
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, two time-domain based shunt active filtering
algorithms have been analyzed and studied in
SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. A three-phase
balanced supply feeding a soft-start for an induction motor is
simulated with a shunt active power filter based on these two
control schemes. Comparison of the Time Domain Current
Detection algorithm and I.cos algorithm brings out the
following:
(i) The computational steps and circuits involved
are drastically decreased in the proposed Icos
algorithm.
(ii) Fairly sinusoidal, unity power factor mains
currents are generated by both the control
schemes. However, the TDCD algorithm
involves sequence analyzer which calls for
complex calculations.
(iii) SRF controller such as non-unity gain has been
effectively addressed by a inverter output voltage
feedback loop significantly enhances the
performance of SRF controller.
The I.cos algorithm is applicable in all cases of three
phase systems such as balanced, unbalanced and distorted
source voltages and non-reactive as well as reactive
non-linear loads. The results presented here prove the
effectiveness of the algorithm when the load is a non-linear,
reactive load.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Rahmani, K. Al-Haddad & F. Fnaiech, "A three- phase shunt active
power filter for damping of harmonic propagation in power distribution
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[2] B.N.Singh et.al., Design and Digital Implementation of Active Filter
with Power Balance Theory, IEEE Proc on EPA, Vol 2, No.5, Sept 2005
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[3] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa & A. Nabae, "Instantaneous reactive power
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[4] C.L. Chen, C.E. Lin & C.L. Huang, "Reactive and harmonic current
compensation for unbalanced three-phase systems using the synchronous
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[5] Bor-Ren Lin et.al., Analysis and operation of hybrid active filter for
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International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, 2010
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[6] H. L. Jou, "Performance comparison of the
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[7] S. Bhattacharya & D. Divan, "Synchronous frame based controller
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Energy Systems, PP . 109-113,2003



Charles S obtained his B.E. degree (2004) in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering and his M.E.
(2006) in Power Electronics and Drives from Anna
University, India. Currently, he is a Lecturer in the
Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri
Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore,Tamilnadu. India. His area of interest is
Active Power Filters, Power Electronics, and Power
Quality.

G.Bhuvaneswari obtained her Masters and doctoral
degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering,
IIT, and Madras, India. She was working as a faculty
member in Anna University for about 2 years and
subsequently she was with the Electrical utility
ComEd. Since 1997 she has been Working as a faculty
member in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
IIT, Delhi where she is an Associate Professor now.
She is a Senior Member of IEEE and a Life Fellow of
IETE. Her areas of interest are Power Electronics, Electrical Machines, Drives
and Power Quality.