Complex Number

Concepts and Notation

A complex number, traditionally denoted as z, has the Cartesian form z = x + iy where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit such that i2 = -1 This implies that i 3 = i 2 i = i, i4 = (i2 )2 = (1)2 = 1 The component x is called the real (Re) part of z and y the imaginary (Im) part of z, and are written as Re(z) = Re(x + i y) = x Im(z) = Im(x + i y) = y

Two complex numbers are equal if and only if both their real and imaginary parts are equal. x1 + iy2 = x2 + iy2 x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

Basic Arithmetic Operation

1. ( x1 + iy1 ) ( x2 + iy2 ) = ( x1 + x2 ) i ( y1 + y2 ) 2. ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 + iy2 ) = x1 x2 + i ( y1 x2 + x1 y2 ) + i 2 y1 y2 = ( x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i ( y1 x2 + x1 y2 ) x1 + iy1 x1 + iy1 x2 iy2 ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( y1 x2 x1 y2 ) = . = x2 + iy2 x2 + iy2 x2 iy2 x2 2 + y2 2 (You can use graphic calculator to perform some basic operation of complex number) 3. Example 1: The complex numbers z and w are given by z = 1 + 2i and w = 2 + i. To z 1 find (i) zw, (ii) , and (iii) z + in the form a + ib where a and b are exact functions. w w Solution: (i) zw = (1 + 2i)(2 + i) = 2 + i + 4i 2 = 5i

Square Root
The square root of a complex number is also a complex number. The following example show how the square root of a complex number can be found: Example 2: Find the square root of 5 + 12i. Solution Let z = x + iy be the square root of 5 + 12i. Hence (z2) = 5 + 12i (x + iy)2 = x2 y2 + 2xyi = 5 + 12i x2 y2 = 5 (1) 2xy = 12 (2) x = 3, y = 2 or x = -3, y = -2 Therefore, square root of 5 + 12i is 3 + 2i or -3 2i. Exercise 1: Find the square root of 4i - 3

Conjugates
If x = 1 is a root of x2 + 2x - 3 = 0, then what factor does x2 + 2x - 3 have?

The conjugate of a complex number z = x + iy is denoted by z*, and is defined as z = x + iy z* = x - iy

In general, for any polynomial equation with REAL COEFFICIENT, any non-real roots occur in conjugate pairs. Example 3: Given that z3 4z2 + 6z 4 = 0 has a root 1 i, to solve for z. Solution: Since the equation has real coefficient, 1 i is a root implies that 1 + i is also a root of the equation. A quadratic factor of the equation is [z (1 i)][z (1+i)] = z2 2z + 2. By long division (or inspection) z3 4z2 + 6z 4 =(z2 2z + 2)(z -2) Hence z = 2, or z = 1 + i, or z = 1 i Furthermore, please take note, if 1 i is a root of the equation, then the expression has a factor of [z (1 i)] Exercise 2: Given that z3 6z2 + 13z 10 = 0 has a root 2 i, to solve for the other two roots of z.

Exercise 3: Find the roots of (i) z 2 3iz 4 + 6i = 0 . (ii) z 2 + 3iz 4 6i = 0 Are you able to deduce the roots of second equation from the first one?

Algebraic property involving conjugate 1. (z*)* = z 2. z + z* = 2Re(z) 3. z z* = 2Im(z) 4. zz* = Re(z)2 + Im(z)2

Complex Number in Polar Form

Complex number could also be represented geometrically as points in the complex plane. The plane comprises a horizontal axis called the real(Re)axis, and a vertical axis called the imaginary (Im)axis. A complex number z = x + iy is plotted as a point with y coordinates (x, y) z (x, y) A diagram used to represent a complex number is called an Argand diagram. x
Im

Re

The polar (or trigonometrical ) form can be expressed as follows: x = r cos , y = r sin Any complex number z = x + iy can therefore be written as z = r cos + ir sin = r (cos + i sin ) The value r is called the absolute value or the modulus of z and is denoted as z . In terms of the algebraic components, it is given by: z = r = x2 + y2 Geometrically, r or z is the distance from the origin to the point representing z. The directed angle measured from the positive real axis is called the argument of z and is denoted as arg(z). It is measured in radians and is positive in the counterclockwise sense. Its value is given by y arg( z ) = = tan 1 x The value of an argument must lie in the interval < and < is called its principal value.

