Complex Numbers: 1 The Arithmetic Form of A Complex Number
Complex Numbers: 1 The Arithmetic Form of A Complex Number
Complex Numbers: 1 The Arithmetic Form of A Complex Number
Complex numbers
Complex Numbers
3. The complex number i and quadratic equations with real coecients: Consider the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are real numbers. Let = b2 4ac, then: b If > 0 the equation has two real roots x = , 2a b If = 0 the equation has a double real root x = , 2a b i . If < 0 the equation has two complex roots x = 2a Petrus Ky College 1 Y12 Mathematics Extension 2
Year 12
Complex numbers
Solution:
= 3 = 3i2 , therefore
Year 12
Complex numbers
(a) z1 + z2 , Solution:
(b) z1 z2 ,
(c) z2 + z3 z1 ,
(d) z1 z2 ,
(e) z1 z2 z3 .
Examples Prove the properties (a), (b), (e) and (f). Solution:
Petrus Ky College
Year 12
Complex numbers
1.5 Division
Suppose that z1 = a + ib and z2 = x + iy, the quotient z = dened by z= Examples 1. Suppose that z = 2 3i nd (a) z 2 2 , and 1 . z (b) z 2 2 z1 is a complex number z2
z1 z2 z1 z2 1 z1 = = 2 = z1 z2 2 2 + y2 z2 z2 z2 x +y x
2. If z = 2 3i and = 3 + i, nd
z 2 = z
Note that each complex number z = 0 has two square roots. 2. Problem 1: Finding the square roots of a complex number z = a + ib. Solution: Step 1: Let = z = x + iy, then (1)
2 = z (x + iy)2 = a + ib (x2 y 2 ) + i2xy = a + ib Step 2: Equate the real parts and imaginary parts of (1): x2 y 2 = a 2xy = b
(2)
Step 3: Solve (2) simultaneously for real numbers x and y to get two solutions(x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ), then write down the roots 1 = x1 + iy1 and 2 = x2 + iy2 .
Solution:
Petrus Ky College
Year 12
Complex numbers
3. Problem 2: Solving quadratic equations with complex coecients Solve the equation az 2 + bz + c = 0 where a, b and c are complex numbers. Solution: Step 1: Evaluate the discriminant = b2 4ac. Step 2: Find the square roots 1 and 2 of . Step 3: The solutions to the equation are z1 = b + 1 2a and z2 = b + 2 2a
Solution:
Exercises 1. If z1 = 2 3i and z2 = 1 + 4i, evaluate 1 z1 3 3 2 2 (a) , (b) , (c) z1 + z2 , (d) z1 z2 z1 z2 2. (a) Prove that az = a for all complex number z and all real number a. z (b) Hence show that if a2 +b+c = 0, where a, b, c are real, then a 2 +b +c = 0. (This result shows that if is a complex root of a quadratic equation with real coecients, then is also a root of that equation.) 3. (a) z C such that Im(z) = 2 and z 2 is real. Find z. 4. z C such that (a) -16,
(b) z C such that 2Im(z) = Re(z) and z 2 4i is real. Find z. z is real. Show that z is purely imaginary. zi (c) i, (d) 4 + 3i,
5. Find the square roots of the following complex numbers: (b) 3i,
(e) 5 12i.
6. Solve the following quadratic equations: (a) x2 x + 1 = 0 (b) 2x2 4x + 3 = 0 (c) 4x2 4(1 + 2i)x (3 4i) = 0 (d) ix2 2(i + 1)x + 10 = 0
Petrus Ky College
Year 12
Complex numbers
-2
2.1.1
1. Denition: If the point P represents z = a + ib on an Argand diagram, then the distance OP is the modulus of z, denoted by |z| or r. 2. Formula If z = a + ib then |z| = a2 + b2 or r = a2 + b2
Note that the complex number z = a + ib lies on the circle centred at the origin, and the radius is r = |z| = a2 + b2 . 2.1.2 The arguments of a complex number
1. Denition Suppose that P is the point representing the complex numberz = a + ib. Angles formed by the positive x-axis and the ray OP as shown on the diagram are called arguments of z, denoted by arg(z). The principle argument is the unit argument lying between and , denoted by Arg (z) arg (z)= angle formed by the positive x-axis and OP . = Arg (z) if is the argument satisfying < . arg (z)= Arg (z) + k2 for some integers k. Petrus Ky College 6 Y12 Mathematics Extension 2
Year 12
Complex numbers
2. Formula b If z = a + ib then Arg (z) = tan1 ( ) + k a where k = 0, 1,1 Note that the values of k can be chosen as follows: if P lies on the rst or on the fourth quadrant, 0 k= 1 if P lies on the second quadrant, 1 if P lies on the third quadrant, y
k=1 -1 O
k=0 x
-2 P k = 1 k=0
b Arg (z) = tan1 ( a ) + k
3. Examples: (a) Find the modulus and argument of (i) i, (ii) i (iii) 4 (iv) 2. What is the argument of a purely real number? What is the argument of a purely imaginary complex number? (b) Find all the the arguments of z = 1 i 3 given that 2 arg(z) 2. What is the principle one? (c) Find the Arg (z) if (ii) z = 3i, (i) z = 3+i, (iii) z = 3i, (iv) z = 3+i.
