DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE COMMANDS

AIM To study the various categories of DML commands such as logical operations, aggregate functions, string functions , numeric functions, date functions, conversion functions and group functions, set operations, join operations and nested queries.. DESCRIPTION THE ORACLE TABLE DUAL Dual is a small oracle table which consists of only one row and one column and contains the value X in that column. INSERT This command is used to insert values into the table. SELECT This command is used to display the contents of the table or those of a particular column. RENAME This command renames the name of the table. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS Various operations such as addition, multiplication, subtraction and division can be performed using the numbers available in the table. DISTINCT This keyword is used along with select keyword to display unique values from the specified column. It avoids duplicates during display. ORDER BY CLAUSE The order by clause arranges the contents of the table in ascending order (by default) or in descending order (if specified explicitly) according to the specified column. CONCATENATION OPERATOR This combines information from two or more columns in a sentence according to the format specified. LOGICAL OPERATORS AND : The oracle engine will process all rows in a table and displays the result only when all of the conditions specified using the AND operator are specified. OR : The oracle engine will process all rows in a table and displays the result only when any of the conditions specified using the OR operators are satisfied. NOT : The oracle engine will process all rows in a table and displays the result only when none of the conditions specified using the NOT operator are specified. BETWEEN : In order to select data that is within a range of values, the between operator is used. (AND should be included)

PATTERN MATCH LIKE PREDICATE: The use of like predicate is that it allows the comparison of one string value with another string value, which is not identical. This is achieved by using wildcard characters which are % and _. The purpose of % is that it matches any string and _ matches any single character. IN AND NOT IN PREDICATE: The arithmetic operator = compares a single value to another single value. In case a value needs to be compared to a list of values then the in

predicate is used.The not in predicate is the opposite of the in predicate. This will select all the rows whose values do not match all of the values in the list. NUMERIC FUNCTIONS ABS: It returns the absolute value of n. POWER: It returns m raised to nth power. n must be an integer else an error is returned. ROUND: It returns n rounded to m places right of the decimal point. If m is omitted, n is rounded to zero places. m must be an integer. SQRT: It returns square root of n. n should be greater than zero. STRING FUNCTIONS LOWER: It returns char with letters in lower case. INITCAP: It returns char with the first letter in upper case. UPPER: It returns char with all letters forced to upper case. SUBSTR: It returns a portion of char beginning at character m, exceeding up to n characters. If n is omitted result is written up to the end character. The 1st position of char is one. LENGTH: It returns the length of char LTRIM: It removes characters from the left of char with initial characters removed up to the 1st character not in set. RTRIM: It returns char with final characters removed after the last character not in the set. Set is optional. It defaults to spaces. LPAD: It returns char1, left padded to length n with the sequence of characters in char2. char2 defaults to blanks. RPAD: It returns char1, right padded to length n with the characters in char2, replicated as many times as necessary. If char2 is omitted, it is padded with blanks. AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS AVG (N): It returns average value of n ignoring null values. MIN (EXPR): It returns minimum value of the expression. COUNT (EXPR): It returns the number of rows where expression is not null. COUNT (*): It returns the number of rows in the table including the duplicates and those with null values.

MAX (EXPR): It returns maximum value of the expression. SUM(N): It returns sum of values of n. CONVERSION FUCTIONS TO_NUMBER(CHAR): It converts the char value containing a number to a value of number data type. TO_CHAR(N,FMT): It converts a value of number data type to a value of char data type, using the optional format string. It accepts a number n and a numeric format fmt in which the number has to appear. If fmt is omitted, n is converted to a char value exactly long enough to hold significant digits. TO_CHAR(DATE, FMT): It converts a value of data type to char value. It accepts a date as well as the format in which the date has to appear. Fmt must be a date format. If fmt is omitted, date is the default date format. DATE FUNCTIONS SYSDATE : The sysdate is a pseudo column that contains the current date and time. It requires no arguments when selected from the table dual and returns the current date.