Exercise 4: Convert the following to the polar form and represented them in the Argand diagram. (i) z = 3 + 4i, (ii) z = -1 i.

Exponential Form
ei = cos + i sin Based on Eulers formulae, the polar form of a complex number may also be written in its corresponding exponential form. z = r (cos + i sin ) = rei
1 i 1 1 Example 4: 2(cos + i sin ) = 2e 4 4 4

Eulers formula

Arithmetic Operation and Properties

Properties of Arithmetic Operation is shown below (i ) z1 z2 = z1 z2 arg( z1 z2 ) = arg( z1 ) + arg( z2 ) (ii ) z z1 = 1 z2 z2
n

z arg 1 z2

= arg( z1 ) arg( z2 )

(iii ) z n = z

arg( zn ) = n arg( z )

Proof the Above Properties

If z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) = r ei1 and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = r ei2 1 2 z1 z2 = r1ei1 r2 ei2 = r1 r2 ei (1 +2 ) = r r2 [cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )] 1 z1 r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) r ei1 r i (1 2 ) = = 1 = 1e z2 r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) r2 ei2 r2 z1n = [ r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )]n = [ r1ei1 ]n = r n ein1 = r n [cos n1 + i sin n1 ] Example 5: Given that the complex numbers p and q are such that 1 1 p = 2, q = 3, arg( p ) = and arg( q) = find the argument and modulus of p2q 12 6 and find the minimum positive value of n such that (pq)n are real number. Solution: 2 p 2 q = p 2 q = p q = 22 (3) = 12 arg( p 2 q ) = arg( p2 ) + arg( q) = 2 arg( p) + arg(q) = 2. pq = p q = 2(3) = 6 1 1 1 + = 12 6 4 1 n i i n n ( pq ) n = [6e 4 ]n = 6n (e 4 ) = 6n [cos + i sin ] 4 4 arg( pq ) = arg( p ) + arg(q ) = 1 1 1 + = 12 6 3

For (pq)n to be positive number, n n sin = 0 = 1 for smallest positive integer value of n. 4 4 n=4

Exercise 5: Given that w = 2 + 2i, find arg(w) and w . Hence find the minimum positive integer value of n such that wn is purely imaginary.

Geometrical Representation
Addition and Subtraction Geometrically, the addition and subtraction of 2 complex numbers are in accordance with the vector parallelogram that represents the addition and subtraction of vectors.
Im

z2 z1 z1 z2

z1 + z2
Re

z2

Multiplication and Division

The geometrical representation of multiplication and division of complex numbers could be deduced as shown below If z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) = r ei1 and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = r ei2 1 2 z1 z2 = r1 r2 arg( z1 z2 ) = arg( z1 ) + arg( z2 ) = 1 + 2 Hence multiplication of z2 to z1 is to r1r2 enlarge z1 (the red line) by a factor of r2 and rotate the r1 resultant line anticlockwise by an angle of 2 Re If z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) = r ei1 and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = r ei2 1 2 z z1 r = 1 = 1 z2 z2 r2 z Im arg 1 = arg( z1 ) arg( z2 ) = 1 2 z2 z1 Im z1z2

2 1

Hence division of z1 by z2 is to diminish r1 by a factor of r2 and rotate the resultant line clockwise by an angle of 2 Re

2 1
9

z1 z2

Complex Number -- De Moivres Theorem

For a complex number cos + i sin = ei and any real number n, De Moivres theorem states that (cos + i sin ) n = cos n + i sin n The formula actually can be derived from Eulers formula as shown below: (cos + i sin ) n = (ei )n = ein = (cos n + i sin n ) In general, any complex number raised to be power n could be given by [r (cos + i sin )]n = r n (cos n + i sin n ) Exercise 6: By making use of De Moivres theorem, express cos 3 in terms of cos and express sin 3 in terms of sin . Solution: cos 3 + i sin 3 = (cos + i sin )3 = cos3 + i3cos2 sin + (i )2 cos sin2 + (i )3 sin3 = cos3 + i3cos2 sin cos sin2 i sin3 = (cos3 cos sin 2 ) + i (3cos2 sin sin3 ) cos 3 = (cos3 cos sin 2 ) sin 3 = 3cos 2 sin sin3 = 3(1 sin2 ) sin sin 3 = 3sin 4sin 3