(d) (i) If arg(z) = and |z| = r, nd arg() and ||. z z 1 1 (ii) If z = cos + i sin , nd arg and prove that z = . z z Solution:
Petrus Ky College
Year 12
Complex numbers
b r O a
a = r cos and b = r sin . Therefore z = r(cos + i sin ) 2.2.1 Multiplication, division and powers in modulus argument form
Suppose that z = r(cos + i sin ), z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ): z1 If z = z1 z2 , we nd the modulus argument form of z1 z2 and . z2 1. The conjugate and the reciprocal of z: z = r cos() + i sin() = r cos() i sin() and 1 1 1 = cos() + i sin() = cos() i sin() z r r Note that if |z| = 1 then z = 1 . z
2. Product z of z1 and z2 : Let r and be the modulus and argument of the product z = z1 z2 respectively, then arg(z) = = 1 + 2 , r = r1 r2 that is z = r1 r2 cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 ) 3. The quotient z1 . z2 z1 is z2
r1 z1 cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 ) = z2 r2 That is |z1 | z1 z1 = and arg = arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ) z2 |z2 | z2 Petrus Ky College 8 Y12 Mathematics Extension 2
Year 12
Complex numbers
4. Powers of a complex number. De Moivres theorem: (cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n That is If z = cos + i sin then z n = cos n + i sin n. The power z n of z = r(cos + i sin ) If z = r(cos + i sin ) then z = r n (cos n + i sin n) That is z n = |z|n and arg(z n ) = n arg(z) Examples: 1. Express z1 = 2 + i and z2 = 4 + 4i in modulus-argument form. Hence nd the modulus-argument form of 2+i . (a) ( 2 + i)(4 + 4i), (b) 4 + 4i 2. If r and are modulus and argument of z respectively, nd, in terms of r and theta the modulus and one argument of 1 (a) z 2 , (b) , (c) iz. z 3. Show that z n = ()n . Hence nd ( 3 + i)8 + ( 3 i)8 . z Solution:
2.2.2
Petrus Ky College
Year 12
Complex numbers
i is a square root of 1 because i2 = 1. (what is the second square root of i?) 8i is a square root of 64 2. Formula If z = r(cos + i sin ), then + k2 + k2 n + i sin z = n r cos n n where k = 0, 1, 2, (n 1)
In general, w1 , w2 , ...wn are used to denote the n-th roots of z. Note that using the values of k in the above formula we cannot get principle argument of some w1 , w2 , ...wn . Values of k can be expressed as k = 0, 1, 2, ... the sequence stops when we get n consecutive integers (negative and positive). These values provide the principle argument of all w1 , w2 , ...wn . 3. Properties: Each complex number has exactly n dierent n-th roots w1 , w2 , ...wn . The moduli of all w1 , w2 , ...wn are equal. The arguments of w1 , w2 , ...wn form an arithmetic progression. If W1 , W2 , ..., Wn are points representing w1 , w2 , ..., wn on an Argand diagram, then W1 , W2 , ..., Wn are vertices of a regular polygon inscribed in the circle centred at the origin and having radius of n r. Examples: 1. Find the complex 5th roots of unity and plot them in an Argand diagram. 2. Find the square roots of z = 2 2 + i2 2. (Note that the word unity means 1.) 3. If z is one of the three cube roots of 1, nd the two possible values of the expression z 2 z + 1. y Solution: i
-1
Year 12
Complex numbers
and z2 = 2 cos
3 z1 . z2
(b)
1 , z2
(c)
8. (a) Write (1 +
(b) State the modulus and argument of 1 + i. Hence write (1 + i)18 in the form a + ib. 9. Write 3 + i and 3 i in modulus argument form. Hence write down ( 3 + i)10 + ( 3 i)10 in the form a + ib. 10. Find the modulus of 7i . 3 4i
11. Use the Moivre theorem to express cos(4) and sin(4) in terms of cos and sin , show that 4 tan 4 tan3 tan(4) = 1 6 tan2 + tan4 12. Find (a) the square roots of 3+i (b) the cube roots of 2 2i.