ADD_MONTHS(D,N): It returns date after adding the number of months specified with the function. LAST_DAY(D): It returns the last date of the month specified with the function MONTHS_BETWEEN(D1,D2): It returns number of months between D1 and D2. NEXT_DAY(DATE, CHAR): It returns the date of the first week day named by char . char must be a day of the week. GROUP BY CLAUSE The group by clause is another section of the select statement. This optional class tells oracle to group rows based on distinct values that exists for specified columns. HAVING CLAUSE The having clause can be used in conjunction with the group by clause. Having imposes a condition on the group by clause, which further filters the groups created by the group by clause. SET OPERATIONS UNION CLAUSE: Multiple queries can be put together and their output combined using the union clause. The union clause merges the output of two or more queries into a single set of rows and columns. INTERSECT CLAUSE: Multiple queries can be put together and their output can be combined using the intersect clause. The intersect clause outputs only rows produced by both the queries intersected. The output in an intersect clause will include only those rows that are retrieved by both the queries. JOIN OPERATIONS INNER JOIN/ NATURAL JOIN/ JOIN: It is a binary operation that allows us to combine certain selections and a Cartesian product into one operation. OUTER JOIN: It is an extension of join operation to deal with missing information. Left Outer Join: It takes tuples in the left relation that did not match with any tuple in the right relation, pads the tuples with null values for all other attributes from the right relation and adds them to the result of the natural join. Right Outer Join: It takes tuples in the right relation that did not match with any tuple in the left relation, pads the tuples with null values for all other attributes from the left relation and adds them to the result of the natural join. Full Outer Join: It combines tuples from both the left and the right relation and pads the tuples with null values for the missing attributes and them to the result of the natural join.

COMMANDS CREATION OF TABLE SQL>create table stud (sname varchar2(30), sid varchar2(10), sage number(10), sarea varchar2(20), sdept varchar2(20)); Table created. INSERTION OF VALUES INTO THE TABLE SQL> insert into stud values ('ashwin',101,19,'anna nagar','aeronautical');

1 row created. SQL> insert into stud values ('bhavesh',102,18,'nungambakkam','marine'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into stud values ('pruthvik',103,20,'anna nagar','aerospace'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into stud values ('charith',104,20,'kilpauk','mechanical'); 1 row created. SQL> select * from stud; SNAME SID SAGE SAREA SDEPT ------------------------------ ---------- --------- -------------------- -------------------ashwin 101 19 anna nagar aeronautical bhavesh 102 18 nungambakkam marine pruthvik 103 20 anna nagar aerospace charith 104 20 kilpauk mechanical RENAMING THE TABLE STUD SQL> rename stud to studs; Table renamed. ARITHMETIC OPERATION SQL> select sname, sid+100 "stid" from studs; SNAME stid ------------------------------ --------ashwin 201 bhavesh 202 pruthvik 203 charith 204 CONCATENATION OPERATOR SQL> select sname || ' is a ' || sdept || ' engineer. ' AS "PROFESSION" from studs; PROFESSION ------------------------------------------------------------------ashwin is a aeronautical engineer. bhavesh is a marine engineer. pruthvik is a aerospace engineer. charith is a mechanical engineer.

DISPLAY ONLY DISTINCT VALUES SQL> select distinct sarea from studs; SAREA -------------------anna nagar kilpauk nungambakkam USING THE WHERE CLAUSE SQL> select sname,sage from studs where sage<=19; SNAME SAGE ------------------------------ --------ashwin 19 bhavesh 18 BETWEEN OPERATOR SQL> select sname,sarea, sid from studs where sid between 102 and 104; SNAME SAREA SID ------------------------------ -------------------- ---------bhavesh nungambakkam 102 pruthvik anna nagar 103 charith kilpauk 104 IN PREDICATE SQL> select sname,sarea , sid from studs where sid in(102,104); SNAME SAREA SID ------------------------------ -------------------- ---------bhavesh nungambakkam 102 charith kilpauk 104 PATTERN MATCHING SQL> select sname, sarea from studs where sarea like '%g%'; SNAME SAREA ------------------------------ -------------------ashwin anna nagar bhavesh nungambakkam pruthvik anna nagar LOGICAL AND OPERATOR SQL> select sname ,sid from studs where sid>102 and sarea='anna nagar'; Powered