zn +
When z = cos + i sin , then

1 zn

or

zn

1 zn

1 = z 1 = (cos + i sin )1 z = cos( ) + i sin( ) = cos i sin

1 = cos + i sin + cos i sin = 2 cos z 1 z = cos + i sin (cos i sin ) = 2i sin z In general 1 z n = cos n + i sin n , n = cos n i sin n z 1 z n + n = cos n + i sin n + cos n i sin n = 2 cos n z 1 z n n = cos n + i sin n (cos n i sin n ) = 2i sin n z hence z +

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Complex Number -- Loci

The locus of a complex variable z = x + iy is a set of points in the complex plane satisfying certain given conditions. The set of points form a curve/straight line when the condition is an equation and a region if the condition is an inequality. NOTE: z a can always be interpreted as the distance between z and a. For other forms such as z + b , it is hard to interpret it, hence, it will be good to express them as z (b) which can then be interpret as distance between z

and

-b.
Circular Loci
In general, z (a + ib) = r where a, b, r are real constant, represent a CIRCLE center at (a + ib) with radius equal to r. Example 7: the locus of z (1 + i) = 2 is shown below.
Im

(1,1) Re

Exercise: Sketch the locus of 2 z 2 =

7 + 3i on the Argand diagram.

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Linear Loci
In general, z (a + ib) = z (c + id represents the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (a, b) and (c, d). The locus of z 2i = z 2 is shown below.
Im

Re

Exercise: Sketch the locus of z 2 i + = 3i + 4 z on the Argand diagram

Half line
arg [z (a + ib)] =k represent a half line starting from (a, b) making an angle k with the positive direction of the Re-axis. The locus of arg[ z 1 i ] =

is shown below. 4

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Im

Re

Loci Inequality
Inequality Circle
While z 1 i = 2 represents a circle center at (1,1) with radius equal to 2. z 1 i > 2 and z 1 i < 2 represent all points outside the circle and all points within the circle respectively. Hence to solve inequality such as z (a + ib) > k or z ( a + ib) > k , we should first draw the circle center at (a, b) with radius equal to k. To see whether the locus should be points within the circle or outside the circle, we can always choose a very convenient point such as (0,0) to see whether that point satisfy the inequality. If that point satisfies the inequality and it falls outside the circle, then it means all points outside the circle will satisfy the inequality. Let us see the example for illustration. Sketch the locus of z 1 i > 2 Locus represented by z 1 i = 2 is shown below. Let us test one point (0,0) which is inside the circle. 0 1 i = 12 + 12 = 2 < 2 Hence it does not satisfy the inequality. Therefore, it is the region that outside the circle that can satisfy the inequality.
Im

(1,1) Re

Inequality Linear Loci

while z (a + ib) = z (c + id ) represents the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (a, b) and (c, d). z (a + ib) < z (c + id ) or z (a + ib) > z (c + id ) represents region that is on one side this perpendicular bisector. Hence to solve

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z (a + ib) < z (c + id ) or z (a + ib) > z (c + id ) , we should first draw the perpendicular bisector that satisfies z (a + ib) = z (c + id and then we then choose one convenient point such as (0, 0) to test whether it can satisfy the inequality. If it can satisfy the inequality, the region it is within will be the answer to the inequality. Let us see one example. Sketch the locus of z 2i > z 2 The locus of z 2i = z 2 is shown below.
Im

Re

We test the point (0, 2), 2i 2i = 0,

Im

2i 2 = 22 + 22 = 2 2

Hence (0, 2) does not satisfy the inequality, answer therefore will be the shaded region as shown.

Re

Inequality Sector Loci

While arg [z (a + ib)] =k represent a half line starting from (a, b) making an angle k with the positive direction of the Re-axis, arg[ z (a + ib)] represent a region within a sector, centered at (a, b), from angle to made with the positive direction of the Re-axis. 14

The locus of

z (1 + i ) 4 2

is shown below.
Im

Re

Exercise 1: Use de Movires theorem to find cos 4 in terms of cos .

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