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BIOPROCESSING

Bioprocessing is the use of biological systems for industrial


processes. It is used increasingly to produce therapeutics,
specialty chemicals and in bioremediation. Floating cells are
created by introducing novel DNA-encoding proteins to
produce gas vesicles in cells. This system can be used in any
process where cell removal would enhance production. The
invention could be used in brewing and wine-making,
reducing the need for centrifugation or filtration. Likewise,
this technology can increase the efficiency of oil-spill-eating
bacteria by increasing their interaction with oil at the
water’s surface.

TYPES OF PROCESSING
For effective carrying of any fermentation process and
successful result procurement processing is necessary.
Processing can be further divided into two types, viz.
(l) Upstream Processing
(Il) Downstream processing.

1.Upstream Processing
It is also known as Scale-Up Fermentation. The
determination of the proper incubation conditions to be
employed with large scale production tanks as based on
information obtained with various sized smaller tanks is
called “scale-up”. This process allows to carry out
laboratory procedure at industrial scale. It is the best way
to obtain fermentation information for production tanks
directly in large tanks. However, this is not practical for l.
new fermentation, 2. Variation studies on a fermentation
already in production, and 3. Valid experiment cannot be
carried out with only a single tank; one or more tanks are
required as experimental controls. Aside from these
considerations, costs, media also affect the scale-up.

2.Downstream Processing (DSP) Or Product


Recovery
When fermentation is over, the desired microbial product
is recovered from the growth Then the product is purified,
processed, and packed with equal efficiency and economy.
Product recovery and purification is called downstream
processing. The technology associated with downstream
processing is as important as associated with the
fermentation process itself. The operation of any
fermentation production process integrates the
technologies. The various processes used for the actual
recovery of useful products from a fermentation or any
other industrial process is called downstream processing. .
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOPROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Bioprocess technology, also known as biotechnology or
biochemical engineering, involves the use of biological
organisms, cells, or biomolecules to produce valuable
products or carry out specific processes. These products
can range from pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and enzymes to
biofuels, food products, and more. The field is based on
several fundamental principles that guide the design and
optimization of bioprocesses. Here are some basic
principles of bioprocess technology:

1-Use of Biological Systems: Bioprocess technology


harnesses the capabilities of living organisms, such as
bacteria, yeast, fungi, plant cells, and mammalian cells,
to perform specific functions. These organisms may be
genetically modified or used in their natural form to
carry out desired tasks like producing proteins or
metabolizing raw materials.
2-Substrate Utilization: Bioprocesses require a suitable
substrate or raw material for the biological system to
act upon. The substrate can be organic matter (e.g.,
sugars, starches, cellulose) or inorganic compounds
(e.g., minerals) that serve as the feedstock for the
bioprocess.
3-Fermentation: Fermentation is a key process in
biotechnology that involves the enzymatic conversion
of substrates by microorganisms under controlled
conditions. It is commonly used to produce products
like antibiotics, organic acids, and ethanol.
4-Downstream Processing: After the bioprocess has been
completed, the product needs to be isolated and
purified from the fermentation broth or cell culture.
Downstream processing involves various techniques
such as filtration, chromatography, centrifugation, and
drying to separate and purify the target product.
5-Bioreactor Design: Bioreactors are vessels in which
biological reactions take place. Designing an
appropriate bioreactor is crucial to achieve optimal
growth and productivity of the biological system.
Bioreactors must provide adequate nutrients, oxygen,
temperature control, and pH regulation to support the
growth of the organism.
6-Sterilization: Many bioprocesses require aseptic or
sterile conditions to prevent contamination by
unwanted microorganisms. Maintaining sterile
conditions is essential to ensure the purity and safety
of the final product.
7-Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering plays a vital
role in bioprocess technology, allowing scientists to
modify the genetic makeup of microorganisms or cells
to enhance their capabilities or produce specific
compounds of interest.
8-Process Monitoring and Control: Bioprocesses are
often complex and sensitive to environmental changes.
Monitoring and controlling parameters like
temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient
concentrations are crucial to maintaining optimal
conditions for the biological system.
9-Sustainability and Green Bioprocessing: With a growing
emphasis on sustainability and environmental
concerns, bioprocess technology aims to use
renewable resources, reduce waste generation, and
implement ecofriendly practices.
10- Scale-Up and Economics: Successful bioprocess
technology involves scaling up laboratory processes to
industrial production levels. Economic considerations,
such as cost-effectiveness, yield, and market demand,
are essential factors in the design and implementation
of large-scale bioprocessing.
By understanding and applying these fundamental
principles, bioprocess technology continues to advance
and contribute to various industries, offering sustainable
solutions and a wide range of valuable products. Final
product.
CULTURE MEDIA OR MEDIA
The nutrient media used for culture of microbial, animal or
plants cells in order to support their growth and survival is
known as culture media. Culture media provides all
necessary conditions required for cells to grow and
proliferate.

