MySQL assignments

Functions in MySQL
Functions in MySQL are classified into two types:-

➢ Single Row (or Scalar) Functions.
➢ Multiple Row (or Group or Aggregate) Functions.
1)Single Row Functions:- They operate on a single row to return a single value per row as the output.
They can accept one or more arguments but return only one result per row.
They are further categorized into:-
(A)Mathematical/Numeric Functions:-
(A.1) pow(): returns the argument raised to the specified power.
(A.2) round(): round(x) rounds the argument to the 0 decimal place whereas round(x, d) rounds the
argument to d decimal places.
x denotes field or value to be rounded off.
d denotes number of decimal to be returned.
(A.2) truncate(): syntax is select truncate(x,d) where x is the field or value to be truncated and d
specifies the number of decimals to be returned.
(A.3) mod(): returns the remainder of one number divided by another and syntax is mod(dividend,
divisor)
(A.4)sqrt():returns the square root value of the specified numeric argument.
(A.5)abs():returns the absolute value means discarding the sign of the specified numeric argument.
(B)String (Text) Functions:-

(B.1)ASCII(): Returns the ASCII code value of a character. ASCII stands for the "American Standard
Code for Information Interchange". It was designed in the early 60's, as a standard character set for
computers and electronic devices.
• The ASCII value for upper case characters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ is 65 to 90.
• The ASCII value for lower case characters ‘a’ to ‘z’ is 97 to 122 and for digits 0 to 9, the ASCII
value is 48 to 57.
(B.2)lower()/lcase(): Converts character strings data into lower case.
(B.3)upper()/ucase(): Converts character strings data into upper case.
(B.4)length(): Returns the length of the character string. It takes spaces special symbols between the
strings into account for calculating the total length of the string passed as an argument to length().
(B.5)replace(): replaces all occurrences of the second string (string2) in the first string(string1) with a
third string(string3). This function takes three arguments.
(B.6)left(): returns leftmost characters from a string passed as an argument, with the specified number of
characters counting from left.
(B.7)right(): returns rightmost characters from a string passed as an argument, with the specified number
of characters counting from right.
(B.8)ltrim(): returns a string after removing leading spaces/blanks from the left side of the string passed
as an argument.
(B.9)rtrim(): returns a string after removing trailing spaces/blanks from the right side of the string
passed as an argument.
(B.10)trim(): returns a string after removing the leading and trailing spaces from a string passed as the
argument to it. It does not delete the spaces in between the strings.
(B.11)reverse(): returns reverse of an inputted string.
(B.12)repeat(): repeats an inputted string for a specified number of times.
(B.13)substring()/mid()/substr(): a substr() function retrieves a portion of the given string starting at

the specified character(start_index) to the number of characters specified(length). Here start index can be
positive or negative argument.
(B.14)instr(): returns the position of the first occurrence of the substring in the given string. Returns 0 if
the substring is not present in the string.
(B.15)concat(): returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments.
(C)Date and Time functions:-
(C.1)curdate(): returns the current system date.
(C.2)now(): returns the current date and time.
(C.3)sysdate(): returns the time at which the function executes.

(C.4)date(): extracts the date part of a date or date-time expression.
(C.5)month(): returns the month from the given date passed as an argument to it.
(C.6)year(): returns the year from the inputted date.
(C.7)dayname(): returns the name of the weekday.
(C.8)dayofmonth(): returns the day of the month(0-31).

(C.9)monthname(): returns the name of the month(January, February, …)
(C.10)dayofweek(): returns the weekday index of the argument.
(C.11)dayofyear(): returns the day of the year(1-366).
2.Aggregate Functions(Multiple Row or grouped functions):-

They are used to implement calculations based upon a particular column. These functions always return a
single value.
Below is a table named stud. We shall apply sum(), avg(), count(), min() and max() functions based on
following data:-
(2.1)sum():-returns the total sum of a numeric column.
(2.2)avg():- returns average value of any column or expression based on a column.
(2.3)max():returns highest/largest value among given set of values.
(2.4)min():returns lowest/smallest value among given set of values.

(2.5)count():count number of non-null values. If we are typing count(*) then all records including null
values are counted.
(2.6)count-distinct:-the keywords distinct and count can be used together to count the number of records
excluding duplicate values.
Topic:-Sorting in SQL- order by
Order by sorts the records in ascending order(asc) by default. It sorts data in descending order using desc
keyword. Below is the table named stud.
Topic:-Group By and Having clause
The group by clause can be used in a select statement to collect data across multiple records and group
the results by one or more columns.
Suppose we want to display the name and stream and count the total number of students who have
secured more than 90 marks according to their stream, then following query should be given.
The Having clause is used in combination with the Group By clause. It can be used in a Select statement
to filter the records by specifying a condition which a Group by returns. The purpose of using Having
clause with Group by is to allow aggregate functions to be used along with the specified condition.

MySQL assignments

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MySQL assignments

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Functions in MySQL

Functions in MySQL are classified into two types:-

(B)String (Text) Functions:-

(B.3)upper()/ucase(): Converts character strings data into upper case.

(B.11)reverse(): returns reverse of an inputted string.

(B.12)repeat(): repeats an inputted string for a specified number of times.

(B.13)substring()/mid()/substr(): a substr() function retrieves a portion of the given string starting at

(C)Date and Time functions:-

(C.1)curdate(): returns the current system date.

(C.2)now(): returns the current date and time.

(C.3)sysdate(): returns the time at which the function executes.

(C.6)year(): returns the year from the inputted date.

(C.7)dayname(): returns the name of the weekday.

(C.8)dayofmonth(): returns the day of the month(0-31).

(C.10)dayofweek(): returns the weekday index of the argument.

(C.11)dayofyear(): returns the day of the year(1-366).

2.Aggregate Functions(Multiple Row or grouped functions):-

(2.2)avg():- returns average value of any column or expression based on a column.

(2.3)max():returns highest/largest value among given set of values.

(2.4)min():returns lowest/smallest value among given set of values.

Topic:-Sorting in SQL- order by

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