CHAPTER 4: DATA MANAGEMENT AND DATABASE APPLICATIONS

4.1. Basics of Databases and Database Management Systems (DBMS)

BASICS OF DATABASES

Database
 Is a formally structured set of information that pertains to a particular subject or
purpose, stored by a computer program.
 It allows you to input data, organize the data, and retrieve the data quickly.

Traditional Database
 Are organized by fields, records and files

A Database Provides a:
 Database Query
- Is an inquiry into the database that returns information back from the
database.
- It is used to ask for information from a database.
 Database Index
- Is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on
a database table.

A Good Database System Provides These Features:

a. Crude
- It represents the 4 database operations of persistent storage: Create,
Read, Update, and Delete.
- If the database is well‐designed, checks are automatically performed on
each of these operations to ensure that data remains consistent and valid.
Create – Adds new records to the database
Read – Retrieves data from the database based on search criteria
Update – Modifies existing records in the database
Delete – Removes records from the database

Transaction
 Is a single operation or a series of operations that retrieves or alters the data in
a database.

2 Results of Transaction:
1. Committed (Commit)
 If a transaction finishes successfully, the results of the transaction are
written to the database (committed) and the end result is that the
database attains a new consistent state.
2. Rolled Back (Rollback)
 If there is a problem with the transaction and it does not complete
successfully, it will be aborted and the uncommitted data changes will
need to revert back to their original values.
b. ACID
- Acronym for the 4 properties that are desirable for any effective
transaction system.
Atomicity – Transaction is a complete unit, and is executed in its entirety or
not at all.
 Consistency – Transaction must change the database from one consistent
state to another consistent state. If an operation within the transaction would
violate the database’s rules, the transaction is rolled back.
Isolation – Transaction is independent from other transactions. That is, while
a transaction is in progress, no one else can see the data being affected, as
this data may be in an inconsistent state until the transaction is completed.
Durability – Committed transactions are permanent and will not be lost if
the power fails or if the database restarts. Once a transaction has been
committed, it cannot be rolled back. The only way to undo a committed
transaction is to execute another transaction that reverses the changes
made by the first transaction.

c. Security
- Database security is accomplished through a combination of physical,
network access and design methods.
- Is a set of practices and policies that protect a database from
unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction.

DATABASE FILES
Microsoft SQL server uses three types of files to store the database:
 Primary Data Files – Has a .mdf extension which contain user-defined objects,
such as tables
and views, as well as system tables.
 Secondary Data Files – Has a .ndf extension, on separate physical hard disks
to give your
database more room.
 Transaction Log Files – Use a .ldf extension and don’t contain any objects
such as tables or
views.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS)

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

 Is a computerized record-keeping system.
 It is a repository or a container for collection of computerized data files.
 Is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data.
 It provides a way to store and retrieve database information that is both
convenient and efficient.

Purpose of Database System

 Efficient storage and retrieval
 Maintains the reliability and accuracy of the information
 Protects confidential data
 Prioritize the security of sensitive data
 Safeguarding data against system crashes and failures

Advantages of DBMS
 Controlling of Redundancy
 Improved Data Sharing
 Data Integrity
 Security
 Data Consistency
 Efficient Data Access
 Enforcements of Standards
  Reduced Application Development and Maintenance Time

Disadvantages of DBMS
 It is bit complex
 It uses large amount of memory. It also needs large memory to run efficiently.
 DBMS system works on the centralized system, i.e.; all the users from all over
the world access this database
 DBMS is generalized software, i.e.; it is written work on the entire systems
rather specific one.

Types of Database Management System (DBMS)

1. Hierarchical Databases
 Data is organized into a tree-like structure. The data is stored in the form of
a collection of fields where each field contains only one value.
 The records are linked to each other via links into a parent-children
relationship. In a hierarchical database model, each child record has only
one parent. A parent can have multiple children.
 Are used to build high-performance and availability applications, usually in
the banking and telecommunications industries.

The IBM Information Management System (IMS) and Windows Registry are
famous examples of hierarchical databases.

2. Network Database
 Use a network structure to create a relationship between entities.
 Are mainly used on large digital computers.

3. Relational Databases
 Is a collection of information that organizes data in predefined relationships
where data is stored in one or more tables (or “relations”) of columns and

rows
4. Object-Oriented Model Database
 Data is stored in the form of objects. This model is used to represent real-
world entities.
 Data and their relationships are contained in a single structure which is
referred as object in this data model.

5. Graph databases
 Is a database that uses graph structures for storing data.
 It uses nodes, edges, and properties instead of tables or documents to
represent and store data. The edges represent relationships between the

nodes.

6. ER model databases
 The Entity Relationship Model is a model for identifying entities (like student,
car or company) to be represented in the database and representation of
how those entities are related.
 The ER data model specifies enterprise schema that represents the overall
logical structure of a database graphically.

7. Document databases
 A type of database that stores data as documents, usually in JSON or BSON
format.
 Data is stored in documents rather than tables or graphs, so it becomes easy
to map things in many programming languages.
CHAPTER 4: DATA MANAGEMENT AND DATABASE APPLICATIONS
4.2. Data Organization and Relational Database Concepts