MEDIA FORMULATION
Media formulation refers to designing media in such a way
that it supports the growth and proliferation of cells and
tissues.
The optimum cell growth occurs at suitable pH
temperature, solvent and atmospheric pressure. Such
biochemical reactions also occur inside the cells of micro-
oganisms . Therefore , microorganisms also need optimum
conditions (such as pH, temperature, etc.) and growth
media containing nutrients in particular substrate. The
microbes utilize the nutrients at optimum conditions and
convert into desired products. Utilizing a major amount of
substrate the microbe also increase their biomass and
growth and multiplication. However, the conversion
efficiency of substrate into product fall in the range of 20-
30% as compared to 8090% conversion efficiency of
chemical reaction.
These steps are discussed in this section:
1. Growth media
Micro-organisms require several nutrients (e.g. carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, minerals) and oxygen for growth
and yield. The nutrient formulations which support
optimum microbial growth and yield are called growth
medial. On the basis of purity of chemical compounds used,
media are grouped into the following three types :
(I) Synthetic media
(II) Semi synthetic media
(III) Natural media

2. Sources of nutrition
There are different sources of nutrients required by
different types of microorganisms. These are given below :
a- Carbon sources
b-Nitrogen sources
c- Growth factors
d-Trace elements
e-Inducers, repressors and precursors
f- Anti foams
g- Water
STERILIZATION
Sterilization refers to the complete destruction of
all living Organisms, including bacterial spores and
Viruses. The word sterile means free from or the absence
of all living organisms.
Sterilization refers to any process that “effectively kills or
eliminates transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria,
viruses, spore forms, etc.) from a surface, equipment,
article of food or medication, or biological culture
medium.
Sterilization can be achieved through application of heat,
chemicals, irradiation, high pressure or Filtration.

METHODS OF STERILIZATION
The appropriate sterilization method is determined
according to how the item will be used, the material of
which the item is made, and the sterilization methods
available. Physical methods of sterilization comprise moist
heat and dry heat. Chemical methods include gas and liquid
solutions. Sterilization mainly involves two methods viz.
(I) Physical
(II) Chemical
BIOTECHNOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
INTRA-CELLULAR PRODUCTS
Intracellular products refer to various compounds and
molecules that are synthesized and accumulated within
the cells of living organisms. These products play a crucial
role in the normal functioning and survival of the cell. In
biotechnology, the intracellular products hold significant
Importance as they can be harnessed and manipulated for
various applications in industries, medicine, and research.
Here are some common intracellular products and their
significance in biotechnology:
1. Biopharmaceuticals
2. Enzymes
3. Biofuels
4. Antibiotics and antimicrobial agents
5. Amino acids and organic acids
6. Bio active molecules
7. Biodegradable polymers
8. Industrial chemicals
INDEX

1. BIOPROCESSING
2. TYPES OF BIOPROCESSING
3. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIOPROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
4. CULTURE MEDIA
5. MEDIA FORMULATION
6. STERILIZATION
7. METHODS OF STERILIZATIONATION
8. BIOTECHNOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
INTRA-CELLULAR PRODUCTS

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