Linux Class Notes

Linus Torvalds,University of Helsinki,1991
Why linux?
*linux is best suited for multiuser and multitask application.
*linux is more attractive because it comes free of cost,open source software
Note-unix and linux are case sensitive
*linux has very important concept called 'terminal",is the gateway to the linux
os.
Properties of Linux
Linux Pros
----------
• Linux is free
• Linux is portable to any hardware platform:
• Linux was made to keep on running:
• Linux is secure and versatile:
• Linux is scalable:
• The Linux OS and most Linux applications have very short debug-
times
Linux Cons
----------
• There are far too many different distributions
• Linux is not very user friendly and confusing for beginners
example of linux OS
Debian,Ubuntu,Fedora,Arch linux
Installing Linux in windows os

*Two ways
1.VM Ware
*linux os inside windows os
2.Cygwin
* How install cygwin
While installing cygwin choose the following packages
.PERL
.Python
.TCL
.gvim
Understanding Cygwin
*windows start type cygwin
understanding cygwin directory struture
*System harddisk is named as cygdrive
*All the drives of my windows os will be present under/cygdrive
*All directories(folders) are accessed using '/'(delimiter)separation
*In Linux 'Tab'key play an important roll
*tab button on keyboard is used to automatically fill the paths and names
echo 'alias ll="ls -l"' >> ~/.bash_profile

bash:bourne again shell
pwd:present working directory
cd: change directory
cd /:root directory
cd ~:Home directory
cd .. goes to previous directory
cd ../../../ goes to previous directories(3 steps previous)
cd path1/path2/path3/: Absolute Path
cd 'dir name' :if directory name is 'my name'
cd "dir name" :if directory name is "my name"
cd dir\ name :if directory name is my\ name
clear:it clear the terminal screen
ls:list the directory and files
man <command>:manual of given command
q: to exit from manual
ls /:list of root directory contents
ls ~:list of home directory contents
ls dir_name: list of "dir_name" contents
ls .. list the contents of previous directory
ls -l:long listing format
ls -a: list the hidden file and directories (list all files and directories)
ls -la: long list with hidden directories
ls -sl list the contents according to size
ls -t : sort by time, newest first;
ls -r : reverse order while sorting
ls -ltr:long list with time and reverse sorting
ls -d */:list of only directories
File management
---------------
command used to create files are
*touch
*cat
touch <filename1.ext> <filename2.ext>
touch filename{1..10}.txt
How to open multiple files in vim editor
vi <firstfilename> In vim give :tabnew <secondfilename>
touch directory/filename --> this command create a file in a directory directly
this command creates the file
cat: its echoes what you typed
*cat: concatenate files and print on the standard output
cat file_name:display the contents of the file
cat dir1/filename
cat -b filename : add the line numbers to non-blank lines
cat -n filename : add the line numbers to all lines
cat > filename : '>' this redirects and open the file for edit
cat >> filename : '>>' this appends and edit without overwriting the previous data
of file
cat file1 > file2 this command redirect the contents file1 to file2
cat dir1/filename display the content of the filename.
To create different type extention files with different names

-------------------------------------------------------------
for i in $(seq 1 5)
do
touch file$i.txt File$i.v newfile$i.py Sample$i.c Program$i
done
Make Directories
----------------
mkdir <directory_name>: make directory
mkdir <name1> <name2> <name3>
mkdir <name1>/<name2>
mkdir dir{1..10}
mkdir -p <name1>/{name2,name3,name4}
mkdir -p <name1>/<name2>/<name3>/<name4>
mkdir -pv <name1>/<name2>/<name3>/<name4>
mkdir -p its creates the directories with parent directory with sub directory
mkdir -pv print a message for each created directory
ls -R list out the directory structure
rm & rmdir commands

-------------------
rmdir <dir_name>
rmdir -p <name1>/<name2>/<name3>/<name4>
rmdir -pv <name1>/<name2>/<name3>/<name4>
rm -rv <name1> rv--> means recrussive verbose
copying directories
********************
cp :{souce file/dir to destination file/dir}
cp sum1 sum2; [sum1 is copied to sum2]
cp filename{1..10}.txt directory
cp -r dir1 new_dir {it creates a new_dir and copies the content of dir1}
cp -r dir1 dir3 { if dir3 already exists,it will copy the dir1 to dir3}{
cp -i without overwrite
cp ../test1.txt ../test2.txt . from previous directory it takes the files and copy
to current directory [dot represent current directory]
Move Directories/files
mv source dir1 destination dir2 [dir1 moved to dir2]

mv dir1 ./dir11/dir12/dir13/dir14 {note '.' represent current directory}in this
above command dir1 moved to sub directory dir14
mv -i file3.txt dir1
how to rename directories
mv junk junk1 {here the junk directory renamed as junk1} so 'mv' can be used for
rename also
mv example /cygdrive/c/Users/VLSIGURU/Desktop/ this command will move directory
'example' to desktop by the path given my us.
mv filename{1..10}.txt directory
Note: 1.mv command we can move single source_file to single destination_file

2.we can move multiple files to single directory (but the directory should
exist)
3.we can move single directory to single directory(its not compulsory that
destination directory should exist)
4.we can move multiple directories to single directories(but destination
directory
should exist)

Linux Class Notes

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Linux Class Notes

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Linus Torvalds,University of Helsinki,1991

Installing Linux in windows os

echo 'alias ll="ls -l"' >> ~/.bash_profile

To create different type extention files with different names

rm & rmdir commands

mv source dir1 destination dir2 [dir1 moved to dir2]

Note: 1.mv command we can move single source_file to single destination_file

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