13. Solve the equation z 5 = 1. By grouping the roots in complex conjugate pairs, show that z 5 + 1 = (z + 1)(z 2 2z cos 3 + 1)(z 2 2z cos + 1) 5 5
Petrus Ky College
11
Year 12
Complex numbers
= k AB = CD = P Q, p q Note that two equal vectors can replace each other, therefore we can use the notation , q to denote vectors. q 5. Addition and subtraction of vectors
q p q Figure 1 + p q p q Figure 2 + p q
p q q
p q q
Figure 3
There are two ways to of forming the vector sum + . p q q Method 1 (Head to tail) The vector is translated (moved parallel to itself) is at the head of . The vector sum + is constructed until the tail of q p p q to the head of as shown on Figure 1. from the tail of p q Petrus Ky College 12 Y12 Mathematics Extension 2
Year 12
Complex numbers Method 2 (Parallelogram) The vector is translated until the tail of . A q p and . The vector sum parallelogram is constructed with adjacent sides p q + is drawn along the diagonal from the common tail of and to the p q p q opposite vertex as shown on Figure 2.
adding the vectors and , where is a vector with the same magnitude p q q as but in the opposite direction. q The vector is translated until the tail of is at the head of . The vector q q p is drawn from the head of to the head of as shown subtraction p q q q on 3.
Year 12
Complex numbers
3.2.2
1. Addition and subtraction z = z1 z2 The sum z1 + z2 and the vector subtraction z1 z2 are drawn on Figure 5.
Note that the point representing the complex number z1 + z2 (or z1 z2 ) must be the head of the principle vector representing that complex number. Examples (a) If z1 = 3 2i and z2 = 1 + 4i. Show on an Argand diagram vector OP , OQ, OC representing z1 , z2 and z1 + z2 respectively. Name a vector which represents z1 z2 and plot the point representing z1 z2 (b) Let A(1, 1), B(5, 2), P (1, 2 3) and Q(0, 3) be points in an Argand dia gram, nd in form a + ib the complex number represented by AB, and in modulus-argument form the complex number represented by P Q.
2. The product z = z1 z2 Let z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) be represented by OA and OB respectively. The vector representing z1 z2 is drawn as follows rotate the ray OA by an angle 2 , counter-clockwise if 2 > 0 and clock-wise if 2 < 0. On the new ray (OA rotated) choose a point M such that OM = r1 r2 . The vector OM represents z1 z2 .(See gure 6) y M A 2 O Figure 6 3. The quotient z = Since z1 z2 B x O Figure 7 OM = z1 z2 y A N ON = B
z1 z2
z1 1 1 1 can be considered as z = z1 , and = cos(2 ) + i sin(2 ) , z2 z2 z2 r2 1 z1 is performed as the product of z1 : the quotient z2 z2 rotate the ray OA by an angle (2 ), counter-clockwise if 2 > 0 and clockwise if 2 < 0.
Petrus Ky College
14
Year 12
Complex numbers r1 On the new ray (OA rotated) choose a point N such that OM = . The r2 z1 vector ON represents .(See Figure 7) z2
Example: (a) If z1 = (i) z1 z2 Solution: 3 i and z2 = 1 + i, sketch the vectors representing z1 (ii) (iii) (z2 )3 , z2 4
(4i)
z2 .
