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Lecture 3

The document provides an overview of various logic gates including the inverter (NOT), AND, OR, NAND, NOR, exclusive-OR (XOR), and exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gates, detailing their functions and truth tables. Each gate is described in terms of its operation, input combinations, and output results. The NAND and NOR gates are highlighted as universal gates capable of performing multiple logical operations.

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3 views11 pages

Lecture 3

The document provides an overview of various logic gates including the inverter (NOT), AND, OR, NAND, NOR, exclusive-OR (XOR), and exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gates, detailing their functions and truth tables. Each gate is described in terms of its operation, input combinations, and output results. The NAND and NOR gates are highlighted as universal gates capable of performing multiple logical operations.

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hussienyt3
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Islamic University

Computer Technology Engineering


First Class / Digital Electronics

Logic Gates

Lec.3

Zaid Salami
The Inverter (NOT) Gate
 The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion or complementation.
The inverter changes one logic level to the opposite level. In terms of bits, it changes a 1
to a 0 and a 0 to a 1.

 This operation is summarized in Table below, a table such as this is called a truth table.
EXAMPLE: A waveform is applied to an inverter in Figure below. Determine the
output waveform corresponding to the input and show the timing diagram.
According to the placement of the bubble, what is the active output state?

 Solution: The output waveform is exactly opposite to the input (inverted), as


shown in Figure below, which is the basic timing diagram. The active or asserted
output state is 0.
The AND Gate
The AND gate can have two or more inputs and performs what is known as
logical multiplication.

Figure belowshows the AND gate logic symbol with two, three, and four input
variables and the output variables indicated.

 Figure below illustrates a 2-input AND gate with all four possibilities of input
combinations and the resulting output for each.
Truth table for a 2-input AND gate
 For two input variables: N = 22 = 4 combinations

 For three input variables: N = 23 = 8 combinations

 For four input variables: N = 24 = 16 combinations


The OR Gate
The OR gate can have two or more inputs and performs what is known as logical
addition.

Figure beloew shows the OR gate logic symbol with two, three, and four input variables
and the output variables labeled.

Figure below illustrates a 2-input OR gate for all four possibilities of input combinations.
The operation of a 2-input OR gate is described in Table below.
The NAND Gate
 The NAND gate is a popular logic element because it can be used as a universal gate; that is,
NAND gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter operations.

 The term NAND is a contraction of NOT-AND and implies an AND function with a
complemented (inverted) output.
The NOR Gate
 The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, is a useful logic element because it can also be used as a
universal gate; that is, NOR gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and
inverter operations.

 The term NOR is a contraction of NOT-OR and implies an OR function with an inverted
(complemented) output.
The Exclusive-OR Gate
 The exclusive-OR gate performs modulo-2 addition. Standard symbols for an exclusive-OR
(XOR for short) gate and The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input XOR gate can be
written as:

 The XOR gate has only two inputs. The four possible input combinations and the resulting
outputs for an XOR gate. The operation of an XOR gate is summarized in the truth table shown in
Table below.
The Exclusive-NOR Gate
 The bubble on the output of the XNOR symbol indicates that its output is opposite that of the
XOR gate. Standard symbols for an exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gate and The Boolean expression
for the output of a 2-input XNOR gate can be written as:

𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

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