By

SNAME SID ------------------------------ ---------pruthvik 103 LOGICAL OR OPERATOR SQL> select sname ,sid from studs where sid>102 or sarea='anna nagar'; SNAME SID ------------------------------ ---------ashwin 101 pruthvik 103 charith 104 NOT IN PREDICATE SQL> select sname, sid from studs where sid not in(102,104); SNAME SID ------------------------------ ---------ashwin 101 pruthvik 103 UPDATING THE TABLE SQL> alter table studs add ( spocket varchar2(20) ); Table altered. SQL> update studs set spocket=750 where sid=101; 1 row updated. SQL> update studs set spocket=500 where sid=102; 1 row updated. SQL> update studs set spocket=250 where sid=103; 1 row updated. SQL> update studs set spocket=100 where sid=104; 1 row updated. SQL> select * from studs; SNAME SID SAGE SAREA SDEPT ------------------------------ ---------- --------- -------------------- --------------------

SPOCKET -------------------ashwin 101 19 anna nagar aeronautical 750 bhavesh 102 18 nungambakkam marine 500 pruthvik 103 20 anna nagar aerospace 250 charith 104 20 kilpauk mechanical 100 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS SQL> select avg( spocket ) result from studs; RESULT --------400 SQL> select min(spocket) result from studs; RESULT -------------------100 SQL> select count(spocket) result from studs; RESULT --------4 SQL> select count(*) result from studs; RESULT --------4 SQL> select count(spocket) result from studs where sarea='anna nagar'; RESULT --------2 SQL> select max(spocket) result from studs; RESULT --------------------

750 SQL> select sum(spocket) result from studs; RESULT --------1600 NUMERIC FUNCTIONS SQL> select abs(-20) result from dual; RESULT --------20 SQL> select power (2,10) result from dual; RESULT --------1024 SQL> select round(15.359,2) result from dual; RESULT --------15.36 SQL> select sqrt (36) result from dual; RESULT --------6 STRING FUNCTIONS SQL> select lower('ORACLE') result from dual; RESULT -----oracle SQL> select upper('oracle') result from dual; RESULT -----ORACLE

SQL> select initcap('Oracle') result from dual; RESULT -----Oracle SQL> select substr('oracle' ,2 ,5) result from dual; RESULT ----racle SQL> select lpad('oracle',10,'#') result from dual; RESULT ---------####oracle SQL> select rpad ('oracle',10,'^') result from dual; RESULT ---------oracle^^^^ CONVERSION FUNCTIONS SQL> update studs set sage=to_number(substr(118,2,3)); 4 rows updated. SQL> select * from studs; SNAME SID SAGE SAREA SDEPT ------------------------------ ---------- --------- -------------------- -------------------SPOCKET -------------------ashwin 101 18 anna nagar aeronautical 750 bhavesh 102 18 nungambakkam marine 500 pruthvik 103 18 anna nagar aerospace 250 charith 104 18 kilpauk mechanical 100 SQL> select to_char( 17145, '099,999') result from dual; Powered By

RESULT -------017,145 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd-mon-yyyy') result from dual; RESULT ----------16-jul-2008 DATE FUNCTIONS SQL> select sysdate from dual; SYSDATE --------16-JUL-08 SQL> select sysdate,add_months(sysdate,4) result from dual; SYSDATE RESULT --------- --------16-JUL-08 16-NOV-08 SQL> select sysdate, last_day(sysdate) result from dual; SYSDATE RESULT --------- --------16-JUL-08 31-JUL-08 SQL> select sysdate, next_day(sysdate,'sunday') result from dual; SYSDATE RESULT --------- --------16-JUL-08 20-JUL-08 SQL> select months_between('09-aug-91','11-mar-90') result from dual; RESULT --------16.935484 GROUP BY CLAUSE SQL> select sarea, sum(spocket) result from studs group by sarea; SAREA RESULT

-------------------- -----------anna nagar 1000 nungambakkam 500 kilpauk 100 HAVING CLAUSE SQL> select sarea, sum(spocket) result from studs group by sarea having spocket<600; SAREA RESULT -------------------- -----------nungambakkam 500 kilpauk 100 DELETION SQL> delete from studs where sid=101; 1 row deleted. SQL> select * from studs; SNAME SID SAGE SAREA SDEPT ------------------------------ ---------- --------- -------------------- -------------------SPOCKET ------------------bhavesh 102 18 nungambakkam marine 500 pruthvik 103 20 anna nagar aerospace 250 charith 104 20 kilpauk mechanical 100 CREATING TABLES FOR DOING SET OPERATIONS TO CREATE PRODUCT TABLE SQL> create table product(prodname varchar2(30), prodno varchar2(10)); Table created. SQL> insert into product values('table',10001); 1 row created. SQL> insert into product values('chair',10010); 1 row created. SQL> insert into product values('desk',10110);