4. The triangle inequalities On the opposite diagram (Figure 8), OA, OB rep resent z1 , z2 . OACB is a parallelogram and OC represents z1 + z2 . OC OA + OC, with equality if and only if O, A, C are collinear. OC OA + OC, since opposite sides of OACB are equal, |z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2 | with equality if and only if OA, OB, OC are parallel. Perform similarly we have the second triangle inequality. The triangle inequalities: |z1 + z2 | |z1 z2 | |z1 | + |z2 | with equality if and only if z1 = kz2 . |z1 | |z2 | with equality if and only if z1 = kz2 . O y C
B z2 z1 + z2 A z1
Figure 8
Petrus Ky College
15
Year 12
Complex numbers
Exercises 14. On an Argand diagram the points A and B represent the complex numbers z1 = i 1 and z2 = (1 + i) respectively. Sketch a vector representing z1 + z2 and z1 z2 . 2 What is the Argument of z1 + z2 . 15. Use the vector representation of z1 and z2 to prove that z1 + z2 is imaginary. z1 z2 and arg(z1 z2 ) arg(z1 + z2 ) = , then (b) If 0 < Arg(z2 ) < Arg(z1 ) < 2 2 |z1 | = |z2 |. (a) If |z1 | = |z2 |, then 16. Sketch OP and OQ representing z and iz. Show that OP Q is a right triangle. 17. On an Argand diagram the points P and Q represent the numbers z1 and z2 respectively. If OP Q is an equilateral triangle. Show that (z1 )2 + (z2 )2 = z1 z2 . 18. Show that |z1 | |z2 | |z1 z2 |. State the condition for equality to hold. z1 z2
20. If z1 = 3 + 4i and |z2 | = 13, nd the greatest value of |z1 + z2 |. When |z1 + z2 | reaches its greatest value, express z2 in the form a + ib.
Petrus Ky College
16
Year 12
Complex numbers
4.1 Problems involving the real part x and the imaginary part y
4.1.1 Some basic problems:
1. Problem 1: The locus is the perpendicular bisector of two given points If |z z1 | = |z z2 | where z1 and z2 are given (xed complex numbers), nd the locus of P representing z. Explanation Way 1: Let A and B be the points representing z1 and z2 respectively. The vectors AP and BP represent the complex numbers z z1 and z z2 respectively. Therefore |z z1 | = AP and |z z2 | = P B the triangle AP B is an isosceles. Hence P moves on the perpendicular bisector of AB. We can nd the equation of by noting that the line passes through the midpoint M of AB and is perpendicular to AB. Way 2: Step 1: Let A(a1 , b1 ) and B(a2 , b2 ) be the points representing z1 = (a1 + ib1 ) and z2 = a2 + ib2 respectively. A and B are xed. Evaluate z z1 and z z2 z z1 = x a1 + i(y b1 ) and z z2 = x a2 + i(y b2 ). Step 2: Evaluate |z z1 |2 = (x a1 )2 + (y b1 )2 and |z z2 |2 = (x a2 )2 + (y b2 )2 Step 3: Equate the two right hand sides of the previous equations, then expand and simply we get an equation of a straight line which is the locus of P . Note that this line is the perpendicular bisector of the interval AB. Example Find and sketch the locus of the point P (x, y) representing the complex number z = x + iy, given that |z 5 + i| = |z + 1 3i|. Solution: Way 1: y
Year 12
Complex numbers
2. Problem 2: The locus is a circle or regions dened by a circle Given z0 and a real numer r > 0, nd the locus of P (x, y) representing the complex number z satisfying (a) |z z0 | = r. (c) |z z0 | r.
Way 1: Let I be the point representing z0 . Since the vector IP represents z z0 , |z z0 | = IP . On the other hand |z z0 | = r, therefore IP = r. This implies the point P moves on the circle C centred at I and its radius is r. The equation of the circle is (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r 2 . Way 2: Let I(a, b) be the point representing the complex z0 = a + ib. Step 1: Evaluate |z z0 |2 = (x a)2 + (y b)2 . Step 2: From data |z z0 |2 = r 2 , hence (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r 2 . This is the equation of the circle C, centred at I and the radius is r.
(c) The locus is the region outside the circle C, including the circle. Example (a) Find and sketch the locus of the point P (x, y) representing the complex num ber z = x + iy, given that |z 2 2i| = 2.
(b) The locus is the region inside the circle C, excluding the circle.
(b) Find the maximum and minimum values of |z| and the values of z for which these extremes are attained. (c) Find the range of possible values of Argz. (d) Sketch the region satisfying 2 |z 2 2i| < 4. Solution: (a) Way 1: y
O Way 2:
Petrus Ky College
18
Year 12
Complex numbers
4.1.2
General problem:
If a complex z satises some conditions, nd the locus of the point P representing z. General solution: Let z = x + iy and P (x, y) be the point representing z. Use the constraint to nd: an equation (relation) of x and y. This is the locus of P . Or an inequation of x and y: P moves on the region dened by the inequation. Examples: 1. Sketch the points z satisfying Re(z 2 + 2i) = 4. Solution: y P z 2 + 2i = (x 2) + 2i = Re(z 2 + 2i) = (x 2) Therefore (x 2) = 4 This implies x = 6 = the point P moves on the vertical line : x = 6 Inversely, if P lies on then P represents a complex number z with Re(z) = 6, therefore Re(z z0 ) = 4 where z0 = 2 2i represented by A(2, 2) 2. On an Argand diagram, sketch the region dened by 6 Im(z) 0). Solution: O z0 A(2, 2) Im z(2 3i) < 12 and z 6 z z0 x Let z = x + iy Evaluate
Petrus Ky College
19
Year 12 Evaluate Im z(2 3i) : Let z = x + iy then z(23i) = (x+iy)(23i) = (2x+3y)+i(2y3x) Im z(2 3i) = 2y 3x The condition 6 Im z(2 3i) < 12 becomes 6 2y 3x < 12 This means the point P (x, y) representing z lies on the region between two parallel lines 1 :3x 2y + 6 = 0 and 2 :3x 2y + 12 = 0. The second condition Im(z) 0 shows that the point P is above the x-axis. The region satisfying both conditions is the the region above the x-axis, between the two line 1 and 2 .
Complex numbers
1. Problem 1 (a) Find the locus of z such that arg(z) = 0 . (b) Sketch the region on an Argand diagram dened by 1 Explanation: (a) Since arg(z) = , the point P representing z lies on the ray Ot, formed with the positive x-axis an angle of 0 , excluding the origin O. (b) The region is between the two rays Ot1 and Ot2 formed with the positive x-axis angles 1 and 2 respectively. 2. Problem 2: Given z0 = a + ib and angles , and , (a) Find the locus of z such that arg(z z0 ) = Petrus Ky College 20 Y12 Mathematics Extension 2 O x y arg(z) < 2
Year 12
Complex numbers
(a) Let A(a, b) be the point representing z0 . From A draw the ray Ax parallel to the positive x-axis, then draw the ray At formed with Ax an angle of . The locus is the ray At excluding A as shown on the left diagram below. Indeed, any point P on the ray At represents a complex number z = x + iy. Since the vectors OP and OA represent z and z0 respectively, the vector AP represents z z0 . On the other hand Arg(z z0 ) = x At = (co-interior angles). y y t t t
A O
x x
x O x
(b) The region is between two rays At and At which formed with the ray Ax (parallel to the xaxis) angles and respectively, excluding At and inncluding Ax as shown on the right diagram above. Examples 1. Sketch the locus of z given that arg(z) = . 6 2. Sketch the locus of z if arg(z + 1 i) = . 6 3. Shade the region satisfying the inequalities 6 Solution
arg(z 1 + i) <
Petrus Ky College
21
Year 12
Complex numbers
4.2.2
Problem 3 Given two complex numbers z1 and z2 . sketch the locus of P representing z, if arg(z z1 ) = arg(z z2 ). Explanation: Let A, B and P be the points representing z1 , z2 and z respectively. Then AP and BP represent y z z1 and z z2 respectively. Because arg(z z1 ) = arg(z z2 ), the vectors AP and BP are parallel with the same direction. Hence A, B A and P are collinear. The point P lies on the line AB x O If P is on the interval AB, then AP and BP B point in opposite direction, therefore arg(z z1 ) = arg(zz2 )+, the complex z does not satisfy the condition. Hence the locus is two rays dened by the line AB excluding the interval AB. Example: If z satises arg(z 1 + 2i) = arg(z 4 1), sketch the locus of z in an Argand diagram then nd the Cartesian equation of the locus. Solution:
4.2.3