1 row created. SQL> insert into product values('cot',11110); 1 row created. SQL> insert into product values('sofa',10010); 1 row created. SQL> SQL> insert into product values('tvstand',11010); 1 row created. SQL> select * from product; PRODNAME PRODNO ------------------------------ ---------table 10001 chair 10010 desk 10110 cot 11110 sofa 10010 tvstand 11010 TO CREATE SALE TABLE SQL> create table sale(prodname varchar2(30),orderno number(10),prodno varchar2(10)); Table created. SQL> insert into sale values('table',801,10001); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sale values('chair',805,10010); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sale values('desk',809,10110); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sale values('cot',813,11110);

1 row created. SQL> insert into sale values('sofa',817,10010); 1 row created. SQL> select * from sale; PRODNAME ORDERNO PRODNO ------------------------------ --------- ---------table 801 10001 chair 805 10010 desk 809 10110 cot 813 11110 sofa 817 10010 SET OPERATIONS SQL> select prodname from product where prodno=10010 union select prodname from sale where prodno=10010; PRODNAME -----------------------------chair sofa SQL> select prodname from product where prodno=11110 intersect select prodname from sale where prodno=11110; PRODNAME -----------------------------cot CREATING TABLES FOR DOING JOIN AND NESTED QUERY OPERATIONS TO CREATE SSTUD1 TABLE SQL> create table sstud1 ( sname varchar2(20) , place varchar2(20)); Table created. SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'prajan','chennai'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'anand','chennai'); 1 row created.

SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'kumar','chennai'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sstud1 values ( 'ravi','chennai'); 1 row created. SQL> select * from sstud1; SNAME PLACE -------------------- -------------------prajan chennai anand chennai kumar chennai ravi chennai TO CREATE SSTUD2 TABLE SQL> create table sstud2 ( sname varchar2(20), dept varchar2(10), marks number(10)); Table created. SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('prajan','cse',700); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('anand','it',650); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('vasu','cse',680); 1 row created. SQL> insert into sstud2 values ('ravi','it',600); 1 row created. SQL> select * from sstud2; SNAME DEPT MARKS -------------------- ---------- --------prajan cse 700 anand it 650 vasu cse 680 ravi it 600

JOIN OPERATIONS SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 inner join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname); SNAME DEPT -------------------- ---------anand it prajan cse ravi it SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname); SNAME DEPT -------------------- ---------anand it prajan cse ravi it SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 left outer join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname); SNAME DEPT -------------------- ---------prajan cse anand it ravi it kumar SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 right outer join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname) SNAME DEPT -------------------- ---------prajan cse anand it ravi it cse SQL> select sstud1.sname, dept from sstud1 full outer join sstud2 on ( sstud1.sname= sstud2.sname); SNAME DEPT -------------------- ---------prajan cse

anand it ravi it kumar cse NESTED QUERIES SQL> select sname from sstud1 where sstud1.sname in ( select sstud2.sname from 2 sstud2 ); SNAME -------------------anand prajan ravi SQL> select sname from sstud1 where sstud1.sname not in ( select sstud2.sname from sstud2 ); SNAME -------------------kumar SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks > some(select marks from sstud2 2 where dept='cse'); SNAME -------------------prajan SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks >= some (select marks from sstud2 2 where dept='cse' ); SNAME -------------------prajan vasu SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks > any ( select marks from sstud2 where dept='cse' ); SNAME -------------------prajan SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks >= any ( select marks from sstud2

2 where dept='cse' ); SNAME -------------------prajan vasu SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks > all ( select marks from sstud2 where dept='cse' ); no rows selected SQL> select sname from sstud2 where marks < all ( select marks from sstud2 where dept='cse' ); SNAME -------------------anand ravi SQL> select sname from sstud1 where exists ( select sstud2.sname from sstud2 2 where sstud1.sname=sstud2.sname ); SNAME -------------------prajan anand ravi SQL> select sname from sstud1 where not exists ( select sstud2.sname from 2 sstud2 where sstud1.sname=sstud2.sname ); SNAME -------------------kumar RESULT Thus all the DML commands were executed and the output was verified.