1. Example 1: Sketch the curve in an Argand diagram determined by arg(z 1) = arg(z + 1) + Solution: (a) Identify P On a set of axes, plot the points A(1, 0) and B(1, 0) representing z1 = 1 and z2 = 1 Suppose that z is represented by P . In the triangle ABP , the angle xAP = ABP + BP A (why?) On the other hand, xAP and ABP are the arguments of z 1 and z + 1 respectively (why?). Hence arg(z 1) = arg(z + 1) + BP A. This implies BP A = . 4 Petrus Ky College 22 Y12 Mathematics Extension 2 and nd its Cartesian equation. 4
Year 12
Complex numbers
From the above results, P lies on an arc subtending by the xed interval AB. (b) Identify the centre and radius of the arc AB The centre I of the arc lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB, which is the y-axis in this case. The angle M IB = (why?) where M is the midpoint of AB Hence 4 xBI = = . Therefore M BI is isosceles right triangle. This 2 4 4 implies that the centre is I(0, 1) and the radius is IB = 2 (c) The equation of the circle: The equation of the circle is x2 + (y 1)2 = 2 Note that the locus is the major arc AB of the circle. (why?) Important notes: If the triangle IBM is not isosceles: (a) To nd center I we note that it is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisector 1 of AB and the line 2 through B and having the gradient m where m = tan( BP A) (given). 2 (b) The radius r = IB. Use distance between two point formula to evaluate r, after the centre I were found. The general problem of this question is stated as follows: 2. Problem Given two complex numbers z1 and z2 such that Im(z1 ) = Im(z2 ). If z satises the equation arg(z z1 ) = arg(z z2 ) + (3) nd the locus of the point P representing z. Explanation: Let A, B and P be the points representing z1 , z2 and P respectively. Note that the line AB is horizontal because Im(z1 = Imz2 . The vectors AP and BP represent z z1 and z z2 respectively. (a) Identify the locus: tAP = arg(z z1 ) where At is BA produced. ABP = arg(z z1 ) tAP = BP A + ABP (exterior and opposite interior angles in the triangle AP B.)
Petrus Ky College
23
Year 12
Complex numbers
Hence BP A = =constant. Because the constant angle BP A is subtended by a xed interval AB, the point P lies on the arc AB. (b) Find the centre and radius of the arc: Find the equations of the bisector 1 of AB and the line 2 passing through B and having radius m, where m = tan . 2 I is the point of intersection of 1 and 2 . The radius r is the distance between I and B
(c) Write the Cartesian equation of the circle: Use the formula (x xI )2 + (y yI )2 = r 2 .
y P = arg(z z1 ) arg(z z2 )
I arg(z z2 ) B OA = z1 , OB = z2 AP = z z1 , BP = z z2 O A arg(z z1 ) x t
3. Example 2: Find the locus of z given that arg(z 3) = arg(z + 1) + What is the Cartesian equation of the locus? Solution: 3
Petrus Ky College
24
Year 12
Complex numbers
Exercises 21. Find the locus of the z satisfying |z|2 = z + z + 2. 22. If z satises the conditions |z 1| |z i| and |z 2 2i| 1, sketch the region in the Argand diagram which contains the point P representing z. If P moves on the the boundary of this region, nd the value of z when arg(z 1) = . 4 23. The complex number z = x + iy such that |z i| = Im(z), nd the equation of the locus of the point P representing z and sketch the locus on an Argand diagram. 24. Given that arg(z + 2) = . 3
(a) Sketch the locus of the point P representing z. Find (b) Find the modulus and argument of z when |z| takes the its least value. (c) Hence nd the arithmetic form of z for which |z| is a minimum. 25. If zi is purely imaginary, nd the Cartesian equation of the point P representing z+1 z and sketch the locus on an Argand diagram. z 2i = 2. z + 2i
26. Find the locus of a complex number z = x+iy satisfying the relation Illustrate the locus of z in the Argand diagram.
1 27. Given that Re z = 0, nd the equation of the locus of the point P representing z z and sketch this locus. 28. Given that z = 1 where t is a real variable, show that as t varies the point P 3 + it representing z lies on a circle, and state radius and the coordinates of the centre of this circle.
29. The point P represents the complex number z on an Argand diagram. (a) Find and sketch the locus of P in each of the following case (a) |z| = |z 2| (b) arg(z 2) = arg(z + 2) + 2 (b) Find the complex number z which satises both conditions.
Petrus Ky College
25